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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahmud_Barzanji_(1919–1924)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahmud_Barzanji_(1919–1924)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mahmud Barzanji (1919–1924)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahmud_Barzanji_(1919–1924)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1931_Kurdish_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1931_Kurdish_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1931 Kurdish revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1931_Kurdish_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1943_Kurdish_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1943_Kurdish_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1943 Kurdish revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1943_Kurdish_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations_over_Kurdish_autonomy_(1958–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations_over_Kurdish_autonomy_(1958–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Negotiations over Kurdish autonomy (1958–1960)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations_over_Kurdish_autonomy_(1958–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Iraqi–Kurdish_War_(1961–1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Iraqi–Kurdish_War_(1961–1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Iraqi–Kurdish_War_(1961–1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cease-fire_(1970–1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cease-fire_(1970–1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Cease-fire (1970–1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cease-fire_(1970–1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Iraqi–Kurdish_War_(1974–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Iraqi–Kurdish_War_(1974–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (1974–1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Iraqi–Kurdish_War_(1974–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabization_of_northern_Iraq_and_PUK_insurgency_(1976–1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabization_of_northern_Iraq_and_PUK_insurgency_(1976–1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Arabization of northern Iraq and PUK insurgency (1976–1979)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabization_of_northern_Iraq_and_PUK_insurgency_(1976–1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdish_rebellion_during_the_Iran–Iraq_War_(1980–1988)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdish_rebellion_during_the_Iran–Iraq_War_(1980–1988)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Kurdish rebellion during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdish_rebellion_during_the_Iran–Iraq_War_(1980–1988)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1991_Kurdish_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991_Kurdish_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>1991 Kurdish uprising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991_Kurdish_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraqi_no-fly_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_no-fly_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Iraqi no-fly zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_no-fly_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdish_Civil_War_(1994–1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdish_Civil_War_(1994–1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdish_Civil_War_(1994–1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Viking_Hammer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Viking_Hammer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Operation Viking Hammer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Viking_Hammer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_and_occupation_of_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_and_occupation_of_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Invasion and occupation of Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_and_occupation_of_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011–2012_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011–2012_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>2011–2012 tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011–2012_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdistan_Region_initiates_oil_exports_to_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdistan_Region_initiates_oil_exports_to_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Kurdistan Region initiates oil exports to Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdistan_Region_initiates_oil_exports_to_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_Northern_Iraq_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_Northern_Iraq_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>2014 Northern Iraq offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_Northern_Iraq_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_Iraqi_Kurdistan_independence_referendum,_Peshmerga_defeated_in_Kirkuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_Iraqi_Kurdistan_independence_referendum,_Peshmerga_defeated_in_Kirkuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Failed Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, Peshmerga defeated in Kirkuk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_Iraqi_Kurdistan_independence_referendum,_Peshmerga_defeated_in_Kirkuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabisation_of_disputed_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabisation_of_disputed_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>Arabisation of disputed territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabisation_of_disputed_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_ICC_ruling_on_illegal_Kurdistan_Region_oil_exports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_ICC_ruling_on_illegal_Kurdistan_Region_oil_exports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>2023 ICC ruling on illegal Kurdistan Region oil exports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_ICC_ruling_on_illegal_Kurdistan_Region_oil_exports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Unrest_in_Kirkuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Unrest_in_Kirkuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.21</span> <span>2023 Unrest in Kirkuk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Unrest_in_Kirkuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns_about_possible_Kurdistan_Region_collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns_about_possible_Kurdistan_Region_collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.22</span> <span>Concerns about possible Kurdistan Region collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerns_about_possible_Kurdistan_Region_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Makhmour_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Makhmour_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.23</span> <span>2023 Makhmour clashes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Makhmour_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growing_state_centralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_state_centralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.24</span> <span>Growing state centralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_state_centralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Kurd – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xung đột Iraq - Kurd" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E2%80%94%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="伊拉克—庫爾德衝突 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊拉克—庫爾德衝突" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6068230#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of wars and rebellions by ethnic Kurds against successive Iraqi administrations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1919-<i>present</i>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_refugees_in_camp_sites_along_the_Turkey-Iraq_border,_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kurdish_refugees_in_camp_sites_along_the_Turkey-Iraq_border%2C_1991.jpg/260px-Kurdish_refugees_in_camp_sites_along_the_Turkey-Iraq_border%2C_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Kurdish_refugees_in_camp_sites_along_the_Turkey-Iraq_border%2C_1991.jpg/390px-Kurdish_refugees_in_camp_sites_along_the_Turkey-Iraq_border%2C_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Kurdish_refugees_in_camp_sites_along_the_Turkey-Iraq_border%2C_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="254" /></a></span><br />Kurdish refugees in camps along the Turkey-Iraq border, 1991</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1919–<i>present</i><br /> <small>(105 years, 6 months and 1 week)</small><br /></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ongoing conflicts">Ongoing</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a> (1922–1924) </p> <hr /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/23px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/35px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/45px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">KDP</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/23px-Flag_of_PUK.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/35px-Flag_of_PUK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/46px-Flag_of_PUK.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="237" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">PUK</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communist_Party" title="Iraqi Communist Party">ICP</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Iraqi_National_Congress_flag.svg/23px-Iraqi_National_Congress_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Iraqi_National_Congress_flag.svg/35px-Iraqi_National_Congress_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Iraqi_National_Congress_flag.svg/45px-Iraqi_National_Congress_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_National_Congress" title="Iraqi National Congress">INC</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Iraq" title="Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq">Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq</a><br /> <i>Supported by:</i><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <small>(1961–1970)</small><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_%281964%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> <small>(before 1988)</small><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <small>(1980–1988)</small><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a><br /> Enforcing <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">No-Fly Zone</a> per <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_688" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 688">UNSC Resolution 688</a>: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li></ul> <hr /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Kurdistan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> (2005-<i>present</i>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a><br /> <i>Supported by:</i><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(1922–1924)</small> </p> <hr /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> </p> <hr /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">Iraqi Republic</a> </p> <hr /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Republican Guard (Iraq)">Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Ground_Forces" title="Iraqi Ground Forces">Iraqi Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Iraqi Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intelligence_Service" title="Iraqi Intelligence Service">Mukhabarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Battalions_(Iraq)" title="National Defense Battalions (Iraq)">National Defense Battalions</a> (until 1991)</li></ul> <hr /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Iraq">Central Government of Iraq</a> (2005-<i>present</i>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_(1922-1924).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Kurdistan_%281922-1924%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji" title="Mahmud Barzanji">Mahmud Barzanji</a> </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani" title="Ahmed Barzani">Ahmed Barzani</a> </p> <hr /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/23px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/35px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/45px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/23px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/35px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/45px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Idris_Barzani" title="Idris Barzani">Idris Barzani</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/23px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/35px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/45px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/23px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/35px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/45px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Babaker_Zebari" title="Babaker Zebari">Babakir Zebari</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/23px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/35px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg/45px-Former_Flag_of_KDP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ezidi" title="Mahmoud Ezidi">Mahmoud Ezidi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/23px-Flag_of_PUK.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/35px-Flag_of_PUK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/46px-Flag_of_PUK.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="237" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/23px-Flag_of_PUK.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/35px-Flag_of_PUK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/46px-Flag_of_PUK.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="237" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ahmad_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Ahmad (writer)">Ibrahim Ahmad</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/23px-Flag_of_PUK.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/35px-Flag_of_PUK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/46px-Flag_of_PUK.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="237" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Askari" title="Ali Askari">Ali Askari</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/23px-Flag_of_PUK.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/35px-Flag_of_PUK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/46px-Flag_of_PUK.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="237" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nawshirwan_Mustafa" title="Nawshirwan Mustafa">Nawshirwan Mustafa</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/23px-Flag_of_PUK.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/35px-Flag_of_PUK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/46px-Flag_of_PUK.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="237" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kosrat_Rasul_Ali" title="Kosrat Rasul Ali">Kosrat Rasul Ali</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/23px-Flag_of_PUK.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/35px-Flag_of_PUK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/46px-Flag_of_PUK.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="237" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Najmadin_Shukr_Rauf" title="Najmadin Shukr Rauf">Mama Risha</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaykh_Uthman_Abd-Aziz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaykh Uthman Abd-Aziz (page does not exist)">Uthman Abd-Asis</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Chalabi" title="Ahmed Chalabi">Ahmed Chalabi</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aziz_Muhammad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aziz Muhammad (page does not exist)">Aziz Muhammad</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Rezaee" title="Mohsen Rezaee">Mohsen Rezaee</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sayad_Shirazi" title="Ali Sayad Shirazi">Ali Sayad Shirazi</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_al-Hakim" title="Abdul Aziz al-Hakim">Abdul Aziz al-Hakim</a> </p> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Shalikashvili" title="John Shalikashvili">John Shalikashvili</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal I of Iraq</a> </p> <hr /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Faisal_II_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal II of Iraq">Faisal II of Iraq</a> </p> <hr /> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281959%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Karim Qasim">Abd al-Karim Qasim</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif" title="Abdul Rahman Arif">Abdul Rahman Arif</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tahir_Yahya" title="Tahir Yahya">Tahir Yahya</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taha_Yassin_Ramadan" title="Taha Yassin Ramadan">Taha Yassin Ramadan</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Kamel" title="Saddam Kamel">Saddam Kamel</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay Hussein</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> </p> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uday_Hussein" title="Uday Hussein">Uday Hussein</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b>KDP</b>:<br /> 15,000–20,000 (1962)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 6,000 (1970)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 50,000-60,000 (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <b>KDP & PUK</b>:<br /> 5,000 (1980)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 100,000 (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> 70,000 (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a><br /> 48,000 (1969)<sup id="cite_ref-strength_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strength-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 90,000 (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-strength_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strength-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 180,000 (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 300,000 (1980)<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalSecIIWar_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalSecIIWar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 1,000,000 (1988)<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalSecIIWar_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalSecIIWar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 382,500 (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> 424,000 (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> 163,800–345,100 killed<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a></sup><br />Millions of Kurds <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_refugees" title="Kurdish refugees">displaced and turned refugees</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Ahmed Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943 Barzani revolt</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Main phase</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PUK_insurgency" title="PUK insurgency">PUK insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Arabization_campaigns_in_northern_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq">Arabization campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931986_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Iraq" title="1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq">1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Later phase</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">1994–97 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirkuk_(2017)" title="Battle of Kirkuk (2017)">Kirkuk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Makhmour_clashes" title="2023 Makhmour clashes">2023 Makhmour clashes</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</b> consists of a series of wars, rebellions and disputes between the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> and the central authority of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> starting in the 20th century shortly after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Some put the marking point of the conflict beginning to the attempt by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji" title="Mahmud Barzanji">Mahmud Barzanji</a> to establish an independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cornell20title_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell20title-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others relate to the conflict as only the post-1961 insurrection by the Barzanis.<sup id="cite_ref-heo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/US-led_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="US-led invasion of Iraq">US-led invasion of Iraq</a> and the subsequent adoption of <a href="/wiki/Federal_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal State">federalism</a> in 2005 and the recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> (KRI) as a federal region in the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Iraqi constitution</a>, the number and scope of armed clashes between the central government of Iraq and the Kurds have decreased. In spite of that, however, there are still outstanding issues that continue to cause strife such as the <a href="/wiki/Disputed_territories_of_northern_Iraq" title="Disputed territories of northern Iraq">disputed territories of northern Iraq</a> and the right to export oil and gas, leading to occasional disputes and armed clashes. In September 2023, following a series of punitive measures by the central government in Iraq against KRI, <a href="/wiki/Masrour_Barzani" title="Masrour Barzani">Masrour Barzani</a> sent a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Biden" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Biden">President of the United States</a> expressing concerns about a possible collapse of Kurdistan Region, and calling for the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to intervene. In March 2024, after several court rulings issued against Kurdistan Region by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Iraq" title="Federal Supreme Court of Iraq">Supreme Court of Iraq</a>, Kurdish authorities in Iraq expressed dissatisfaction at what they described as an evident shift of the political system in Iraq back towards <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">centralism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>The first chapter of the Iraqi–Kurdish dispute followed the end of World War I and the arrival of British forces. <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji" title="Mahmud Barzanji">Mahmud Barzanji</a> began <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">secession attempts</a> in 1919 and in 1922 proclaimed the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a>. Though Mahmud's insurrections were defeated, another Kurdish sheikh, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani" title="Ahmed Barzani">Ahmed Barzani</a>, began to actively oppose the central rule of the Mandatory Iraq during the 1920s. The first of the major <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani" title="Ahmed Barzani">Barzani</a> revolts took place in 1931, after Barzani, one of the most prominent <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> tribal leaders, succeeded in defeating a number of other Kurdish tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Barzani_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barzani-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ultimately failed and took refuge in Turkey. The next serious Kurdish secession attempt was made by his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a> in 1943, but that revolt failed as well, resulting in the exiling of Mustafa to Iran, where he participated in an attempt to form the Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a>. </p><p>In 1958, the younger Barzani and his fighters returned to Iraq from exile, and an attempt was made to negotiate Kurdish autonomy in the north with the new Iraqi administration of Gen. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Qassim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Karim Qassim">Abdul Karim Qassim</a>. The negotiations ultimately failed and the <a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a> erupted on 11 September 1961,<sup id="cite_ref-heo_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lasting until 1970 and resulting in 75,000–105,000 casualties. Despite the attempts to <a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_Autonomy_Agreement_of_1970" title="Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970">resolve</a> the conflict by providing Kurds with recognized autonomy in northern Iraq, the negotiations failed in 1974, leading to resumed hostilities known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a>, which resulted in the collapse of the Kurdish militias and the reconquest of northern Iraq by Iraqi government forces. As a result, Mustafa and most of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">KDP</a> leadership fled to Iran, while the nascent <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">PUK</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> gained power in the vacuum, and lead an <a href="/wiki/PUK_insurgency" title="PUK insurgency">insurgency campaign</a> against the central Iraqi government, which eventually also failed. During the period between 1976 and 1977, intra-Kurdish conflict climaxed with KDP and PUK both dealing blows against each other in a string of tit for that raids. The most notable <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Ba'athist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Arabization_campaigns_in_northern_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq">Arabization</a> campaigns in northern Iraq happened in the late 1970s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931986_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Iraq" title="1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq">conflict</a> re-emerged as part of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, with the two Kurdish parties collaborating against <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, while receiving military support from the Islamic Republic of Iran. By 1986, the Iraqi government conducted a genocidal campaign known as <a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign#Campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Al-Anfal</a>, to oust the Kurdish fighters and take revenge on the Kurdish population—an act often described as the <i>Kurdish genocide</i>, with an estimated 50,000–200,000 casualties. The Iran-Iraq war ended in 1988. </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, in 1991, <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">a series of uprisings</a> happened in the north and south of the country. This, combined with the enforcing of the northern-southern <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">no-fly zones</a> by the United States, United Kingdom and France, and the subsequent withdrawal of the Iraqi armed forces from parts of northern Iraq, allowed the Kurds to regain control in the north by filling the vacuum. In the mid-1990s the internal conflict between the KDP and PUK erupted once again, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">bloody civil war</a>, with Iraq and Iran supporting both KDP and PUK respectively. The conflict ended in 1997, with the signing of the Washington Agreement. </p><p>Another critical event was the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> in 2003, which resulted in the toppling of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist regime</a> and the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>. Despite the constitutional recognition of <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> as a federal region in the Republic of Iraq, relations between Kurdistan Region and the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Iraqi central government</a> grew strained between 2011 and 2012 due to power-sharing issues and the export of oil. Following the failed <a href="/wiki/2017_Kurdistan_Region_independence_referendum" title="2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum">Kurdish independence referendum</a> in 2017, as well as the subsequent defeat of the Peshmerga at the hands of the Iraqi armed forces in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a>, Iraq has taken steps to weaken Kurdistan Region and expand its own authorities in order to shift the political dynamics of the country back towards a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">centralised political system</a>, the one it had before the invasion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahmud_Barzanji_(1919–1924)"><span id="Mahmud_Barzanji_.281919.E2.80.931924.29"></span>Mahmud Barzanji (1919–1924)</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a> were a series of armed uprisings against the British forces in the newly conquered Mesopotamia and later the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq_(British_administration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iraq (British administration)">British Mandate in Iraq</a>. Following his first insurrection in May 1919, Sheykh Mahmud was imprisoned and eventually exiled to India for a one-year period. When he returned he was once again appointed a governor, but shortly afterwards revolted again and declared himself the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a>. The Kingdom of Kurdistan lasted from September 1922 – 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With British forces greatly exceeding his in ammunition and training, Barzanji was finally subdued and the region reverted to central British Iraqi rule in 1924. Sheykh Mahmud retreated into the mountains, and eventually reached terms with the independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> in 1932, over his return from the underground. Shaykh Mahmud revolts are considered the first chapter of the modern Iraqi–Kurdish conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1931_Kurdish_revolt">1931 Kurdish revolt</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Ahmed Barzani revolt</a> refers to the first of the major <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Barzani</a> revolts, taking place in 1931 after <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani" title="Ahmed Barzani">Ahmed Barzani</a>, one of the most prominent <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> leaders in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Kurdistan">Southern Kurdistan</a>, succeeded in unifying a number of other Kurdish tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Barzani_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barzani-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Barzan,_Iraq" title="Barzan, Iraq">Barzan</a> forces were eventually overpowered by the Iraqi Army with British support, forcing the leaders of Barzan to go underground. </p><p>Ahmed Barzani was later forced to flee to <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkey</a>, where he was held in detention and then sent to exile in the south of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Although initially a tribal dispute, the involvement of the Iraqi government inadvertently led to the growth of Shaykh Ahmad and Mulla Mustafa Barzani as prominent Kurdish leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-lortz19_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lortz19-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1943_Kurdish_revolt">1943 Kurdish revolt</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943 Barzani revolt</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943–1945 Kurdish revolt in Iraq</a> was a Kurdish nationalistic insurrection in the Kingdom of Iraq, during World War II. The revolt was led by Mustafa Barzani and later joined by his older brother Ahmed Barzani, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">previous Kurdish revolt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a>. The revolt, initiating in 1943, was eventually put down by Iraqi military assault in late 1945, combined with the defection of a number of Kurdish tribes. As a result, the Barzanis retreated with much of their forces into <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a>, joining the local Kurdish elements in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations_over_Kurdish_autonomy_(1958–1960)"><span id="Negotiations_over_Kurdish_autonomy_.281958.E2.80.931960.29"></span>Negotiations over Kurdish autonomy (1958–1960)</h3></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">military coup</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Karim Qasim">Abdul Karim Qasim</a> in 1958, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a> was invited by new Iraqi President Qasim to return from exile, and was greeted with a "hero's welcome", as a former dissident to the now abolished Iraqi monarchy. As part of the deal arranged between Qasim and Barzani, Qasim promised to give the Kurds regional autonomy in return for Barzani's support for his policies. Meanwhile, during 1959–60, Barzani became the head of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP), which was granted legal status in 1960. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Iraqi–Kurdish_War_(1961–1970)"><span id="First_Iraqi.E2.80.93Kurdish_War_.281961.E2.80.931970.29"></span>First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></div> <p>First Iraqi–Kurdish War<sup id="cite_ref-kurdishwarrior_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurdishwarrior-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Barzani Rebellion was a major event of the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, lasting from 1961 to 1970. The struggle was led by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a> in an attempt to establish an independent Kurdish state in northern Iraq. Throughout the 1960s the uprising escalated into a long war, which failed to resolve despite internal power changes in Iraq. The war ended with a stalemate by 1970, resulting in between 75,000<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 105,000 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_Autonomy_Agreement_of_1970" title="Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970">Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations</a> followed the war in an attempt to resolve the conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cease-fire_(1970–1974)"><span id="Cease-fire_.281970.E2.80.931974.29"></span>Cease-fire (1970–1974)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_Autonomy_Agreement_of_1970" title="Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970">Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_Autonomy_Agreement_of_1970" title="Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970">Kurdish Autonomy agreement</a> was reached in March 1970 by the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> government and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurds</a>, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a>, for the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous entity">Autonomous</a> Region, consisting of the three Kurdish governorates and other adjacent districts that have been determined by census to have a Kurdish majority. The plan also gave Kurds representation in government bodies, to be implemented in four years.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For its time it was the most serious attempt to resolve the long-running conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Iraqi–Kurdish_War_(1974–1975)"><span id="Second_Iraqi.E2.80.93Kurdish_War_.281974.E2.80.931975.29"></span>Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (1974–1975)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></div> <p>Second Iraqi–Kurdish War was an offensive, led by Iraqi forces against rebel <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Democratic Party">KDP troops</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a> during 1974–75. The war came in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a> (1961–70), as the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_Autonomy_Agreement_of_1970" title="Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970">peace plan</a> for Kurdish autonomy had failed to be implemented by 1974. Unlike the previous guerilla campaign, waged by Barzani, the 1974 war was an attempt for symmetric warfare against the Iraqi Army, which eventually led to the quick collapse of the Kurds, lacking advanced and heavy weaponry. The war ended with the exile of the Iraqi KDP and between 7,000 and 20,000 deaths on both sides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabization_of_northern_Iraq_and_PUK_insurgency_(1976–1979)"><span id="Arabization_of_northern_Iraq_and_PUK_insurgency_.281976.E2.80.931979.29"></span>Arabization of northern Iraq and PUK insurgency (1976–1979)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/PUK_insurgency" title="PUK insurgency">PUK insurgency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Arabization_campaigns_in_North_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq">Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/PUK_insurgency" title="PUK insurgency">PUK insurgency</a> was a low-level militant campaign by the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK) against the state of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP) in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a>, which forced the KDP organization to declare a ceasefire and move into exile. Due to lack of foreign support, however, the guerrillas were only able to operate in the highest regions of northern Iraq's mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-End_of_Iraq_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-End_of_Iraq-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PUK also faced the KDP, the KDPI, led by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Ghassemlou" title="Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou">Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou</a>, and Iran supporting the Iraqis at various occasions. The insurgency dimmed with the <a href="/wiki/1979_Kurdish_rebellion_in_Iran" title="1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran">1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Arabization_campaigns_in_North_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq">Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq</a> were forced displacement and cultural <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> of minorities (Kurds, Yezidis, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, Shabaks, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, Turkmen, Mandeans), in line with <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonialist</a> policies, led by the Ba'athist government of Iraq from 1960s to early 2000s, in order to shift the demographics of North Iraq towards Arab domination. The Baath party under Saddam Hussein engaged into active expulsion of minorities from the mid-1970s onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-savelberg_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-savelberg-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaigns took place during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, being largely motivated by the Kurdish-Arab ethnic and political conflict. </p><p>The policies are sometimes referred as "internal colonialism",<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described by Francis Kofi Abiew as a "Colonial 'Arabization'" program, including large-scale Kurdish deportations and forced Arab settlement in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurdish_rebellion_during_the_Iran–Iraq_War_(1980–1988)"><span id="Kurdish_rebellion_during_the_Iran.E2.80.93Iraq_War_.281980.E2.80.931988.29"></span>Kurdish rebellion during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1983-1986_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="1983-1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq">1983-1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq</a></div> <p>Between 1980 and 1988, the conflict intensified as the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> commenced. One of the groups targeted in particular by Iraqi authorities were the <a href="/wiki/Feyli_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Feyli Kurds">Feyli Kurds</a>, a community of <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> Kurds settled in the southern area of the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> near Iraq's border with Iran. <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> considered the group as 'Iranians' and began a campaign to drive the settlers out of the area as a part of his '<a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a>' policy in 1980.,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saddam Hussein was severely critical of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP) as they aligned forces with Iran in the conflict. In 1983, to avenge this liaison, he ordered the Army to abduct as many as 8,000 men and boys from <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> province, where the clan of <a href="/wiki/Barzani_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzani Kurds">Barzani Kurds</a> was based. <a href="/wiki/Massoud_Barzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Massoud Barzani">Massoud Barzani</a>, the leader of the clan and the KDP, himself lost 37 members of his family to the Iraqi troops. They were reported to having been sent to Nugra Salman prison in the southern deserts of Iraq, where they were tortured. Subsequently, the remains of 512 Barzani men were discovered in a mass grave.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 16, 1988, Iraqi troops began shelling the Kurdish town of <a href="/wiki/Halabja" title="Halabja">Halabja</a>, in retaliation for an attack on Iraqi positions carried out by <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionary_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolutionary Guards">Iranian Revolutionary Guards</a> and the aligned <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> fighters. Subsequently, the town was attacked with a mix of chemical substances such as <a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX (nerve agent)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Halabja_chemical_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Halabja chemical attack">Halabja chemical attack</a>). Over 5,000 people are believed to have been killed in the attack, which was considered to be a part of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal Campaign">Al-Anfal Campaign</a>, directed against Kurds by the government under the command of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a>, head of the Northern Bureau of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1991_Kurdish_uprising">1991 Kurdish uprising</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1991_uprisings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 uprisings in Iraq">1991 uprisings in Iraq</a></div> <p>On 2 August 1990, Saddam launched a military invasion onto neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, reportedly due to its vast oil reserves, which would have helped him pay off the debts he owed to other countries during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>). Within 24 hours, the <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Emir of Kuwait</a> had fled. However, subsequently, an international coalition force consisting of <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi</a> and other troops liberated the country in 1991 and Iraqi troops were forced out of Kuwait (see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, one month after the Gulf War in February 1991, <a href="/wiki/United_States_President" class="mw-redirect" title="United States President">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> called on the Iraqi people to stage an uprising against Saddam Hussein. This was followed by a series of rebellions in many parts of the country, such as the south by <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> groups such as <a href="/wiki/SCIRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SCIRI">SCIRI</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Da%27awa_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Da'awa Party">Islamic Da'awa Party</a> in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">Sha’ban revolution</a>. Meanwhile, the Kurds in the north staged their own uprising for autonomy, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Massoud_Barzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Massoud Barzani">Massoud Barzani</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> were trained into hardened guerrillas, who managed to infiltrate the Jash, a Saddam-orientated Kurdish militia (see <a href="/wiki/Jash_(term)" title="Jash (term)">Jash (term)</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Battalions_(Iraq)" title="National Defense Battalions (Iraq)">National Defense Battalions (Iraq)</a>). The rebels soon managed to capture the town of <a href="/wiki/Ranya" title="Ranya">Ranya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaimaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaimaniya">Sulaimaniya</a> and ultimately the oil center of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>. Saddam retaliated swiftly, battering Kirkuk with artillery and targeting hospitals in particular. Geographically the towns captured by the Kurdish rebels were difficult to defend as they sat on plains below mountains. The rebels were forced to retreat in the mountains, where reportedly the Iraqi helicopters threw flour on them (which was believed to be a grim legacy of the reputed powdery <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> which were used by the Iraqi administration during the <a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal Campaign">Al-Anfal Campaign</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraqi_no-fly_zones">Iraqi no-fly zones</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones_conflict" title="Iraqi no-fly zones conflict">Iraqi no-fly zones conflict</a></div> <p>In August 1991, the United States, United Kingdom and France enforced two no-fly zones in Iraq after the latter’s loss in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, one in the north and one in the south. This gave the Kurds de-facto autonomy in the north for the first time, and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Shias" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Shias">Shias</a> in the south a sense of security after they had taken part in their own uprising against Saddam, which is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">Sha'ban revolution</a>. The no-fly zones effectively ended with the start of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq war">Iraq war</a>. </p><p>The "two-state solution" for the conflict refers to the permanent separation of Kurdish-populated areas from Iraq, as opposed to retaining Iraqi unity within a federal state. It would change the long-term status which has existed in the country following the formation of the Kurdish autonomy in Northern Iraq in 1991 facilitated by the enforcement of the no-fly zones.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another solution that has been proposed is the "three-state solution", dividing the country into three independent states for its three major components: the Shia Arabs, the Sunni Arabs and the Kurds.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurdish_Civil_War_(1994–1997)"><span id="Kurdish_Civil_War_.281994.E2.80.931997.29"></span>Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a> was a military conflict, which took place between rival <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> factions in the mid-1990s; that is, between the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan and the Kurdistan Democratic Party. Over the course of the conflict, Kurdish factions from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, as well as Iranian, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and Turkish forces were drawn into the fighting, with additional involvement from the American forces. Between 3,000 and 5,000 fighters and civilians were killed throughout more than 3 years of warfare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Viking_Hammer">Operation Viking Hammer</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Viking_Hammer" title="Operation Viking Hammer">Operation Viking Hammer</a></div> <p>Arriving in July 2002 to Iraqi Kurdistan, the CIA seldom worked with the Peshmerga, despite their claim to be on a counterterrorism mission against Ansar al-Islam. To the disappointment of PUK Peshmerga intent on destroying Ansar al-Islam, the true mission of the CIA was to acquire intelligence about the Iraqi government and military. CIA-Peshmerga operations eventually went beyond the scope of intelligence gathering however, as PUK Peshmerga were used to destroy key rail lines and buildings prior to the U.S. attack in March 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Lortz_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lortz-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>'s decision to deny any official use of its territory, the Coalition was forced to modify the planned simultaneous attack from north and south.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special Operations forces from the CIA and US Army managed to build and lead the Kurdish Peshmerga into an effective force and assault for the North. </p><p>On March 20, 2003, at approximately 02:30 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> or about 90 minutes after the lapse of the 48-hour deadline, at 05:33 local time, explosions were heard in Baghdad, signaling the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S.-led invasion</a>. Beginning on 21 March 2003, U.S. forces launched Tomahawk missiles at selected Ansar al-Islam positions throughout the Sargat Valley. In preparation for the ground assault, nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Viking_Hammer" title="Operation Viking Hammer">Operation Viking Hammer</a>, American Lt. Col. Tovo divided his forces into six mixed peshmerga-Special Forces units. The peshmerga in two of these teams refused to contribute to the assault for various reasons including having lost too many personnel in previous fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Lortz_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lortz-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Peshmerga who did fight were once again armed with AK-47s, rocket-propelled grenades, and other assorted weapons. </p><p>Despite their well-armed adversaries, during the operation only 24 Peshmerga were killed in the fighting, compared the opposite body count of over 300.<sup id="cite_ref-Lortz_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lortz-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_and_occupation_of_Iraq">Invasion and occupation of Iraq</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Iraq">Invasion of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)</a></div> <p>The invasion of Iraq in 2003 saw a full military occupation of the country and the toppling of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist regime</a> and the installation of a temporary <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> (CPA) tasked with administering the country until the issuance of the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">constitution</a> as well as the establishment of the new Iraqi government following general elections. In 2004, UN Resolution 1546 stipulated the installation of an <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government" title="Iraqi Interim Government">interim Iraqi government</a> which succeeded the CPA. In 2005 following months of deliberation and discussions represented by different components of the Iraqi population, the new constitution was issued and voted into effect. The new Iraqi constitution recognized the Kurdistan Region as a “federal region” with its own <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region_Parliament" title="Kurdistan Region Parliament">parliament</a> within the Federal Republic of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military occupation of Iraq ended in 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011–2012_tensions"><span id="2011.E2.80.932012_tensions"></span>2011–2012 tensions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Disputed_territories_of_Northern_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed territories of Northern Iraq">Disputed territories of Northern Iraq</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_flag_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kurdish_flag_photo.jpg/180px-Kurdish_flag_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kurdish_flag_photo.jpg/270px-Kurdish_flag_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Kurdish_flag_photo.jpg/360px-Kurdish_flag_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Kurdish flag in the Kurdistan Region</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the withdrawal of occupational forces from Iraq, tensions between Iraqi Kurdistan and the central Iraqi government mounted through 2011–2012 on the issues of power sharing, oil and gas, and territorial control.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2012, the president of Iraq's semi-autonomous northern Kurdish region demanded that officials agree to their demands or face consequences of a secession from Baghdad by September 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2012, the Iraqi government ordered the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> (KRG) to transfer its powers over Peshmerga to the central government and the relations strained further by the formation of a new command center (Tigris Operation Command) for Iraqi forces to operate in a disputed area over which both Baghdad and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> (KRG) claim jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters1711_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters1711-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 November 2012, a military clash between the Iraqi forces and the Peshmerga resulted in one person killed.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters1711_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters1711-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CNN reported that 2 people were killed (one of them an Iraqi soldier) and 10 wounded in clashes at the Tuz Khurmato town.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of November 19, it was reported that clashes between security forces of the central Iraqi government and the KRG forces in Tigrit left 12 Iraqi soldiers and one civilian dead, according to Doğan news agency.<sup id="cite_ref-hurriyet_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurriyet-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clash erupted when Iraqi soldiers attempted to enter northern Iraq; Peshmergas tried to prevent the Iraqi soldiers from entering the area upon Barzani's instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-hurriyet_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hurriyet-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no confirmation of the event. </p><p>On November 25, it was reported that Iraqi Kurdistan sent reinforcements to a disputed area, where its troops are "involved in a standoff with the Iraqi army", despite calls on both sides for dialogue to calm the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 11, Iraqi Kurdistan President Massoud Barzani, dressed in a military uniform, visited Kurdish-controlled areas of Kirkuk, a city long seen as a flashpoint for Arab-Kurdish tensions after the US military withdrawal in December 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Massoud Barzani's visit of Kurdish troops stationed in the disputed area near Kirkuk, Iraqi Prime Minister Maliki's party – The State of Law – issued a statement that "the visit of the President of Kurdistan Region Massoud Barzani and his son wearing a military helmet to inspect the battlefronts in Kirkuk province is a 'declaration of war' on all Iraqis not only Maliki, and even on President Jalal Talabani".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurdistan_Region_initiates_oil_exports_to_Turkey">Kurdistan Region initiates oil exports to Turkey</h3></div> <p>In late 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> announced that it had started independent oil exports to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This came after the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region_Parliament" title="Kurdistan Region Parliament">Kurdistan Region Parliament</a> enacted its own hydrocarbon law in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iraqi central government voiced its disapproval at both actions, and vowed to take legal action after the KRG started exporting oil to Turkey without its consent. Iraq subsequently issued an international arbitration case against Turkey in May 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a> based in Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_Northern_Iraq_offensive">2014 Northern Iraq offensive</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)">Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)</a></div> <p>In 2014, Iraqi army units withdrew from large parts of northern Iraq in the face of attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant</a>. Peshmerga forces took control of Kirkuk and other Kurdish-populated areas outside the official territory of the KRG. Officials in Baghdad were angered by the sale of tankers worth of oil transported through the <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Ceyhan_Oil_Pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline">Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2016, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> reported that Kurdish authorities (namely <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asayish_(Kurdistan_Region)" title="Asayish (Kurdistan Region)">Asayish</a>) had taken part in <a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a> (forced displacement of Arabs) in Kirkuk, namely by bulldozing homes and banishing the residents.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failed_Iraqi_Kurdistan_independence_referendum,_Peshmerga_defeated_in_Kirkuk"><span id="Failed_Iraqi_Kurdistan_independence_referendum.2C_Peshmerga_defeated_in_Kirkuk"></span>Failed Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, Peshmerga defeated in Kirkuk</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi_Kurdistan_independence_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum">2017 Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadiu,_Erbil,_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadiu%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_10.jpg/220px-Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadiu%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadiu%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_10.jpg/330px-Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadiu%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadiu%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_10.jpg/440px-Kurdish_flags_at_the_pro-Kurdistan_referendum_and_pro-Kurdistan_independence_rally_at_Franso_Hariri_Stadiu%2C_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5864" data-file-height="3908" /></a><figcaption>Pro-independence rally in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> in September 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016-2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)"> Battle of Mosul</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Kurdistan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Kurdistan Region">President of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a>, facilitated the <a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi_Kurdistan_independence_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum">2017 Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-efe_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efe-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Angered by the decision, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haider_al-Abadi" title="Haider al-Abadi">Haider al-Abadi</a>, demanded the cancellation of the referendum and called on the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">KRG</a> to initiate dialogue "in the framework of the constitution", ordered it to withdraw its forces from the disputed territories seized in 2014, and warned of a possible military retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-efe_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efe-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the reluctance of the KRG to heed the warnings, in October 2017, Iraq began to move its forces into areas seized by the KRG in 2014, and all the disputed areas outside the Kurdish Region, including Kirkuk. In a successful <a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">military operation</a> that lasted less than two weeks, the Iraqi Armed Forces defeated the Peshmerga and successfully reclaimed the area seized by the KRG, as well as later took control of the airports in <a href="/wiki/Erbil_International_Airport" title="Erbil International Airport">Erbil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymaniyah International Airport">Sulaymaniyah</a>. Masoud Barzani subsequently announced his resignation and the referendum was effectively abandoned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabisation_of_disputed_territories">Arabisation of disputed territories</h3></div> <p>Since October 2017, Kurdish news reports have made claims of Arabisation and forced demographic displacement of Kurds, most notably in Kirkuk, Tuz Khurmatu and Khanaqin.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2024, an Iraqi Kurdish source claimed that the Arabisation campaign of Kirkuk, under the administration of Arab governor Rakan Al-Jubouri, surpassed even the level committed by the previous <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist</a> regime.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_ICC_ruling_on_illegal_Kurdistan_Region_oil_exports">2023 ICC ruling on illegal Kurdistan Region oil exports</h3></div> <p>In light of the Kurdistan Region initiating independent oil exports to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in late 2013, on 23 May 2014, Iraq issued an international arbitration case against the latter at the <a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a> based in Paris, regarding Turkey’s role in the illegal sale of crude oil by the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk-Ceyhan_Oil_Pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkuk-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline">Kirkuk-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline</a>. Iraq claimed Turkey had breached provisions of the Iraq-Turkey Pipeline Agreement (ITPA 1973) by not heeding the instructions of the Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_(Iraq)" title="Ministry of Oil (Iraq)">Ministry of Oil</a>. In February 2023, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Arbitration" title="International Court of Arbitration">International Court of Arbitration</a> issued a verdict in favour of Iraq and on 25 March 2023, all oil exports from the Kurdistan Region were halted. Since then, the KRG has been officially rendered unable to resume the export of oil to Turkey without the permission of the Iraqi Ministry of Oil, as outlined in the ITP Agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_Unrest_in_Kirkuk">2023 Unrest in Kirkuk</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2023_unrest_in_Kirkuk" title="2023 unrest in Kirkuk">2023 unrest in Kirkuk</a></div> <p>The 2023 unrest in Kirkuk was an incident which resulted in four Kurdish protesters being killed. The incident involved Arab, Kurdish and Turkmen residents of the city of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>. It began on 26 August 2023, after a building that used to be the headquarters of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (which was used at the time by the Iraqi Armed Forces as a Joint Operations Command) was about to be transferred back to the former following an order by the Prime Minister of Iraq. Two days later, on 28 August, Arab and Turkmen anti-KDP residents of Kirkuk staged a sit-in in front of the building to prevent its transfer as well as blocked the main road between Erbil and Kirkuk. In response, pro-KDP Kurds iniated counter-protests as well as demanded the opening of the blocked road. Iraqi security forces responded by opening fire on the Kurdish protesters. Following this, the government imposed a curfew in Kirkuk. The Supreme Court of Iraq subsequently issued a verdict halting the transfer of the building back to KDP, which was criticized by the latter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concerns_about_possible_Kurdistan_Region_collapse">Concerns about possible Kurdistan Region collapse</h3></div> <p>In September 2023, Al-Monitor published an article claiming that the Prime Minister of the KRG, <a href="/wiki/Masrour_Barzani" title="Masrour Barzani">Masrour Barzani</a>, had sent a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Biden" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Biden">President of the United States</a> urging him to mediate between Erbil and Baghdad on issues threatening the Kurdistan Region, stating: "I write to you now at another critical juncture in our history, one that I fear we may have difficulty overcoming. …[W]e are bleeding economically and hemorrhaging politically. For the first time in my tenure as prime minister, I hold grave concerns that this dishonorable campaign against us may cause the collapse of … the very model of a Federal Iraq that the United States sponsored in 2003 and purported to stand by since."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yerevan Saeed, director of the 'Global Kurdish Initiative for Peace' at American University in Washington, expressed concerns in February 2024 about the future of the Kurdistan Region if problems persist. He stated that the combined effect of Baghdad's obstructive attitude towards the Kurdistan Region as well as intra-Kurdish problems will “inevitably result in the diminishment of the Kurdistan Region’s political, legal, and economic influence, and could potentially lead to its dissolution."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_Makhmour_clashes">2023 Makhmour clashes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2023_Makhmour_clashes" title="2023 Makhmour clashes">2023 Makhmour clashes</a></div> <p>On 22 October 2023, clashes between Iraqi security forces and Peshmerga occurred in the town of <a href="/wiki/Makhmur,_Iraq" title="Makhmur, Iraq">Makhmour</a> after it was handed over to the Iraqi forces following the withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/PKK" class="mw-redirect" title="PKK">PKK</a>. At around noon, both sides exchanged mortar fire for two hours until a ceasefire was announced. The clashes resulted in six deaths in total, including the 18th Peshmerga Infantry Brigade commander and his deputy.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sides denied being the aggressor. The town of Makhmour is situated strategically between <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing_state_centralism">Growing state centralism</h3></div> <p>In March 2024, after a series of court rulings by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Iraq" title="Federal Supreme Court of Iraq">Supreme Court of Iraq</a> targeting the Kurdistan Region, Abdul Rahman Zibari a Kurdish judge resigned in protest, describing the Court's actions as "a move towards centralization and a blatant violation of the constitutional rights of the Kurdistan Region".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his resignation statement, the judge hinted at concerns about Baghdad's departure from the principles of <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>, the political system adopted after the US-led invasion of Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court subsequently announced that the resignation of Zibari will not hinder its work. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">KDP</a> also announced that it will not participate in the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region_Parliament" title="Kurdistan Region Parliament">regional</a> parliamentary elections dated June 10, 2024, citing "unconstitutional rulings against the Kurdistan Region in the past four years" and labeling the actions of the Supreme Court as "a clear and dangerous violation of the constitution” and an attempt to “return Iraq to a <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralized system.</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (September 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <p>[a].<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^</a></b></span> Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (combined casualty figure until 2003; 163,800–345,100): </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a> (1919–1924) – unknown</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Ahmed Barzani revolt</a> (1931–1932) – hundreds killed</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943 Barzani revolt</a> (1943–1945) – hundreds killed</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a> (1961–1970) – 12,000–105,000 killed.<sup id="cite_ref-warstat4_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warstat4-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a> (1974–1975) – 9,000 killed.<sup id="cite_ref-casualties_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/PUK_insurgency" title="PUK insurgency">PUK insurgency</a> (1976–1978) – 800 killed.</dd> <dd>1980 <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein</a> - 25,000<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Rebellion_of_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Rebellion of 1983">Iraqi Kurdish uprising (1982–1988)</a> – 50,000–198,000 killed.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1991_Uprising_in_As_Sulaymaniyah" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Uprising in As Sulaymaniyah">1991 Uprising in As Sulaymaniyah</a> – 700–2,000 killed.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a> (1994–1997) – 3,000<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–5,000 killed</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Viking_Hammer" title="Operation Viking Hammer">Operation Viking Hammer</a>) – 300 Islamists killed, at least 24 Peshmerga killed;<sup id="cite_ref-Lortz_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lortz-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unknown number of Iraqi agents "eliminated".</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi-Kurdish_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict">2017 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict</a> – 150 Iraqi forces (Army + PMU) killed (7 in <a href="/wiki/2017_Battle_of_Kirkuk" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Battle of Kirkuk">Battle of Kirkuk</a> per Kirkuk hospital), 105 Peshmerga killed, 200 wounded, 45 detained as well as 400 Kurdish civilians killed, 200 missing in Kirkuk (per Kurdish sources) and 183,000 displaced (per United Nations)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2023_unrest_in_Kirkuk" title="2023 unrest in Kirkuk">2023 unrest in Kirkuk</a> – 4 Kurdish protesters killed, 16 injured, 40 detained</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2023_Makhmour_clashes" title="2023 Makhmour clashes">2023 Makhmour clashes</a> – 2 Iraqi soldiers killed, 6 injured and 4 Peshmerga killed, 5 injured</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Autonomous_Kurdistan_Region" title="Legislative Council of the Autonomous Kurdistan Region">Legislative Council of the Autonomous Kurdistan Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Modern_History_of_the_Kurds" title="A Modern History of the Kurds">A Modern History of the Kurds</a> by David McDowall</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, p.157, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3733-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-3733-2">0-8032-3733-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">Page 39</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">Page 47</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">Page 48</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">Page 54</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">Page 59</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jezail.org/03_archive/manuals_monogrms/Surrogate_war_UW.pdf">"Page 24"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Page+24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jezail.org%2F03_archive%2Fmanuals_monogrms%2FSurrogate_war_UW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strength-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strength_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strength_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-MarashiSalama2008" class="citation book cs1">Al-Marashi, Ibra; Salama, Sammy (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraqsarmedforces0000alma"><i>Iraq's armed forces</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iraqsarmedforces0000alma/page/121">121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40078-7"><bdi>978-0-415-40078-7</bdi></a>. <q>Iraq 60,000 1969.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%27s+armed+forces&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-40078-7&rft.aulast=Al-Marashi&rft.aufirst=Ibra&rft.au=Salama%2C+Sammy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firaqsarmedforces0000alma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122133952/https://nuke.fas.org/guide/iraq/agency/army.htm">"Army - Iraq Special Weapons"</a>. <i>fas.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/agency/army.htm">the original</a> on November 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fas.org&rft.atitle=Army+-+Iraq+Special+Weapons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnuke%2Fguide%2Firaq%2Fagency%2Farmy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalSecIIWar-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalSecIIWar_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalSecIIWar_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Pike" class="citation web cs1">John Pike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417023304/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/iran-iraq.htm">"Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsc.army.mil/crc/IRAQ_OVERVIEW.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851099191" title="Special:BookSources/9781851099191"><bdi>9781851099191</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Wars+of+the+World%3A+Major+Conflicts+Since+World+War+II&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007-09-15&rft.isbn=9781851099191&rft.aulast=Heo&rft.aufirst=Uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnrN077AEgzMC%26q%3Dkurdish-iraqi%2Bconflict%26pg%3DPA454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barzani-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barzani_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barzani_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Kurdish Minority Problem</i>, p. 11, December 1948, ORE 71-48, <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308123142/http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000258376/0000258376_0014.gif">"The Kurdish Minority Problem"</a>. CIA. December 1948. p. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000258376/0000258376_0014.gif">the original</a> on 2012-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+Minority+Problem&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=CIA&rft.date=1948-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foia.cia.gov%2Fdocs%2FDOC_0000258376%2F0000258376_0014.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prince, J. (1993), "A Kurdish State in Iraq" in <i>Current History</i>, January.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lortz19-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lortz19_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lortz, Michael G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">"The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the <i>Peshmerga</i>"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Willing to face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces – the Peshmerga – from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq</i>, 2005-10-28. Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurdishwarrior-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kurdishwarrior_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael G. Lortz. (Chapter 1, Introduction). <i>The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga</i>. pp. 39–42. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_G._Lortz" class="citation web cs1">Michael G. Lortz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">"Chapter 1: Introduction: The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+1%3A+Introduction%3A+The+Kurdish+Warrior+Tradition+and+the+Importance+of+the+Peshmerga&rft.au=Michael+G.+Lortz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.lib.fsu.edu%2Ftheses%2Favailable%2Fetd-11142005-144616%2Funrestricted%2F003Manuscript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold" class="citation web cs1">Arnold; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023052032/tp://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/iraqkurds-1932-present/">"18. Iraq/Kurds (1932-present)"</a>. University of Central Arkansas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/iraqkurds-1932-present/">the original</a> on October 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=18.+Iraq%2FKurds+%281932-present%29&rft.pub=University+of+Central+Arkansas&rft.au=Arnold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fdadm-project%2Fmiddle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region%2Firaqkurds-1932-present%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWars_since_1900" class="citation web cs1">Wars since 1900. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727235805/http://www.war-memorial.net/index.asp">"All wars in the 20th century, since 1900 | the Polynational War Memorial"</a>. <i>www.war-memorial.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.war-memorial.net/wars_all.asp">the original</a> on July 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.war-memorial.net&rft.atitle=All+wars+in+the+20th+century%2C+since+1900+%7C+the+Polynational+War+Memorial&rft.au=Wars+since+1900&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.war-memorial.net%2Fwars_all.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.S. Harris, <i>Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds</i>, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pp.118–120, 1977 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1043232">JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-End_of_Iraq-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-End_of_Iraq_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith2008" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, Peter (September 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMeZaKeV4qYC"><i>The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War without End</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847396129" title="Special:BookSources/9781847396129"><bdi>9781847396129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Iraq%3A+How+American+Incompetence+Created+a+War+without+End&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft.isbn=9781847396129&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMeZaKeV4qYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-savelberg-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-savelberg_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Savelsberg, Siamend Hajo, Irene Dulz. <i>Effectively Urbanized - Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar</i>. Etudes rurales 2010/2 (n°186). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782713222955" title="Special:BookSources/9782713222955">9782713222955</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. Rimki Basu. <i>International Politics: Concepts, Theories and Issues</i>:p103. 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Kofi Abiew. <i>The Evolution of the Doctrine and Practice of Humanitarian Intervention</i>:p146. 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510133850/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_faylee.html">"PBS: The Fayli Kurds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_faylee.html">the original</a> on May 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=PBS%3A+The+Fayli+Kurds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffrontlineworld%2Fstories%2Firaq501%2Fevents_faylee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522041338/https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_barzanis.html">"PBS: The Missing Barzanis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=PBS%3A+The+Missing+Barzanis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffrontlineworld%2Fstories%2Firaq501%2Fevents_barzanis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510133844/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_halabja.html">"FRONTLINE/WORLD . Iraq - Saddam's Road to Hell - A journey into the killing fields. PBS"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_halabja.html">the original</a> on May 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=FRONTLINE%2FWORLD+.+Iraq+-+Saddam%27s+Road+to+Hell+-+A+journey+into+the+killing+fields.+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffrontlineworld%2Fstories%2Firaq501%2Fevents_halabja.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505131401/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/newsid_4304000/4304853.stm">"1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack"</a>. March 16, 1988. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/newsid_4304000/4304853.stm">the original</a> on May 5, 2023 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1988%3A+Thousands+die+in+Halabja+gas+attack&rft.date=1988-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmarch%2F16%2Fnewsid_4304000%2F4304853.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Johns" class="citation web cs1">Dave Johns. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510133843/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_kuwait.html">"FRONTLINE/WORLD. Iraq - Saddam's Road to Hell - A journey into the killing fields. PBS"</a>. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_kuwait.html">the original</a> on May 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FRONTLINE%2FWORLD.+Iraq+-+Saddam%27s+Road+to+Hell+-+A+journey+into+the+killing+fields.+PBS&rft.pub=PBS&rft.au=Dave+Johns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffrontlineworld%2Fstories%2Firaq501%2Fevents_kuwait.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Johns" class="citation web cs1">Dave Johns. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522003306/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_uprising.html">"The Crimes of Saddam Hussein"</a>. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iraq501/events_uprising.html">the original</a> on May 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Crimes+of+Saddam+Hussein&rft.pub=PBS&rft.au=Dave+Johns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffrontlineworld%2Fstories%2Firaq501%2Fevents_uprising.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirawdeli2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Mirawdily" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamal Mirawdily">Mirawdeli, Kamal</a> (9 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GL71DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1068">"The two-state solution: Divide and Democratise!"</a>. <i>History of the Present: Kurdistan in the 21st Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781728383088" title="Special:BookSources/9781728383088"><bdi>9781728383088</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+two-state+solution%3A+Divide+and+Democratise%21&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Present%3A+Kurdistan+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2019-01-09&rft.isbn=9781728383088&rft.aulast=Mirawdeli&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGL71DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubin2017" class="citation news cs1">Dubin, Rhys (September 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/09/13/netanyahu-finally-supports-a-two-state-solution-in-iraq/">"Netanyahu Finally Supports a Two-State Solution — In Iraq"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+Finally+Supports+a+Two-State+Solution+%E2%80%94+In+Iraq&rft.date=2017-09-13&rft.aulast=Dubin&rft.aufirst=Rhys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2017%2F09%2F13%2Fnetanyahu-finally-supports-a-two-state-solution-in-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2004" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Bill (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2219&context=parameters">"Iraq's Kurds and Turkey: Challenges for US Policy"</a>. <i>The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.55540%2F0031-1723.2219">10.55540/0031-1723.2219</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151138570">151138570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+US+Army+War+College+Quarterly%3A+Parameters&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Kurds+and+Turkey%3A+Challenges+for+US+Policy&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.55540%2F0031-1723.2219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151138570%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.armywarcollege.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2219%26context%3Dparameters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Mason2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Mason" title="David S. Mason">Stewart Mason, David</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DB8BCfGST8gC&pg=PA150"><i>The End of the American Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742557024" title="Special:BookSources/9780742557024"><bdi>9780742557024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+American+Century&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780742557024&rft.aulast=Stewart+Mason&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDB8BCfGST8gC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lortz-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lortz_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lortz_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lortz_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lortz_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">Willing to face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces – the Peshmerga – from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq (page 67)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Michael G. Lortz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Operation Hotel California: The Clandestine War inside Iraq</i>, Mike Tucker, Charles Faddis, 2008, The Lyons Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005">"Iraqi Constitution article 117"</a>. Constitute Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Constitution+article+117&rft.pub=Constitute+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FIraq_2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306222606/https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/10/254359">"Iraqi Kurdistan president visits forces in Kirkuk"</a>. 10 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/12/10/254359.html">the original</a> on March 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Kurdistan+president+visits+forces+in+Kirkuk&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2012%2F12%2F10%2F254359.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528195336/https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/04/26/210364">"Iraqi Kurd leader threatens secession unless power share demands met"</a>. 26 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/04/26/210364.html">the original</a> on May 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Kurd+leader+threatens+secession+unless+power+share+demands+met&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2012%2F04%2F26%2F210364.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters1711-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters1711_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters1711_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809220233/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-kurds-idUSBRE8AG0I220121118">"Iraqi Kurdish leader says region will defend itself"</a>. November 18, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-kurds-idUSBRE8AG0I220121118">the original</a> on August 9, 2022 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraqi+Kurdish+leader+says+region+will+defend+itself&rft.date=2012-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-iraq-kurds-idUSBRE8AG0I220121118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Tawfeeq2012" class="citation web cs1">Mohammed Tawfeeq (16 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326041720/https://www.cnn.com/2012/11/16/world/meast/iraq-violence/index.html">"Two dead, 10 wounded after Iraqi, Kurdish forces clash in northern Iraq"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2012/11/16/world/meast/iraq-violence/index.html">the original</a> on March 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Two+dead%2C+10+wounded+after+Iraqi%2C+Kurdish+forces+clash+in+northern+Iraq&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft.au=Mohammed+Tawfeeq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F11%2F16%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Firaq-violence%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hurriyet-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hurriyet_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hurriyet_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225131434/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/iraq-tensions-added-to-regional-turmoil-35108">"Iraq tensions added to regional turmoil - World News"</a>. <i>Hürriyet Daily News</i>. 21 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/iraq-tensions-added-to-regional-turmoil-35108">the original</a> on December 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Iraq+tensions+added+to+regional+turmoil+-+World+News&rft.date=2012-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Firaq-tensions-added-to-regional-turmoil-35108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/11/state6643.htm">Iraqi Kurdistan send more troops into standoff with Iraq Arab-led army</a> EKurd Daily. November 25, 2012. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809215916/https://ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2012/11/state6643.htm">Archive</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121214040056/http://todayszaman.com/news-300806-iraqs-barzani-says-kurds-ready-to-fight-over-disputed-city.html">"Iraq's Barzani says Kurds ready to fight over disputed city"</a>. <i>Today's Zaman</i>. December 11, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/news-300806-iraqs-barzani-says-kurds-ready-to-fight-over-disputed-city.html">the original</a> on 2012-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Zaman&rft.atitle=Iraq%27s+Barzani+says+Kurds+ready+to+fight+over+disputed+city&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Fnews-300806-iraqs-barzani-says-kurds-ready-to-fight-over-disputed-city.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Rubayi2012" class="citation web cs1">al-Rubayi, Zaidan (December 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218083900/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/12/maliki-barzanis-kurdish-troop-review-a-declaration-of-war.html">"Maliki's Party Says Troop Review Was Barzani's 'Declaration of War'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Al-Monitor</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/12/maliki-barzanis-kurdish-troop-review-a-declaration-of-war.html">the original</a> on December 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Maliki%27s+Party+Says+Troop+Review+Was+Barzani%27s+%27Declaration+of+War%27&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft.aulast=al-Rubayi&rft.aufirst=Zaidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2F12%2Fmaliki-barzanis-kurdish-troop-review-a-declaration-of-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/131220131-amp">"Kurdistan Region Begins Oil Export to Turkey"</a>. 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Rudaw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabization+helps+no+one%2C+but+hurts+Kirkuk+most&rft.pub=Rudaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fanalysis%2F25082018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/161220178">"UN probe confirms 100s of houses, businesses burned or bombed in Tuz Khurmatu"</a>. Rudaw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+probe+confirms+100s+of+houses%2C+businesses+burned+or+bombed+in+Tuz+Khurmatu&rft.pub=Rudaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fkurdistan%2F161220178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/040920222">"Demographic change threatens Khanaqin, officials warn"</a>. 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KirkukNow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qarachugh+clashes%3A+struggle+to+control+strategic%2C+military+and+economic+region&rft.pub=KirkukNow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkirkuknow.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F69730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gulanmedia.com/en/story/318692/kurdish-judge-resigns-from-iraq%27s-supreme-federal-court-in-protest-of-recent-ruling-on-kurdistan-region">"Kurdish judge resigns from Iraq's supreme federal court in protest of recent ruling on Kurdistan Region"</a>. 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Kurdistan24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Judge+withdraws+in+protest+against+Federal+Supreme+Court&rft.pub=Kurdistan24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdistan24.net%2Fen%2Fstory%2F34259-Kurdish-Judge-withdraws-in-protest-against-Federal-Supreme-Court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenewregion.com/posts/365/federal-supreme-court-s-role-in-baghdad-erbil-relations">"Federal Supreme Court's role in Baghdad-Erbil relations"</a>. The New Region.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Supreme+Court%27s+role+in+Baghdad-Erbil+relations&rft.pub=The+New+Region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenewregion.com%2Fposts%2F365%2Ffederal-supreme-court-s-role-in-baghdad-erbil-relations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/18032024">"KDP says will not participate in upcoming Kurdistan elections"</a>. Rudaw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KDP+says+will+not+participate+in+upcoming+Kurdistan+elections&rft.pub=Rudaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fkurdistan%2F18032024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warstat4-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warstat4_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417210824/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat4.htm">"Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls"</a>. <i>users.erols.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat4.htm">the original</a> on April 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=users.erols.com&rft.atitle=Twentieth+Century+Atlas+-+Death+Tolls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.erols.com%2Fmwhite28%2Fwarstat4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casualties-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-casualties_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011223551/http://pards.org/2005/Iraq(Kurds)AtRisk).doc">"Iraq (Kurds)"</a>. <i>Minorities at Risk</i>. University of Maryland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pards.org/2005/Iraq(Kurds)AtRisk).doc">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Word document)</span> on 2017-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-06</span></span> – via Political Asylum Research and Documentation Service (PARDS).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minorities+at+Risk&rft.atitle=Iraq+%28Kurds%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpards.org%2F2005%2FIraq%28Kurds%29AtRisk%29.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffar_Al-Faylee2010" class="citation book cs1">Jaffar Al-Faylee, Zaki (2010). <i>Tareekh Al-Kurd Al-Faylyoon</i>. Beirut. pp. 485, 499–501.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tareekh+Al-Kurd+Al-Faylyoon&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pages=485%2C+499-501&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Jaffar+Al-Faylee&rft.aufirst=Zaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Hakeem2003" class="citation book cs1">Al-Hakeem, Sahib (2003). <i>Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped killed and tortured in Iraq, the country of mass graves</i>. pp. 489–492.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untold+stories+of+more+than+4000+women+raped+killed+and+tortured+in+Iraq%2C+the+country+of+mass+graves&rft.pages=489-492&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Al-Hakeem&rft.aufirst=Sahib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordi Tejel. <i>Syria's Kurds: history, politics and society</i>. 2009. p.156.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/iraqi-insurgent-groups">Iraqi Insurgent Groups</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iraqi_Kurdistan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraqi_Kurdistan_topics" title="Template:Iraqi Kurdistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraqi_Kurdistan_topics" title="Template talk:Iraqi Kurdistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraqi_Kurdistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraqi Kurdistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iraqi_Kurdistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan#History" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Kurdistan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/90px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan#Geography" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hewlêr)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja <span style="font-size:85%;"> (Helebce)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk Governorate">Dohuk <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dihok)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah <span style="font-size:85%;">(Slêmanî)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_territories_of_Northern_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed territories of Northern Iraq">Disputed territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region#Government_and_politics" title="Kurdistan Region">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> (autonomous region)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Human rights in Iraqi Kurdistan">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Military <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Peshmerga</i>)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Presidency_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Presidency Council">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="President of Kurdistan Region">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="Vice President of Kurdistan Region">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="Prime Minister of Kurdistan Region">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraqi_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Iraqi Kurdistan">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Kurdistan_Region" title="List of diplomatic missions in Kurdistan Region">Foreign missions in Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="List of diplomatic missions of Kurdistan Region">Missions of Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution_(Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_negotiations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-state solution (Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations)">Two-state solution (Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Kurdistan_Region_independence_referendum" title="2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum">Independence referendum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="Economy of Kurdistan Region">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_of_Iraqi_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves of Iraqi Kurdistan">Oil reserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Ceyhan_Oil_Pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline">Taqtaq-Feshkhabur pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraqi_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Iraqi Kurdistan">Demographics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan#Culture" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ey_Req%C3%AEb" title="Ey Reqîb">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kurdistan" title="Flag of Kurdistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parastin_u_Zanyari" title="Parastin u Zanyari">Parastin u Zanyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asayish_(Kurdistan_Regional_Government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayish (Kurdistan Regional Government)">Asaish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeravani" title="Zeravani">Zeravani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Category:Iraqi Kurdistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kurdistan" title="Portal:Kurdistan">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template talk:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon starvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera_Front_(Anglo-Turkish_War,_1918%E2%80%931923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera Front (Anglo-Turkish War, 1918–1923) (page does not exist)">Al-Jazeera Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Adwan Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Ahmed Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion" title="Goharshad Mosque rebellion">Goharshad Mosque rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935%E2%80%931936_Iraqi_Shia_revolts" title="1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts">1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Yazidi_revolt" title="1935 Yazidi revolt">1935 Yazidi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Italian bombing of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied invasion of Iraq">Allied invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943 Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waziri_coup" title="Al-Waziri coup">Al-Waziri coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Adenese_clan_violence" title="Yemeni–Adenese clan violence">Yemeni–Adenese clan violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">1958 Iraqi revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">Mar. 1963 Syrian coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">Yemenite War of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">Yemenite War of 1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution">Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Turkey–PKK conflict</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot" title="1986 Egyptian conscripts riot">1986 Egyptian conscripts riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Damascus_bombings" title="1986 Damascus bombings">1986 Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt">1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">Mecca massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization_internal_executions" title="Abu Nidal Organization internal executions">Abu Nidal's executions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War (1990–1991)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">Yemeni Civil War (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia"><i>Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">Operation Desert Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Balochi insurgency in Iran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">2004 Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthi insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></b></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement in Syria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Syrian War spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></b></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Beirut_clashes" title="2021 Beirut clashes">2021 Beirut clashes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><b>This list includes <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each</b><br />Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Asia" title="List of conflicts in Asia">conflicts in Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab,_India" title="Insurgency in Punjab, India">Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1987–1989)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Maldives_political_crisis" title="2011–2013 Maldives political crisis">Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_All_Clear" title="Operation All Clear">Operation All Clear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">Tibetan unrest (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korea <span style="font-size:85%;">(North<br />and South)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_and_South_Korea" title="List of border incidents involving North and South Korea">Maritime border incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis" title="1994 North Korean nuclear crisis">1994 North Korean nuclear crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis" title="2017–2018 North Korea crisis">2017–2018 crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiwan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cambodia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict (1969–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Madago_Raya" title="Operation Madago Raya">East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Myanmar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Myanmar conflict (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Civil war (2021–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Timor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" title="1999 East Timorese crisis">1999 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_East_Timorese_crisis" title="2006 East Timorese crisis">2006 crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">NPA</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FULRO_insurgency" title="FULRO insurgency">FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> <ul><li>Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">1989–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">1992–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">1996–2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001–2021 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan">Ethnic conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyzstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Osh_clashes" title="1990 Osh clashes">1990 Osh clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2010 Kyrgyz Revolution">2010 Kyrgyz Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes" title="2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes">2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Gorno-Badakhshan_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)">Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_massacre" title="Fergana massacre">Fergana massacre (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan_massacre" title="Andijan massacre">Andijan massacre (2005)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bahrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahraini uprising (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes (2016–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan_conflict_(2001%E2%80%932003)" title="Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)">Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">ISIL insurgency (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanon_conflict" title="2008 Lebanon conflict">Lebanon conflict (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saudi Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li> <li>Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil War (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Syrian Civil War">Regional spillover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey">DHKP/C insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–ISIL conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994)" title="Yemeni civil war (1994)">Civil war (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda (1998–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi (2004–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen (2009–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Civil War (2014–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-continental<br />conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency (2011–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraqi–Kurdish_conflict&oldid=1259846803">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraqi–Kurdish_conflict&oldid=1259846803</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Category:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Kurdistan_Region_(Iraq)" 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