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<span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commentaries_on_Plato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries_on_Plato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Commentaries on Plato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentaries_on_Plato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commentary_on_Timaeus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary_on_Timaeus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Commentary on Timaeus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary_on_Timaeus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systematic_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematic_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Systematic works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematic_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commentary_on_Euclid's_Elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary_on_Euclid's_Elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Commentary on Euclid's Elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary_on_Euclid's_Elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology_of_Plato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology_of_Plato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Theology of Plato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology_of_Plato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Lost works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proclus's_works_in_Translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proclus's_works_in_Translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Proclus's works in Translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proclus's_works_in_Translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proclus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B3" title="برقلس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برقلس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokl_Diadox" title="Prokl Diadox – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Prokl Diadox" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84)" title="Прокъл (философ) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прокъл (философ)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procle" title="Procle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Procle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklos" title="Proklos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proklos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklos" title="Proklos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proklos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πρόκλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόκλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclo" title="Proclo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proclo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklo" title="Proklo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Proklo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklo" title="Proklo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proklo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="پروکلس لیکایوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروکلس لیکایوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proclus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclo" title="Proclo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proclo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="프로클로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프로클로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%AC" title="Պրոկլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրոկլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklo_(gr%C4%8Dki_filozof)" title="Proklo (grčki filozof) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proklo (grčki filozof)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklos_Diadokhos" title="Proklos Diadokhos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proklos Diadokhos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3klos" title="Próklos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Próklos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclo" title="Proclo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proclo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פרוקלוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוקלוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Прокл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Прокл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Прокл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Прокл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proclus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklas" title="Proklas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Proklas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklosz" title="Proklosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Proklosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B4kl%C3%B4sy" title="Prôklôsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Prôklôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklos" title="Proklos – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Proklos" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B3" title="برقلس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برقلس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus_(filosoof)" title="Proclus (filosoof) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proclus (filosoof)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9" title="プロクロス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロクロス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklos" title="Proklos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Proklos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokl" title="Prokl – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Prokl" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="پروکلوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پروکلوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B2clo_%C3%ABd_Licia" title="Pròclo ëd Licia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pròclo ëd Licia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklos" title="Proklos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Proklos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclo" title="Proclo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Proclo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proclus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Прокл Диадох – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прокл Диадох" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklos_(filozof)" title="Proklos (filozof) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Proklos (filozof)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokl" title="Prokl – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prokl" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Прокл Дијадох – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прокл Дијадох" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklo" title="Proklo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proklo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklos" title="Proklos – Finnish" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Procles" title="Procles">Procles</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Proclus Diadochus, the Neoplatonist philosopher. For other people named Proclus, see <a href="/wiki/Proclus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Proclus (disambiguation)">Proclus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Proclus Lycius</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:In_primum_Euclidis_elementorum_librum_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/In_primum_Euclidis_elementorum_librum_01.jpg/250px-In_primum_Euclidis_elementorum_librum_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/In_primum_Euclidis_elementorum_librum_01.jpg/330px-In_primum_Euclidis_elementorum_librum_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/In_primum_Euclidis_elementorum_librum_01.jpg/500px-In_primum_Euclidis_elementorum_librum_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="752" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The beginning of the first Latin edition of Proclus' <i>Commentary on Euclid's Elements</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">412<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">485 (aged 72–73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a>, Eastern Roman Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"The Successor"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Proclus Lycius</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 8 February 412 – 17 April 485), called <b>Proclus the Successor</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Πρόκλος ὁ Διάδοχος</span>, <i>Próklos ho Diádokhos</i>), was a <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a>, one of the last major classical philosophers of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>. He set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed systems of Neoplatonism and, through later interpreters and translators, exerted an influence on <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_philosophy" title="Byzantine philosophy">Byzantine philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early Islamic philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastic philosophy">Scholastic philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German Idealism</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G.W.F. Hegel</a>, who called Proclus's <i>Platonic Theology</i> "the true turning point or transition from ancient to modern times, from ancient philosophy to Christianity."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary source for the life of Proclus is the eulogy <i>Proclus, or On Happiness</i> that was written for him upon his death by his successor, <a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20111._Life_and_Works_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20111._Life_and_Works-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marinus' biography set out to prove that Proclus reached the peak of <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> and attained <a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">eudaimonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20111._Life_and_Works_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20111._Life_and_Works-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also a few details about the time in which he lived in the similarly structured <i>Life of <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Alexandria" title="Isidore of Alexandria">Isidore</a></i> written by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a> in the following century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20111._Life_and_Works_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20111._Life_and_Works-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Marinus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1925_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1925-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proclus was born in 412 AD in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to a family of high social status from <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, and raised in <a href="/wiki/Xanthos" title="Xanthos">Xanthus</a>. He studied <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, with the intent of pursuing a judicial position like his father. Before completing his studies, he returned to Constantinople when his rector, his principal instructor (one Leonas), had business there.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proclus became a successful practicing lawyer. However, the experience of the practice of law made Proclus realize that he truly preferred philosophy. He returned to Alexandria, and began determinedly studying the works of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> under <a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Elder" title="Olympiodorus the Elder">Olympiodorus the Elder</a>. He also began studying mathematics during this period as well with a teacher named Heron (no relation to <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a>, who was also known as Heron). As a gifted student, he eventually became dissatisfied with the level of philosophical instruction available in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, and went to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, philosophical center of the day, in 431 to study at the Neoplatonic successor of the <a href="/wiki/New_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Academy">New Academy</a>, where he was taught by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Chaeronea" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutarch of Chaeronea">Plutarch of Chaeronea</a>), <a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asclepigenia" title="Asclepigenia">Asclepigenia</a>; he succeeded Syrianus as head of the Academy in 437, and would in turn be succeeded on his death by <a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus of Neapolis</a>. He lived in Athens as a vegetarian bachelor, prosperous and generous to his friends, until the end of his life, except for a one-year exile, to avoid pressure from Christian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20111._Life_and_Works_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20111._Life_and_Works-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marinus reports that he was writing seven hundred lines each day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></div> <p>One challenge with determining Proclus' specific doctrines is that the Neoplatonists of his time did not consider themselves innovators; they believed themselves to be the transmitters of the correct interpretations of Plato himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the neoplatonic doctrines are much different from the doctrines in Plato's dialogues, it's often difficult to distinguish between different Neoplatonic thinkers and determine what is original to each one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Proclus, this is largely only possible with Plotinus, the only other Neoplatonic writer for whom a significant amount of writings survive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proclus, like Plotinus and many of the other <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonists">Neoplatonists</a>, agreed on the three <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostases</a> of Neoplatonism: The One (<a href="/wiki/Henology" title="Henology">hen</a>), The Intellect (<a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">nous</a>) and The Soul (<a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">psyche</a>), and wrote a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a>, of which unfortunately only fragments survive. At other times he criticizes Plotinus' views, such as the <a href="/wiki/Uncaused_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncaused cause">prime mover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Plotinus, Proclus also did not hold that matter was evil, an idea that caused contradictions in the system of Plotinus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is difficult to determine what, if anything, is different between the doctrines of Proclus and Syrianus: for the latter, only a commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics survives, and Proclus never criticizes his teacher in any of his preserved writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The particular characteristic of Proclus's system is his elaboration of a level of individual ones, called <i>henads,</i> between the One which is before being and intelligible divinity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The henads exist "superabundantly", also beyond being, but they stand at the head of chains of causation (<i>seirai</i>) and in some manner give to these chains their particular character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He identifies them with the Greek gods, so one henad might be Apollo and be the cause of all things apollonian, while another might be Helios and be the cause of all <i>sunny</i> things. Each henad participates in every other henad, according to its character. What appears to be multiplicity is not multiplicity at all, because any henad may rightly be considered the center of the polycentric system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Proclus, philosophy is the activity which can liberate the soul from a subjection to bodily passions, remind it of its origin in Soul, Intellect, and the One, and prepare it not only to ascend to the higher levels while still in this life, but to avoid falling immediately back into a new body after death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Because the soul's attention, while inhabiting a body, is turned so far away from its origin in the intelligible world, Proclus thinks that we need to make use of bodily reminders of our spiritual origin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In this he agrees with the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">theurgy</a> put forward by <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a>. Theurgy is possible because the powers of the gods (the <i>henads</i>) extend through their series of causation even down to the material world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> And by certain power-laden words, acts, and objects, the soul can be drawn back up the series, so to speak. Proclus himself was a devotee of many of the religions in Athens, considering that the power of the gods could be present in these various approaches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentaries_on_Plato">Commentaries on Plato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commentaries on Plato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of Proclus's works are commentaries on dialogues of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (<i>Alcibiades</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parmenides_(dialogue)" title="Parmenides (dialogue)">Parmenides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i>). In these commentaries, he presents his own philosophical system as a faithful interpretation of Plato, and in this he did not differ from other Neoplatonists, as he considered that "nothing in Plato's corpus is unintended or there by chance", that "Plato's writings were divinely inspired" (ὁ θεῖος Πλάτων <i>ho theios Platon</i>—the divine Plato, inspired by the gods), that "the formal structure and the content of Platonic texts imitated those of the universe",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore that they spoke often of things under a veil, hiding the truth from the philosophically uninitiated. Proclus was however a close reader of Plato, and quite often makes very astute points about his Platonic sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commentary_on_Timaeus">Commentary on Timaeus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commentary on Timaeus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his commentary on Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> Proclus explains the role the Soul as a principle has in mediating the Forms in Intellect to the body of the material world as a whole. The Soul is constructed through certain proportions, described mathematically in the <i>Timaeus</i>, which allow it to make Body as a divided image of its own arithmetical and geometrical ideas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systematic_works">Systematic works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Systematic works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to his commentaries, Proclus wrote two major systematic works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020A_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020A-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_Theology" title="Elements of Theology">Elements of Theology</a></i> (Στοιχείωσις θεολογική) consists of 211 propositions, each followed by a proof, beginning from the existence of the One (divine Unity) and ending with the descent of individual souls into the material world. The <i>Platonic Theology</i> (Περὶ τῆς κατὰ Πλάτωνα θεολογίας) is a systematization of material from Platonic dialogues, showing from them the characteristics of the divine orders, the part of the universe which is closest to the One. </p><p>We also have three essays, extant only in Latin translation: <i>Ten doubts concerning providence</i> (<i>De decem dubitationibus circa providentiam</i>); <i>On providence and fate</i> (<i>De providentia et fato</i>); <i>On the existence of evils</i> (<i>De malorum subsistentia</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020A_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020A-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commentary_on_Euclid's_Elements"><span id="Commentary_on_Euclid.27s_Elements"></span>Commentary on Euclid's Elements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commentary on Euclid's Elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proclus, the scholiast to Euclid, knew <a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus of Rhodes</a>' <i>History of Geometry</i> well, and gave a short sketch of the early history of geometry, which appeared to be founded on the older, lost book of Eudemus. The passage has been referred to as "the Eudemian summary," and determines some approximate dates, which otherwise might have remained unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow1884_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow1884-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influential commentary on the first book of <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>'s <i>Elements</i> is one of the most valuable sources we have for the history of ancient mathematics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath1908_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath1908-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its Platonic account of the status of mathematical objects was influential. </p><p>In this work, Proclus also listed the first mathematicians associated with Plato: a mature set of mathematicians (<a href="/wiki/Leodamas_of_Thasos" title="Leodamas of Thasos">Leodamas of Thasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas of Taras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(mathematician)" title="Theaetetus (mathematician)">Theaetetus</a>), a second set of younger mathematicians (<a href="/wiki/Neoclides" title="Neoclides">Neoclides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus of Cnidus</a>), and a third yet younger set (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amyntas_of_Heraclea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amyntas of Heraclea (page does not exist)">Amyntas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menaechmus" title="Menaechmus">Menaechmus</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Dinostratus" title="Dinostratus">Dinostratus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theudius_of_Magnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theudius of Magnesia">Theudius of Magnesia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermotimus_of_Colophon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermotimus of Colophon (page does not exist)">Hermotimus of Colophon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a>). Some of these mathematicians were influential in arranging the <i>Elements</i> that Euclid later published. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theology_of_Plato">Theology of Plato</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Theology of Plato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proclus authored a theology of Plato, which is text concerned with the divine hierarchies and their complex ramifications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_works">Lost works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lost works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of his Platonic commentaries are lost. In addition to the Alcibiades, the Cratylus, the Timaeus, and the Parmenides, he also wrote commentaries on the remainder of the dialogues in the Neoplatonic curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020B_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020B-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Organon" title="Organon">Organon</a>, as well as prolegomena to both Plato and Aristotle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020B_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020B-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proclus exerted a great deal of influence on <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a>, though largely indirectly, through the works of the commentator <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This late-5th- or early-6th-century Christian Greek author wrote under the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius the Areopagite</a>, the figure converted by St. Paul in Athens. Because of this pseudonym, his writings were taken to have almost apostolic authority. He is an original Christian writer, and in his works can be found a great number of Proclus's metaphysical principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1992_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important source for the influence of Proclus on the Middle Ages is <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius">Boethius</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolation of Philosophy">Consolation of Philosophy</a></i>, which has a number of Proclus principles and motifs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The central poem of Book III is a summary of Proclus's <i>Commentary on the Timaeus</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and Book V contains the important principle of Proclus that things are known not according to their own nature, but according to the character of the knowing subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A summary of Proclus's <i>Elements of Theology</i> circulated under the name <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_Causis" title="Liber de Causis">Liber de Causis</a></i> (<i>Book of Causes</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book is of uncertain origin, but circulated in the Arabic world as a work of Aristotle, and was translated into Latin as such.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had great authority because of its supposed Aristotelian origin, and it was only when Proclus's <i>Elements</i> were translated into Latin that Thomas Aquinas realised its true origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proclus's works also exercised an influence during the Renaissance through figures such as <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a>. The most significant early scholar of Proclus in the English-speaking world was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a>, who produced English translations of most of his works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crater <a href="/wiki/Proclus_(crater)" title="Proclus (crater)">Proclus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> is named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato" title="Allegorical interpretations of Plato">Allegorical interpretations of Plato</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFProclusPlatoMorrowDillon1992" class="citation book cs1">Proclus; Plato; Morrow, Glenn R.; Dillon, John M.; Proclus; Proclus (1992). <i>Proclus' commentary on Plato's Parmenides</i> (1. Princeton paperback print., with corr ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Pr. p. 466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02089-1"><bdi>978-0-691-02089-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclus%27+commentary+on+Plato%27s+Parmenides&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=466&rft.edition=1.+Princeton+paperback+print.%2C+with+corr&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+Pr&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02089-1&rft.au=Proclus&rft.au=Plato&rft.au=Morrow%2C+Glenn+R.&rft.au=Dillon%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Proclus&rft.au=Proclus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20111._Life_and_Works-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20111._Life_and_Works_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20111._Life_and_Works_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20111._Life_and_Works_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20111._Life_and_Works_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelmigSteel2011">Helmig & Steel 2011</a>, 1. Life and Works.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1925-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1925_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuthrie1925">Guthrie 1925</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1925" class="citation book cs1">Guthrie, Kenneth (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/marinus_01_life_of_proclus.htm"><i>Marinus of Samaria, The Life of Proclus or Concerning Happiness (1925) pp.15–55</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marinus+of+Samaria%2C+The+Life+of+Proclus+or+Concerning+Happiness+%281925%29+pp.15%E2%80%9355&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fmarinus_01_life_of_proclus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20113_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelmigSteel2011">Helmig & Steel 2011</a>, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalian2013" class="citation cs2">Calian, Florin George (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memo.imareal.sbg.ac.at/wsarticle/maq-sonderband/ciarifications-of-obscurity-conditions-for-procluss-allegorical-reading-of-platos-parmenides/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Clarifications" of Obscurity: Conditions for Proclus's Allegorical Reading of Plato's Parmenides"</a>, <i>Obscurity in medieval texts</i>, pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>31</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obscurity+in+medieval+texts&rft.atitle=%22Clarifications%22+of+Obscurity%3A+Conditions+for+Proclus%27s+Allegorical+Reading+of+Plato%27s+Parmenides&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Calian&rft.aufirst=Florin+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemo.imareal.sbg.ac.at%2Fwsarticle%2Fmaq-sonderband%2Fciarifications-of-obscurity-conditions-for-procluss-allegorical-reading-of-platos-parmenides%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020A-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020A_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020A_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelmigSteel2020">Helmig & Steel 2020</a>, A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow1884-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow1884_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGow1884">Gow 1884</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath1908-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath1908_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeath1908">Heath 1908</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020B-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020B_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel2020B_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelmigSteel2020">Helmig & Steel 2020</a>, B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHelmigSteel20114._Influence_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelmigSteel2011">Helmig & Steel 2011</a>, 4. Influence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1992-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1992_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodds1992">Dodds 1992</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proclus's_works_in_Translation"><span id="Proclus.27s_works_in_Translation"></span>Proclus's works in Translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Proclus's works in Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><i>Elements of Theology</i>: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProclus1992" class="citation book cs1">Proclus, approximately (1992). <i>The Elements of Theology = Diadoxos stoixeiōsis theologikē</i> (Second ed.). Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198140979" title="Special:BookSources/9780198140979"><bdi>9780198140979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Theology+%3D+Diadoxos+stoixei%C5%8Dsis+theologik%C4%93&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780198140979&rft.aulast=Proclus&rft.aufirst=approximately&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul></li> <li><i>Platonic Theology</i>: A long (six volumes in the <a href="/wiki/Collection_Bud%C3%A9" title="Collection Budé">Budé</a> edition) systematic work, using evidence from Plato's dialogues to describe the character of the various divine orders <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Six_Books_of_Proclus,_the_Platonic_Successor,_on_the_Theology_of_Plato" class="extiw" title="s:The Six Books of Proclus, the Platonic Successor, on the Theology of Plato"><i>The Six Books of Proclus, the Platonic Successor, on the Theology of Plato</i></a> Thomas Taylor translation.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Commentary on Plato's Alcibiades</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProclus1971" class="citation book cs1">Proclus (1971). <i>Proclus' Commentary on Plato's Alcibiades I</i> (Second ed.). Dordrecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401763271" title="Special:BookSources/9789401763271"><bdi>9789401763271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclus%27+Commentary+on+Plato%27s+Alcibiades+I&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9789401763271&rft.au=Proclus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul></li> <li><i>Commentary on Cratylus</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProclus2007" class="citation book cs1">Proclus (2007). <i>Proclus' Commentary on Plato's Cratylus</i>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472558190" title="Special:BookSources/9781472558190"><bdi>9781472558190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclus%27+Commentary+on+Plato%27s+Cratylus&rft.place=London&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781472558190&rft.au=Proclus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul></li> <li><i>Commentary on Plato's "Timaeus"</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1820" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Thomas (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proclusontimaeus01procuoft"><i>The Commentaries of Proclus on the Timaeus of Plato in Five Books; containing a treasury of Pythagoric and Platonic physiology. Translated from the Greek by Thomas Taylor</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commentaries+of+Proclus+on+the+Timaeus+of+Plato+in+Five+Books%3B+containing+a+treasury+of+Pythagoric+and+Platonic+physiology.+Translated+from+the+Greek+by+Thomas+Taylor.&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproclusontimaeus01procuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Proclus: Commentary on Plato's Timaeus. Volume 1. Book 1: Proclus on the Socratic State and Atlantis</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511482656" title="Special:BookSources/9780511482656"><bdi>9780511482656</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclus%3A+Commentary+on+Plato%27s+Timaeus.+Volume+1.+Book+1%3A+Proclus+on+the+Socratic+State+and+Atlantis.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780511482656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><i>Commentary on Plato's "Parmenides"</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProclus1992" class="citation book cs1">Proclus (1992). <i>Proclus' Commentary on Plato's Parmenides</i> (1st Princeton pbk. print. with corrections, 1992 ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691020892" title="Special:BookSources/0691020892"><bdi>0691020892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclus%27+Commentary+on+Plato%27s+Parmenides&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=1st+Princeton+pbk.+print.+with+corrections%2C+1992&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0691020892&rft.au=Proclus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><i>Commentary on Plato's "Republic"</i></li> <li><i>A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's "Elements"</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProclus1970" class="citation book cs1">Proclus (1970). <i>A Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements</i>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691020907" title="Special:BookSources/9780691020907"><bdi>9780691020907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Commentary+on+the+First+Book+of+Euclid%27s+Elements&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780691020907&rft.au=Proclus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><i>Elements of Physics</i></li> <li>Three small works: <i>Ten Problems Concerning Providence</i>; <i>On Providence and Fate</i>; <i>On the Existence of Evils</i> <ul><li>Proclus On Providence (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Steel, Carlos. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 2007. ISBN 9781472501479.</li> <li>Proclus Ten Problems Concerning Providence (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Opsomer, Jan; Steel, Carlos. London; New Delhi; New York; Sydney: Bloomsbury. 2012. ISBN 9781472501783.</li> <li>Proclus On the Existence of Evils (in English, Ancient Greek, and Latin). Translated by Opsomer, Jan; Steel, Carlos. London; New York: Bloomsbury. 2014 [2003]. ISBN 9781472501035.</li></ul></li> <li>On the Eternity of the World, De Aeternitate Mundi, Proclus (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Lang, Helen S.; Macro, A. D.; McGinnis, Jon. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. 2001. ISBN 0520225546.</li> <li>Various <i>Hymns</i> <ul><li>Berg, R.M. van den (2001). Mansfeld, J.; Runia, D.T; Van Winden, J. C. M. (eds.). Proclus' Hymns. Philosophia Antiqua, A Series of Studies on Ancient Philosophy (in English and Ancient Greek). Vol. 90. Translated by Berg, R.M. van den. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. ISBN 9004122362.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Commentary on the Chaldaean Oracles</i> (fragments) <ul><li>Proclus the Successor on Poetics and the Homeric Poems (in English and Ancient Greek). Translated by Lamberton, Robert. Atlanta, Georgia, USA: Society of Biblical Literature. 2012. ISBN 9781589837119.</li></ul></li> <li>Fragments of lost works <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1825" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Thomas (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fragmentsthatre00taylgoog/page/n18/mode/2up"><i>The Fragments that Remain of the Lost Writings of Proclus</i></a>. Printed for the author, and sold by Black, Young, and Young.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fragments+that+Remain+of+the+Lost+Writings+of+Proclus&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+author%2C+and+sold+by+Black%2C+Young%2C+and+Young&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffragmentsthatre00taylgoog%2Fpage%2Fn18%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The <i>Liber de Causis</i> (Book of Causes) is not a work by Proclus, but a summary of his work the <i>Elements of Theology</i>, likely written by an Arabic interpreter. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Reading Proclus and the Book of Causes. Volume 2, Translations and Acculturations</i>. Leiden. 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004440685" title="Special:BookSources/9789004440685"><bdi>9789004440685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Proclus+and+the+Book+of+Causes.+Volume+2%2C+Translations+and+Acculturations&rft.place=Leiden&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004440685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDodds1992" class="citation book cs1">Dodds, E. R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/RDOTEO"><i>The Elements of Theology: A Revised Text with Translation, Introduction, and Commentary</i></a>. Oxford University Press UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Theology%3A+A+Revised+Text+with+Translation%2C+Introduction%2C+and+Commentary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+UK&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FRDOTEO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGow1884" class="citation book cs1">Gow, James (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9d8DAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Short History of Greek Mathematics</i></a>. Cambridge University press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Greek+Mathematics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+press&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Gow&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9d8DAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeath1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._L._Heath" class="mw-redirect" title="T. L. Heath">Heath</a> (1908). "Proclus and His Sources". <i>The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements Vol. 1</i>. p. 29. <q>It is well known that the commentary of Proclus on Eucl. Book I is one of the two main sources of information as to the history of Greek geometry which we possess, the other being the <i>Collection</i> of Pappus</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proclus+and+His+Sources&rft.btitle=The+Thirteen+Books+of+Euclid%27s+Elements+Vol.+1&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Heath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelmigSteel2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Helmig, Christoph; Steel, Carlos (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/proclus/">"Proclus"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proclus&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Helmig&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Steel%2C+Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fproclus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelmigSteel2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Helmig, Christoph; Steel, Carlos (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/proclus/supplement2/">"Bibliography: Proclus' Complete Works (extant, lost, and spurious)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bibliography%3A+Proclus%27+Complete+Works+%28extant%2C+lost%2C+and+spurious%29&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Helmig&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Steel%2C+Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fproclus%2Fsupplement2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <p><b>Monographs</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCutino2023" class="citation book cs1">Cutino, Miriam (2023). <i>Proclo – Lo stile e il sistema della teologia</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783111084978" title="Special:BookSources/9783111084978"><bdi>9783111084978</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclo+%E2%80%93+Lo+stile+e+il+sistema+della+teologia&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9783111084978&rft.aulast=Cutino&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Post-Herulian Athens : aspects of life and culture in Athens, A.D. 267-529</i>. Helsinki: Suomen Ateenan-instituutin säätiö. 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9519529527" title="Special:BookSources/9519529527"><bdi>9519529527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Herulian+Athens+%3A+aspects+of+life+and+culture+in+Athens%2C+A.D.+267-529&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Suomen+Ateenan-instituutin+s%C3%A4%C3%A4ti%C3%B6&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9519529527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKutash2011" class="citation book cs1">Kutash, Emilie (2011). <i>Ten gifts of the demiurge : Proclus' commentary on Plato's Timaeus</i>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1981-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-1981-8"><bdi>978-1-4725-1981-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+gifts+of+the+demiurge+%3A+Proclus%27+commentary+on+Plato%27s+Timaeus&rft.place=London&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-1981-8&rft.aulast=Kutash&rft.aufirst=Emilie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosán2009" class="citation book cs1">Rosán, Laurence Jay (2009). <i>The philosophy of Proclus : the final phase of ancient thought</i> (2nd ed.). Westbury: Prometheus Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1898910442" title="Special:BookSources/978-1898910442"><bdi>978-1898910442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+philosophy+of+Proclus+%3A+the+final+phase+of+ancient+thought&rft.place=Westbury&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prometheus+Trust&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1898910442&rft.aulast=Ros%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Laurence+Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiorvanes1996" class="citation book cs1">Siorvanes, Lucas (1996). <i>Proclus : neo-platonic philosophy and science</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748607684" title="Special:BookSources/0748607684"><bdi>0748607684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclus+%3A+neo-platonic+philosophy+and+science&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0748607684&rft.aulast=Siorvanes&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpanu2021" class="citation book cs1">Spanu, Nicola (2021). <i>Proclus and the Chaldean oracles : a study on Proclean exegesis, with a translation and commentary of Proclus' Treatise on Chaldean philosophy</i>. Abingdon, Oxon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000166378" title="Special:BookSources/9781000166378"><bdi>9781000166378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclus+and+the+Chaldean+oracles+%3A+a+study+on+Proclean+exegesis%2C+with+a+translation+and+commentary+of+Proclus%27+Treatise+on+Chaldean+philosophy&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781000166378&rft.aulast=Spanu&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVargas2021" class="citation book cs1">Vargas, Antonio Luis (2021). <i>Time's causal power: Proclus on the natural theology of time</i>. Leiden; Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004466678" title="Special:BookSources/9789004466678"><bdi>9789004466678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%27s+causal+power%3A+Proclus+on+the+natural+theology+of+time&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004466678&rft.aulast=Vargas&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaithe1987" class="citation book cs1">Waithe, Mary Ellen (1987). <i>A History of Women Philosophers : Ancient Women Philosophers 600 B.C. - 500 A.D</i>. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400934979" title="Special:BookSources/9789400934979"><bdi>9789400934979</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Women+Philosophers+%3A+Ancient+Women+Philosophers+600+B.C.+-+500+A.D.&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9789400934979&rft.aulast=Waithe&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>KINESIS AKINETOS: A study of spiritual motion in the philosophy of Proclus</i>, by Stephen Gersh</li> <li><i>From Iamblichus to Eriugena. An investigation of the prehistory and evolution of the Pseudo-Dionysius tradition</i>, by Stephen Gersh</li> <li><i>The Philosophy of Proclus – the Final Phase of Ancient Thought</i>, by L J Rosan</li> <li><i>The Logical Principles of Proclus' Stoicheiôsis Theologikê as Systematic Ground of the Cosmos</i>, by James Lowry</li></ul> <p><b>Collections</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Neoplatonism and Indian thought</i>. Norfolk: International Society for Neoplatonic Studies. 1982. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-546-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-546-1"><bdi>978-0-87395-546-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoplatonism+and+Indian+thought&rft.place=Norfolk&rft.pub=International+Society+for+Neoplatonic+Studies&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-546-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosan1981" class="citation book cs1">Rosan, Laurence (1981). Harris, R. Baine (ed.). <i>Neoplatonism and Indian Thought</i>. State University of New York Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873955461" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873955461"><bdi>978-0873955461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoplatonism+and+Indian+Thought&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0873955461&rft.aulast=Rosan&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGersh2014" class="citation book cs1">Gersh, Stephen (2014). <i>Interpreting Proclus : from antiquity to the renaissance</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521198493" title="Special:BookSources/9780521198493"><bdi>9780521198493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Proclus+%3A+from+antiquity+to+the+renaissance&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780521198493&rft.aulast=Gersh&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Neoplatonic philosophy : introductory readings</i>. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0872207072" title="Special:BookSources/0872207072"><bdi>0872207072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoplatonic+philosophy+%3A+introductory+readings&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett+Pub.+Co&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0872207072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoineMartijn2017" class="citation book cs1">Hoine, Pieter d'; Martijn, Marije (2017). <i>All from one : a guide to Proclus</i> (First ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964033-1"><bdi>978-0-19-964033-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+from+one+%3A+a+guide+to+Proclus&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964033-1&rft.aulast=Hoine&rft.aufirst=Pieter+d%27&rft.au=Martijn%2C+Marije&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Neoplatonism</i>. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315744186" title="Special:BookSources/9781315744186"><bdi>9781315744186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Neoplatonism&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781315744186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManolea2022" class="citation book cs1">Manolea, Christina-Panagiota (2022). <i>Brill's companion to the reception of Homer from the Hellenistic age to late antiquity</i>. Leiden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004472686" title="Special:BookSources/9789004472686"><bdi>9789004472686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+companion+to+the+reception+of+Homer+from+the+Hellenistic+age+to+late+antiquity&rft.place=Leiden&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9789004472686&rft.aulast=Manolea&rft.aufirst=Christina-Panagiota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The philosophy of the commentators, 200-600 AD : a sourcebook</i>. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8987-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8987-3"><bdi>0-8014-8987-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+philosophy+of+the+commentators%2C+200-600+AD+%3A+a+sourcebook&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8014-8987-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>On Proclus and his Influence in Medieval Philosophy</i>, ed. by E.P. Bos and P.A. Meijer (Philosophia antiqua 53), Leiden-Köln-New York: Brill, 1992.</li> <li><i>The perennial tradition of neoplatonism</i>, ed. by J. Cleary (Ancient and medieval philosophy, Series I, 24), Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1997.</li></ul> <p><b>Bibliographic resources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hiw.kuleuven.be/dwmc/ancientphilosophy/proclus/proclusbiblio.html">"Proclus Bibliography (covering the years 1990–2016)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclus+Bibliography+%28covering+the+years+1990%E2%80%932016%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhiw.kuleuven.be%2Fdwmc%2Fancientphilosophy%2Fproclus%2Fproclusbiblio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Proclus</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Proclus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Proclus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Proclus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Proclus</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Proclus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Proclus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Proclus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9061472">Article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Proclus.html">"Proclus"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proclus&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FProclus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProclus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hiw.kuleuven.be/dwmc/ancientphilosophy/proclus/proclused.html">Editions and Translations Proclus – Hoger Instituut voor Wijsbegeerte</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goddess-athena.org/Encyclopedia/Friends/Proclus/">Article</a> at "The Encyclopedia of Goddess Athena"</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sallust_On_the_Gods_and_the_World/The_Hymns_of_Proclus" class="extiw" title="s:Sallust On the Gods and the World/The Hymns of Proclus">Five Hymns of Proclus</a> Thomas Taylor translation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/flwp/index.htm"><i>Fragments that Remain of the Lost Writings of Proclus</i></a> Thomas Taylor translation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702025748/http://www.masseiana.org/proclus_timaeus.htm"><i>Commentaries of Proclus on the Timaeus of Plato, in Five Books</i></a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> Thomas Taylor translation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ProclusTenDoubtsConcerningProvidenceAndTheNatureOfEvil"><i>Ten Doubts Concerning Providence and On the Existence of Evils</i></a> Thomas Taylor translation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kheper.net/topics/Neoplatonism/Proclus-lifeof.html">Proclus's Life and Teachings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20031227180234/http://www.hiw.kuleuven.ac.be/dwmc/plato/proclus/index.htm">Index page</a> of the Proclus section for the "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20031222020526/http://www.hiw.kuleuven.ac.be/dwmc/plato/about/theproject.htm">Plato Transformed</a>" project at the University Leuven, Belgium.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090353/http://www.lotophages.org/proclus/in_parm/"><i>Commentary on Plato's Parmenides</i></a> – (Greek text, scans of Cousin's edition)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330162425/http://www.prometheustrust.co.uk/TTS_Catalogue/tts_catalogue.html">Catalogue</a> of the Prometheus Trust "Thomas Taylor Series" which includes translations of many of the works of Proclus. The site has lengthy extracts of these.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wilbourhall.org/index.html#proclus">Scans of editions of Proclus' <i>Hypotyposis</i> and his commentary on Euclid 1</a> at wilbourhall.org (Classical Greek and Latin)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001210155000/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/chthonios/proclus-signs.htm"><i>On the Signs of Divine Possession</i></a> – (partial translation of Proclus's work)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001210145900/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/chthonios/proclus-sacred.htm"><i>On the Sacred Art</i></a> – (translation and discussion of this surviving extract from a larger work by Proclus)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20081123045909/http://www.lotophages.org/proclus/"><i>On the Sacred Art (French introduction and Greek text) </i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astrologicon.org/proclus/proclus-peri-tis-kath-ellinas-ieratikis-tehnis.html"><i>On the Sacred Art</i></a> – Greek text and English translation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astrologicon.org/proclus/proclus-ypotyposis-astronomikon-ypotheseon.html">Hypotyposis Astronomicon Hypotheseon</a> – Greek text</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellopos.com/blog/?p=56">Proclus in English and Greek, Select Online Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/6730">Works by Proclus</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.MS54">Guide to Proclus, Elementa theologica. Manuscript, 1582</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonists</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Academics98" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristonymus_of_Athens" title="Aristonymus of Athens">Aristonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriscus_of_Scepsis" title="Coriscus of Scepsis">Coriscus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Scepsis" title="Erastus of Scepsis">Erastus of Scepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Amphipolis" title="Demetrius of Amphipolis">Demetrius of Amphipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaeon_of_Lampsacus" title="Euaeon of Lampsacus">Euaeon of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_of_Aenus" title="Heraclides of Aenus">Heraclides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Python_of_Aenus" title="Python of Aenus">Python of Aenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestiaeus_of_Perinthus" title="Hestiaeus of Perinthus">Hestiaeus of Perinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lastheneia_of_Mantinea" title="Lastheneia of Mantinea">Lastheneia of Mantinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolaus_of_Cyzicus" title="Timolaus of Cyzicus">Timolaus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiothea_of_Phlius" title="Axiothea of Phlius">Axiothea of Phlius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menedemus_of_Pyrrha" title="Menedemus of Pyrrha">Menedemus of Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crantor" title="Crantor">Crantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_(scholarch)" title="Polemon (scholarch)">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Athens" title="Crates of Athens">Crates of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Skeptics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_of_Cnidus" title="Diocles of Cnidus">Diocles of Cnidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacydes_of_Cyrene" title="Lacydes of Cyrene">Lacydes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecles" title="Telecles">Telecles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evander_(philosopher)" title="Evander (philosopher)">Evander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegesinus_of_Pergamon" title="Hegesinus of Pergamon">Hegesinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagnon_of_Tarsus" title="Hagnon of Tarsus">Hagnon of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Stratonicea" title="Metrodorus of Stratonicea">Metrodorus of Stratonicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitomachus_(philosopher)" title="Clitomachus (philosopher)">Clitomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmadas" title="Charmadas">Charmadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeschines_of_Neapolis" title="Aeschines of Neapolis">Aeschines of Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dio_of_Alexandria" title="Dio of Alexandria">Dio of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudorus_of_Alexandria" title="Eudorus of Alexandria">Eudorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_the_Platonist" title="Gaius the Platonist">Gaius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albinus_(philosopher)" title="Albinus (philosopher)">Albinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Peloplaton" title="Alexander Peloplaton">Alexander Peloplaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atticus_(philosopher)" title="Atticus (philosopher)">Atticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Tyre" title="Maximus of Tyre">Maximus of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Longinus_(philosopher)" title="Cassius Longinus (philosopher)">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen_the_Pagan" title="Origen the Pagan">Origen the Pagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcidius" title="Calcidius">Calcidius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelius" title="Amelius">Amelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_of_Tyre" title="Porphyry of Tyre">Porphyry of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater_of_Apamea" title="Sopater of Apamea">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Cappadocia" title="Eustathius of Cappadocia">Eustathius of Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipatra" title="Sosipatra">Sosipatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedesius" title="Aedesius">Aedesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexippus_(philosopher)" title="Dexippus (philosopher)">Dexippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthius" title="Chrysanthius">Chrysanthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Asine" title="Theodorus of Asine">Theodorus of Asine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salutius" title="Salutius">Salutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Ephesus" title="Maximus of Ephesus">Maximus of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Myndus" title="Eusebius of Myndus">Eusebius of Myndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_of_Epirus" title="Priscus of Epirus">Priscus of Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_(philosopher)" title="Antoninus (philosopher)">Antoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_Victorinus" title="Gaius Marius Victorinus">Gaius Marius Victorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Academy7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepigenia" title="Asclepigenia">Asclepigenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierocles_of_Alexandria" title="Hierocles of Alexandria">Hierocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermias_(philosopher)" title="Hermias (philosopher)">Hermias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedesia" title="Aedesia">Aedesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Alexandria" title="Isidore of Alexandria">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiodotus_of_Alexandria" title="Asclepiodotus of Alexandria">Asclepiodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegias" title="Hegias">Hegias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenodotus_(philosopher)" title="Zenodotus (philosopher)">Zenodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapius_of_Athens" title="Agapius of Athens">Agapius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian_of_Lydia" title="Priscian of Lydia">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_the_Invincible" title="David the Invincible">David the Invincible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_of_Freiberg" title="Theodoric of Freiberg">Theodoric of Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Moosburg" title="Berthold of Moosburg">Berthold of Moosburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florentine_Academy50" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)" title="Platonic Academy (Florence)">Florentine Academy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Landino" title="Cristoforo Landino">Cristoforo Landino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth" title="Ralph Cudworth">Ralph Cudworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_More" title="Henry More">Henry More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Conway_(philosopher)" title="Anne Conway (philosopher)">Anne Conway</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bernard Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Losev" title="Aleksei Losev">Aleksei Losev</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kaplan_(philosopher)" title="David Kaplan (philosopher)">David Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Jan Łukasiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Wright" title="Crispin Wright">Crispin Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Edward N. Zalta</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_mathematics550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Template:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek mathematics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_mathematics550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Ancient Greek mathematics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="Timeline of ancient Greek mathematicians">(timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius_of_Tralles" title="Anthemius of Tralles">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus_the_Elder" title="Aristaeus the Elder">Aristaeus the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryson_of_Heraclea" title="Bryson of Heraclea">Bryson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Antioch" title="Carpus of Antioch">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesibius" title="Ctesibius">Ctesibius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_(mathematician)" title="Diocles (mathematician)">Diocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantus" title="Diophantus">Diophantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinostratus" title="Dinostratus">Dinostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysodorus" title="Dionysodorus">Dionysodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domninus_of_Larissa" title="Domninus of Larissa">Domninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutocius_of_Ascalon" title="Eutocius of Ascalon">Eutocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_of_Larissa" title="Heliodorus of Larissa">Heliodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Miletus" title="Isidore of Miletus">Isidore of Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_(mathematician)" title="Leon (mathematician)">Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menaechmus" title="Menaechmus">Menaechmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_(grammarian)" title="Metrodorus (grammarian)">Metrodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_(mathematician)" title="Nicomedes (mathematician)">Nicomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicoteles_of_Cyrene" title="Nicoteles of Cyrene">Nicoteles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappus_of_Alexandria" title="Pappus of Alexandria">Pappus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(geometer)" title="Perseus (geometer)">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philon" title="Philon">Philon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philonides_of_Laodicea" title="Philonides of Laodicea">Philonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_of_Tyre" title="Porphyry of Tyre">Porphyry of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenus_of_Antino%C3%B6polis" title="Serenus of Antinoöpolis">Serenus </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporus_of_Nicaea" title="Sporus of Nicaea">Sporus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(mathematician)" title="Theaetetus (mathematician)">Theaetetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Cyrene" title="Theodorus of Cyrene">Theodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymaridas" title="Thymaridas">Thymaridas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenodorus_(mathematician)" title="Zenodorus (mathematician)">Zenodorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Palimpsest" title="Archimedes Palimpsest">Archimedes Palimpsest</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arithmetica" title="Arithmetica">Arithmetica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga#Conics" title="Apollonius of Perga"><i>Conics</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Apollonius)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">Catoptrics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_(Euclid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (Euclid)"><i>Data</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements"><i>Elements</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Measurement_of_a_Circle" title="Measurement of a Circle">Measurement of a Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Conoids_and_Spheroids" title="On Conoids and Spheroids">On Conoids and Spheroids</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane"><i>On the Moving Sphere</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Autolycus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Optics" title="Euclid's Optics"><i>Optics</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Euclid)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Spirals" title="On Spirals">On Spirals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sphere_and_Cylinder" title="On the Sphere and Cylinder">On the Sphere and Cylinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostomachion" title="Ostomachion">Ostomachion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planisphaerium" title="Planisphaerium">Planisphaerium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius%27_Spherics" title="Theodosius' Spherics"><i>Spherics</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Theodosius)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria"><i>Spherics</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Menelaus)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quadrature_of_the_Parabola" class="mw-redirect" title="The Quadrature of the Parabola">The Quadrature of the Parabola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Reckoner" title="The Sand Reckoner">The Sand Reckoner</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructible_number" title="Constructible number">Constructible numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_trisection" title="Angle trisection">Angle trisection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_the_cube" title="Doubling the cube">Doubling the cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_circle" title="Squaring the circle">Squaring the circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Apollonius" title="Problem of Apollonius">Problem of Apollonius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts<br />and definitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">Angle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_angle" title="Central angle">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscribed_angle" title="Inscribed angle">Inscribed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiomatic_system" title="Axiomatic system">Axiomatic system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axiom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_(geometry)" title="Chord (geometry)">Chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Apollonius" title="Circles of Apollonius">Circles of Apollonius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_circles" title="Apollonian circles">Apollonian circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_gasket" title="Apollonian gasket">Apollonian gasket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumscribed_circle" title="Circumscribed circle">Circumscribed circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(mathematics)" title="Commensurability (mathematics)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantine_equation" title="Diophantine equation">Diophantine equation</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_proportion_(mathematics)" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Doctrine of proportion (mathematics)">Doctrine of proportionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_geometry" title="Euclidean geometry">Euclidean geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incircle_and_excircles_of_a_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Incircle and excircles of a triangle">Incircle and excircles of a triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion" title="Method of exhaustion">Method of exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_postulate" title="Parallel postulate">Parallel postulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lune_of_Hippocrates" title="Lune of Hippocrates">Lune of Hippocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratrix_of_Hippias" title="Quadratrix of Hippias">Quadratrix of Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_polygon" title="Regular polygon">Regular polygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge_and_compass_construction" title="Straightedge and compass construction">Straightedge and compass construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_center" title="Triangle center">Triangle center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Results</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclid's elements"><i>Elements</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_bisector_theorem" title="Angle bisector theorem">Angle bisector theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exterior_angle_theorem" title="Exterior angle theorem">Exterior angle theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm" title="Euclidean algorithm">Euclidean algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_theorem" title="Euclid's theorem">Euclid's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean_theorem" title="Geometric mean theorem">Geometric mean theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_geometric_algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek geometric algebra">Greek geometric algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinge_theorem" title="Hinge theorem">Hinge theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscribed_angle_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscribed angle theorem">Inscribed angle theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercept_theorem" title="Intercept theorem">Intercept theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersecting_chords_theorem" title="Intersecting chords theorem">Intersecting chords theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersecting_secants_theorem" title="Intersecting secants theorem">Intersecting secants theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_cosines" title="Law of cosines">Law of cosines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_asinorum" title="Pons asinorum">Pons asinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangent-secant_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangent-secant theorem">Tangent-secant theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales%27s_theorem" title="Thales's theorem">Thales's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorem_of_the_gnomon" title="Theorem of the gnomon">Theorem of the gnomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius%27s_theorem" title="Apollonius's theorem">Apollonius's theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus%27s_inequality" title="Aristarchus's inequality">Aristarchus's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbar_theorem" title="Crossbar theorem">Crossbar theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron%27s_formula" title="Heron's formula">Heron's formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrational_number" title="Irrational number">Irrational numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_sines" title="Law of sines">Law of sines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus%27s_theorem" title="Menelaus's theorem">Menelaus's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappus%27s_area_theorem" title="Pappus's area theorem">Pappus's area theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diophantus_II.VIII" title="Diophantus II.VIII">Problem II.8 of <i>Arithmetica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_inequality" title="Ptolemy's inequality">Ptolemy's inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_table_of_chords" title="Ptolemy's table of chords">Ptolemy's table of chords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_theorem" title="Ptolemy's theorem">Ptolemy's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_Theodorus" title="Spiral of Theodorus">Spiral of Theodorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Mouseion of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">Latin translations of the 12th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">Non-Euclidean geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neusis_construction" title="Neusis construction">Neusis construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Greek_Mathematics" title="A History of Greek Mathematics">A History of Greek Mathematics</a></i> <ul><li>by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heath_(classicist)" title="Thomas Heath (classicist)">Thomas Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_algebra" title="History of algebra">algebra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_algebra" title="Timeline of algebra">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of arithmetic">arithmetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_numerals_and_arithmetic" title="Timeline of numerals and arithmetic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_calculus" title="History of calculus">calculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_calculus_and_mathematical_analysis" title="Timeline of calculus and mathematical analysis">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geometry" title="History of geometry">geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_geometry" title="Timeline of geometry">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_logic" title="History of logic">logic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematical_logic" title="Timeline of mathematical logic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">mathematics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_mathematics" title="Timeline of mathematics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of numbers">numbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">prehistoric counting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems" title="History of ancient numeral systems">numeral systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems" title="List of numeral systems">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Arabian/Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mathematics" title="Japanese mathematics">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/823154381020830291528">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1842391/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118641778">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79007198">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920678v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11920678v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00525317">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Proclus : Diadochus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV018255">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35434413">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981002044&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX869232">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/75710">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068673302">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90303769">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000097182&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000018031&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000113625">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=28162">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202291600">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxzbm23m36znt">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569390505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/16555">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266759705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000106563">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523402706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14321115">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00578259?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:proclus-diadochus.">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/310721">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/951548">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118641778.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118641778">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027441431">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xp79mj">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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