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gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Gumawa ng account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Silangang+Imperyong+Romano" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mag-login</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga pahina para sa naka-logout na mga patnugot o editor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maligayang_pagdating!" aria-label="Alamin pa ang tungkol sa pagpapatnugot"><span>alamin pa</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Usapan_ko" title="Usapang tungkol sa mga pagbabagong ginawa sa ip address na ito [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mga nilalaman" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pagpapangalan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pagpapangalan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pagpapangalan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pagpapangalan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasaysayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasaysayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kasaysayan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Kasaysayan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paghahati_ng_Imperyo_Romano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paghahati_ng_Imperyo_Romano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Paghahati ng Imperyo Romano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paghahati_ng_Imperyo_Romano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperyong_Romano_ng_Silangan,_c._AD_480" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperyong_Romano_ng_Silangan,_c._AD_480"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Imperyong Romano ng Silangan, c. AD 480</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperyong_Romano_ng_Silangan,_c._AD_480-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ang_Pagbawi_ng_mga_rehiyon_sa_Kanluran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ang_Pagbawi_ng_mga_rehiyon_sa_Kanluran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ang Pagbawi ng mga rehiyon sa Kanluran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ang_Pagbawi_ng_mga_rehiyon_sa_Kanluran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexios_I_Kommenos_at_ang_Unang_Krusada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexios_I_Kommenos_at_ang_Unang_Krusada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Alexios I Kommenos at ang Unang Krusada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexios_I_Kommenos_at_ang_Unang_Krusada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ika-apat_na_Krusada_at_ang_Paghina_ng_Imperyo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ika-apat_na_Krusada_at_ang_Paghina_ng_Imperyo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ika-apat na Krusada at ang Paghina ng Imperyo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ika-apat_na_Krusada_at_ang_Paghina_ng_Imperyo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digmaang_Bizantino-Ottomano_at_ang_Pagbagsak_ng_Constantinopla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digmaang_Bizantino-Ottomano_at_ang_Pagbagsak_ng_Constantinopla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Digmaang Bizantino-Ottomano at ang Pagbagsak ng Constantinopla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digmaang_Bizantino-Ottomano_at_ang_Pagbagsak_ng_Constantinopla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ekonomiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Kultura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agham,_Medisina,_Batas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agham,_Medisina,_Batas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Agham, Medisina, Batas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agham,_Medisina,_Batas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relihiyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relihiyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Relihiyon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relihiyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sining_at_Panitikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sining_at_Panitikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sining at Panitikan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sining_at_Panitikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pamahalaan_at_burokrasya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pamahalaan_at_burokrasya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Pamahalaan at burokrasya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pamahalaan_at_burokrasya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomasya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomasya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Diplomasya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomasya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Wika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tignan_din" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tignan_din"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tignan din</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tignan_din-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sanggunian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Talaan ng mga Nilalaman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Silangang Imperyong Romano</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 168 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-168" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">168 wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurajeu%C3%ABn_Bizantium" title="Keurajeuën Bizantium – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Keurajeuën Bizantium" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Бизантие Империэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бизантие Империэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisantynse_Ryk" title="Bisantynse Ryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bisantynse Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinisches_Reich" title="Byzantinisches Reich – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Byzantinisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="ቢዛንታይን መንግሥት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢዛንታይን መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Bizant%C3%ADn" title="Imperio Bizantín – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Imperio Bizantín" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinopolis_Rice" title="Constantinopolis Rice – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Constantinopolis Rice" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية البيزنطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية البيزنطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لإمبراطورية لبيزنطية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لإمبراطورية لبيزنطية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="امبراطوريه بيزنطيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطوريه بيزنطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_Bizant%C3%ADn" title="Imperiu Bizantín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu Bizantín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Bizans imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bizans imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="بیزانس ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیزانس ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Византия империяһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Византия империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinischs_Reich" title="Byzantinischs Reich – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Byzantinischs Reich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizant%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Bizantėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bizantėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subangan_na_Imperyong_Romano" title="Subangan na Imperyong Romano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Subangan na Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Візантыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Візантыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Бізантыйская імпэрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бізантыйская імпэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Византийска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Византийска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="বাইজেন্টাইন সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাইজেন্টাইন সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_roman_ar_Reter" title="Impalaeriezh roman ar Reter – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh roman ar Reter" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantijsko_Carstvo" title="Bizantijsko Carstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bizantijsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Византиин эзэнтэ гүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Византиин эзэнтэ гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Rom%C3%A0_d%27Orient" title="Imperi Romà d'Orient – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Romà d'Orient" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Византийн импери – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Византийн импери" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidlakang_Imperyong_Romano" title="Sidlakang Imperyong Romano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sidlakang Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی بیزەنتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی بیزەنتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_%C4%B0mperiyas%C4%B1" title="Bizans İmperiyası – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bizans İmperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Byzantská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Byzantská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Висанти – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Висанти" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Byzantinske_Rige" title="Det Byzantinske Rige – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Byzantinske Rige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinisches_Reich" title="Byzantinisches Reich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Byzantinisches Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mperatoriya_Bizansi" title="İmperatoriya Bizansi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İmperatoriya Bizansi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βυζαντινή Αυτοκρατορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Byzantine Empire" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizanca_imperio" title="Bizanca imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bizanca imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_bizantino" title="Imperio bizantino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio bizantino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCtsants" title="Bütsants – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bütsants" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantziar_Inperioa" title="Bizantziar Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizantziar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="امپراتوری بیزانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری بیزانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantin_valtakunta" title="Bysantin valtakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bysantin valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCtsants" title="Bütsants – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bütsants" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantinska_r%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Byzantinska ríkið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Byzantinska ríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_byzantin" title="Empire byzantin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire byzantin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uastr%C3%B6%C3%B6msk_Rik" title="Uaströömsk Rik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uaströömsk Rik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantynske_Ryk" title="Byzantynske Ryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Byzantynske Ryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Impireacht_Bhios%C3%A1ntach" title="An Impireacht Bhiosántach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Impireacht Bhiosántach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampir_byzanten" title="Ampir byzanten – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ampir byzanten" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Impireachd_Bheasantian" title="An t-Impireachd Bheasantian – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Impireachd Bheasantian" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Bizantino" title="Imperio Bizantino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburuvi_visant%C3%ADno" title="Mburuvi visantíno – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mburuvi visantíno" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बायझँटीन साम्राज्य – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बायझँटीन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Rumawa" title="Daular Rumawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Rumawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBng_L%C3%B2-m%C3%A2_Ti-koet" title="Tûng Lò-mâ Ti-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tûng Lò-mâ Ti-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הביזנטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הביזנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बाइज़ेंटाइन साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाइज़ेंटाइन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Samrajya" title="Byzantine Samrajya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Byzantine Samrajya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizant" title="Bizant – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bizant" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bycantinske_m%C3%B3cnarstwo" title="Bycantinske mócnarstwo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bycantinske mócnarstwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz%C3%A1nci_Birodalom" title="Bizánci Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bizánci Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բյուզանդական կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուզանդական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բիւզանդական Կայսրութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բիւզանդական Կայսրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_roman_de_oriente" title="Imperio roman de oriente – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Imperio roman de oriente" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_a_Bisantino" title="Imperio a Bisantino – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Imperio a Bisantino" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizancana_Imperio" title="Bizancana Imperio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bizancana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%B3mverska_keisarad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0" title="Austrómverska keisaradæmið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austrómverska keisaradæmið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero bizantino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="東ローマ帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東ローマ帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantiin_Empaya" title="Bizantiin Empaya – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bizantiin Empaya" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Bizantin" title="Kakaisaran Bizantin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kakaisaran Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიზანტიის იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიზანტიის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamnekda_tabizan%E1%B9%ADit" title="Tamnekda tabizanṭit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamnekda tabizanṭit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9%C9%A9zant%C9%9B_ampiiri" title="Pɩɩzantɛ ampiiri – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩɩzantɛ ampiiri" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Шығыс Рим империясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шығыс Рим империясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93" title="ចក្រភពប៊ីហ្សីនទីន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចក្រភពប៊ីហ្សីនទីន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%9D%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬೈಝೆಂಟೈನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೈಝೆಂಟೈನ್ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="동로마 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동로마 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emperatoriya_B%C3%AEzans%C3%AA" title="Împeratoriya Bîzansê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Împeratoriya Bîzansê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperoureth_Besontin" title="Emperoureth Besontin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Emperoureth Besontin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Византия империясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Византия империясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Romanum_Orientale" title="Imperium Romanum Orientale – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Romanum Orientale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Bizantino" title="Imperio Bizantino – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Imperio Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Византий империя – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Византий империя" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Bizantian" title="Impero Bizantian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Bizantian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantijns_Riek" title="Byzantijns Riek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Byzantijns Riek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Bizantin" title="Imper Bizantin – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Imper Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imper_Bizantin" title="Imper Bizantin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Imper Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantija" title="Bizantija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bizantija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrumromas_imp%C4%93rija" title="Austrumromas impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrumromas impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_Bizantina" title="Empira Bizantina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Bizantina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kakaisaran Romawi Timur – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kakaisaran Romawi Timur" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Византија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Византија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ബൈസന്റൈൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൈസന്റൈൻ സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Византын эзэнт гүрэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Византын эзэнт гүрэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बायझेंटाईन साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बायझेंटाईन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Byzantium" title="Empayar Byzantium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Byzantium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%BCantini" title="Biżantini – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Biżantini" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_Bizantino" title="Ampério Bizantino – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ဘိုင်ဇန်တိုင်း အင်ပါယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘိုင်ဇန်တိုင်း အင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="بیزانس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیزانس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Bizantino" title="Impero Bizantino – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Impero Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiensch_Riek" title="Byzantiensch Riek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Byzantiensch Riek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantiense_Riek" title="Byzantiense Riek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Byzantiense Riek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बाइजान्टिन साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाइजान्टिन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बैजन्ताइन साम्राज्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बैजन्ताइन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantijnse_Rijk" title="Byzantijnse Rijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Byzantijnse Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austromarriket" title="Austromarriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Austromarriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stromerriket" title="Østromerriket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Østromerriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Bizantin" title="Empèri Bizantin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AF" title="ବିଜାଣ୍ଟିନୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ଯ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଜାଣ୍ଟିନୀୟ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ଯ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Византияйы импери – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Византияйы импери" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਬੇਜ਼ਨਟਾਇਨ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੇਜ਼ਨਟਾਇਨ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impire_Bizantin" title="Impire Bizantin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Impire Bizantin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Bizanty%C5%84skie" title="Cesarstwo Bizantyńskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Bizantyńskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Roman_d%27Orient" title="Imperi Roman d'Orient – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Imperi Roman d'Orient" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بازنطینی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بازنطینی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Ρωμανίαν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ρωμανίαν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="د بیزانس سترواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بیزانس سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Bizantino" title="Império Bizantino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_bizantin" title="Imperi bizantin – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Imperi bizantin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Roman_de_R%C4%83s%C4%83rit" title="Imperiul Roman de Răsărit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Roman de Răsărit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir%C3%A3ria_Roman%C3%A3_ditu_Apirit%C3%A3" title="Amirãria Romanã ditu Apiritã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amirãria Romanã ditu Apiritã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Mbere_Bizzandine" title="'Mbere Bizzandine – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="'Mbere Bizzandine" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Византия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Византия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Візантьска ріша – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Візантьска ріша" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Византия Империята – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Византия Империята" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_bizantinu" title="Impèriu bizantinu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu bizantinu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%C3%A8riu_bizzantinu" title="Mpèriu bizzantinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mpèriu bizzantinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Byzantine Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بازنطيني سلطنت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بازنطيني سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantsko_Carstvo" title="Bizantsko Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bizantsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="බයිසැන්ටයින් අධිරාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බයිසැන්ටයින් අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Byzantine Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantsk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Byzantská ríša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Byzantská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizantinsko_cesarstvo" title="Bizantinsko cesarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bizantinsko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysant_v%C3%A4ldikodde" title="Bysant väldikodde – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bysant väldikodde" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbiraadooriyada_Biizantiin" title="Imbiraadooriyada Biizantiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Imbiraadooriyada Biizantiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Bizantine" title="Perandoria Bizantine – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Bizantine" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Византија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Византија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bysantinska_riket" title="Bysantinska riket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bysantinska riket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufalme_wa_Bizanti" title="Ufalme wa Bizanti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufalme wa Bizanti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%9B%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%81%EA%A0%8E%EA%A0%98%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%90%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%81%EA%A0%98_%EA%A0%A1%EA%A0%9D%EA%A0%9E%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%81%EA%A0%8E%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%8E" title="ꠛꠣꠁꠎꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠁꠘ ꠡꠝꠞꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠛꠣꠁꠎꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠁꠘ ꠡꠝꠞꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பைசாந்தியப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பைசாந்தியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Имперотурии Бизонс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Имперотурии Бизонс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรวรรดิไบแซนไทน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิไบแซนไทน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizanti%C3%BDa_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Wizantiýa imperiýasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wizantiýa imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Bizans İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bizans İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Византия империясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Византия империясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Візантійська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Візантійська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بازنطینی سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بازنطینی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizantiya_imperiyasi" title="Vizantiya imperiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vizantiya imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpero_bizantin" title="Inpero bizantin – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inpero bizantin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizantijan_imperii" title="Vizantijan imperii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vizantijan imperii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_La_M%C3%A3" title="Đế quốc Đông La Mã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Đông La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantyns_Ryk" title="Byzantyns Ryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Byzantyns Ryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Bizantino" title="Imperyo Bizantino – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Bizantino" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="拜占庭帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拜占庭帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიზანტიაშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიზანტიაშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ביזאנטישע אימפעריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביזאנטישע אימפעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BB%8Dbal%C3%BAay%C3%A9_R%C3%B3m%C3%B9_Ap%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%A0o%C3%B2r%C3%B9n" title="Ilẹ̀ọbalúayé Rómù Apáìlàoòrùn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ọbalúayé Rómù Apáìlàoòrùn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantijnse_Riek" title="Byzantijnse Riek – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Byzantijnse Riek" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="東羅馬帝國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Tang Lô-má Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tang Lô-má Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="拜占庭帝國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拜占庭帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12544#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Baguhin ang link sa ibang wika" class="wbc-editpage">baguhin ang mga link</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Silangang Imperyo Romano</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Imperium Romanum</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <span lang="grc" class="polytonic">Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων</span> <br /> <i>Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn</i> <br /> Eastern Roman Empire </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">330–1453</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_Palaeologus_Emperor_-_Libro_del_conos%C3%A7imiento_de_todos_los_rregnos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Watawat ng KASINUNGALINGAN NI MAM PERLA SA ap SUBJECT NAMIN..."><img alt="Watawat ng KASINUNGALINGAN NI MAM PERLA SA ap SUBJECT NAMIN..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Palaeologus_Emperor_-_Libro_del_conos%C3%A7imiento_de_todos_los_rregnos.svg/125px-Flag_of_Palaeologus_Emperor_-_Libro_del_conos%C3%A7imiento_de_todos_los_rregnos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Palaeologus_Emperor_-_Libro_del_conos%C3%A7imiento_de_todos_los_rregnos.svg/188px-Flag_of_Palaeologus_Emperor_-_Libro_del_conos%C3%A7imiento_de_todos_los_rregnos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Palaeologus_Emperor_-_Libro_del_conos%C3%A7imiento_de_todos_los_rregnos.svg/250px-Flag_of_Palaeologus_Emperor_-_Libro_del_conos%C3%A7imiento_de_todos_los_rregnos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div>Watawat ng Imperyo sa huli nitong bahagi</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Byzantine_Palaiologos_Eagle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iskudo ng imperyo ng KASINUNGALINGAN NI MAM PERLA SA ap SUBJECT NAMIN..."><img alt="Iskudo ng imperyo ng KASINUNGALINGAN NI MAM PERLA SA ap SUBJECT NAMIN..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Byzantine_Palaiologos_Eagle.svg/120px-Byzantine_Palaiologos_Eagle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Byzantine_Palaiologos_Eagle.svg/250px-Byzantine_Palaiologos_Eagle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div> <div>Iskudo ng imperyo</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ang Imperyong Byzantine sa pinakamalik nitong sakop sa panahon ni Justinian sa pagitan ng 550."><img alt="Ang Imperyong Byzantine sa pinakamalik nitong sakop sa panahon ni Justinian sa pagitan ng 550." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png/250px-LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png/375px-LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png/500px-LocationByzantineEmpire_550.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Ang Imperyong Byzantine sa pinakamalik nitong sakop sa panahon ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justinian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justinian (hindi pa naisusulat)">Justinian</a> sa pagitan ng 550.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Katayuan</th><td class="infobox-data">Imperyo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kabisera</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantinopla" title="Constantinopla">Constantinopla</a>¹</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Karaniwang wika</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wikang_Latin" title="Wikang Latin">Latin</a> hanggang sa ika-7 siglo, <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Griyego" title="Wikang Griyego">Griyego</a> ang sumunod</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relihiyon <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in ancient Rome (hindi pa naisusulat)">Relihiyong Romano</a> hanggang 391, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silanganing_Orthodox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silanganing Orthodox (hindi pa naisusulat)">Silanganing Orthodox</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Kristiyanismo" title="Kristiyanismo">Kristiyanismo</a> pagkatapos</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pamahalaan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Awtokrasya" title="Awtokrasya">Awtokrasya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emperador" title="Emperador">Emperador</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1971697" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 306–337 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantino_ang_Dakila" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantino ang Dakila">Constantino ang Dakila</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1449–1453 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Konstantino_XI_Paleologus" title="Konstantino XI Paleologus">Konstantino XI Paleologus</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lehislatura</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senado_ng_Roma" title="Senado ng Roma">Senado ng Constantinopla</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Panahon</th><td class="infobox-data">Huling Makaluma-Huling Gitnang Panahon</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1971697" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Hinati ni <a href="/wiki/Diocletiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocletiano">Diocletiano</a> ang <a href="/wiki/Imperyo_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperyo Romano">imperyo</a> sa silangan at kanluran </div></th><td class="infobox-data">285</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Pagtatatag sa <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopla" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinopla">Konstantinopla</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Mayo 11 330</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Paghiwalay ng Silangan-Kanluran </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1054</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Pagbagsak ng Konstantinople sa <a href="/wiki/Ikaapat_na_Krusada" title="Ikaapat na Krusada">Ikaapat na Krusada</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1204</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Pagbawi sa Konstantinople </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1261</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Pagbagsak ng Konstantinople </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Mayo 29 1453</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Pagbagsak ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperyo_ng_Trebizond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperyo ng Trebizond (hindi pa naisusulat)">Trebizond</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1461</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Populasyon</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1971697" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 4th cent³ </div></th><td class="infobox-data">34,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 8th cent (780 AD) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 11th cent³ (1025 AD) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 12th cent³ (1143 AD) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 13th cent (1281 AD) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salapi</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solidus_(coin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solidus (coin) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Solidus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baryang_Bizantino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baryang Bizantino (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hyperpyron</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Pinalitan</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Pumalit</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/20px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/30px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/40px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano">Imperyong Romano</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Ottoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperyong Ottoman">Imperyong Ottoman</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/20px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/30px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg/40px-Fictitious_Ottoman_flag_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperyo_ng_Trebizond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperyo ng Trebizond (hindi pa naisusulat)">Imperyo ng Trebizond</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Komnenos-Trebizond-Arms.svg/20px-Komnenos-Trebizond-Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Komnenos-Trebizond-Arms.svg/40px-Komnenos-Trebizond-Arms.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Despotado_ng_Morea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Despotado ng Morea (hindi pa naisusulat)">Despotado ng Morea</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Despotado_ng_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Despotado ng Serbia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Despotado ng Serbia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinsipalidad_ng_Wallachia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinsipalidad ng Wallachia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Prinsipalidad ng Wallachia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Wallachia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Wallachia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Wallachia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Wallachia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liga_ng_Lezh%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liga ng Lezhë (hindi pa naisusulat)">Liga ng Lezhë</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Republika_ng_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republika ng Venezia">Republika ng Venezia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/20px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg/40px-Flag_of_Most_Serene_Republic_of_Venice.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align:left;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">¹ Constantinople (330–1204 and 1261–1453). The capital of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, the empire after the Fourth Crusade, was at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicaea (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nicaea</a>, present day <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0znik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İznik (hindi pa naisusulat)">İznik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<br />² Establishment date traditionally considered to be the re-founding of Constantinople as the capital of the Roman Empire although other dates are often used<br />³ See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_of_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Population of the Byzantine Empire (hindi pa naisusulat)">Population of the Byzantine Empire</a> for more detailed figures taken provided by <i>McEvedy and Jones, "Atlas of world population history", 1978,</i> as well as <i>Angeliki E. Laiou, "The Economic History of Byzantium", 2002.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ang <b>Silangang Imperyong Romano</b>, <b>Imperyo ng Roma sa Silangan</b>, o <b>Imperyong Bisantino</b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Bisantium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisantium">Bisantium</a></b>) ay mga pangalang inilalapat sa Imperyo Romano noong <a href="/wiki/Gitnang_Panahon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gitnang Panahon">Gitnang Panahon</a> na may kabisera sa <a href="/wiki/Constantinopla" title="Constantinopla">Constantinopla</a> (na ngayo’y <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>). </p><p>Tinutukoy ito ng mga naninirahan dito pati ng mga kalapit na bansa bilang <i>Imperyo Romano</i> (sa Griyego Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων, <i>Basileía Rhōmaíōn</i>) o Imperyo ng mga Romano o Romania (Ῥωμανία, <i>Rhōmanía</i>). Ang mga emperador nito ang nagpatuloy ng pamamahala ng mga emperador Romano upang panatiliin ang tradisyon at kulturang Griyego-Romano. </p><p>Sa daigdig Islamika, higit na kilala ito bilang روم‎ (Rûm "<i>Roma</i>"). Dahil naman sa pananaig ng <a href="/wiki/Griyego" class="mw-disambig" title="Griyego">Griyego</a> sa wika, sa kultura at sa buhay, kilala ito sa Kanluran o Europa noong mga panahong iyon bilang <i>Imperium Graecorum</i>, Imperyo ng mga Griyego. Ang pag-inog ng Imperyo Romano sa Silangan mula sa matandang Imperyo Romano ay isang proseso na nagmula noong ilipat ni Constantino ang kabisera sa Bizancio mula sa Nicomedia, Anatolia (ng kasalukuyang <a href="/wiki/Turquia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turquia">Turquia</a>). Binansagan ang <a href="/wiki/Bizancio" title="Bizancio">Bizancio</a> ng bagong pangalan - ang <i>Bagong Roma (Nova Roma)</i> o Constantinopla - na nasa pasig ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosforus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosforus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Bosforus</a>. Pagdatal ng siglo 7 sa ilalim ng paghahari ni Emperador Heraclio, ang mga reporma nito ang nagpabago sa lakas militar ng imperyo. Noong mga panahong ito kinilala ang Griyego bilang opisyal na wika na nagdulot din ng bagong karakter sa imperyo. </p><p>Sa libong taon pag-inog ng Imperyo kasama ang maraming balakid at pagkawala ng mga teritoryo, napanatili niya ang sarili bilang isa sa pinakamalakas na pwersa militar, kultural at ekonomika sa buong <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>. Kumalat ang impluwensiya nito sa <a href="/wiki/Aprika" title="Aprika">Hilagang Africa</a> at sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malapit_Silangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malapit Silangan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Malapit Silangan</a> halos buong Edad Media. Matapos ang huling pagbawi sa ilalim ng dinastiyang Comnena noong siglo 12, unti-unting lumubog ang Imperyo hanggang sa paglupig rito ng mga Turkong <a href="/wiki/Otomano" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomano">Otomano</a> sa Constantinopla at sa mga natitira nitong teritoryo noong siglo 19. </p><p>Kuta ng Kristiyanismo ang imperyo at isa sa mga pangunahing lunduyan ng kalakalan ito sa mundo. Ito ang tumulong sa pagtatanggol sa paglusob ng mga Muslim sa kanlurang Europa. Pinatatag nito ang pananalapi sa buong rehiyong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterreneo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mediterreneo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mediterreneo</a>. Malaki ang naging impluwensiya nito sa mga batas, sistema politika at kaugalian ng halos buong Europa at Gitnang Silangan. Pinanatili rin nito ang mga gawa sa panitikan at agham ng matandang Grecia, Roma at iba pang mga kultura. Ang katagang “Imperyo Bizantino” ay isang katha ng mga mananalaysay at hindi ginamit noong panahon ng imperyo. Ang pangalan ng imperyo sa Griyego ay <i>Basileia Rhōmaiōn</i> (Griyego: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων) — "Ang Imperyo ng mga Romano" – salin mula sa pangalan nito sa Latin na Imperyo Romano (Latin: <i>Imperium Romanōrum</i>); o <i>Rhōmania</i> (Griyego: Ῥωμανία). </p><p>Sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni <b>Constantine</b>, muling napag-isa ang Imperyong Roman na hinati sa panahon ni <b>Emperador Diocletian</b>. Subalit sa pagkakataong ito, pinagtuonan ni <b>Constantine</b> ang pagpapaunlad sa Silangang Imperyong Roman. Inilipat ni <b>Costantine</b> ang kabisera ng Imperyong Roman mula Rome sa <b>Byzantuim</b> (kasalukuyang <b>Istanbul</b> sa Turkey). Tinawag ang lungsod na <b>Constantinople</b> noong 330 C.E.. Ang <b>Costantinople</b> rin ang naging kabisera ng isang makapangyarihang imperyo-ang <b>Imperyong Byzantine</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pagpapangalan">Pagpapangalan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pagpapangalan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Pagpapangalan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nangyari ang pagtatakda sa Imperyo bilang <i>“Bizantino”</i> sa kanlurang <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> noong 1557 noong maglathala ng kanyang katha-sulat ang isang mananalaysay na Aleman na si Hieronymus Wolf na pinamagatang <i><b>Corpus Historiæ By¬zantinæ</b></i>, isang kalipuan ng mga kathang Bizantino. Ang paglalathala noong 1648 ng Byzantine du Louvre (<i>Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ</i>), at noong 1680 ng <i>Historia Byzantina</i> ni Du Cange ay lalong nagpatanyag sa paggamit ng katagang Bizantino sa mga awtor na Frances tulad ni Montesquieu. Ang palansak na paggamit ng katagang “Bizantino” sa kanlurang mundo ay naganap sa pagdatal ng siglo 19 sa pagsilang ng makabagong <a href="/wiki/Gresya" title="Gresya">Gresya</a>. </p><p>Ang paggamit ng “<a href="/wiki/Talaan_ng_mga_Emperador_Bizantino" class="mw-redirect" title="Talaan ng mga Emperador Bizantino">Imperyo Bizantino</a>” gayundin ng <i>Imperium Graecorum</i> (Imperyo ng mga Griyego) ay pagpapakita rin sa di-pagtanggap sa pag-angkin ng imperyo bilang tagapagmana ng Imperyo Romano. Ang pag-angking Bizantino sa tronong Romano ay matibay na nilabanan ni Papa Leon mula pa man sa pagpuputong kay <a href="/wiki/Carlomagno" title="Carlomagno">Carlomagno</a> bilang Imperator Augustus noong taong 800. Kapag binabanggit ng mga Papa o mga namumuno sa Kanluran ang pangalang Romano na tumutukoy sa mga <a href="/wiki/Talaan_ng_mga_Emperador_Bizantino" class="mw-redirect" title="Talaan ng mga Emperador Bizantino">Bizantinong Emperador</a> , kanilang ginagamit ang katagang <i>Imperator Romaniæ</i> sa halip na <i>Imperator Romanorum</i>, na isang titulo na ginagamit ng mga taga-Kanluran para lamang kay Carlomagno at sa mga sumunod sa kanya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasaysayan">Kasaysayan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kasaysayan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Kasaysayan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paghahati_ng_Imperyo_Romano">Paghahati ng Imperyo Romano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Paghahati ng Imperyo Romano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Paghahati ng Imperyo Romano"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noong siglo 3, tatlong krisis ang dumagok sa Imperyo Romano: nilusob ito mula sa labas, mga giyera sibil sa loob nito, at ekonomiyang lulugo-lugo at puno ng problema. Humupa ang kahalagahan ng lungsod ng <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a> bilang sentro administratibo. Nagtatag ng bagong sistemang administratibo si <a href="/wiki/Diocleciano" title="Diocleciano">Diocleciano</a> – ang <a href="/wiki/Tetrarkiya" title="Tetrarkiya">tetrarkiya</a>. Inagapay niya ang sarili sa isang katulong emperador o Augusto. Ang bawat Augusto naman ay may batang ka-asisteng ampon o Cesar na kasamang namumuno at sa lumaon ay taga-pagmana ng puwesto ng matandang pinuno. Subalit ang tetrarkya ay gumuho nang magbitiw sina <a href="/wiki/Diocleciano" title="Diocleciano">Diocleciano</a> at <a href="/wiki/Maximiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximiano">Maximiano</a>. Pinalitan ito ni <a href="/wiki/Constantino_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantino I">Constantino I</a> ng dinastikong pagpapamana ng trono.<sup id="cite_ref-BG_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inilipat ni <a href="/wiki/Constantino_ang_Dakila" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantino ang Dakila">Constantino ang Dakila</a> ang luklukan ng Imperyo. Nagpalabas din ito ng mga mahahalagang pagbabago sa mga batas sibil at panrelihiyon..<sup id="cite_ref-G168_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G168-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noong 330, itinatag ang <a href="/wiki/Constantinopla" title="Constantinopla">Constantinopla</a> bilang pangalawang Roma (<i>Nova Roma</i>)sa lugar ng Bizancio na nakasadlak sa rutang kalakalan sa pagitan ng Kanluran at Silangan. Nagpuno si Constantino ng mga repormang administratibo na sinimulan ni Diocleciano. Pinatatag niya ang salapi (ang gintong solidus na kanyang sinimulan ay matatag at tunay na hinanap), at binago ang balangkas ng sandatahan. Sa pamamahal ni Constantino, muli nitong natamo ang lakas militar at panahon ng katatagan at kaunlaran. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Roman_Empire_about_395.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Roman_Empire_about_395.jpg/300px-Roman_Empire_about_395.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Roman_Empire_about_395.jpg/450px-Roman_Empire_about_395.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Roman_Empire_about_395.jpg/600px-Roman_Empire_about_395.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1899" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Mapa ng Imperyo Romano ca. 395, na nagpapakita ng mga diyosis at mga probinsiyang pretoriano ng <a href="/wiki/Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia">Italia</a>, Illyrico at Oriens (silangan), na halos analogo sa apat na sona ng impluwensay ng mga tetrarko ayon sa reporma ni <a href="/wiki/Diocleciano" title="Diocleciano">Diocleciano</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sa ilalim ni Constantino, hindi man naging isang eksklusibong relihiyon ang <a href="/wiki/Kristiyanismo" title="Kristiyanismo">Kristiyanismo</a> kung saan nagtamo ito ng pitak sa imperyo sa pagbibigay malaking suporta ng Emperador dito. Itinatag ni Constantino ang palakad para sa mga emperador na hindi ito dapat lumutas sa mga katanungan tungkol sa doktrina, sa halip tatawag ito ng konsilio eklesiyastikong panglahat. Ipinatawag ni Constantino ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapulungan_ng_Arles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapulungan ng Arles (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kapulungan ng Arles</a> at ipinakita niya ang sarili bilang ulo ng Simbahan sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unang_Konseho_sa_Niseya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unang Konseho sa Niseya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Unang Konseho sa Niseya</a>. .<sup id="cite_ref-B163_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B163-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maipakikita ang kalagayan ng Imperyo noong 395 sa mga nagawa ni Constantino. Sa katatagan ng dinastikong palakad na kanyang itinatag at nang mamatay ang emperador na si <a href="/wiki/Teodosio_I" title="Teodosio I">Teodosio I</a> nang taong iyon kanyang maipamamana ang puwestong imperyal na ito sa kanyang dalawang anak na lalaki: kay Arcadio ang Silangan at kay Honorio ang Kanluran.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Si Teodosio ang huling emperador na naghari sa buong lawak ng imperyo na ngayo’y nahati. </p><p>Nakaiwas sa malaking kahirapan ang Silingan Imperyo kumpara sa Kanluran noong bahagi ng siglo 3 at 4 dahil sa katatagan ng kulturang panglunsod at mainam na mapagkukunan ng pera na ginamit sa pagpapatahimik ng mga barbarong panlabas sa pagbibigay ng suhol at pagbabayad sa mga mersenaryong panlabas. Lalo ring pinatibay ni <a href="/wiki/Teodosio_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Teodosio II">Teodosio II</a> ang muralya ng Constantinopla na proteksiyon nito sa maraming pang paglusob. Hindi napigtas ang muralya hanggang taong 1204. Upang patihimikin ang mga <a href="/wiki/Hunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunos">Hunos</a> ng Atila, tinustusan sila ni Teodosio (ng halos 300 kg (700 lb) ng ginto).<sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, he favored merchants living in Constantinople who traded with the Huns and other foreign groups. Dagdag pa rito, kanyang pinaboran ang mga mangangalakal na naninirahan sa Constantinopla na nakikipagkalakal sa mga Hunos at iba pang panglabas na mga grupo. Pinutol ang napakalaking halagang suhol ng kanyang kahaliling si Marciano. Gayundin, nakatuon na ang atensiyon ng Attila sa <a href="/wiki/Kanlurang_Imperyo_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanlurang Imperyo Romano">Kanlurang Imperyo Romano</a>. Nang mamatay siya noong 453, bumagsak ang kanyang imperyo. Sinimulan ng Constantinopla ang masamang relasyon nito sa mga Hunos na nang lumaon ay lalaban bilang mga mersenaryo sa sandatahang-lakas Bizantino. Matapos bumagsak ang Atila, lumaganap ang panahon ng kapayapaan sa Silangang Imperyo habang ang Kanlurang Imperyo ay bumagsak (na karaniwang inilalagay sa taong 476 nang inalis sa puwesto ang Kanlurang Emperador na si <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> ni <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>, isang Romanong heneral na may dugong Aleman na hindi na pinalitan ng isang pang tutang pinuno). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperyong_Romano_ng_Silangan,_c._AD_480"><span id="Imperyong_Romano_ng_Silangan.2C_c._AD_480"></span>Imperyong Romano ng Silangan, c. AD 480</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Imperyong Romano ng Silangan, c. AD 480" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Imperyong Romano ng Silangan, c. AD 480"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upang makuhang uli ang Italia, nakipagnegosasyon ito sa mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrogodo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostrogodo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ostrogodo</a> ni Teodorico na namuhay sa Moesia. Ipinadala niya ang godong hari sa Italia bilang magister militum per Italiam (“punong komandante para sa Italia”). Matapos bumagsak si Odoacer noong 493, mag-isang naghari si Teodorico, na nanirahan sa Constantinopla noong kabataan niya, sa buong Italia. Kaya, pahiwatig na sinakop ni Teodorico ang Italia bilang Ostrogotikong kaharian, napanatili ni Zeno bilang paghaharing nominal sa kanlurang lupa habang inalisan nito ang Silangang Imperyo ng mga di masupil na tagasunod. </p><p>Noong 491, naging emperador si Anastasio I, isang matandang opisyal sibil na tubong Romano, ngunit sa pagdatal lamang ng 498 nang tunay na natugunan ng mga pwersa ng bagong emperador ang taga-Isaurio. Ipinakita ni Anastacio na siya isang matikas ng tagapagbago at mahusay na administrador. Napabuti niya ang sistema ng pananalapi ni Constantino I sa pagtatakda ng timbang sa tansong follis, ang perang ginagamit sa pangaraw-araw na transaksiyon. Kanya ring binago ang sistema ng buwis at tuluyang inalis ang kinamumuhiang buwis na chrysargyron. Ang Panalapiang Estado ay naglalaman ng malaking halaga ng ginto - 145,150 kg (320,000 lbs) nang siya ay mamatay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ang_Pagbawi_ng_mga_rehiyon_sa_Kanluran">Ang Pagbawi ng mga rehiyon sa Kanluran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ang Pagbawi ng mga rehiyon sa Kanluran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Ang Pagbawi ng mga rehiyon sa Kanluran"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:LocationByzantineEmpire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/LocationByzantineEmpire.svg/220px-LocationByzantineEmpire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/LocationByzantineEmpire.svg/330px-LocationByzantineEmpire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/LocationByzantineEmpire.svg/440px-LocationByzantineEmpire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Ang paglaki ng Imperyo sa pamamahala ni Justinian I.</figcaption></figure> <p>Si <a href="/wiki/Justiniano_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Justiniano I">Justiniano I</a>, na nakuha ang trono noong 527, ay nag-ambisyon na mabawi ang mga dating territoryo ng <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano">Imperyong Romano</a>. Siya ay isang anak ng Illyrian na mahirap lamang, pero siya ay nagkaroon na ng impluyensa sa pamamahala ng tito niya, si <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> (518–527).<sup id="cite_ref-BEv_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lumitaw ang isang kaguluhan sa kanyang pamamahala, ang <i>Nika Revolt</i>, pero hindi naging matagumpay ang mga nag-alsa na mapatalsik siya. Dahil dito, lalo pang lumakas ang kapangyarihan ni Justiniano.<sup id="cite_ref-Ev_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ev-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang pagsalakay sa Kanluran ay nagsimula noong 533, kung saan pinadala ni Justinian ang kanyang heneral na si <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> para makuha ang <a href="/wiki/Lalawigang_Romano" title="Lalawigang Romano">Hilagang Aprika</a> mula sa mga Bandalo (Vandals) dala ang mga sundalo na aabot sa 15,000 katao. Naging matagumpay ang ekspidisyon, pero tumigil lamang ang resistensiya ng mga tribo noong 548. Noong 535, isang maliit na Bisantinong ekspidisyon na pinadala sa <a href="/wiki/Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> ay madaling nagtagumpay, pero pinalakas ng ma Goth ang kanilang resistensiya, kaya noong 540 lamang nagtagumpay ang imperyo, kung saan kinuha ni Belisarius ang <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, pagkatapos mabawi ang <a href="/wiki/Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples">Naples</a> at <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Si Justinian ay naging tanyag dahil sa kanayang pag-aayos ng Batas Romano sa tulong ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_the_Cappadocian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John the Cappadocian (hindi pa naisusulat)">John the Cappadocian</a><sup id="cite_ref-VJ_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VJ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . Sinimulan ng huli noong 529 ang komisyon (10 tao) na ayusin ang sinaunang Batas Romano, kung saan ginawa ang bagong <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i>, isang koleksiyon ng mga batas na tinawag na <i>"Justinian's Code"</i>. </p><p>Sa pagkamatay ni Justiniano I noong 565, ang kanyang tagapagmana, si <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin II">Justin II</a> ay hindi nagbayad ng tribute sa mga Persa <i>(Persian)</i>. Binawi din ng mga Lombard ang <a href="/wiki/Italya" title="Italya">Italya</a>, sa katapusan ng siglo, isang bahagi na lamang ng Italya ang nasa kamay ng Imperyo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexios_I_Kommenos_at_ang_Unang_Krusada">Alexios I Kommenos at ang Unang Krusada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Alexios I Kommenos at ang Unang Krusada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Alexios I Kommenos at ang Unang Krusada"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Byzantiumforecrusades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Byzantiumforecrusades.jpg/150px-Byzantiumforecrusades.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Byzantiumforecrusades.jpg/225px-Byzantiumforecrusades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Byzantiumforecrusades.jpg/300px-Byzantiumforecrusades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Mapa ng imperyo bago ang Krusada.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pagkatapos ng ilang siglo ng paghina ng <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#Ekonomiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Empire">Ekonomiya ng imperyo</a>, isang <i>muling-paglakas</i> ang naganap na itinuring na <i>restorasyong Komneniano</i> dahil sa mga ginawa ng emperador noong panahon ng Dinastiyang Komnenian. Si <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> ay nagkaroon ng problema sa mga pag-atake ng mga Normano kung saan kinuha ng huli ang Dyrrhachium at Corfu, at binantaan ang Larissa sa Thessaly. Ang kamatayan ng normanong lider na si Robert Guiscard's noong 1085 ay pansamantlang pumigil sa problema. Sumunod din ang pagkamatay ng Sultan ng Seljuq sultan died, at bumagsak ang Sultanato. Tinalo ni Emperador Alexios ang mga Pechenegs sa Labanan sa Levounion noong 28 Abril 1091.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nagawa niyang ibalik ang kapayapaan sa Kanluran ng imperyo. Ang kanyang apela sa Kanlurang Europa (lalo na sa <a href="/wiki/Santo_Papa" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Papa">Santo Papa</a>) para sa tulong laban sa mga Turko ang siyang hudyat para masimula ang mga Krusada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ika-apat_na_Krusada_at_ang_Paghina_ng_Imperyo">Ika-apat na Krusada at ang Paghina ng Imperyo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ika-apat na Krusada at ang Paghina ng Imperyo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ika-apat na Krusada at ang Paghina ng Imperyo"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang ika-apat na <a href="/wiki/Krusada" class="mw-redirect" title="Krusada">Krusada</a> ay pinasimulan ni Papa Innocent kung saan dapat labanan ng mga Krusaders ang <a href="/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto">Ehipto</a>. Pero, noong Abril 1204, ang mga Taga-Krusada ay Ninakawan ang <a href="/wiki/Constantinopla" title="Constantinopla">Constantinopla</a>, ang kabisera ng imperyo. Dahil dito, tuluyan nang naghiwalay ang <a href="/wiki/Simbahang_Katoliko" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbahang Katoliko">Simbahang Katoliko</a> at ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simbahang_Orthodox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simbahang Orthodox (hindi pa naisusulat)">Simbahang Orthodox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:LatinEmpire2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LatinEmpire2.png/150px-LatinEmpire2.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LatinEmpire2.png/225px-LatinEmpire2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LatinEmpire2.png/300px-LatinEmpire2.png 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Ang mapa ng Latin Empire (at mga vassal) at ng mga natirang estado ng imperyo: <a href="/wiki/Imperyo_ng_Niseya" title="Imperyo ng Niseya">Imperyo ng Niseya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperyo_ng_Trebizond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperyo ng Trebizond (hindi pa naisusulat)">Imperyo ng Trebizond</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Despotado_ng_Epirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Despotado ng Epirus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Despotado ng Epirus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pagkatapos ng pagsalakay at pagnakaw sa <a href="/wiki/Constantinopla" title="Constantinopla">Constantinopla</a> noong 1204, ang mga natirang estado ng imperyo: <a href="/wiki/Imperyo_ng_Niseya" title="Imperyo ng Niseya">Imperyo ng Niseya</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Despotado_ng_Epirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Despotado ng Epirus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Despotado ng Epirus</a> ang naitatag. Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperyo_ng_Trebizond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperyo ng Trebizond (hindi pa naisusulat)">Imperyo ng Trebizond</a> ay itinatag ilang linggo bago ang pagsalakay sa Constantinopla. Ang <a href="/wiki/Imperyo_ng_Niseya" title="Imperyo ng Niseya">Imperyo ng Niseya</a>, ang pinakamalapit sa <a href="/wiki/Constantinopla" title="Constantinopla">Constantinopla</a> ay nahirapan at unti-unting naubos ang territoryo sa timog Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang paghina ng <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_R%C3%BBm" class="extiw" title="en:Sultanate of Rûm">Sultanado ng Rûm</a> dahil sa pagsalakay ng mga Mongol ay siyang nagpahina rin sa mga Bizantino sa Asya Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pero, dahil sa Pagsalakay ng mga Mongol, medyo napahinga ang Nicaea sa pagsalakay ng mga Seljuk. </p><p>Muling nabawi ng <a href="/wiki/Imperyo_ng_Niseya" title="Imperyo ng Niseya">Imperyo ng Niseya</a> ang <a href="/wiki/Constantinopla" title="Constantinopla">Constantinopla</a> mula sa mga Latin noong 1261 at tinalo ang Epirus. Ito ay nagdulot ng muling pagkabuhay ng katanyagan ng Ekonomiyang Bizantino sa pamamahala ni <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a>. Maraming proyekto din ang sinimula para ayusin ang mga nasira sa kabisera dulot ng ika-apat na Krusada. Pero, unti-unting naubos ng mga ghazi ang teritoryo sa Asya Minor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digmaang_Bizantino-Ottomano_at_ang_Pagbagsak_ng_Constantinopla">Digmaang Bizantino-Ottomano at ang Pagbagsak ng Constantinopla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Digmaang Bizantino-Ottomano at ang Pagbagsak ng Constantinopla" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Digmaang Bizantino-Ottomano at ang Pagbagsak ng Constantinopla"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muling nalugmok sa kahirapan ang imperyo dahil sa 6-taon digmaang sibil pagkatapos ng kamatayan ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andronikos III (hindi pa naisusulat)">Andronikos III</a>. Unti-unting kinuha ng <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Ottoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperyong Ottoman">lumalakas na mga Ottoman</a> ang mga territoryo sa Serbia; isang lindol sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallipoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallipoli (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gallipoli</a> noong 1354 ay naging daan para makuha ito ng mga Ottoman.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Eastern_Mediterranean_1450.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Eastern_Mediterranean_1450.svg/150px-Eastern_Mediterranean_1450.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Eastern_Mediterranean_1450.svg/225px-Eastern_Mediterranean_1450.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Eastern_Mediterranean_1450.svg/300px-Eastern_Mediterranean_1450.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="2369" /></a><figcaption>Eastern Mediterraneano bago ang Pagbagsak ng Constantinopla.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang mga emperador ay humingi ng tulong sa kanluran, ngunit ayon sa Papa, magpapadala lamang sila ng tulong kung muling mag-kaisa ang dalawang simbahan.<sup id="cite_ref-R84-85_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R84-85-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang kaunting tulong at pagpadala ng sundalo ng kanluranng Europa ay hindi naging sapat upang matalo ang malakas na <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Ottoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperyong Ottoman">Imperyong Ottoman</a>. </p><p>Ang kabisera na <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> ay hindi na mataao. Isa na lang itong hindi-mataong lungsod na pinaliligiran ng mga taniman at mga abandonadong gusali. Noong 2 Abril 1453, ang Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II ay lumusob sa kabisera na may 80,000 sundalo.<sup id="cite_ref-R84-86_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R84-86-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tuluyan nang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagbagsak_ng_Constantinopla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagbagsak ng Constantinopla (hindi pa naisusulat)">bumagsak ang kabisera</a> noong 29 Mayo 1453. Ang huling emperador, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine XI">Constantine XI</a> Palaiologos, ay huling nakita na tinanggal ang imperyong kasuotan ay nakipaglaban sa mga turko.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pagkatapos ng pagbagsak ng imperyo, sinakop ni Mehmed II ang mga natirang Griyegong lupain ng Mistra noong 1460 at Trebizond noong 1461. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomiya">Ekonomiya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ekonomiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomiya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Iustinianus_II_solidus_691840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iustinianus_II_solidus_691840.jpg/300px-Iustinianus_II_solidus_691840.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iustinianus_II_solidus_691840.jpg/450px-Iustinianus_II_solidus_691840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Iustinianus_II_solidus_691840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Solidus ni <a href="/wiki/Justiniano_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Justiniano II">Justiniano II</a>, sa pangalawang pag-upo, matapos ang 705.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pinakamaunlad ang ekonomiyang Bizantino sa <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mediteraneo" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mediteraneo">Mediteraneo</a> sa maraming siglo. Hindi napantayan ng Europa ang lakas pang-ekonomika nito hanggang sa dakong huli ng Edad Media. Pangunahing sangangdaan sa kalakalan ang <a href="/wiki/Constantinopla" title="Constantinopla">Constantinopla</a> nang maraming panahon na umaabot sa buong <a href="/wiki/Eurasya" title="Eurasya">Eurasya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hilagang_Aprika" title="Hilagang Aprika">Hilagang Aprika</a>. Ito rin ang pangunahing katapusan sa kanluran ng tanyag na <a href="/wiki/Daang_Seda" title="Daang Seda">Daang Seda</a>. Binabanggit ng ilang eskolar na bago pa man dumating ang mga <a href="/wiki/Arabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabe">Arabe</a> noong siglo 7, pinakamalakas na ekonomiya na sa buong mundo ang Imperyo. Subalit, ang pananakop ng mga Arabe ay nagdulot ng malaking pagbabago ng kapalaran na nagpahupa at nagpalubog rito. Ang mga reporma ni <a href="/wiki/Constantino_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantino V">Constantino V</a> (c. 765) nagpasimula ng pagbabagong sigla sa ekonomiya na nagpatuloy hanggang 1204. Mula siglo 10 hanggang the katapusan ng siglo 12, ipinamalas ng Imperyo Bizantino ang karangyaan niya. Ang lahat ng manlalakbay ay humanga sa mga nalikom na kayamanan nito sa kabisera. Ang lahat nang ito ay nagbago sa pagdating ng ika-apat na Cruzada na nagpabagsak sa kanyang ekonomiya. Sinubukang buhayin ang ekonomiya ng Palaiologoi subalit wala na silang kontrol sa mga puwersang ekonomika sa loob at labas ng bansa. Unti-unti ring nawala ang impluwensiya nito sa mga kaparaanan ng kalakalan at paghahalaga, at kontrol sa pagluluwas ng mga mamahaling metal at ayon sa ilang eskolar pati na rin sa paggawa ng salapi. </p><p>Kalakalan ang isa sa mga pundasyong ekonomiko ng imperyo. Sinasabing ang mga hinabi (tela) ay pinakamahalagang bagay sa kalakalan. Ang seda ay iniluluwas sa <a href="/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto">Ehipto</a> gayundin sa <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> at Kanluran. Mahigpit na kontrol ng estado ang kalakalang panloob at panlabas nito. Sila lamang ang gumagawa ng salapi. Pormal na hawak at kontrolado ng gobyerno ang patubuan ng salapi at sa pagtataktada ng mga reglamento sa mga sindikatong pangkalakal at mga korporasyon kung saan may interes ito. Sa mga panahon ng krisis, nakikialam ang emperador at mga opisyal nito upang siguraduhin na sapat sa mga materyales ang kabisera at mababa ang halaga ng mga ani. Sa huli, ang mga sobrang kalakal ay kinakalap ng gobyerno sa pamamagitan ng buwis at ibinabalik ito sa sirkulasyon bilang suweldo ng mga opisyal ng estado o porma ng investment sa gawang pambayan.<sup id="cite_ref-M806_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M806-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultura">Kultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Kultura"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agham,_Medisina,_Batas"><span id="Agham.2C_Medisina.2C_Batas"></span>Agham, Medisina, Batas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Agham, Medisina, Batas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Agham, Medisina, Batas"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg/500px-Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg/960px-Raphael_Baptism_Constantine.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Ang Bautismo ni Constantino, pinta ng estudyante ni Rafael (1520-1524, fresco, Lungsod Vaticano, Palasyo Apostoliko). Isinulat ni Eusebio ng Cesaria, na isang kaugalian nong mga bagong binyag na Kristiyano noong panahong iyon, ipinagpaliban ni Constantino ang pagtaggap ng bautismo bago siya mamatay.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Walang humpay ang Bizancio sa paglilinang ng mga katha ng sinaunang Klasiko. Dahil dito, ang agham Bizantino sa bawat panahon nito ay nakaakibat sa mga sinaunang <a href="/wiki/Pilosopiya" title="Pilosopiya">pilosopiya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Metapisika" title="Metapisika">metapisika</a>. Kahit na sa iba’t-ibang panahon malaki ang naging abuloy ng mga Bizantino sa aplikasyon ng mga agham (bantog rito ang pagtatayo ng <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>), matapos ang siglo 6 humupa ang mga bagong abuloy ng mga eskolar na Bizantino sa agham sa larangan ng pagbubuo ng bagong hinua o pagpapalawig ng mga ideya ng mga klasikong awtor. Naudlot ang eskolastika nila noong mga kadilimang taon ng salot (plague) at pananakop ng mga Arabe. Subalit noong katapusan ng unang milenyo na tinatawag na Renasimientong Bizantino, isunulong ng mga eskolar na Bizantino kung saan sila ay naging dalubhasa sa pagpapaunlad ng mga agham Arabe at Persico lalo na sa <a href="/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya">astronomiya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematika</a>. </p><p>Sa huling siglo ng Imperyo, ang mga dalubhasa sa balarilang Bizantino ang nangalaga at naghatid, sa papel at personal, sa pag-aaral ng balarila at panitikang Griyego sa bungad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renasimientong_Italiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renasimientong Italiano (hindi pa naisusulat)">Renasimientong Italiano</a>. Noong panahong ito, ang astronomiya at ibang mga agham pangmatematika ay itinuturo sa Trebizond. Halos lahat ng mga eskolar ay intresado rin sa medisina. </p><p>Sa larangan ng batas, malinaw ang epekto ng mga repormang ipinaganap ni Justiniano I sa pag-inog ng jurisprudencia habang ang Ecloga ni Leon III ay may impluwensiya sa pagbuo ng mga batasan sa mundong Eslavaco.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relihiyon">Relihiyon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Relihiyon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Relihiyon"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bilang tanda at pagpapakita sa katanyagan ng <a href="/wiki/Patriarka_ng_Constantinopla" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarka ng Constantinopla">Patriarka ng Constantinopla</a>, ipinatayo ni Justianiano ang <i>Simbahan ng Banal ng Karunungan ng Diyos</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, na natapos sa maikling panahon nang apat at kalahating taon (532-537). </p><p>Ayon kay Joseph Raya, iisa at pareho ang kulturang Bizantino at Ortodoxiya. Ang buhay ng Imperyo sa Silangan ay nakasalalay sa aktibong papel ng Emperador sa mga asunto ng Simbahan. Minana ng estadong Bizantino mula pa man nang panahong pagano ang pagpapatakbo ng mga asuntong administratibo at pananalapi ng pamunuang panrelihiyon na nakasalalay sa Simbahang Kristiyano. Bilang pagsunod sa padrong itinalaga ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebio_ng_Cesarea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eusebio ng Cesarea (hindi pa naisusulat)">Eusebio ng Cesarea</a>, itinalaga ng mga Bizantino ang Emperador bilang kinatawan o pasugo ni Kristo lalo na sa pagpapalawak ng Kristiyanismo sa mga pagano gayundin sa mga “panlabas” asunto ng relihiyon tulad ng administrasyon at pananalapi. Subalit ang papel ng imperyo sa mga asunto ng Simbahan ay hindi umunlad na itinatakda ng batas. </p><p>Sa paglubog ng Roma at mga alitan sa loob ng mga partriyarkado sa Silangan, ang simbahan ng Constantinopla ang pinakamayaman at pinakamaimpluwensiyang sentro ng Sankristiyano noong pagitan ng ika-6 at 11 siglo. Kahit na multo na lamang ang Imperyo, hindi nabawasan ang Simbahan nang lubos na impluwensiya sa loob at labas ng imperyo. Sabi nga ni George Ostrogorsky: Nanatiling sentro ng mundo ng Ortodoxiya ang Patriyarkado ng Constantinopla na may sedeng metropolitano at arzobispado sa teritoryo ng Asia Menor at ng mga Balcano na nahulog sa Bazancio gayundin sa Caucaso, Rusia, at Lituania. Pinakamatatag na elemento ang Simbahan sa Imperyong Bizantino. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sining_at_Panitikan">Sining at Panitikan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sining at Panitikan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Sining at Panitikan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ipinakikita ang malinggit na Evangeliong Rabula noong siglo 6 na may masalimuot at masagisag na anyo ng sining Bizantino. Mahalaga ang naging impluwensiya ng Imperyong Bizantino sa <a href="/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura">arkitektura</a>, pintura at iba pang tanawing-sining (visual arts). Nakatuon ang sining Bizantino sa mga ekspresyong panrelihiyon lalo na sa impersonal na pagpapakita ng sining na maingat na sinupil ng simbahan. Kumalat ang mga hugis Bizantino sa kalakalan at pananakop nito ng <a href="/wiki/Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia">Italia</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cicilia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cicilia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Cicilia</a> kung saan sila tumagal datapuwat may panibagong hugis hanggang siglo 12 at naging impluwensiya sa pagbuo sa sining ng Renasimientong Italiano. Sa pagkalat ng simbahang Silanganing Ortodoxo, ang mga hugis Bizantino ay kumalat rin sa mga lungsod ng <a href="/wiki/Silangang_Europa" title="Silangang Europa">silangang Europa</a> lalo na sa Rusia. Ang impluwensiya ng arkitekturang Bizantino, lalo na sa mga gusaling panrelihiyon, ay makikita magpahanggang ngayon sa ibat-ibang rehiyon mula Ehipto at Arabia hanggang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rusia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Rusia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania">Romania</a>. </p><p>Sa panitikang Bizantino, may apat ang magkakaibang pangkulturang elemento ang maitatalaga: Griyego, Kristiyano, Romano at Silanganin. Madalas na pinagpapangkat ang panitikang Bizantino: taga-salaysay, taga-ensiklopedya at taga-paglahad, at mga manunulat ng tulang pambayan. Kasama sa dalawang huling pangkat ang panitikang pangsimbahan at teolohika at tulang pambayan. Sa halos dalawa hanggang tatlong libong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomo_(aklat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomo (aklat) (hindi pa naisusulat)">tomo</a> (volumes) ng panitikang Bizantino ang nakaligtas hanggang ngayon, halos tatlong daan at tatlumpo ang kumakatawan sa tulang pambayan, kasaysayan, agham at pseudo-agham. Habang ang pinakamayabong na panahon ng panitikang pambayan ng Bizancio ay naganap noong siglo 9 hanggang 12, ang panitikang panrelihiyon ay mas naunang nalinang kung saan ang Romanos at ang Melodista ang pangunahing kumakatawan dito.<sup id="cite_ref-CLi_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CLi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may rely on an unreliable source since Setyembre 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reliable_sources&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources (hindi pa naisusulat)">di-maaasahang pinagmulan?</a>]</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pamahalaan_at_burokrasya">Pamahalaan at burokrasya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pamahalaan at burokrasya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Pamahalaan at burokrasya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012.jpg/250px-Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012.jpg/330px-Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012.jpg/500px-Leo_I_Louvre_Ma1012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>Leo I ng Imperyo Bizantino (401–474), naghari 457–474.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sa estado, ang <a href="/wiki/Emperador_Bisantino" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperador Bisantino">Emperador Bisantino</a> ang nag-iisa at absolutong namumuno. Hindi katulad ng <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano">Imperyong Romano</a>, hindi sinasamba ang mga <a href="/wiki/Talaan_ng_mga_Emperador_ng_Roma" title="Talaan ng mga Emperador ng Roma">emperador</a> bagkus itinuturi silang Tagapaglingkod sa Diyos. Mayroon paring <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talaan_ng_mga_Consul_ng_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talaan ng mga Consul ng Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Consul ng Imperyo Romano</a> na sumusubaybay sa mga gawain ng emperador. Bago matapos ang siglo 8, isang administrasyong sibil ang binuo upang tumutok sa malakihang konsolidasyon ng kapangyarihan sa kapitolyo (ang pag-angat ng puwesto ng sakellarios ay kasangkot sa pagbabagong ito). Ang pagbuo ng mga tema ang pinakamahalagang reporma nang panahong ito kung saan ang administrasyong sibil at militar ay hawak ng isang tao, ang strategos. </p><p>Kahit na minsang mapanira ang paggamit ng salitang “Bizantino”, malinaw ang abilidad ng sistemang Bizantino na ayusin ang sarili ayon sa kasalukuyang situwasyon ng imperyo. Sa mga makabagong paningin, maayos ang sistema nito sa paggamit ng sistema ng titulatura at puwesto. Mahigpit ang pagkaka-ayos ng mga opisyal sa paligid ng emperador at nakasalalay ang ranggo nila sa imperyo. May mga itinalagang puwestong administratibo ngunit ang kapangyarihan nito ay nakalagay sa tao at hindi sa puwesto. Noong siglo 8 at 9, paglilingkod bayan ang pinakamalinaw na daan upang umaangat sa aristokratikong puwesto. Nang nagsimula ang siglo 9, naging magkaribal ang aristokrasyang bayan nang <a href="/wiki/Aristokrasya" title="Aristokrasya">aristokrasya</a> sa dugo. Ayon sa ilang pag-aaral ng pamahalaang Bizantino, nangingibabaw ang kompetisyon sa pagitan ng aristokrasyang pambayan at pangmilitar noong politika ng siglo 11. Noong panahong ito, nagpalabas nang mahalagang repormang pang-administratibo si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexios_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexios I (hindi pa naisusulat)">Alexios I</a> na kasama ang paglalang ng mga puwestong pang dignitaryo at pang-kortes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomasya">Diplomasya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Diplomasya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Diplomasya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matapos bumagsak ang <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a>, ang malaking hamon sa Imperyo ay ang magpanatili ng relasyon nito sa mga kalapit bansa. Ang mga kalapit bansang ito ay umaasa sa Constantinopla sa pagbuo ng pormal na institusyong pampolitika. Dahil dito nahimok ng diplomasyang Bizantino ang mga kalapit bansa sa pagbuo ng isang network sa pagdaigdigan o pambansang relasyon. Uminog ang network na ito sa pagbuo ng kasunduan kasama ang pagtanggap ng bagong pinuno sa pamilya ng mga hari at sa pagtanggap ng panlipunang kalakaran at pagpapahalaga sa institusyong Bizantino. Ipinapalagay ng mga Bizantino ang diplomasya bilang isang uri ng pakikidigma sa ibang kaparaanan – hindi madugo. Ang kawanihang Barbaro ang unang ahensiyang pantiktik sa ibang bansa na nangangalap ng mga impormasyon sa mga kaaway nito sa anumang kaparaanan. Sinamantala ng mga Bizantino ang ilang patakbong diplomatiko. Halimbawa, ang mga embahada sa kabisera ay hinayaang bukas sa maraming taon. Ang isang kasapi ng ibang casa real (angkang dugong bughaw) ay sinasabihang tumatahan nang matagal sa Constantinopla hindi lamang bilang potensiyal na bihag gayundin bilang isang pain sakaling magbago ang simoy politika saan man sila galing. Ang isa pang malaking kalakaran rito ay ang busugin sa tanawin ang mga panauhin. Ayon kay Dimitru Obolensky, ang pagpapanatili ng sibilisasyon sa Silangang Europa ay dahil sa magaling at masikap na diplomasyang Bizantino na nagdulot ng malaking abuloy sa pagpapanatili sa kasaysayan ng Europa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wika">Wika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Wika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Wika"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"> <table style="background: transparent; border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; width:326px;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Mudil_Psalter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaliwa: Ang Salterong Mudil, ang pinakamatandang saltero sa wikang Copto (Museong Copto, Egipto, Cairo). Middle: Gitna: Ang Codex Armenicus Rescriptus, isang pahina noong siglo 6/10 na naglalaman ng liturhiyang Armenio at Siriaco (Koleksiyong Schøyen). Right: Kanan: Ang Balumbong Josua, isang iluminadong Griyegong manuskrito noong siglo 10 na maaring ginawa sa Constantinopla (Aklatang Vaticano, Roma)"><img alt="Kaliwa: Ang Salterong Mudil, ang pinakamatandang saltero sa wikang Copto (Museong Copto, Egipto, Cairo). Middle: Gitna: Ang Codex Armenicus Rescriptus, isang pahina noong siglo 6/10 na naglalaman ng liturhiyang Armenio at Siriaco (Koleksiyong Schøyen). Right: Kanan: Ang Balumbong Josua, isang iluminadong Griyegong manuskrito noong siglo 10 na maaring ginawa sa Constantinopla (Aklatang Vaticano, Roma)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mudil_Psalter.jpg/120px-Mudil_Psalter.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mudil_Psalter.jpg/180px-Mudil_Psalter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mudil_Psalter.jpg/240px-Mudil_Psalter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="358" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0; width: 2px"> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Codex_Armenicus_Rescriptus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaliwa: Ang Salterong Mudil, ang pinakamatandang saltero sa wikang Copto (Museong Copto, Egipto, Cairo). Middle: Gitna: Ang Codex Armenicus Rescriptus, isang pahina noong siglo 6/10 na naglalaman ng liturhiyang Armenio at Siriaco (Koleksiyong Schøyen). Right: Kanan: Ang Balumbong Josua, isang iluminadong Griyegong manuskrito noong siglo 10 na maaring ginawa sa Constantinopla (Aklatang Vaticano, Roma)"><img alt="Kaliwa: Ang Salterong Mudil, ang pinakamatandang saltero sa wikang Copto (Museong Copto, Egipto, Cairo). Middle: Gitna: Ang Codex Armenicus Rescriptus, isang pahina noong siglo 6/10 na naglalaman ng liturhiyang Armenio at Siriaco (Koleksiyong Schøyen). Right: Kanan: Ang Balumbong Josua, isang iluminadong Griyegong manuskrito noong siglo 10 na maaring ginawa sa Constantinopla (Aklatang Vaticano, Roma)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Codex_Armenicus_Rescriptus.jpg/80px-Codex_Armenicus_Rescriptus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Codex_Armenicus_Rescriptus.jpg/120px-Codex_Armenicus_Rescriptus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Codex_Armenicus_Rescriptus.jpg/160px-Codex_Armenicus_Rescriptus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1170" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0; width: 2px"> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Joshua_Roll.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaliwa: Ang Salterong Mudil, ang pinakamatandang saltero sa wikang Copto (Museong Copto, Egipto, Cairo). Middle: Gitna: Ang Codex Armenicus Rescriptus, isang pahina noong siglo 6/10 na naglalaman ng liturhiyang Armenio at Siriaco (Koleksiyong Schøyen). Right: Kanan: Ang Balumbong Josua, isang iluminadong Griyegong manuskrito noong siglo 10 na maaring ginawa sa Constantinopla (Aklatang Vaticano, Roma)"><img alt="Kaliwa: Ang Salterong Mudil, ang pinakamatandang saltero sa wikang Copto (Museong Copto, Egipto, Cairo). Middle: Gitna: Ang Codex Armenicus Rescriptus, isang pahina noong siglo 6/10 na naglalaman ng liturhiyang Armenio at Siriaco (Koleksiyong Schøyen). Right: Kanan: Ang Balumbong Josua, isang iluminadong Griyegong manuskrito noong siglo 10 na maaring ginawa sa Constantinopla (Aklatang Vaticano, Roma)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Joshua_Roll.jpg/120px-Joshua_Roll.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Joshua_Roll.jpg/180px-Joshua_Roll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Joshua_Roll.jpg/240px-Joshua_Roll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;" colspan="5"><div class="thumbcaption">Kaliwa: Ang Salterong Mudil, ang pinakamatandang saltero sa wikang Copto (Museong Copto, Egipto, Cairo). <p>Middle: Gitna: Ang Codex Armenicus Rescriptus, isang pahina noong siglo 6/10 na naglalaman ng liturhiyang Armenio at Siriaco (Koleksiyong Schøyen).<br /> Right: Kanan: Ang Balumbong Josua, isang iluminadong Griyegong manuskrito noong siglo 10 na maaring ginawa sa Constantinopla (Aklatang Vaticano, Roma) </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Latin ang orihinal na wika ng pamahalaan ng Imperyo sa dahilang nagmula ito sa Roma. Hindi ito nalinang ng mga edukado sa Silangan bilang <a href="/wiki/Wikang_pampanitikan" title="Wikang pampanitikan">wikang pampanitikan</a>. Unti-unting humupa ang kahalagahan nito at noong siglo 17 na malinaw na tinalikuran bilang ‘opisyal’ na wika ng Imperyo nang paboran ang Griyego. Matapos magtagumpay ang Imperyo laban sa mga Persico noong 629, kinalag ni Heraclius ang maraming daang-taong tradisyon sa paggagawad nito sa sarili ng titulong Griyegong Basileus sa halip na titulong Latin na Augustus. Gayunman, patuloy pa rin ang paggamit ng Latin sa bilang pangseremonyang wika ng kultura ng Imperyo. Sa lugar ng mga Balcanes, ang Lating Vulgar ay patuloy na isang wika ng menoridad na nagluwal sa mga wikang Vlaco, at sa Italia, katulad rin sa kanlurang <a href="/wiki/Mediteraneo" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mediteraneo">Mediteraneo</a>, nanatili ang Latin bilang wikang gamit ng bayan, kultura at lokal na pamahalaan. Ang pagpapakita sa huling paggamit ng Latin sa imperyo ay huling siglo 7 mosaiko sa Basilika ni San Apolinario sa Classe sa Ravenna ni Constantino IV. </p><p>Maliban sa korteng imperyal, Griyego na ang pangunahing wikang ginagamit sa mga Romanong lalawigan sa silangan (i.e., Silanganing Imperyo Romano) kahit bago pa man lumubog ang Kanlurang Imperyo. Sa katunayan noon pa mang bungad ng Imperyong Romano, Griyego na ang karaniwang wika ng Simbahang Kristiyano, ng karunungan, at ng sining. Ito na rin ang <a href="/wiki/Lingguwa_prangka" title="Lingguwa prangka">lingguwa prangka</a> sa kalakalan sa pagitan ng mga probinsiya at mga bansa. Ang wikang ito ay nagtamo ng dalawang mukha kung saan ang Koine, bilang pangunahing wikang pambayan, at kasaakibat nito ang matandang wikang pampanitikan na nang lumaon ay uminog bilang isang istandard na <a href="/wiki/Diyalekto" title="Diyalekto">diyalekto</a>. </p><p>Maraming wika ang umiinog sa multi-etnikong Imperyo kung saan ang ilan ay binigyan ang limitadong opisyal na status sa kani-kanilang lalawigan sa iba’t-ibang panahon. Kilala rito sa bungad ng Edad Media kung saan ang Ciriaco at Aramaico ay malawak na ginamit ng mga edukado sa malalayong lalawigan sa silangan. Gayundin, ang Coptico, Armenio, at Gregorio ay naging mahalaga sa mga edukado ng kanilang lalawigan. Nang lumaon, ang mga wikang Eslavonico, Vlaco at Arabe ay naging mahalaga sa Imperyo at sa daigdig na naiimpluwensiya nito. </p><p>Higit dito dahil isang pangunahing lungsod kalakalan ang Constantinopla sa rehiyong <a href="/wiki/Mediteraneo" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mediteraneo">Mediteraneo</a> at karatig nito, halos lahat ng kilalang wika noong Edad Media ay sinasalita sa Imperyo sa panahon nito pati na rin ang Tsino. Sa huling paghupa ng Imperyo, ang mga mamamayan ng Imperyo ay halo-halo na at kung saan ang Griyego ay naging sinonimo sa kanilang katauhan at relihiyon.<sup id="cite_ref-BJVe_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BJVe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katularan, ang mga Wikang <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Kopto" title="Wikang Kopto">Kopto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgian language (hindi pa naisusulat)">Georgian</a> ay naging mahalaga sa mga nakapag-aral sa probinsiya,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later foreign contacts made the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Church_Slavonic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Church Slavonic (hindi pa naisusulat)">Slavonic</a>, Vlach, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Arabic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical Arabic (hindi pa naisusulat)">Arabic</a> ay naging mahalagang wika ng imperyo sa mga naiimpuwensiyahan nito.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tignan_din">Tignan din</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Tignan din" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Tignan din"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaan_ng_mga_Emperador_Bizantino" class="mw-redirect" title="Talaan ng mga Emperador Bizantino">Talaan ng mga Emperador Bizantino</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanggunian">Sanggunian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silangang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Sanggunian"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121818">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">PERLA SOAP (translates as "Roman Empire").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BG-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BG_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon (1906), Part II Chapter 14: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625235855/http://olldownload.libertyfund.org/Texts/Gibbon0105/DeclineAndFall/Vol02/PDFs/0214-02_Pt06_Chap14.pdf">200</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G168-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-G168_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbon1906">Gibbon 1906</a>, III, <span class="PDFlink"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080625235904/http://olldownload.libertyfund.org/Texts/Gibbon0105/DeclineAndFall/Vol03/PDFs/0214-03_Pt04_Chap18.pdf">168</a> </span><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portable_Document_Format&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portable Document Format (hindi pa naisusulat)">PDF</a> (2.35 MB)</span><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFGibbon1906 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B163-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-B163_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/2*.html#5">Byzantine Roman Empire 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0809704.html">Paghati sa Imperium Romanum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nathan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/theo2.htm">Theodosius II (408–450 AD)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BEv-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BEv_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2132731">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Byzantine Empire". <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Empire&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ASilangang+Imperyong+Romano" class="Z3988"></span><br />* Evans, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm">Justinian (AD 527–565)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123151/http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm">Naka-arkibo</a> 2020-04-13 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ev-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ev_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm">Justinian (AD 527–565)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413123151/http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinia.htm">Naka-arkibo</a> 2020-04-13 sa <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">=<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/19B*.html">Byzantine Expansion 236–258</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VJ-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-VJ_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasiliev, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0832/_PC.HTM">The Legislative Work of Justinian and Tribonian</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aklat:"<i>Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus</i>" <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/9780231040808" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-231-04080-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">'Crusades' - Encyclopædia Britannica 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kean (2005)<br />* Madden (2005), 162<br />* Lowe-Baker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016205009/http://oocities.com/egfroth1/Seljuqs.htm">The Seljuks of Rum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe-Baker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.com/egfroth1/Seljuqs.htm">Ang Mongol Invasion</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Mukhang patay ang naunang link since Oktubre 2023" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead_external_links" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Dead external links">patay na link</a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReinert2002">Reinert 2002</a>, p. 268<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFReinert2002 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R84-85-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-R84-85_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1990">Runciman 1990</a>, pp. 84–85<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFRunciman1990 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R84-86-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-R84-86_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman (1990), 84–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFHindley2004" class="citation book cs1">Hindley, Geoffrey (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofcr0000hind"><i>A Brief History of the Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy</i></a>. London: Constable & Robinson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofcr0000hind/page/300">300</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1-84119-766-1" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1-84119-766-1"><bdi>978-1-84119-766-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+Islam+and+Christianity+in+the+Struggle+for+World+Supremacy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Robinson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84119-766-1&rft.aulast=Hindley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofcr0000hind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ASilangang+Imperyong+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M806-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-M806_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatschke2002">Matschke 2002</a>, pp. 805–806<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFMatschke2002 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625235853/http://www.doaks.org/EconHist/EHB37.pdf">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, IV, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iv.lxii.html">lxii</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTroianosVelissaropoulou-Karakosta1997">Troianos & Velissaropoulou-Karakosta 1997</a>, p. 340<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFTroianosVelissaropoulou-Karakosta1997 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CLi-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CLi_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03113a.htm">"Byzantine Literature"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Literature&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03113a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ASilangang+Imperyong+Romano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BJVe-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BJVe_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaton1996">Beaton 1996</a>, p. 10<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBeaton1996 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFJones1986">Jones 1986</a>, p. 991<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFJones1986 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFVersteegh1977">Versteegh 1977</a>, Chapter 1<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFVersteegh1977 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2004">Campbell 2004</a>, p. 40<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFCampbell2004 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFHacikyan2002">Hacikyan 2002</a>, part 1<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFHacikyan2002 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaynes1907">Baynes 1907</a>, p. 289<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFBaynes1907 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFGutas1998">Gutas 1998</a>, Chapter 7, section 4<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFGutas1998 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>; <a href="#CITEREFShopen1987">Shopen 1987</a>, p. 129<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harv error: no target: CITEREFShopen1987 (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Kategorya:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2023235">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Prinsipado" title="Prinsipado">Prinsipado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominado" title="Dominado">Dominado</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krisis_ng_Ikatlong_Siglo" title="Krisis ng Ikatlong Siglo">Pagbagsak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanlurang_Imperyong_Romano" title="Kanlurang Imperyong Romano">Kanlurang Imperyo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Empire">Silangang Imperyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Konstitusyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstitusyon">Konstitusyon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senadong_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Senadong Romano">Senado</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asembliyang_Romano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asembliyang Romano (hindi pa naisusulat)">Asembleyang Legislatibo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Magistrates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Magistrates (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ehekutibo magistrado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Pamahalaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursus_honorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cursus honorum (hindi pa naisusulat)">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegiality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegiality (hindi pa naisusulat)">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Emperador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Officium_(Ancient_Rome)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Officium (Ancient Rome) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prefect (hindi pa naisusulat)">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicarius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicarius (hindi pa naisusulat)">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigintisexviri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vigintisexviri (hindi pa naisusulat)">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperator (hindi pa naisusulat)">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeps_senatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princeps senatus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_(titulo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augusto (titulo) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Augusto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesar_(titulo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesar (titulo) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Cesar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrakiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrakiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tetrakiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalawigang_Romano" title="Lalawigang Romano">Probinsiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma#Kultura" title="Sinaunang Roma">Kultura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma#Kultura" title="Sinaunang Roma">Teatro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma#Kultura" title="Sinaunang Roma">Kainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma#Edukasyon" title="Sinaunang Roma">Edukasyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma#Edukasyon" title="Sinaunang Roma">Paaralan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikang_Latin" title="Wikang Latin">Literatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma" title="Sinaunang Roma">Sining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma#Kultura" title="Sinaunang Roma">Musika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_arkitekturang_Romano" title="Sinaunang arkitekturang Romano">Arkitektura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relihiyon_sa_Sinaunang_Roma" title="Relihiyon sa Sinaunang Roma">Relihiyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma#Kultura" title="Sinaunang Roma">Paglibing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_religion_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persecution of religion in ancient Rome (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pag-uusig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Imperial cult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Paliguan (Thermae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Romano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum (Romano)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma#Kultura" title="Sinaunang Roma">Pananamit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_festivals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman festivals (hindi pa naisusulat)">Piyesta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pag-putol_ng_Gubat_sa_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pag-putol ng Gubat sa Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Deforestasyon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_(cultural)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanization (cultural) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma#Kultura" title="Sinaunang Roma">Kolorete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin">Mga Manunulat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" class="mw-redirect" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" class="mw-redirect" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curtius_Rufus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curtius Rufus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" class="mw-redirect" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" class="mw-redirect" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plautus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plautus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliny_the_Elder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pliny the Elder (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pliny ang Matanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny ang Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propertius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propertius (hindi pa naisusulat)">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sallust (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seneca the Younger (hindi pa naisusulat)">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgil">Virgil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Lungsod ng Roma</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2023235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1924931" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mga_Emperador_Romano" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1843287" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-tingnan"><a href="/wiki/Padron:Mga_Emperador_ng_Roma" title="Padron:Mga Emperador ng Roma"><abbr title="Tingnan ang padron">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-usapan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usapang_padron:Mga_Emperador_ng_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usapang padron:Mga Emperador ng Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)"><abbr title="Pag-usapan ang padron">u</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-baguhin"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padron:Mga_Emperador_ng_Roma&action=edit"><abbr title="Baguhin ang padron">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mga_Emperador_Romano" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Talaan_ng_mga_Emperador_ng_Roma" title="Talaan ng mga Emperador ng Roma">Mga Emperador Romano</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prinsipado" title="Prinsipado">Prinsipado</a><br /><a href="/wiki/27_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="27 BC">27 BC</a> - <a href="/wiki/235" class="mw-redirect" title="235">235 AD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Augusto" title="Cesar Augusto">Augusto</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tiberio" title="Tiberio">Tiberio</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Claudio_(emperador)" title="Claudio (emperador)">Claudio I</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Galba" class="mw-redirect" title="Galba">Galba</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Vitelio" title="Vitelio">Vitelio</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Titus" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus">Titus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Domiciano" title="Domiciano">Domiciano</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Trajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Commodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Geta</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Severus">Alexander Severus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Krisis_ng_Ikatlong_Siglo" title="Krisis ng Ikatlong Siglo">Krisis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/235" class="mw-redirect" title="235">235 AD</a> - <a href="/wiki/284" class="mw-redirect" title="284">284 AD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I Thrax</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a> at </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Pupienus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a> at </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Felipe_ang_Arabo" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe ang Arabo">Felipe ang Arabo</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Decius_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decius (emperor)">Decius</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Hostilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Volusianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gallienus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Claudio_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudio II">Claudio II</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Quintillus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Tacitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Claudius Tacitus">Tacitus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Florianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Florianus">Florianus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Probus">Probus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Carus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Carinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinus">Carinus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Numerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerian">Numerian</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominado" title="Dominado">Dominado</a><br /><a href="/wiki/284" class="mw-redirect" title="284">284 AD</a> - <a href="/wiki/1453" class="mw-redirect" title="1453">1453 AD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Maximian" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Galerius" class="mw-redirect" title="Galerius">Galerius</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Valerius_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Valerius Severus">Severus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Maximinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximinus">Maximinus Daia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Licinius" class="mw-redirect" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> <i>kasama ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerius_Valens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valerius Valens (hindi pa naisusulat)">Valerius Valens</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Martinianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Martinianus">Martinianus</a></i> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Constante" title="Constante">Constante I</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Juliano_ang_Tumalikod" title="Juliano ang Tumalikod">Juliano ang Tumalikod</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Jovian_(Emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovian (Emperor)">Jovian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Valens" class="mw-redirect" title="Valens">Valens</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Gratian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Teodosio_I" title="Teodosio I">Teodosio I</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kanlurang_Imperyong_Romano" title="Kanlurang Imperyong Romano">Kanlurang Imperyo Romano</a><br />395–480</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joannes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joannes (hindi pa naisusulat)">Joannes</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Avitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Avitus">Avitus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Majorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorian">Majorian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Libius Severus">Libius Severus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Anthemius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Olybrius" class="mw-redirect" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Glycerius" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Empire">Silangan/<br />Imperyong Bizantino</a><br />395–1204</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Marcian" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcian">Marcian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anastasius I (emperor)">Anastasius I</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin II">Justin II</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Phocas" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Byzantine_emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (Byzantine emperor)">Constantine III</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Heraklonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraklonas">Heraklonas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Constans_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans II">Constans II</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Leontios" class="mw-redirect" title="Leontios">Leontios</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Tiberios_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberios III">Tiberios III</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Philippikos" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippikos">Philippikos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Anastasios_II_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasios II (emperor)">Anastasios II</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Theodosios_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosios III">Theodosios III</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III the Isaurian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine V">Constantine V Copronymus</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" class="mw-redirect" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV the Khazar</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Staurakios" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_V_the_Armenian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo V the Armenian (hindi pa naisusulat)">Leo V the Armenian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael II (hindi pa naisusulat)">Michael II the Stammerer</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theophilos_(emperor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theophilos (emperor) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Theophilos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael III (hindi pa naisusulat)">Michael III the Drunkard</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basil_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basil I (hindi pa naisusulat)">Basil I the Macedonian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_VI_the_Wise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo VI the Wise (hindi pa naisusulat)">Leo VI the Wise</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Alexander</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine VII (hindi pa naisusulat)">Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanos_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanos I (hindi pa naisusulat)">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanos_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanos II (hindi pa naisusulat)">Romanos II</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikephoros II (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nikephorus II Phokas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_I_Tzimiskes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John I Tzimiskes (hindi pa naisusulat)">John I Tzimiskes</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basil_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basil II (hindi pa naisusulat)">Basil II Boulgaroktonos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_VIII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine VIII (hindi pa naisusulat)">Constantine VIII</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoe_the_Macedonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoe the Macedonian (hindi pa naisusulat)">Zoe</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanos_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanos III (hindi pa naisusulat)">Romanos III Argyros</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian (hindi pa naisusulat)">Michael IV Paphlagon</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Michael_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael V">Michael V Kalaphates</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_IX_Monomachos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine IX Monomachos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Constantine IX Monomachos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodora_the_Macedonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodora the Macedonian (hindi pa naisusulat)">Theodora the Macedonian</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_VI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael VI (hindi pa naisusulat)">Michael VI the Aged</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_I_Komnenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac I Komnenos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Isaac I Komnenos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_X_Doukas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine X Doukas (hindi pa naisusulat)">Constantine X Doukas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanos_IV_Diogenes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanos IV Diogenes (hindi pa naisusulat)">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_VII_Doukas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael VII Doukas (hindi pa naisusulat)">Michael VII Doukas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_II_Komnenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John II Komnenos (hindi pa naisusulat)">John II Komnenos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_I_Komnenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel I Komnenos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Manuel I Komnenos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexios_II_Komnenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexios II Komnenos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Alexios II Komnenos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_I_Komnenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andronikos I Komnenos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_II_Angelos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac II Angelos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Isaac II Angelos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexios_III_Angelos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexios III Angelos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Alexios III Angelos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexios_IV_Angelos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexios IV Angelos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Alexios IV Angelos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Kanabos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaos Kanabos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nikolaos Kanabos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexios_V_Doukas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexios V Doukas (hindi pa naisusulat)">Alexios V Doukas</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Nicaea">Imperyo ng Nicaea</a><br />1204–1261</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Laskaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Laskaris (hindi pa naisusulat)">Constantine Laskaris</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_I_Laskaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore I Laskaris (hindi pa naisusulat)">Theodore I Laskaris</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John III Doukas Vatatzes (hindi pa naisusulat)">John III Doukas Vatatzes</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_II_Laskaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore II Laskaris (hindi pa naisusulat)">Theodore II Laskaris</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Juan_IV_Laskaris" title="Juan IV Laskaris">Juan IV Laskaris</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Empire">Silangan/<br />Imperyong Bizantino</a><br />1261–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_II_Palaiologos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_IX_Palaiologos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael IX Palaiologos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Michael IX Palaiologos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_V_Palaiologos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John V Palaiologos (hindi pa naisusulat)">John V Palaiologos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_VI_Kantakouzenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John VI Kantakouzenos (hindi pa naisusulat)">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Kantakouzenos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Matthew Kantakouzenos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos (hindi pa naisusulat)">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_VII_Palaiologos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John VII Palaiologos (hindi pa naisusulat)">John VII Palaiologos</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1542156133226658430004">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/542159474181727661476">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7308152140001911100006">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2170158792840839040006">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/246502786">6</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1209292/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcRddCkkYk46G3qDhbGHC">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjF4fFB4cPmbWfypTf3Rcd">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009256-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Byzantine Empire"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80085269">United States</a></abbr></span></li><li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Empire romain d'Orient"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121394475">France</a></abbr></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><abbr title="Empire byzantin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119505844">2</a></abbr></span></li></ul></li><li><span 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tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Magdagdag ng paksa</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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