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class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimolohiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimolohiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etimolohiya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimolohiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasaysayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasaysayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Kasaysayan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Kasaysayan </button> <ul id="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pinakaunang_kasaysayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pinakaunang_kasaysayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pinakaunang kasaysayan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pinakaunang_kasaysayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alamat_ng_pagkakatatag_ng_Roma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alamat_ng_pagkakatatag_ng_Roma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Alamat ng pagkakatatag ng Roma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alamat_ng_pagkakatatag_ng_Roma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaharian_at_republika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaharian_at_republika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kaharian at republika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaharian_at_republika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperyo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperyo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Imperyo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperyo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gitnang_Panahon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gitnang_Panahon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Gitnang Panahon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gitnang_Panahon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maagang_modernong_kasaysayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maagang_modernong_kasaysayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Maagang modernong kasaysayan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maagang_modernong_kasaysayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasalukuyang_moderno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasalukuyang_moderno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Kasalukuyang moderno </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasalukuyang_moderno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EUR_(Esposizione_Universale_Roma)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EUR_(Esposizione_Universale_Roma)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 EUR (Esposizione Universale Roma) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EUR_(Esposizione_Universale_Roma)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pamahalaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pamahalaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pamahalaan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pamahalaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Pamahalaan </button> <ul id="toc-Pamahalaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lokal_na_pamahalaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lokal_na_pamahalaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Lokal na pamahalaan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lokal_na_pamahalaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mga_pang-administratibo_at_lumang_paghahati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_pang-administratibo_at_lumang_paghahati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Mga pang-administratibo at lumang paghahati </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_pang-administratibo_at_lumang_paghahati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kalakhang_at_panrehiyong_pamahalaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalakhang_at_panrehiyong_pamahalaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Kalakhang at panrehiyong pamahalaan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalakhang_at_panrehiyong_pamahalaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pambansang_pamahalaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pambansang_pamahalaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Pambansang pamahalaan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pambansang_pamahalaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heograpiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heograpiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Heograpiya </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Heograpiya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Heograpiya </button> <ul id="toc-Heograpiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lokasyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lokasyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Lokasyon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lokasyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topograpiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topograpiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Topograpiya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topograpiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Klima </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demograpiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demograpiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demograpiya </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demograpiya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Demograpiya </button> <ul id="toc-Demograpiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mga_pangkat-etniko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_pangkat-etniko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Mga pangkat-etniko </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_pangkat-etniko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relihiyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relihiyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Relihiyon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relihiyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lungsod_ng_Vaticano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lungsod_ng_Vaticano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Lungsod ng Vaticano </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lungsod_ng_Vaticano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peregrinasyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peregrinasyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Peregrinasyon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peregrinasyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanawin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanawin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Tanawin </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tanawin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Tanawin </button> <ul id="toc-Tanawin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arkitektura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arkitektura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Arkitektura </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arkitektura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sinaunang_Roma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinaunang_Roma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Sinaunang Roma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinaunang_Roma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medyebal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medyebal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Medyebal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medyebal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renasimiyento_at_Baroko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renasimiyento_at_Baroko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Renasimiyento at Baroko </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renasimiyento_at_Baroko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoklasisismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoklasisismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Neoklasisismo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoklasisismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ekonomiya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edukasyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edukasyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Edukasyon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edukasyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Kultura </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Kultura </button> <ul id="toc-Kultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aliwan_at_sining-pagtatanghal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aliwan_at_sining-pagtatanghal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Aliwan at sining-pagtatanghal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aliwan_at_sining-pagtatanghal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Turismo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Moda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutuin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutuin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Lutuin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutuin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelikula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelikula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Pelikula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelikula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Wika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palakasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palakasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Palakasan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palakasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportasyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportasyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Transportasyon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportasyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_pandaigdigang_entidad,_samahan,_at_pakikilahok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_pandaigdigang_entidad,_samahan,_at_pakikilahok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Mga pandaigdigang entidad, samahan, at pakikilahok </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_pandaigdigang_entidad,_samahan,_at_pakikilahok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_kapatid_na_lungsod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_kapatid_na_lungsod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Mga kapatid na lungsod </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mga_kapatid_na_lungsod-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Mga kapatid na lungsod </button> <ul id="toc-Mga_kapatid_na_lungsod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kapatid_na_Lungsod_(Sister_city)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kapatid_na_Lungsod_(Sister_city)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Kapatid na Lungsod (Sister city) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kapatid_na_Lungsod_(Sister_city)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katuwang_na_Lungsod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katuwang_na_Lungsod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Katuwang na Lungsod </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katuwang_na_Lungsod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Tala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Mga sanggunian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliograpiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliograpiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Bibliograpiya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliograpiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mga_kawing_panlabas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mga_kawing_panlabas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Mga kawing panlabas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mga_kawing_panlabas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Talaan ng mga Nilalaman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Roma</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 265 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-265" aria-hidden="true" > 265 wika </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Ромэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ромэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B" title="ሮማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሮማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="روما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%97%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%90_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܪܗܘܡܐ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܗܘܡܐ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="روما – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روما" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="روما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рум – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Рум" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="روم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruoma" title="Ruoma – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ruoma" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Рым – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рым" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Рым – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рым" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE" title="রোম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="རོ་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རོ་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2%CC%A4-m%C4%81" title="Lò̤-mā – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lò̤-mā" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рум – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Рум" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%BB" title="ᎶᎻ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎶᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ڕۆما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADm" title="Řím – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řím" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzim" title="Rzim – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Rzim" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8A" title="Римъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Римъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhufain" title="Rhufain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhufain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Ρώμη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρώμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5mma" title="Råmma – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Råmma" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romo" title="Romo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma" title="Rooma – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rooma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erroma" title="Erroma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erroma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85" title="رم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma" title="Rooma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rooma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma" title="Rooma – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rooma" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3m" title="Róm – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Róm" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_(St%C3%A4%C3%A4d)" title="Room (Stääd) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Room (Stääd)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%B3imh" title="An Róimh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Róimh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="羅馬" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2m" title="Ròm – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ròm" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%B2imh" title="An Ròimh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Ròimh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%B3ma" title="Rróma – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rróma" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Raue" title="Yn Raue – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Raue" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2-m%C3%A2" title="Lò-mâ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lò-mâ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loma" title="Loma – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Loma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90" title="רומא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רומא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B2m_(Itali)" title="Wòm (Itali) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wòm (Itali)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3ma" title="Róma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Róma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Հռոմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հռոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Հռոմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հռոմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рум – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Рум" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3m" title="Róm – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Róm" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%89%E1%92%A5" title="ᕉᒥ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕉᒥ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E" title="ローマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruom" title="Ruom – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ruom" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/romas" title="romas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="romas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8D_(%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D)" title="Ромэ (Къалэ) – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ромэ (Къалэ)" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room" title="Room – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Room" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98" title="ទីក្រុងរ៉ូម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទីក្រុងរ៉ូម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೋಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88" title="로마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="روم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="روم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roum" title="Roum – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Roum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roeme" title="Roeme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roeme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romma" title="Romma – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Romma" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%A1" title="ໂຣມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຣມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B4ma" title="Rôma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dma" title="Rōma – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rōma" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="റോം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ром" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruma" title="Ruma – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ruma" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ရောမမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောမမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Рим ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Рим ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85" title="رم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romma" title="Romma – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Romma" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_(stad)" title="Rome (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rome (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riimu" title="Riimu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Riimu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE" title="ରୋମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରୋମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ром" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE" title="ਰੋਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzym" title="Rzym – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rzym" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="روم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Ρώμη – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ρώμη" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="روم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruma" title="Ruma – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruma" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="रोम-नगरम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रोम-नगरम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱨᱳᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱳᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roum" title="Roum – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="روم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruma" title="Ruma – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ruma" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA)" title="රෝමය (නගරය) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෝමය (නගරය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADm" title="Rím – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rím" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma" title="Rooma – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Rooma" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_(St%C3%A4%C3%A4d)" title="Room (Stääd) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Room (Stääd)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzim" title="Rzim – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rzim" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-ma" title="Lo-ma – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Lo-ma" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உரோம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="రోమ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రోమ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="โรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%85" title="رىم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رىم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="روم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_(stee)" title="Rome (stee) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Rome (stee)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERoma" title="ERoma – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ERoma" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რომი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რომი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רוים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3m%C3%B9" title="Rómù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Rómù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%95%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵕⵓⵎⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵕⵓⵎⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗马" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬 – Literary 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<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itsura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">itago</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Sistemang_heograpiko_ng_mga_koordinado" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemang heograpiko ng mga koordinado">Mga koordinado</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1948753">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roma&params=41_54_N_12_30_E_region:IT-62_type:city(3000000)">41°54′N 12°30′E / 41.900°N 12.500°E / 41.900; 12.500</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo" title="Ito ay napiling artikulo. Pindutin dito para sa karagdagang impormasyon."><img alt="Ito ay napiling artikulo. Pindutin dito para sa karagdagang impormasyon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Mula sa Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tl" dir="ltr"> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2151589">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{.mw-parser-output .ns-0 .hatnote{display:none}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Para iba pang gamit, tingnan ang <a href="/wiki/Roma_(paglilinaw)" class="mw-disambig" title="Roma (paglilinaw)">Roma (paglilinaw)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2151589" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Huwag ikalito sa <a href="/wiki/Rumano" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumano">Rumano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumanya" title="Rumanya">Rumanya</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rumana" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumana">Rumana</a>.</div></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1971697">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Roma</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Rome_Montage_2017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rome_Montage_2017.png/250px-Rome_Montage_2017.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rome_Montage_2017.png/375px-Rome_Montage_2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rome_Montage_2017.png/500px-Rome_Montage_2017.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1400" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><table style="width:100%; background:none;"> <tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Flag_of_Rome.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Watawat ng Roma"><img alt="Watawat ng Roma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Rome.svg/120px-Flag_of_Rome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Rome.svg/250px-Flag_of_Rome.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Watawat</td><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Insigne_Romanum_coronatum.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eskudo de armas ng Roma"><img alt="Eskudo de armas ng Roma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Insigne_Romanum_coronatum.svg/100px-Insigne_Romanum_coronatum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Insigne_Romanum_coronatum.svg/150px-Insigne_Romanum_coronatum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Insigne_Romanum_coronatum.svg/200px-Insigne_Romanum_coronatum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="495" /></a> Eskudo de armas</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Palayaw: <div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ang Walang-Hanggang Lungsod The Eternal City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Bansag: <div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Senātus Populusque Rōmānus (<a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a>)  (<a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin">Latin</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mga koordinado: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1948753">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Roma&params=41_54_N_12_30_E_region:IT-62_type:city(3000000)">41°54′N 12°30′E / 41.900°N 12.500°E / 41.900; 12.500</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bansa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italya" title="Italya">Italya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mga_Rehiyon_ng_Italya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Rehiyon ng Italya">Rehiyon</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mga_lalawigan_ng_Italya" title="Mga lalawigan ng Italya">Lalawigan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kalakhang_Lungsod_ng_Roma_Capital" title="Kalakhang Lungsod ng Roma Capital">Roma</a> (RM)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pagkatatag</th><td class="infobox-data">21 Abril, 753 <abbr title="bago karaniwan">BK</abbr> (tradisyonal)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Pamahalaan<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talaan_ng_mga_Alkalde_ng_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talaan ng mga Alkalde ng Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Alkalde</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Raggi" title="Virginia Raggi">Virginia Raggi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Lawak<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Lungsod</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_E%2B9_m%C2%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1 E+9 m² (hindi pa naisusulat)">1,285.3 km2</a> (496.3 milya kuwadrado)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Taas<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">+20 m (66 tal)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Populasyon<div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"> (31 Enero 2009)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Lungsod</th><td class="infobox-data">2,722,907</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Kapal</th><td class="infobox-data">2,100/km2 (5,500/milya kuwadrado)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,457,690</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,700,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sona_ng_oras" title="Sona ng oras">Sona ng oras</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European Time">Oras sa Gitnang Europa</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Tag-init (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European Summer Time">Oras sa Gitnang Europa sa Tag-init</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal codes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">00121 hanggang 00199</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Numero_sa_telepono&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Numero sa telepono (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kodigo ng lugar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">06</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mga santong patron</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter">San Pedro</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Saint Paul">San Pablo</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Ang Roma (pagbigkas <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPA for Italian">[ˈroːma]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Biblia-2">[2]</a> ay ang punong-lungsod ng bansang <a href="/wiki/Italya" title="Italya">Italya</a> at isang espesyal na <a href="/wiki/Komuna" title="Komuna">komuna</a> ng bansa (pinangalanang Comune di Roma Capitale, "Ang Komuna ng Punong Lungsod ng Roma"). Nagsisilbi rin itong punong-lungsod ng <a href="/wiki/Mga_rehiyon_ng_Italya" title="Mga rehiyon ng Italya">rehiyon</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>. Tatlong milenyo nang tinitirahan ito ng mga tao, simula noong unang itinatag ito, ayon sa tradisyon, noong 753 <abbr title="bago karaniwan">BK</abbr>. Matatagpuan ito sa mga ilog <a href="/wiki/Ilog_Tevere" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilog Tevere">Tiber</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aniene" title="Aniene">Aniene</a>, malapit sa <a href="/wiki/Dagat_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagat Mediterranean">Dagat Mediteraneo</a>. Makikita sa loob nito ang <a href="/wiki/Lungsod_ng_Vatikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungsod ng Vatikan">Lungsod ng Vaticano</a>, isang malayang bansang kinikilala pandaigdig, at nagsisilbing punong-tanggapan ng <a href="/wiki/Simbahang_Katoliko" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbahang Katoliko">Simbahang Katolika</a> at ang tirahan ng <a href="/wiki/Papa" title="Papa">Santo Papa</a>. Ang Roma ay ang pinakamalaking lungsod sa Italya at isa rin sa mga pinakamalalaki sa <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>, na may lawak na 1,285 kilometro kuwadrado (496.1 mi kuw). Ito ang sentro ng <a href="/wiki/Kalakhang_Lungsod_ng_Roma_Capital" title="Kalakhang Lungsod ng Roma Capital">Kalakhang Lungsod ng Roma</a>, na may populasyon ng 4,355,725 (2020) naninirahan, at may katayuan bilang ang pinakamataong <a href="/wiki/Mga_kalakhang_lungsod_ng_Italya" title="Mga kalakhang lungsod ng Italya">kalakhang lungsod</a> sa Italya.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> May <a href="/wiki/Kabuuan_ng_Gawang_Katutubo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabuuan ng Gawang Katutubo">KGK</a> ito ng €75 bilyon—higit na mataas pa sa <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">Bagong Zeeland</a> at katumbas ng <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>—noong taong 2001. Ibinubunga ng bayan ng Roma ang 6.5% ng pangkalahatang KGK ng Italya, ang pinakamalaking halaga sa lahat ng lungsod ng bansa. Umaabot ang kasaysayan ng lungsod nang 2,800 taon, kung kailan ito ay naging sentro ng <a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma" title="Sinaunang Roma">sinaunang Roma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kahariang_Romano" title="Kahariang Romano">Kahariang Romano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republikang_Romano" title="Republikang Romano">Republikang Romano</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano">Imperyong Romano</a>), at sunod ng <a href="/wiki/Estado_ng_Simbahan" title="Estado ng Simbahan">Estadong Papal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Italya" title="Kaharian ng Italya">Kaharian ng Italya</a>, at ngayon ng <a href="/wiki/Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy">Republikang Italyano</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimolohiya">Etimolohiya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Etimolohiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimolohiya">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:0142_-_Roma_-_Piazza_del_Campidoglio_-_Statua_del_Tevere_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_7-Apr-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/0142_-_Roma_-_Piazza_del_Campidoglio_-_Statua_del_Tevere_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_7-Apr-2008.jpg/250px-0142_-_Roma_-_Piazza_del_Campidoglio_-_Statua_del_Tevere_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_7-Apr-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/0142_-_Roma_-_Piazza_del_Campidoglio_-_Statua_del_Tevere_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_7-Apr-2008.jpg/330px-0142_-_Roma_-_Piazza_del_Campidoglio_-_Statua_del_Tevere_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_7-Apr-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/0142_-_Roma_-_Piazza_del_Campidoglio_-_Statua_del_Tevere_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_7-Apr-2008.jpg/500px-0142_-_Roma_-_Piazza_del_Campidoglio_-_Statua_del_Tevere_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_7-Apr-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ang representasyong Romano ng Tiber bilang isang <a href="/wiki/Diyos" title="Diyos">diyos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burol_Capitolino" title="Burol Capitolino">Burol Capitolino</a> sa Roma</figcaption></figure> Ayon sa <a href="/wiki/Mitolohiya_ng_pagkakatatag" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitolohiya ng pagkakatatag">mitolohiya ng pagkakatatag</a> ng lungsod mula mismo sa mga Sinaunang Romano,<a href="#cite_note-livy17973-4">[4]</a> ang matagal nang tradisyon ng pinagmulan ng pangalang Roma ay pinaniniwalaang nagmula sa tagapagtatag at unang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rex_(titulo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rex (titulo) (hindi pa naisusulat)">rex</a> (hari) ng lungsod na si <a href="/wiki/Romulus_at_Remus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus at Remus">Romulo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Gayumpaman, may posibilidad na ang pangalang Romulo ay nagmula sa Roma mismo.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Kahit noong ika-4 na siglo, mayroong mga alternatibong teoryang iminungkahi sa pinagmulan ng pangalang Roma. Maraming pagpapalagay ang inihapag na tumututok sa mga ugat lingguwistiko na kung saan gayunpaman ang usapan ay nananatiling nagpapatuloy:<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <ul><li>mula sa Rumon o Rumen, luma nang pangalan ng <a href="/wiki/Ilog_Tiber" title="Ilog Tiber">Tiber</a>, na kung saan ay kaugnay umano sa salitang Griyego na ῥέω (rhéō) na 'dumaloy, pag-agos' at ang pandiwang Latin ruō na 'magmadali'; <a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a></li> <li>mula sa salitang <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Etrusko" title="Wikang Etrusko">Etrusko</a> na 𐌓𐌖𐌌𐌀 (ruma), na ang ugat ay *rum- "utong", na may posibleng sumasangguni alinman sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagkakatatag_ng_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagkakatatag ng Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">totem na lobong nag-ampon at nagpasuso</a> sa kambal na sina <a href="/wiki/Romulo_at_Remo" title="Romulo at Remo">Romulo at Remo</a>, o sa hugis ng <a href="/wiki/Burol_Palatino" title="Burol Palatino">Burol Palatino</a> at <a href="/wiki/Burol_Aventino" title="Burol Aventino">Burol Aventino</a>;</li> <li>mula sa salitang Griyego na ῥώμη (rhṓmē), na nangangahulugang lakas.<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasaysayan">Kasaysayan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kasaysayan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Kasaysayan">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2151589" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/wiki/Kasaysayan_ng_Roma" title="Kasaysayan ng Roma">Kasaysayan ng Roma</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pinakaunang_kasaysayan">Pinakaunang kasaysayan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pinakaunang kasaysayan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Pinakaunang kasaysayan">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Habang may mga natuklasan nang arkeolohikal na katibayan ng pananahan sa lugar ng Roma mula sa humigit-kumulang na 14,000 taon na ang nakalilipas, ang siksik na layer ng mga mas maagang labi ang bumabaon sa mga lugar <a href="/wiki/Paleolitiko" title="Paleolitiko">Palaeolitiko</a> at <a href="/wiki/Neolitiko" title="Neolitiko">Neolitiko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heiken,_G._2005-10">[8]</a> Ang ebidensiya ng mga kagamitang bato, palayok, at sandatang bato ay nagpapatunay sa halos 10,000 taong pananahan ng tao. Sinusuportahan ng maraming paghuhukay ang pananaw na ang Roma ay lumago mula sa mga paninirahang <a href="/wiki/Pastoralismo" title="Pastoralismo">pastoral</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Burol_Palatino" title="Burol Palatino">Burol Palatino</a> na itinayo sa itaas ng lugar na magiging <a href="/wiki/Forum_ng_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum ng Roma">Foro ng Roma</a>. Sa pagitan ng pagtatapos ng <a href="/wiki/Panahon_ng_Tansong_Pula" class="mw-redirect" title="Panahon ng Tansong Pula">Panahon ng Tansong Pula</a> at pagsisimula ng <a href="/wiki/Panahon_ng_Bakal" class="mw-redirect" title="Panahon ng Bakal">Panahon ng Bakal</a>, ang bawat burol sa pagitan ng dagat at ng Capitolino ay pinangunahan ng isang nayon (sa Burol Capitolino, isang nayon ang napatunayan nang naroon mula noong pagtapos ang ika-14 na siglo BK).<a href="#cite_note-coa9-11">[9]</a> Gayunpaman, wala sa kanila ang maihahalintulad sa isang lungsod.<a href="#cite_note-coa9-11">[9]</a> Mayroong malawak na pinagkasunduan ngayon na ang lungsod ay unti-unting nabuo sa pamamagitan ng pagsasama-sama ("<a href="/wiki/Sinoesismo" title="Sinoesismo">sinoesismo</a>") ng maraming nayon sa paligid ng pinakamalaki, ang nasa tuktok ng Palatino.<a href="#cite_note-coa9-11">[9]</a> Ang pagsasama-sama na ito ay napadali ng pagdaragdag ng pagiging produktibo ng agrikultura na umangat mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomiya_ng_pamumuhay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomiya ng pamumuhay (hindi pa naisusulat)">antas ng pamumuhay</a>, na pinapayagan din ang pagtatag ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekundaryong_sektor_ng_ekonomiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekundaryong sektor ng ekonomiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">sekundaryo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tersiyaryong_sektor_ng_ekonomiya" title="Tersiyaryong sektor ng ekonomiya">tersiyaryong gawain</a>. Ang mga ito naman ay nagpalakas ng pag-unlad ng kalakal sa mga kolonya ng Gresya sa <a href="/wiki/Katimugang_Italya" title="Katimugang Italya">katimugang Italya</a> (pangunahin sa <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cumae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>).<a href="#cite_note-coa9-11">[9]</a> Ang mga pagpapaunlad na ito, na ayon sa ebidensiyang arkeolohikal ng mga pangyayari noong kalagitnaan ng ikawalong siglo BK, ay maaaring isaalang-alang bilang "kapanganakan" ng lungsod.<a href="#cite_note-coa9-11">[9]</a> Sa kabila ng mga kamakailang paghuhukay sa burol Palatino, ang pananaw na ang Roma ay sadyang itinatag noong kalagitnaan ng ikawalong siglo BK, tulad ng iminungkahi ng alamat ng Romulo, ay nananatiling isang teoryang nasa laylayan.<a href="#cite_note-foundation2-12">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Alamat_ng_pagkakatatag_ng_Roma">Alamat ng pagkakatatag ng Roma</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Alamat ng pagkakatatag ng Roma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Alamat ng pagkakatatag ng Roma">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg/220px-Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg/330px-Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg/440px-Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5736" data-file-height="3935" /></a><figcaption>Ang[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead_external_links" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Dead external links">patay na link</a>] <a href="/wiki/Lobong_Capitolino" title="Lobong Capitolino">Lobong Capitolino</a>, isang eskultura ng <a href="/wiki/Babaeng_lobo_(mitolohiyang_Romano)" title="Babaeng lobo (mitolohiyang Romano)">kathang-isip na babaeng lobo</a> na nagpapasuso ng kambal na sanggol na sina <a href="/wiki/Romulus_at_Remus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus at Remus">Romulo at Remo</a></figcaption></figure> Ang mga tradisyonal na kuwentong pinagpasahan ng mga mismong <a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma" title="Sinaunang Roma">sinaunang Romano</a> ang nagpapaliwanag ng pinakamaagang <a href="/wiki/Kasaysayan_ng_Roma" title="Kasaysayan ng Roma">kasaysayan ng kanilang lungsod</a> na makikita sa mga <a href="/wiki/Alamat" title="Alamat">alamat</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mito" class="mw-disambig" title="Mito">mito</a>. Ang pinakapamilyar sa mga alamat na ito, at marahil ang pinakatanyag sa lahat ng <a href="/wiki/Mitolohiyang_Romano" title="Mitolohiyang Romano">mitolohiyang Romano</a>, ay ang kuwento nina <a href="/wiki/Romulus_at_Remus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus at Remus">Romulo at Remo</a>, ang kambal na pinasuso ng isang <a href="/wiki/Babaeng_lobo_(mitolohiyang_Romano)" title="Babaeng lobo (mitolohiyang Romano)">babaeng lobo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-livy17973-4">[4]</a> Nagpasya silang magtayo ng isang lungsod, ngunit pagkatapos ng pagtatalo, pinatay ni <a href="/wiki/Romulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus">Romulo</a> ang kaniyang kapatid at tinawag ang lungsod mula sa kaniyang pangalan. Ayon sa mga Romanong <a href="/wiki/Analista" title="Analista">analista</a>, nangyari ito noong Abril 21, 753 BK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Ang alamat na ito ay kinailangang ipagkasundo sa isang dalawahang tradisyon, na itinakda nang mas maagang panahon, nang <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Troya" title="Digmaang Troya">tumakas</a> ang <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Troya" title="Digmaang Troya">Troyang</a> si <a href="/wiki/Aineias" title="Aineias">Aineias</a> papunta sa Italya at itinatag ang linya ng mga Romano sa pamamagitan ng kaniyang anak na si <a href="/wiki/Ascanius" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascanius">Iulus</a>, kung kanino ipinangalanan ang <a href="/wiki/Dinastiyang_Julio-Claudio" title="Dinastiyang Julio-Claudio">dinastiyang Julio-Claudio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-livy20052-14">[12]</a> Ito ay nagawa ng makatang Romano na si <a href="/wiki/Virgil" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> noong unang siglo BC. Dagdag, binabanggit ni <a href="/wiki/Strabo" class="mw-redirect" title="Strabo">Estrabon</a> ang isang mas matandang kuwento, na ang lungsod ay isang kolonya ng <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(sinaunang_rehiyon)" title="Arcadia (sinaunang rehiyon)">Arcadia</a> na itinatag ni <a href="/wiki/Evandro" title="Evandro">Evandro</a>. Isinulat din ni Estrabon na si <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Coelius_Antipater" title="Lucius Coelius Antipater">Lucius Coelius Antipater</a> ay naniniwalagngang ang Roma ay itinatag ng mga Griyego.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaharian_at_republika">Kaharian at republika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kaharian at republika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Kaharian at republika">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2151589" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Mga pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma" title="Sinaunang Roma">Sinaunang Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kahariang_Romano" title="Kahariang Romano">Kahariang Romano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republikang_Romano" title="Republikang Romano">Republikang Romano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Romano" title="Imperyong Romano">Imperyong Romano</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1738803/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:291px;max-width:291px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Statue-Augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/155px-Statue-Augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/233px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/310px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Augusto" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusto">Augusto</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_(Vatican_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_%28Vatican_Museum%29.jpg/250px-Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_%28Vatican_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_%28Vatican_Museum%29.jpg/330px-Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_%28Vatican_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="3426" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Julio_Cesar" title="Julio Cesar">Julio Cesar</a></div></div></div></div></div>Matapos ang maalamat na pagkakatatag ni Romulo,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196473-17">[15]</a> ang Roma ay pinasiyahan sa loob ng 244 na taon ng isang sistemang monarkiya, nagmula sa mga soberanong nagmula sa mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Latin_(Italikong_tribo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Latin (Italikong tribo) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Latin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mga_Sabino" title="Mga Sabino">Sabino</a>, na kalaunan ay mga haring <a href="/wiki/Kabihasnang_Etrusko" title="Kabihasnang Etrusko">Etrusko</a>. Ang tradisyon ay naglatag ng pitong hari: <a href="/wiki/Romulo" title="Romulo">Romulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Tarquinius Priscus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Tarquinius_Superbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarquinius Superbus">Tarquinius Superbus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Noong 509 BC, pinabaksak ng mga Romano ang huling hari mula sa kanilang lungsod at nagtatag ng isang <a href="/wiki/Oligarkiya" title="Oligarkiya">oligarkong</a> <a href="/wiki/Republika" title="Republika">republika</a>. Sa gayon ay nagsimula na ng Roma sa isang panahong naisasalarawan bilang alitan sa pagitan ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricio_(sinaunang_Roma)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricio (sinaunang Roma) (hindi pa naisusulat)">patricio</a> (aristokrata) at mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_Plebo" title="Mga Plebo">plebo</a> (maliit na may-ari ng lupa), at sa pamamagitan ng patuloy na pakikidigma laban sa mga populasyon ng gitnang Italya: mga Etrusko, Latin, <a href="/wiki/Mga_Volsco" title="Mga Volsco">Volsco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mga_Ecuo" title="Mga Ecuo">Ecuo</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Marsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsi">Marso</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Matapos maging pinuno ng <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>, pinangunahan ng Roma ang maraming digmaan (laban sa mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_Galo" title="Mga Galo">Galo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mga_Osco" title="Mga Osco">Osco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mga_Samnita" title="Mga Samnita">Samnita</a> at kolonyang Griyego ng <a href="/wiki/Tarento" title="Tarento">Tarento</a>, kaalyado ni <a href="/wiki/Piro_ng_Epiro" title="Piro ng Epiro">Piro</a>, hari ng <a href="/wiki/Epiro" title="Epiro">Epiro</a>) na humantong sa pananakop sa <a href="/wiki/Tangway_ng_Italya" title="Tangway ng Italya">tangway ng Italya</a>, mula sa gitna hanggang sa <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Ang ikatlo at ikalawang siglo BK ay kakikitaan ang pagtatatag ng Romanong ehemoniya sa buong <a href="/wiki/Dagat_Mediteraneo" title="Dagat Mediteraneo">Mediteraneo</a> at sa mga <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a>, bunga ng tatlong <a href="/wiki/Mga_Digmaang_Puniko" title="Mga Digmaang Puniko">Digmaang Puniko</a> (264–146 BC) na dumigma sa lungsod ng <a href="/wiki/Kartago" title="Kartago">Kartago</a>, at ng tatlong Digmaang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_digmaang_Macedoniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga digmaang Macedoniko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Macedoniko</a> (212–168 BK) laban sa <a href="/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Masedonya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaharian ng Masedonya">Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Ang mga unang <a href="/wiki/Lalawigang_Romano" title="Lalawigang Romano">lalawigang Romano</a> ay itinatag sa panahong ito: <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(lalawigang_Romano)" title="Sicilia (lalawigang Romano)">Sicilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia_at_Corsica" title="Sardinia at Corsica">Sardinia at Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(lalawigang_Romano)" title="Macedonia (lalawigang Romano)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaea_(lalawiganng_Romano)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achaea (lalawiganng Romano) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Achaea</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Africa_(lalawigang_Romano)" title="Africa (lalawigang Romano)">Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Palatino_(Palatine_Hill,_Rome).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Palatino_%28Palatine_Hill%2C_Rome%29.jpg/220px-Palatino_%28Palatine_Hill%2C_Rome%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Palatino_%28Palatine_Hill%2C_Rome%29.jpg/330px-Palatino_%28Palatine_Hill%2C_Rome%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Palatino_%28Palatine_Hill%2C_Rome%29.jpg/440px-Palatino_%28Palatine_Hill%2C_Rome%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Ang mga palasyo ng Sinaunang-Imperyal-Romano ng Palatino, isang serye ng mga palasyo na matatagpuan sa <a href="/wiki/Burol_Palatino" title="Burol Palatino">Burol Palatino</a>, litaw na nagpapahayag ng kapangyarihan at kayamanan ng mga emperador mula kay Augusto hanggang sa ika-4 na siglo.</figcaption></figure> Mula sa pagsisimula ng ika-2 siglo BK, naglabanan ng kapangyarihan ang dalawang pangkat ng aristokrata: ang <a href="/wiki/Optimates" title="Optimates">optimates</a>, na kumakatawan sa konserbatibong bahagi ng <a href="/wiki/Senado_ng_Roma" title="Senado ng Roma">Senado</a>, at ang mga <a href="/wiki/Populares" title="Populares">populares</a>, na umaasa sa suporta ng mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_Plebo" title="Mga Plebo">plebo</a> (urbanong mababang uri) upang makakuha ng kapangyarihan. Sa parehong panahon, ang pagkalugi ng maliliit na magsasaka at ang pagtatatag ng malalaking lupain pang-alipin ay naging sanhi ng malakihang paglipat sa lungsod. Ang tuloy-tuloy na digmaan ay humantong sa paglalatatag ng isang propesyonal na hukbo, na naging mas tapat sa mga heneral nito kaysa republika. Dahil dito, sa ikalawang kalahati ng ikalawang siglo at noong unang siglo BK, mayroong mga salungatan kapuwa laban sa ibang bansa at sa loob nito. Matapos ang nabigong pagtatangka ng repormang panlipunan ng populares na sina <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> at giyera laban kay <a href="/wiki/Jugurtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jugurtha">Jugurta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> nagkaroon ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unang_digmaang_sibil_ni_Sulla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unang digmaang sibil ni Sulla (hindi pa naisusulat)">unang digmaang sibil</a> sa pagitan nina <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Sulla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikatlong_Digmaang_Servil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikatlong Digmaang Servil (hindi pa naisusulat)">pangunahing pag-aalsa ng mga alipin</a> sa ilalim ni <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a> ang sumunod,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196491-18">[16]</a> at pagkatapos ay ang pagkakatatag ng <a href="/wiki/Unang_Triunvirato" title="Unang Triunvirato">unang Triunvirato</a> kasama sina <a href="/wiki/Julio_Cesar" title="Julio Cesar">Cesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompey" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Crassus" title="Marcus Crassus">Crassus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Trajansm%C3%A4rkte_Forum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Trajansm%C3%A4rkte_Forum.jpg/250px-Trajansm%C3%A4rkte_Forum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Trajansm%C3%A4rkte_Forum.jpg/330px-Trajansm%C3%A4rkte_Forum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Trajansm%C3%A4rkte_Forum.jpg/500px-Trajansm%C3%A4rkte_Forum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Ang[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead_external_links" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Dead external links">patay na link</a>] mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_imperyal_na_foro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga imperyal na foro (hindi pa naisusulat)">imperyal na foro</a> na kabilang sa isang serye ng mga monumental na foro (mga pampublikong plaza) na itinayo sa Roma ng mga emperador. Makikita rin sa imahen ang <a href="/wiki/Palengke_ni_Trajano" title="Palengke ni Trajano">Palengke ni Trajano</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ang pananakop sa mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_Galo" title="Mga Galo">Galo</a> ang nagpakalakas at nagpasikat kay Cesar, na humantong sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digmaang_Sibil_ni_Cesar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digmaang Sibil ni Cesar (hindi pa naisusulat)">pangalawang digmaang sibil</a> laban sa Senado at kay Pompey. Matapos ang kaniyang tagumpay, itinatag ni Cesar ang kaniyang sarili bilang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diktador_perpetuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diktador perpetuo (hindi pa naisusulat)">panghabangbuhay na diktador</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Ang pagpaslang sa kaniya ay humantong sa isang <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Triunvirato" title="Ikalawang Triunvirato">ikalawang Triunvirato</a> sa pagitan nina <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Augusto" title="Cesar Augusto">Octavio</a> (apo at tagapagmana ni Cesar), <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Antonius">Marco Antonio</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triunviro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triunviro)">Lepido</a>, at sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huling_digmaang_ng_Republikang_Romano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huling digmaang ng Republikang Romano (hindi pa naisusulat)">isa pang digmaang sibil</a> sa pagitan nina Octavio at Antonio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperyo">Imperyo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Imperyo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Imperyo">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Vue_maquette_de_Gismondi,_J.-P._Dalb%C3%A9ra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vue_maquette_de_Gismondi%2C_J.-P._Dalb%C3%A9ra.jpg/250px-Vue_maquette_de_Gismondi%2C_J.-P._Dalb%C3%A9ra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vue_maquette_de_Gismondi%2C_J.-P._Dalb%C3%A9ra.jpg/330px-Vue_maquette_de_Gismondi%2C_J.-P._Dalb%C3%A9ra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vue_maquette_de_Gismondi%2C_J.-P._Dalb%C3%A9ra.jpg/500px-Vue_maquette_de_Gismondi%2C_J.-P._Dalb%C3%A9ra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>Rekonstruksiyon ng sinaunang Roma sa panahon ng Imperyo.</figcaption></figure> Noong 27 BK, si Octavio ang naging <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princeps (hindi pa naisusulat)">princeps civitatis</a> at kinuha ang titulong <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Augusto" title="Cesar Augusto">Augustus</a>, na itinatag ang <a href="/wiki/Prinsipado" title="Prinsipado">prinsipado</a>, isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diarkiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diarkiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">diarkiya</a> sa pagitan ng mga princeps at ng senado.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196493-19">[17]</a> Sa panahon ng paghahari ni <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, napakalaking bahagi ng lungsod ang nasira pagkatapos ng <a href="/wiki/Dakilang_Sunog_ng_Roma" title="Dakilang Sunog ng Roma">Dakilang Sunog ng Roma</a>, at sinimulan ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pag-uusig_sa_mga_Kristiyano_sa_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pag-uusig sa mga Kristiyano sa Imperyong Romano (hindi pa naisusulat)">pang-uusig sa mga Kristiyano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Ang Roma ay itinatag bilang isang <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> na imperyo, na umabot sa pinakadakilang paglawak nito noong ikalawang siglo sa ilalim ng Emperado <a href="/wiki/Trajano" title="Trajano">Trajano</a>. Ang Roma ay itinuring bilang <a href="/wiki/Caput_Mundi" title="Caput Mundi">caput Mundi</a>, ibig sabihin, ang kabesera ng kilalang mundo, isang kataga na ginagamit pa kahit noong panahon ng Republika. Sa unang dalawang dantaon nito, ang imperyo ay pinamunuan ng mga emperador mula sa mga dinastiyang <a href="/wiki/Dinastiyang_Julio-Claudio" title="Dinastiyang Julio-Claudio">Julio-Claudio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastiyang_Flavio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastiyang Flavio (hindi pa naisusulat)">Flavio</a> (na nagtayo rin ng isang kapangalang ampiteatro, na kilala bilang <a href="/wiki/Koliseo" title="Koliseo">Koliseo</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastiyang_Nerva-Antonina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastiyang Nerva-Antonina (hindi pa naisusulat)">Antonina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Ang panahong ito ay nailalarawan din dahil sa pagkalat ng relihiyong Kristiyano, na ipinangaral ni <a href="/wiki/Hesus" title="Hesus">Hesucristo</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> noong unang kalahati ng unang siglo (sa ilalim ng <a href="/wiki/Tiberio" title="Tiberio">Tiberio</a>) at ikinalat ng kaniyang mga <a href="/wiki/Apostol" title="Apostol">apostol</a> sa loob at labas ng imperyo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Ang panahong Antonina ay itinuturing na rurok ng Imperyo, na ang teritoryo ay mula sa <a href="/wiki/Karagatang_Atlantiko" title="Karagatang Atlantiko">Dagat Atlantiko</a> hanggang sa <a href="/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates">Eufrates</a> at mula sa <a href="/wiki/Gran_Britanya" title="Gran Britanya">Britanya</a> hanggang <a href="/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto">Ehipto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/220px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/330px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png/440px-Roman_Empire_Trajan_117AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption>Ang Imperyong Romano sa pinakamalawak na sakop nito noong 117 AD, humigit-kumulang na 6.5 milyon square kilometre (2.5×10<s style="display:none">^</s>6 mi kuw)<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> lupain.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Foro_Romano_Forum_Romanum_Roman_Forum_(8043630550).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Foro_Romano_Forum_Romanum_Roman_Forum_%288043630550%29.jpg/250px-Foro_Romano_Forum_Romanum_Roman_Forum_%288043630550%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Foro_Romano_Forum_Romanum_Roman_Forum_%288043630550%29.jpg/330px-Foro_Romano_Forum_Romanum_Roman_Forum_%288043630550%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Foro_Romano_Forum_Romanum_Roman_Forum_%288043630550%29.jpg/500px-Foro_Romano_Forum_Romanum_Roman_Forum_%288043630550%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9456" data-file-height="5564" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Forum_ng_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum ng Roma">Foro ng Roma</a> ay ang labi ng mga gusaling iyon na sa karamihan ng panahon ng Sinaunang Roma ay kumakatawan sa sentro ng politika, batas, relihiyon, at ekonomiya ng lungsod at ang neuralhikong sentro ng lahat ng sibilisasyong Romano.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Rione_X_Campitelli,_00186_Roma,_Italy_-_panoramio_(128).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rione_X_Campitelli%2C_00186_Roma%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%28128%29.jpg/220px-Rione_X_Campitelli%2C_00186_Roma%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%28128%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rione_X_Campitelli%2C_00186_Roma%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%28128%29.jpg/330px-Rione_X_Campitelli%2C_00186_Roma%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%28128%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rione_X_Campitelli%2C_00186_Roma%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%28128%29.jpg/440px-Rione_X_Campitelli%2C_00186_Roma%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%28128%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haligi_ni_Trajano" title="Haligi ni Trajano">Haligi ni Trajano</a>, haligi ng tagumpay at lugar kung saan inilagak ang mga labi ni <a href="/wiki/Trajano" title="Trajano">Emperador Trajano</a>.</figcaption></figure>Matapos ng Dinastiyang Severo noong 235, ang Imperyo ay pumasok sa isang 50 taong panahon na kilala bilang <a href="/wiki/Krisis_ng_Ikatlong_Siglo" title="Krisis ng Ikatlong Siglo">Krisis ng Ikatlong Siglo</a> kung saan maraming lupon ng heneral ang naghahangad na protektahan ang rehiyon ng imperyo na ipinagkatiwala sa kanila buhat ng kahinaan ng sentral na awtoridad sa Roma. Nariyan ang tinaguriang Imperyong Galo mula 260 hanggang 274 at ang pag-aalsa ni Zenobia at ng kaniyang ama mula sa kalagitnaan ng 260s na naghahangad na hadlangan ang mga pagsalakay ng Persia. Ang ilang rehiyon–Britanya, Espanya, at Hilagang Africa–ay halos hindi naapektuhan. Ang kawalang-tatag ay naging sanhi ng pagkasira ng ekonomiya, at nagkaroon ng mabilis na pagtaas ng implasyon habang naging lalong magastos ang pamamahala upang matugunan ang mga gastos. Ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talaan_ng_mga_sinaunang_taong_Aleman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talaan ng mga sinaunang taong Aleman (hindi pa naisusulat)">tribong Aleman</a> sa may Rin at sa hilaga ng Balkan ay nagsagawa ng malulubha, ngunit hindi koordinadong pagsalakay mula 250 hanggang 280 na itinuring bilang malalaking pagsalakay sa mga grupo kaysa mga pagtatangkang manirahan. Ang <a href="/wiki/Dinastiyang_Sasanida" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastiyang Sasanida">Imperyong Persia</a> ay sumalakay mula sa silangan nang maraming beses sa panahon ng 230s hanggang 260s ngunit kalaunan ay tinalo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Isinagawa ni Emperado <a href="/wiki/Diocleciano" title="Diocleciano">Diocleciano</a> (284) ang pagpapanumbalik ng Estado. Tinapos niya ang Principado at ipinakilala ang <a href="/wiki/Tetrarkiya" title="Tetrarkiya">Tetrarkiya</a> na naghahangad na dagdagan ang kapangyarihan ng estado. Ang pinakatampok na salik nito ay ang walang-habas na interbensiyon ng Estado hanggang sa antas-lungsod. Kung dati, ang Estado ay nagsumite ng isang panukalang pagbubuwis sa isang lungsod at hinayaan ng lungsod na magpasya sa ibabayad, mula sa kaniyang paghahari ay ginawa ito ng Estado hanggang sa antas ng nayon. Sa isang walang kabuluhang pagtatangka upang makontrol ang implasyon, nagpataw siya ng mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_kontrol_sa_presyo" title="Mga kontrol sa presyo">kontrol sa presyo</a> na hindi tumagal. Siya o si Constantino ang nagrehiyonalisa ng pangangasiwa ng imperyo na pangunahing nagbago sa paraan ng pamamahala nito sa pamamagitan ng paglikha ng mga rehiyonal na diyosesis. Ang pagkakaroon ng mga panrehiyong yunit ng pananalapi mula 286 ay nagsilbing modelo para sa walang-habas na pagbabagong ito. Pinabilis ng emperador ang proseso ng pag-alis ng utos-militar mula sa mga gobernador. Mula noon, ang administrasyong sibilyan at ang utos-militar ay magkahiwalay. Binigyan niya ang mga gobernador ng higit na tungkulin sa pananalapi at inatasan sila na pangasiwaan ang sistema ng suporta sa lohistika ng hukbo bilang pagtatangka na kontrolin ito sa pamamagitan ng pag-aalis ng sistema ng suporta mula sa kontrol nito. Pinamunuan ni Diocleciano ang silangang kalahati at tumira sa <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>, habang iniangat niya si <a href="/wiki/Maximiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximiano">Maximiano</a> sa antas Augusto ng kanlurang kalahati, kung saan pinamumunuan niya ang karamihan mula sa <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> kapag hindi nag-iikot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Noong 292, lumikha siya ng dalawang 'nakababatang' emperador, ang mga Cesar, isa para sa bawat Augusto. Ang mga ito ay sina Constantius para sa Britanya, Galia, at Espanya na ang luklukan ng kapangyarihan ay nasa <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> at si Licinius sa <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> sa Balkan. Hindi bago ang pagtatalaga ng isang Cesar: Sinubukan ni Diocleciano ang isang sistemang 'di-dinastikong pagkakasunud-sunod. Sa pagbaba sa puwesto noong 305, umangat ang mga Cesar at sila naman ay humirang ng dalawang kasamahan para sa kanilang sarili.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Piazza_di_porta_san_Paolo_102_2167.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Piazza_di_porta_san_Paolo_102_2167.jpg/250px-Piazza_di_porta_san_Paolo_102_2167.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Piazza_di_porta_san_Paolo_102_2167.jpg/330px-Piazza_di_porta_san_Paolo_102_2167.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Piazza_di_porta_san_Paolo_102_2167.jpg/500px-Piazza_di_porta_san_Paolo_102_2167.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Piramide_ni_Cestius" title="Piramide ni Cestius">Piramide ni Gaius Cestius</a> at ang mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_Pader_Aureliano" title="Mga Pader Aureliano">Pader Aureliano</a></figcaption></figure> Matapos ang pagbaba sa puwesto nina Diocleciano at Maximiano noong 305 at isang serye ng mga digmaang sibil sa pagitan ng mga karibal na nag-aangkin sa kapangyarihan ng imperyo, sa mga taon ng 306-313, ang Tetrarkiya ay inabandona. Nagsagawa si Constantinong Dakila ng isang pangunahing reporma ng burukrasya, hindi sa pamamagitan ng pagbabago ng estruktura ngunit sa pamamagitan ng rasyonalisasyon ng mga kakayahan ng maraming ministro sa mga taong 325-330, matapos niyang talunin si <a href="/wiki/Licinius" class="mw-redirect" title="Licinius">Licinius</a>, ang emperador sa Silangan, sa pagtatapos ng 324. Ang tinatawag na <a href="/wiki/Kautusan_ng_Milano" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautusan ng Milano">Kautusan ng Milano</a> ng 313, sa katunayan ay isang piraso ng liham mula kay Licinius sa mga gobernador ng mga silangang lalawigan, ay pagbibigay ng kalayaan sa pagsamba ninuman, kasama na sa mga Kristiyano, at inatasan ang pagpapanumbalik ng mga nakumpiskang pag-aari ng simbahan sa petisyon sa mga bagong nilikha na vicario ng mga diyosesis. Pinondohan niya ang pagtatayo ng maraming simbahan at pinayagan ang kleriko na kumilos bilang mga tagapamagitan sa mga alitang sibil (isang batas na winakasan bago matapos ang pamumuno niya, ngunit ibinalik din). Binago niya ang bayan ng <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> bilang kaniyang bagong luklukan, kung saan, gayunpaman, ay hindi opisyal na anupaman kaysa isang tirahan ng imperyo tulad ng Milano o Trier o Nicomedia hanggang sa bigyan ng isang prepekto ng lungsod noong Mayo 359 ni Constantius II, at naging <a href="/wiki/Constantinopla" title="Constantinopla">Constantinopla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Ang Kristiyanismo sa anyo ng Kredong Niceno ang naging opisyal na relihiyon ng imperyo noong 380, sa pamamagitan ng <a href="/wiki/Kautusan_ng_Tesalonica" title="Kautusan ng Tesalonica">Kautusan ng Tesalonica</a> na inilabas sa ngalan ng tatlong emperador–Gratian, Valentiniano II, at <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I–</a>na malinaw na si Theodosius ang nagtutulak dito. Siya ang huling emperador ng pinag-isang imperyo. Pagkamatay niya noong 395, hinati ng kaniyang mga anak na sina <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius">Honorius</a> ang imperyo sa <a href="/wiki/Kanlurang_Imperyong_Romano" title="Kanlurang Imperyong Romano">isang kanluran</a> at <a href="/wiki/Silangang_Imperyong_Romano" title="Silangang Imperyong Romano">isang silangang</a> bahagi. Ang luklukan ng pamahalaan sa Kanlurang Imperyong Romano ay inilipat sa <a href="/wiki/Lungsod_ng_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungsod ng Ravenna">Ravenna</a> pagkatapos ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagkubkob_ng_Milano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagkubkob ng Milano (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pagkubkob ng Milano</a> noong 402. Noong ika-5 siglo, ang karamihan sa mga emperador mula 430 ay nanirahan sa kabeserang lungsod, Roma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Ang Roma, na nawala ang pangunahing papel nito sa pamamahala ng imperyo, ay <a href="/wiki/Pandarambong_sa_Roma_(410)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandarambong sa Roma (410)">dinambong noong 410</a> ng mga <a href="/wiki/Visigodo" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigodo">Visigodong</a> pinamunuan ni <a href="/wiki/Alarico_I" title="Alarico I">Alarico I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> ngunit napakaliit na pinsalang pisikal ang nagawa, na ang karamihan ay inayos din. Ang hindi madaling mapalitan ay ang mga natangay na bagay tulad ng likhang sining na pinalamutian at mga bagay sa tahanan na ninakaw. Pinaganda ng mga papa ang lungsod ng mga naglalakihang basilika, tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_Santa_Maria_la_Mayor" title="Basilika ni Santa Maria la Mayor">Santa Maria Maggiore</a> (sa pakikipagtulungan ng mga emperador). Ang populasyon ng lungsod ay bumagsak mula 800,000 hanggang 450-500,000 sa panahong ang lungsod ay dinambong noong 455 ni <a href="/wiki/Genseric" class="mw-redirect" title="Genseric">Genserico</a>, hari ng mga <a href="/wiki/Lahing_Bandalo" title="Lahing Bandalo">Bandalo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Hindi napigilian ng mahihinang emperador ng ikalimang siglo ang pagkabulok, na humantong sa pagtitiwalag kay <a href="/wiki/Romulo_Augustulo" title="Romulo Augustulo">Romulo Augustulo</a> noong 22 Agosto 476, na minarkahan ang pagtatapos ng Kanlurang Imperyong Romano at, para sa maraming istoryador, ang simula ng <a href="/wiki/Gitnang_Kapanahunan" title="Gitnang Kapanahunan">Gitnang Kapanahunan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">[11]</a> Ang pagbagsak ng populasyon ng lungsod ay sanhi ng pagkawala ng pang-angkat ng trigo mula sa Hilagang Africa, mula 440 pataas, at ang pagkaayaw ng mga senador na panatilihin ang mga donasyon upang suportahan ang isang populasyon na masyadong malaki para sa limitadong rekurso. Gayumpaman, pinagsumikapang panatilihin ang monumental na sentro, ang Palatino, at ang mga pinakamalaking paliguan, na patuloy na pinagana hanggang sa pagkubkob ng mga Gotiko noong 537. Ang malalaking paliguang Constantino sa Quirinal ay iniayos pa noong 443, at ang lawak ng pinsala ay ginawang eksaherasyon.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Gayumpaman, ang hitsura ng lungsod ay ang pangkalahatang pagkabalaho at pagkaagnas dahil sa malalawak na lugar na inabandona at sa pagbaba ng populasyon. Ang populasyon ay bumaba mula sa 500,000 ng 452 patungo sa 100,000 ng 500 AD (marahil ay mas malaki, kahit na walang tiyak na bilang ang maaaring malaman). Matapos ang pagkubkob ng mga Gotiko noong 537, ang populasyon ay bumaba pa sa 30,000 ngunit tumaas sa 90,000 sa ilalim ng pagka-papa ni <a href="/wiki/Papa_Gregorio_I" title="Papa Gregorio I">Gregorio ang Dakila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Ang pagbaba ng populasyon ay sumabay sa pangkalahatang pagbagsak ng urbanong pamumuhay sa Kanluran noong ikalima at ikaanim na siglo, na may kaunting mga natatangi. Ang pamamahagi ng trigo ng estado na umaakay sa mas mahirap na mga kasapi ng lipunan ay nagpatuloy hanggang sa ikaanim na siglo at marahil ay pinigilan ang lalong pagbagsak ng populasyon.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Ang mga numero ng 450,000-500,000 ay batay sa dami ng baboy, 3,629,000 lbs. ipinamahagi sa mas mahihirap na Romano sa loob ng limang buwan ng taglamig sa tantos ng limang Romanong lbs bawat tao bawat buwan, sapat para sa 145,000 katao o 1/4 o 1/3 ng kabuuang populasyon.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Ang pamamahagi ng butil sa 80,000 may hawak ng boleto nang sabay-sabay ay nagmumungkahi ng 400,000 (itinakda ni Augusto ang bilang sa 200,000 o ikalimang bahagi ng populasyon). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gitnang_Panahon">Gitnang Panahon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Gitnang Panahon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Gitnang Panahon">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Sack_of_Rome_by_Alaric_-_sacred_vessels_are_brought_to_a_church_for_safety_(2nd_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sack_of_Rome_by_Alaric_-_sacred_vessels_are_brought_to_a_church_for_safety_%282nd_of_2%29.jpg/250px-Sack_of_Rome_by_Alaric_-_sacred_vessels_are_brought_to_a_church_for_safety_%282nd_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sack_of_Rome_by_Alaric_-_sacred_vessels_are_brought_to_a_church_for_safety_%282nd_of_2%29.jpg/330px-Sack_of_Rome_by_Alaric_-_sacred_vessels_are_brought_to_a_church_for_safety_%282nd_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sack_of_Rome_by_Alaric_-_sacred_vessels_are_brought_to_a_church_for_safety_%282nd_of_2%29.jpg/500px-Sack_of_Rome_by_Alaric_-_sacred_vessels_are_brought_to_a_church_for_safety_%282nd_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Paglalarawan noong ika-15 siglo na naglalarawan ng <a href="/wiki/Pandarambong_sa_Roma_(410)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandarambong sa Roma (410)">Pandarambong sa Roma (410)</a> ng haring <a href="/wiki/Mga_Visigodo" title="Mga Visigodo">Visigodo</a> na si <a href="/wiki/Alarico_I" title="Alarico I">Alarico I</a></figcaption></figure> Ang Obispo ng Roma, na tinawag na <a href="/wiki/Papa" title="Papa">Santo Papa</a>, ay mahalaga mula pa noong mga unang araw ng Kristiyanismo dahil sa pagkamartir doon ng parehong apostol na sina <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro" title="San Pedro">Pedro</a> at <a href="/wiki/Apostol_Pablo" title="Apostol Pablo">Pablo</a>. Ang mga Obispo ng Roma ay nakita rin (at nakikita pa rin ng mga Katoliko) bilang kahalili ni Pedro, na itinuturing na unang Obispo ng Roma. Sa gayon ang lungsod ay nagkaroon ng mas nakaangat na halaga bilang sentro ng <a href="/wiki/Simbahang_Katolika_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbahang Katolika Romana">Simbahang Katolika</a>. Matapos ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagbagsak_ng_Kanlurang_Imperyong_Romano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagbagsak ng Kanlurang Imperyong Romano (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagbagsak ng Kanlurang Imperyong Romano</a> noong 476 AD, ang Roma ay unang nasa ilalim ng kontrol ni <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> at pagkatapos ay naging bahagi ng <a href="/wiki/Kahariang_Ostrogodo" title="Kahariang Ostrogodo">Kahariang Ostrogodo</a> bago bumalik sa kontrol ng <a href="/wiki/Silangang_Imperyong_Romano" title="Silangang Imperyong Romano">Silangang Romano</a> pagkatapos ng <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Gotiko_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Digmaang Gotiko (535–554)">Digmaang Gotiko</a>, na sumalanta sa lungsod <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandarambong_sa_Roma_(546)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandarambong sa Roma (546) (hindi pa naisusulat)">546</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagkubkob_sa_Roma_(549-550)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagkubkob sa Roma (549-550) (hindi pa naisusulat)">550</a>. Ang populasyon nito ay bumulusok mula sa higit sa isang milyon noong 210 AD hanggang 500,000 noong 273<a href="#cite_note-Editors-29">[27]</a> hanggang 35,000 pagkatapos ng Digmaang Gotiko (535-554).<a href="#cite_note-Editors-29">[27]</a> Nabawasan ang dating malawak na lungsod at naging mga pangkat ng mga tinitirahang gusali na magkakalayo at pinapalibutan ng malalaking pook ng mga labi, masusukal na lugar, anihan ng vino, at mga palengkeng halamanan.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Pangkalahatang itinuturing na ang populasyon ng lungsod hanggang 300 AD ay 1 milyon (tinatayang mula 2 milyon hanggang 750,000) na bumababa sa 750–800,000 noong 400 AD, 450-500,000 noong 450 AD, at bumaba sa 80-100,000 noong 500 AD (bagaman maaaring dalawang beses ito).<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Matapos ang <a href="/wiki/Mga_Lombardo" title="Mga Lombardo">pagsalakay ng mga Lombardo sa Italya</a>, ang lungsod ay nanatiling Bisantino sa pangalan, ngunit sa totoo, ang mga papa ay sumunod sa isang patakaran ng balanse sa pagitan ng mga <a href="/wiki/Silangang_Imperyong_Romano" title="Silangang Imperyong Romano">Bisantino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mga_Franco" title="Mga Franco">Franco</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Mga_Lombardo" title="Mga Lombardo">Lombardo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Noong 729, ibinigay ng Lombardong hari na si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liutprand,_Hari_ng_mga_Lombardo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liutprand, Hari ng mga Lombardo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Liutprand</a> ang hilagang bayan ng Latium ng <a href="/wiki/Sutri" title="Sutri">Sutri</a> sa Simbahan, ang simula ng temporal na kapangyarihan nito.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Noong 756, matapos talunin ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pepin_ang_Maikli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pepin ang Maikli (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pepin ang Maikli</a> ang Lombardo, ay ibininigay sa Papa ang temoral na kapangyarihan sa Dukadong Romano at sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exarcado_ng_Ravenna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exarcado ng Ravenna (hindi pa naisusulat)">Exarkado ng Ravenna</a>, sa gayon nalikha ang <a href="/wiki/Estado_ng_Simbahan" title="Estado ng Simbahan">Estado ng Simbahan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Mula sa panahong ito, sinubukan ng tatlong kapangyarihan na mamuno sa lungsod: ang papa, ang maharlika (kasama ang mga pinuno ng mga milisya, ang mga hukom, ang Senado at ang populasyon), at ang haring Franco, bilang hari ng mga Lombardo, patricius, at Emperador.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Ang tatlong partidong ito (teokratiko, republikano, at imperyal) ay isang katangian ng buhay Romano sa buong Gitnang Kapanahunan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Noong gabi ng Pasko ng 800, si <a href="/wiki/Carlomagno" title="Carlomagno">Carlomagno</a> ay kinoronahan sa Roma bilang emperador ng <a href="/wiki/Banal_na_Imperyong_Romano" title="Banal na Imperyong Romano">Banal na Imperyong Romano</a> ni <a href="/wiki/Papa_Leo_III" title="Papa Leo III">Papa Leo III</a>. Sa pagkakataong iyon, ang lungsod ay naglatag sa kauna-unahang pagkakataon ng dalawang kapangyarihan na ang pakikibaka para sa kontrol ay magiging madalas sa Gitnang Kapanahunan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_(Francis_1st_of_France)_by_Pope_Leo_III_(Leo_X)_Vatican_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_%28Francis_1st_of_France%29_by_Pope_Leo_III_%28Leo_X%29_Vatican_11.jpg/250px-Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_%28Francis_1st_of_France%29_by_Pope_Leo_III_%28Leo_X%29_Vatican_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_%28Francis_1st_of_France%29_by_Pope_Leo_III_%28Leo_X%29_Vatican_11.jpg/330px-Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_%28Francis_1st_of_France%29_by_Pope_Leo_III_%28Leo_X%29_Vatican_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_%28Francis_1st_of_France%29_by_Pope_Leo_III_%28Leo_X%29_Vatican_11.jpg/500px-Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_%28Francis_1st_of_France%29_by_Pope_Leo_III_%28Leo_X%29_Vatican_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Detalye ng obra ni <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Sanzio" title="Rafael Sanzio">Raphael</a> na naglalarawan ng pagkokorona kay <a href="/wiki/Carlomagno" title="Carlomagno">Carlomagno</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Lumang_Basilika_ni_San_Pedro" title="Lumang Basilika ni San Pedro">Lumang Basilika ni San Pedro</a>, noong 25 Disyembre 800</figcaption></figure> Noong 846, ang mga Arabong Muslim ay nagkaroon ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagsalakay_ng_mga_Arabo_sa_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagsalakay ng mga Arabo sa Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">hindi matagumpay na pagsugod sa mga pader ng lungsod</a>, ngunit nagawang mandambong sa basilika ni <a href="/wiki/Lumang_Basilika_ni_San_Pedro" title="Lumang Basilika ni San Pedro">San Pedro</a> at San Pablo, parehong nasa labas ng pader ng lungsod.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Matapos ang pag-agnas ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperyong_Carolingio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperyong Carolingio (hindi pa naisusulat)">kapangyarihang Carolingio</a>, ang Roma ay nabiktima ng kaguluhang piyudal: maraming marangal na pamilya ang nagtunggalian sa pagkapapa, sa pagka-emperador, at sa bawat isa. Ito ang mga panahon nina <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(senatrix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (senatrix)">Teodora</a> at kaniyang anak na si <a href="/wiki/Marozia" title="Marozia">Marozia</a>, mga kerida at ina ng ilang papa, at ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crescentius_ang_Nakababata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crescentius ang Nakababata (hindi pa naisusulat)">Crescentius</a>, isang makapangyarihang piyudal na panginoon, na nilabanan ang sina Emperador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_II,_Banal_na_Emperador_ng_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto II, Banal na Emperador ng Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Otto II</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_III,_Banal_na_Emperador_ng_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto III, Banal na Emperador ng Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Otto III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Ang mga eskandalo sa panahong ito ang nagtulak upang ireporma ng papado ang sarili nito. Ang halalan ng papa ay inilaan na lamang sa mga kardinal, at sinubukan ang reporma ng klero. Ang puwersa sa likod ng pagpapanibago na ito ay ang mongheng si <a href="/wiki/Papa_Gregorio_VII" title="Papa Gregorio VII">Ildebrando da Soana</a>, na dating nahalal ng papa sa ilalim ng pangalang <a href="/wiki/Papa_Gregorio_VII" title="Papa Gregorio VII">Gregoryo VII</a> at naging kasangkot sa <a href="/wiki/Kontrobersiyang_Investiduras" title="Kontrobersiyang Investiduras">Kontrobersiyang Investiduras</a> laban kay Emperador <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Banal_na_Emperador_ng_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV, Banal na Emperador ng Roma">Henry IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Kasunod nito, ang Roma ay <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandarambong_sa_Roma_(1084)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandarambong sa Roma (1084) (hindi pa naisusulat)">dimambong at sinunog</a> ng mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_Normando" title="Mga Normando">Normando</a> sa ilalim ni <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> na pumasok sa lungsod nang may suporta sa Papa, at matapos ay kinubkob ang <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Sa panahong ito, ang lungsod ay nagsasariling pinamunuan ng isang senatore o patrizio . Noong ika-12 siglo, ang pamamahala na ito, tulad ng ibang mga lungsod sa Europa, ay umunlad at naging <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medyebal_na_komuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medyebal na komuna (hindi pa naisusulat)">komuna</a>, isang bagong anyo ng organisasyong panlipunan na kinokontrol ng mga bagong mayamang uri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Nakipaglaban si Papa <a href="/wiki/Papa_Lucio_II" title="Papa Lucio II">Lucio II</a> laban sa komunang Romano, at ang pakikibaka ay ipinagpatuloy ng kaniyang kahalili na si <a href="/wiki/Papa_Eugenio_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Eugenio III">Papa Eugenio III</a>: sa yugtong ito, ang komuna, kaalyado ng aristokrasya, ay suportado ni <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_da_Brescia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnaldo da Brescia">Arnaldo da Brescia</a>, isang monghe na isang relihiyoso at repormistang panlipunan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Pagkamatay ng papa, si Arnaldo ay dinala ng ibinilanggo ni <a href="/wiki/Papa_Adriano_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Adriano IV">Adriano IV</a>, at minarkahan ang pagtatapos ng awtonomiya ng komuna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Sa ilalim ni <a href="/wiki/Papa_Inocencio_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Inocencio III">Papa Inocencio III</a>, na ang pamamahala ay minarkahan ang rurok ng papado, nilusaw ng komuna ang senado, at pinalitan ito ng isang Senatore, na napapailalim sa papa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Sa panahong ito, ang pagkapapa ay gumampan ng isang sekular na halaga sa <a href="/wiki/Kanlurang_Europa" title="Kanlurang Europa">Kanlurang Europa</a>, na madalas na kumikilos bilang mga tagapamagitan sa pagitan ng mga Kristiyanong <a href="/wiki/Monarko" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarko">monarko</a> at gumagamit ng mga karagdagang kapangyarihang pampolitika.<a href="#cite_note-Faus-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Papal_Arbitration2-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Noong 1266, si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_ng_Anjou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos ng Anjou (hindi pa naisusulat)">Carlos ng Anjou</a>, na patungo sa timog upang labanan ang <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> sa ngalan ng papa, ay hinirang na Senador. Itinatag ni Carlos ang <a href="/wiki/Unibersidad_ng_Roma_La_Sapienza" title="Unibersidad ng Roma La Sapienza">Sapienza</a>, ang unibersidad ng Roma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Sa panahong iyon namatay ang papa, at ang mga kardinal, na ipinatawag sa <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a>, ay hindi mapagsang-ayon sa kaniyang kahalili. Nagalit ang mga tao sa lungsod, at tinapyasan ng bubong ang gusali kung saan sila nagtipon hanggang sila ay magnomina ng bagong papa. Minarkahan nito ang pagsilang ng <a href="/wiki/Kongklabe" title="Kongklabe">kongklabe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Sa panahong ito ang lungsod ay nasira rin ng tuloy-tuloy na labanan sa pagitan ng mga maharlikang pamilya: <a href="/wiki/Pamilya_Annibaldi" title="Pamilya Annibaldi">Annibaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caetani" title="Caetani">Caetani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamilyang_Colonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamilyang Colonna">Colonna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamilya_Orsini" title="Pamilya Orsini">Orsini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conti_di_Segni" title="Conti di Segni">Conti</a>, nakapugad sa kanilang mga <a href="/wiki/Portipikasyon" title="Portipikasyon">kuta</a> na itinayo sa itaas ng mga sinaunang gusaling Romano, at nilabanan ang bawat isa upang makontrol ang papado.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Si <a href="/wiki/Papa_Bonifacio_VIII" title="Papa Bonifacio VIII">Papa Bonifacio VIII</a>, ipinanganak na Caetani, ay ang huling papa na lumaban para sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unibersal_na_pamumuno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unibersal na pamumuno (hindi pa naisusulat)">unibersal na pamumuno</a> ng simbahan; ipinahayag niya ang isang krusada laban sa <a href="/wiki/Pamilyang_Colonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamilyang Colonna">pamilya Colonna</a> at, noong 1300, tumawag para sa unang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubileo_ng_Kristiyanismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubileo ng Kristiyanismo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hubileo ng Kristiyanismo</a>, na nagdala ng milyon-milyong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peregrinasyong_Kristiyano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peregrinasyong Kristiyano (hindi pa naisusulat)">peregrino</a> sa Roma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Gayunpaman, ang kaniyang pag-asa ay dinurog ng haring Pransiya na si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felipe_IV_ng_Pransiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felipe IV ng Pransiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Felipe ang Patas</a>, na kinulong siya at pinatay sa <a href="/wiki/Anagni" title="Anagni">Anagni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Pagkatapos, isang bagong papa na matapat sa Pranses ang hinalal, at ang papado ay pansamantalang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papado_sa_Avignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papado sa Avignon (hindi pa naisusulat)">inilipat</a> sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avignon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Avignon</a> (1309–1377).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Sa panahong ito ay napabayaan ang Roma, hanggang sa isang plebong si <a href="/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo">Cola di Rienzo</a>, ang iniluklok.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Isang idealista at mahilig sa sinaunang Roma, ipinangarap ni Cola ang muling pagsilang ng Imperyong Romano. Matapos angkinin ang kapangyarihang may titulong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribune (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tribuno</a>, ang kaniyang mga reporma ay tinanggihan ng mamamayan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Sapilitang pinalayas, si Cola ay bumalik bilang bahagi ng kasamahan ni Kardinal <a href="/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornoz" title="Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz">Albornoz</a>, kung kanino pinaubaya ang pagpapanumbalik ng kapangyarihan ng Simbahan sa Italya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Bumalik sa kapangyarihan para sa isang maikling panahon, sa lalong madaling panahon, si Cola ay tinugis ng mamamayan, at sinakop ni Albornoz ang lungsod. Noong 1377, ang Roma ay naging luklukan muli ng papado sa ilalim ni <a href="/wiki/Papa_Gregorio_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Gregorio XI">Gregorio XI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Ang pagbabalik ng papa sa Roma sa taong iyon ay nagpakawala ng <a href="/wiki/Paghahating_Kanluranin" title="Paghahating Kanluranin">Paghahating Kanluranin</a> (1377–1418), at sa susunod na apatnapung taon, ang lungsod ay naapektuhan ng mga pagkakahati-hating umuga sa Simbahan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maagang_modernong_kasaysayan">Maagang modernong kasaysayan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Maagang modernong kasaysayan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Maagang modernong kasaysayan">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2151589" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/wiki/Renasimiyentong_Romano" title="Renasimiyentong Romano">Renasimiyentong Romano</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg/250px-Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg/330px-Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg/500px-Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>Halos[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead_external_links" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Dead external links">patay na link</a>] 500 taong gulang, ang mapa ng Roma na ito ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Cartaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Cartaro (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mario Cartaro</a> ay nagpapakita ng mga pangunahing mga monumento ng lungsod.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_%281%29.JPG/250px-0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_%281%29.JPG/330px-0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_%281%29.JPG/500px-0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3852" data-file-height="2568" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a> o Mausoleo ni Adriano, ay isang monumentong Romano na radikal na binago noong Gitnang Kapanahunan at Renasimiyento na itinayo noong 134 AD at nakoronahan ng mga estatwa mula sa ika-16 at ika-17 siglo.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata,_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata%2C_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg/220px-Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata%2C_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata%2C_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg/330px-Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata%2C_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata%2C_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg/440px-Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata%2C_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Barcaccia" title="Fontana della Barcaccia">Fontana della Barcaccia</a> ni <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> noong 1629</figcaption></figure> Noong 1418, inayos ng <a href="/wiki/Konseho_ng_Constancia" title="Konseho ng Constancia">Konseho ng Constancia</a> ang <a href="/wiki/Paghahating_Kanluranin" title="Paghahating Kanluranin">Paghahating Kanluranin</a>, at isang Romanong papa, si <a href="/wiki/Papa_Martin_V" title="Papa Martin V">Martin V</a>, ang hinalal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Dinala nito sa Roma ang isang siglo ng panloob na kapayapaan, na minarkahan ang pagsisimula ng <a href="/wiki/Renasimiyento" title="Renasimiyento">Renasimiyento</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Ang naghaharing papa hanggang sa unang kalahati ng ika-16 na siglo, mula kay <a href="/wiki/Papa_Nicolas_V" title="Papa Nicolas V">Nicolas V</a>, tagapagtatag ng <a href="/wiki/Aklatang_Vaticano" title="Aklatang Vaticano">Aklatang Vaticano</a>, hanggang kay <a href="/wiki/Papa_P%C3%ADo_II" title="Papa Pío II">Pío II</a>, humanista at palabasa, mula kay <a href="/wiki/Papa_Sixto_IV" title="Papa Sixto IV">Sixto IV</a>, isang mandirigmang papa, hanggang kay <a href="/wiki/Papa_Alejandro_VI" title="Papa Alejandro VI">Alejandro VI</a>, imoral at <a href="/wiki/Nepotismo" title="Nepotismo">nepotista</a>, mula kay <a href="/wiki/Papa_Julio_II" title="Papa Julio II">Julio II</a>, sundalo at tagapagtaguyod, hanggang kay <a href="/wiki/Papa_Leo_X" title="Papa Leo X">Leo X</a>, na nagbigay ng kaniyang pangalan sa panahong ito ("ang siglo ni Leo X"), lahat ay nagbuhos ng kanilang lakas para sa kadakilaan at kagandahan ng Walang-hanggang Lungsod at sa pagtangkilik ng mga sining.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Sa mga taong iyon, ang sentro ng <a href="/wiki/Renasimiyentong_Italyano" class="mw-redirect" title="Renasimiyentong Italyano">Renasimiyentong Italyano</a> ay lumipat mula sa Florencia tungo sa Roma. Ang mga kamangha-manghang obra, tulad ng bagong <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_San_Pedro" title="Basilika ni San Pedro">Basilika ni San Pedro</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Kapilya_Sistina" title="Kapilya Sistina">Kapilya Sistina</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sisto" title="Ponte Sisto">Ponte Sisto</a> (ang unang tulay na itinayo sa buong <a href="/wiki/Ilog_Tiber" title="Ilog Tiber">Tiber</a> mula pa noong unang panahon, bagaman ay nakatayo sa mga Romanong pundasyon) ay itinayo. Upang magawa iyon, ang Papa ay nakipagsalamuha sa mga pinakamahusay na artista ng panahong iyon, kasama sina <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Buonarroti" title="Michelangelo Buonarroti">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Perugino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Sanzio" title="Rafael Sanzio">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Ghirlandaio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Signorelli" title="Luca Signorelli">Luca Signorelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_Rosselli" title="Cosimo Rosselli">Cosimo Rosselli</a>. Ang panahon ay kasumpa-sumpa rin dahil sa katiwalian ng mga papa, na may maraming ama na kamag-anak, na kasangkot sa <a href="/wiki/Nepotismo" title="Nepotismo">nepotismo</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simoiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simoiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">simoniya</a>. Humantong ito sa <a href="/wiki/Repormang_Protestante" title="Repormang Protestante">Repormasyon</a> at, sa kabilang banda, ang <a href="/wiki/Kontra-Reporma" title="Kontra-Reporma">Kontra-Reporma</a> ay bunga na rin ng katiwalian ng mga Santo Papa at ang malaking gastos para sa kanilang mga proyekto. Sa ilalim ng kalabisan at kayamanan ng mga papa, ang Roma ay nabago bilang isang sentro ng sining, tula, musika, panitikan, edukasyon, at kultura. Nagawang makipagkumpitensiya ng Roma sa iba pang pangunahing lungsod ng Europa ng panahong iyon sa mga salik ng kayamanan, kadakilaan, mga sining, pag-aaral, at arkitektura. Lubos na binago ng Renasimiyento ang hitsura ng Roma, na may mga obra tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietà (Michelangelo) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pietà</a> ni Michelangelo at mga fresco sa mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Apartamentong_Borgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Apartamentong Borgia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Apartamentong Borgia</a>. Narating ng Roma ang rurok na karangalan sa ilalim ni <a href="/wiki/Papa_Julio_II" title="Papa Julio II">Papa Julio II</a> (1503–1513) at ng mga kahalili na sina <a href="/wiki/Papa_Leo_X" title="Papa Leo X">Leo X</a> at <a href="/wiki/Papa_Clemente_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Clemente VII">Clemente VII</a>, kapuwa mga miyembro ng <a href="/wiki/Pamilya_Medici" title="Pamilya Medici">pamilya Medici</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001a.jpg/250px-Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001a.jpg/330px-Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001a.jpg/500px-Lingelbach_Karneval_in_Rom_001a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="1475" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karnabal" title="Karnabal">Karnabal</a> sa Roma, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:View_of_the_Piazza_Navona,_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/View_of_the_Piazza_Navona%2C_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg/250px-View_of_the_Piazza_Navona%2C_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/View_of_the_Piazza_Navona%2C_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg/330px-View_of_the_Piazza_Navona%2C_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/View_of_the_Piazza_Navona%2C_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg/500px-View_of_the_Piazza_Navona%2C_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2083" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Isang Tanaw ng Piazza Navona, Roma, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Frans_van_Lint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Frans van Lint (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hendrik Frans van Lint</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1730</figcaption></figure> Sa dalawampung taong panahong ito, ang Roma ay naging isa sa pinakadakilang sentro ng sining sa buong mundo. Ang lumang Basilika ng San Pedro na itinayo ni Emperador Dakilang <a href="/wiki/Dakilang_Constantino" title="Dakilang Constantino">Constantino</a> (na noon ay nasa isang sira-sira nang kalagayan) ay giniba at muling itinayo. Ang lungsod ay naging tahanan ng mga artista tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Ridolfo_Ghirlandaio" title="Ridolfo Ghirlandaio">Ghirlandaio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Perugino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Bramante</a>, na nagtayo ng templo ng <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio" title="San Pietro in Montorio">San Pietro in Montorio</a> at nagplano ng isang mahusay na proyekto upang ayusin ang Vaticano. Si Rafael, na sa Roma ay naging isa sa mga pinakatanyag na pintor ng Italya, ay lumikha ng mga fresco sa <a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a>, ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Kuwarto_ni_Raphael&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Kuwarto ni Raphael (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kuwarto ni Rafael</a>, at maraming pang ibang tanyag na pinta. Sinimulan ni Michelangelo ang dekorasyon ng kisame ng Kapilya Sistina at inukit ang sikat na estatwa ng <a href="/wiki/Moises" title="Moises">Moises</a> para sa nitso ng Julio II. Naging mayabong ang ekonomiya nito, dahil na rin sa pagkakaroon ng maraming mananalaping Tuscano, kasama na si <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Chigi" title="Agostino Chigi">Agostino Chigi</a>, na kaibigan ni Rafael at isang tagapagtaguyod ng sining. Bago ang kaniyang maagang pagkamatay, isinulong din ni Rafael sa kauna-unahang pagkakataon ang pangangalaga sa mga sinaunang labi. Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digmaan_ng_Liga_ng_Cognac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digmaan ng Liga ng Cognac (hindi pa naisusulat)">Digmaan ng Liga ng Cognac</a> ay naging sanhi ng unang pandarambong ng lungsod sa higit sa limang daang taon mula noong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandarambong_sa_Roma_(1084)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandarambong sa Roma (1084) (hindi pa naisusulat)">nakaraang insidente</a>; noong 1527, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandarambong_sa_Roma_(1527)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandarambong sa Roma (1527) (hindi pa naisusulat)">dinambong</a> ng mga <a href="/wiki/Landsknecht" title="Landsknecht">Landsknecht</a> ni Emperador <a href="/wiki/Carlos_V,_Banal_na_Emperador_Romano" title="Carlos V, Banal na Emperador Romano">Carlos V</a> ang lungsod, na nagdulot ng biglaang pagtatapos sa ginintuang panahon ng Renasimiyento sa Roma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Simula sa <a href="/wiki/Konsilyo_ng_Trento" title="Konsilyo ng Trento">Konsilyo ng Trento</a> noong 1545, sinimulan ng Simbahan ang Kontra-Reporma bilang tugon sa Repormasyon. Ito ay isang malakihang alitan hinggil sa awtoridad ng Simbahan sa mga bagay na espiritwal at mga ugnayan sa gobyerno. Ang pagkawala ng kumpiyansang ito ay humantong sa pangunahing pagbabago ng kapangyarihang palayo sa Simbahan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Sa ilalim ng mga papa mula kay <a href="/wiki/Papa_Pio_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Pio IV">Pio IV</a> hanggang sa <a href="/wiki/Papa_Sixto_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Sixto V">Sixto V</a>, ang Roma ay naging sentro ng repormang Katolisismo at nakita ang pagbuo ng mga bagong monumento na ipinagdiriwang ang papado.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192523-37">[35]</a> Ang mga papa at kardinal ng ika-17 at unang bahagi ng ika-18 siglo ay nagpatuloy sa kilusan sa pamamagitan ng pagpapayaman sa tanawin ng lungsod ng mga gusaling baroko.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Ito ay isa pang panahon ng nepotismo. Ang mga bagong maharlikang pamilya (<a href="/wiki/Pamilya_Barberini" title="Pamilya Barberini">Barberini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamilya_Pamphili" title="Pamilya Pamphili">Pamphili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamilya_Chigi" title="Pamilya Chigi">Chigi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamilya_Rospigliosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamilya Rospigliosi (hindi pa naisusulat)">Rospigliosi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamilya_Altieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamilya Altieri (hindi pa naisusulat)">Altieri</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erba-Odescalchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erba-Odescalchi (hindi pa naisusulat)">Odescalchi</a>) ay protektado ng kani-kanilang papa, na nagtayo ng malalaking gusaling baroko para sa kanilang mga kamag-anak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Sa <a href="/wiki/Panahon_ng_Pagkamulat" class="mw-redirect" title="Panahon ng Pagkamulat">Panahon ng Pagkamulat</a>, ang mga bagong idea ay umabot sa Walang-Hanggang Lungsod, kung saan suportado ng papado ang mga arkeolohikong pag-aaral at pinahusay ang kapakanan ng mga tao.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> Ngunit hindi lahat ay naging maayos para sa Simbahan sa panahon ng Kontra-Reporma. Mayroong mga kakulangan sa mga pagtatangka na igiit ang kapangyarihan ng Simbahan, isang kapansin-pansin na halimbawa noong 1773 nang pilitin ng mga puwersang sekular si Papa Clemento XIV na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pang-uusig_sa_Kapisanan_ni_Hesus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pang-uusig sa Kapisanan ni Hesus (hindi pa naisusulat)">usigin ang ordeng Heswita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kasalukuyang_moderno">Kasalukuyang moderno</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kasalukuyang moderno" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Kasalukuyang moderno">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Ang pamamahala ng mga Papa ay nagambala ng panandaliang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Romano_(ika-18_siglo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Romano (ika-18 siglo) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Republikang Romano</a> (1798-1800), na itinaiag sa ilalim ng impluwensiya ng <a href="/wiki/Himagsikang_Pranses" title="Himagsikang Pranses">Himagsikang Pranses</a>. Ang mga <a href="/wiki/Estado_ng_Simbahan" title="Estado ng Simbahan">Estadong ng Simbahan</a> ay naibalik noong Hunyo 1800, ngunit sa panahon ng paghahari ni <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_ng_Pransiya" title="Napoleon I ng Pransiya">Napoleon</a>, ang Roma ay isinama bilang isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_(departamento)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roma (departamento) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Département</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Unang_Imperyong_Pranses" title="Unang Imperyong Pranses">Imperyo ng Pransiya</a>: una bilang Département du Tibre (1808-1810) at pagkatapos ay bilang Département Rome (1810–1814). Matapos ang pagbagsak ni Napoleon, ang mga Estadong ng Simbahan ay muling itinatag ng isang desisyon ng <a href="/wiki/Kongreso_ng_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongreso ng Vienna">Kongreso ng Vienna</a> noong 1814. Noong 1849, isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republikang_Romano_(ika-19_na_siglo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republikang Romano (ika-19 na siglo) (hindi pa naisusulat)">pangalawang Republikang Romano</a> ang ipinahayag sa loob ng isang taon ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_rebolusyon_noong_1848&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga rebolusyon noong 1848 (hindi pa naisusulat)">rebolusyon noong 1848</a>. Ang dalawa sa mga pinakamaimpluwensiyang pigura ng <a href="/wiki/Pag-iisa_ng_Italya" title="Pag-iisa ng Italya">pag-iisa ng Italya</a>, na sina <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> at <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, ay lumaban para sa pansamantalang republika. Naging pokus ang Roma buhat ng pag-asang mapag-isa ang Italya matapos mapag-isa ang mga natitirang bahagi ng Italya bilang <a href="/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Italya" title="Kaharian ng Italya">Kaharian ng Italya</a> noong 1861 nang may pansamantalang kapital sa <a href="/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia">Florencia</a>. Sa taong iyon idineklara ang Roma na kabesera ng Italya kahit na nasa ilalim pa rin ito ng kontrol ng Papa. Noong 1860s, ang huling mga bahid ng mga Estadong Papa ay nasa ilalim ng proteksiyon ng Pransiya buhat ng <a href="/wiki/Patakarang_panlabas" title="Patakarang panlabas">patakarang panlabas</a> ni <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>. Ang mga hukbo ng Pransiya ay nakadestino sa rehiyon sa ilalim ng kontrol ng Papa. Noong 1870 ang hukbong Pranses ay umatras dahil sa pagsiklab ng <a href="/wiki/Digmaang_Prangko-Pruso" title="Digmaang Prangko-Pruso">Digmaang Prangko-Pruso</a>. Nakuha ng mga hukbong Italyano ang <a href="/wiki/Pagkubkob_sa_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagkubkob sa Roma">Roma</a> na pumapasok sa lungsod sa pamamagitan ng isang butas malapit sa <a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Porta Pia</a>. Ipinahayag ni <a href="/wiki/Papa_Pio_IX" title="Papa Pio IX">Papa Pio IX</a> na siya ay isang <a href="/wiki/Bilanggo_sa_Vaticano" title="Bilanggo sa Vaticano">bilanggo sa Vaticano</a>. Noong 1871 ang kabesera ng Italya ay inilipat mula sa Florencia patungong Roma.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Citation needed">kailangan ng sanggunian</a>] Noong 1870 ang populasyon ng lungsod ay 212,000, marami na ring nakatira lampas sa mga hangganan ng sinaunang lungsod. Noong 1920, ang populasyon ay 660,000. Ang isang makabuluhang bahagi ay nanirahan sa labas ng mga pader sa hilaga at sa pagtawid ng Tiber sa lugar ng Vaticano. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif/220px-Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif/330px-Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif/440px-Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Pambobomba sa Roma ng mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_Alyado_ng_Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Alyado ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Alyadong</a> eroplano, 1943</figcaption></figure> Makalipas ang ilang sandali matapos ang <a href="/wiki/Unang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a>, sa huling bahagi ng 1922, nasaksihan ng Roma ang paglakas ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasismong_Italyano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasismong Italyano (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pasismong Italyano</a> pinangunahan ni <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, na namuno sa isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martsa_sa_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martsa sa Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">martsa sa lungsod</a>. Inalis niya ang demokrasya noong 1926, at kalaunan ay nagdeklara ng isang bagong <a href="/wiki/Heteo" title="Heteo">Imperyo ng Italya</a> at nakikipag-alyansa ito sa <a href="/wiki/Alemanyang_Nazi" title="Alemanyang Nazi">Alemanyang Nazi</a> noong 1938. Giniba ni Mussolini ang malalaking bahagi ng sentro ng lungsod upang makapagtayo ng malalawak na mga daan at mga plaza upang ipagdiwang ang pasistang rehimen, muling pagkabuhay, at pagluwalhati ng klasikong Roma.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Citation needed">kailangan ng sanggunian</a>] Ang panahon sa pagitan ng mga digmaan ay kakikitaan ng isang mabilis na paglaki ng populasyon ng lungsod na lumampas sa isang milyong naninirahan makalipas ang 1930. Sa panahon ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, dahil sa mga iniingatan at pinahahalagahang yamang-sining at sa pag-iral ng Vaticano, higit na nakatakas ang Roma sa kalunus-lunos na sinapit ng iba pang lungsod sa Europa. Gayunpaman, noong ika-19 ng Hulyo 1943, ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quartiere_San_Lorenzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quartiere San Lorenzo (hindi pa naisusulat)">distrito ng San Lorenzo</a> ay <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pambobomba_sa_Roma_sa_Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pambobomba sa Roma sa Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig (hindi pa naisusulat)">binomba ng mga puwersang Anglo-Amerikano</a>, na nagresulta sa halos 3,000 agarang pagkamatay at 11,000 sugatan kung saan 1,500 pa ang namatay. Si Mussolini ay inaresto noong Hulyo 25. Sa petsa ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armistisyo_ng_Cassibile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armistisyo ng Cassibile (hindi pa naisusulat)">Italyanong Armistisyo</a>, 8 Setyembre 1943, ang lungsod ay sinakop ng mga Aleman. Idineklara ng Papa na ang Roma ay isang <a href="/wiki/Bukas_na_lungsod" title="Bukas na lungsod">bukas na lungsod</a>. Ito ay napalaya noong 4 Hunyo 1944. Ang Roma ay lubos na umunlad pagkatapos ng digmaan bilang bahagi ng "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomikong_himala_ng_Italya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomikong himala ng Italya (hindi pa naisusulat)">ekonomikong himala ng Italya</a>" buhat ng rekonstruksiyon at modernisasyon noong 1950s at unang bahagi ng 1960. Sa panahong ito, sa mga taon ng la dolce vita ("ang matamis na buhay"), ang Roma ay naging isang kaakit-akit na lungsod, na may mga tanyag na klasikong pelikula tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(pelikula_ng_1959)" title="Ben-Hur (pelikula ng 1959)">Ben Hur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quo_Vadis_(1951_na_pelikula)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quo Vadis (1951 na pelikula) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Quo Vadis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Holiday" title="Roman Holiday">Roman Holiday</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Dolce_Vita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Dolce Vita (hindi pa naisusulat)">La Dolce Vita</a>, na kinunan sa tanyag na <a href="/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0" title="Cinecittà">Estudyong Cinecittà</a> ng lungsod. Ang paglago ng populasyon ay nagpatuloy hanggang sa kalagitnaan ng 1980s nang ang komuna ay mayroong higit sa 2.8 milyong mga residente. Pagkatapos nito, ang populasyon ay mabagal na bumaba nang nagsilipat ang mga tao sa mga kalapit na mga suburb. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EUR_(Esposizione_Universale_Roma)">EUR (Esposizione Universale Roma)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Baguhin seksiyon: EUR (Esposizione Universale Roma)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: EUR (Esposizione Universale Roma)">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Ang EUR (inisyal na itinalagang E 42) ay pook pantirahan at pangnegosyo sa timog-kanluran ng sentro ng lungsod. Ang rehiyon ay orihinal na pinili noong 1930s bilang pook ng 1942 World Fair, na planong buksan ni <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> upang ipagdiwang ang 20 taon ng <a href="/wiki/Pasismo" title="Pasismo">pasismo</a>. Ang mga titik na EUR ay nangangahulugang Esposizione Universale Roma. Ang EUR ay idinisenyo rin upang idirekta ang pagpapalawak ng lungsod sa timog-kanluran at dagat at upang maging isang bagong sentro ng lungsod sa Roma. Ang huling disenyo ay ipinakita noong 1939 ngunit dahil sa <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a> ang eksibisyon ay hindi kailanman nangyari at ang konstruksiyon ay itinigil noong 1942. Matapos ang giyera, ang hindi natapos na mga pasilidad ng EUR ay malubhang napinsala. Gayumpaman, nagpasya ang mga awtoridad ng Roma na ang EUR ay maaaring maging simula ng isang sentro ng negosyo sa lunsod, at ang mga hindi natapos na mga gusali mula sa panahong pasista ay nakumpleto noong 1950s at 1960s. Ang mga mas bagong gusali ay itinayo rin para sa paggamit ng mga tanggapan at serbisyo ng gobyerno, sa gitna ng malalaking hardin at parke. Ang EUR ay halos buong nakumpleto para sa mga <a href="/wiki/Palarong_Olimpiko_sa_Tag-init_1960" title="Palarong Olimpiko sa Tag-init 1960">Palarong Olimpiko noong 1960</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pamahalaan">Pamahalaan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pamahalaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Pamahalaan">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lokal_na_pamahalaan">Lokal na pamahalaan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Lokal na pamahalaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Lokal na pamahalaan">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Ang Roma ay bumubuo ng isang komunang <a href="/wiki/Komuna" title="Komuna">speciale</a>, na pinangalanang "Roma Capitale",<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> at ang pinakamalaki kapuwa sa lawak at sa populasyon sa 8,101 comuni ng Italya. Ito ay pinamamahalaan ng isang alkalde at isang konseho ng lungsod. Ang luklukan ng komuna ay ang Palazzo Senatorio sa <a href="/wiki/Burol_Capitolino" title="Burol Capitolino">Burol Capitolino</a>, ang makasaysayang luklukan ng pamahalaang lungsod. Ang lokal na administrasyon sa Roma ay karaniwang tinutukoy bilang "Campidoglio", ang Italyanong pangalan ng burol. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mga_pang-administratibo_at_lumang_paghahati">Mga pang-administratibo at lumang paghahati</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga pang-administratibo at lumang paghahati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Mga pang-administratibo at lumang paghahati">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Roma_-_Municipi_numerata.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roma_-_Municipi_numerata.png/250px-Roma_-_Municipi_numerata.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roma_-_Municipi_numerata.png/330px-Roma_-_Municipi_numerata.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roma_-_Municipi_numerata.png/500px-Roma_-_Municipi_numerata.png 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Ang municipi ng Roma</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Piazza_Esedra_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Piazza_Esedra_2022.jpg/250px-Piazza_Esedra_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Piazza_Esedra_2022.jpg/330px-Piazza_Esedra_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Piazza_Esedra_2022.jpg/500px-Piazza_Esedra_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7910" data-file-height="4556" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica,_Roma" title="Piazza della Repubblica, Roma">Piazza della Repubblica, Roma</a></figcaption></figure> Mula pa noong 1972, ang lungsod ay hinati sa mga lugar pang-administratibo, na tinatawag na municipi (isahan Municipio) (hanggang 2001 na pinangalanang circoscrizioni).<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Sa mga kadahilanang pang-administratibo, nilikha ang mga ito upang mapalawig ang <a href="/wiki/Desentralisasyon" title="Desentralisasyon">desentralisasyon</a> sa lungsod. Ang bawat municipio ay pinamamahalaan ng isang pangulo at isang konseho ng dalawampu't limang miyembro na inihahalal ng mga residente nito bawat limang taon. Ang municipi ay madalas na tumatawid sa mga hangganang tradisyonal, di-pang-administratibong mga dibisyon ng lungsod. Ang municipi ay orihinal na 20, pagkatapos ay ginawang 19,<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> at noong 2013, ang kanilang bilang ay binawasan at naging 15.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Ang Roma ay nahahati rin sa magkakaibang uri ng mga di-administratibong yunit. Ang makasaysayang sentro ay nahahati sa 22 <a href="/wiki/Rioni_ng_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioni ng Roma">rioni</a>, na ang lahat ay matatagpuan sa loob ng <a href="/wiki/Mga_Pader_Aureliano" title="Mga Pader Aureliano">mga Pader Aureliano</a> maliban sa <a href="/wiki/Prati" title="Prati">Prati</a> at <a href="/wiki/Borgo_(rione_ng_Roma)" title="Borgo (rione ng Roma)">Borgo</a>. Nagmula ang mga ito mula sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=14_na_rehiyon_ng_Augustong_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14 na rehiyon ng Augustong Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">14 na rehiyon ng Augustong Roma</a>, na binago noong Gitnang Kapanahunan hanggang maging <a href="/w/index.php?title=14_na_rehiyon_ng_Medyebal_na_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14 na rehiyon ng Medyebal na Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">medyebal na rioni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Sa <a href="/wiki/Renasimiyento" title="Renasimiyento">Renasiiyento</a>, sa ilalim ng Papa <a href="/wiki/Papa_Sixto_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Sixto V">Sixto V</a>, umabot ulit sa labing-apat, at ang kanilang mga hangganan sa wakas ay itinakda sa ilalim ni <a href="/wiki/Papa_Benedicto_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Benedicto XIV">Papa Benedicto XIV</a> noong 1743. Naging pansamantala ang isang bagong pagkakahati ng lungsod sa ilalim ni <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_ng_Pransiya" title="Napoleon I ng Pransiya">Napoleon</a>, at walang seryosong pagbabago sa pag-oorganisa ng lungsod hanggang noong 1870 nang ang Roma ay naging ikatlong kabesera ng Italya. Ang mga pangangailangan ng bagong kabesera ay humantong sa isang matinding paglaki kapuwa sa urbanisasyon at sa populasyon sa loob at labas ng mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_Pader_Aureliano" title="Mga Pader Aureliano">pader Aureliano</a>. Noong 1874, isang labinlimang rione, ang <a href="/wiki/Esquilino_(rione_ng_Roma)" title="Esquilino (rione ng Roma)">Esquilino</a>, ay nilikha sa bagong urbanisadong sona ng <a href="/wiki/Monti_(rione_ng_Roma)" title="Monti (rione ng Roma)">Monti</a>. Sa simula ng ika-20 siglo, ang iba pang rioni ay nilikha (ang huli ay si Prati–ang nag-iisa sa labas ng mga Pader ni <a href="/wiki/Urbano_VIII" title="Urbano VIII">Papa Urbano VIII</a>–noong 1921). Pagkatapos, para sa mga bagong pagkakahating pang-administratibo ng lungsod, ginamit na ang terminong "quartiere". Ngayon ang lahat ng rioni ay bahagi ng unang Municipio, na samakatuwid ay ganap na nag-tutugma sa makasaysayang lungsod (Centro Storico). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kalakhang_at_panrehiyong_pamahalaan">Kalakhang at panrehiyong pamahalaan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kalakhang at panrehiyong pamahalaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Kalakhang at panrehiyong pamahalaan">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Ang Roma ay ang pangunahing bayan ng <a href="/wiki/Metropolitanong_Lungsod_ng_Roma_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitanong Lungsod ng Roma Capital">Kalakhang Lungsod ng Roma Capital</a>, na sinimulang pairalin noong Enero 1, 2015. Pinalitan ng Kalakhang Lungsod ang dating <a href="/wiki/Roma_(lalawigan)" title="Roma (lalawigan)">provincia di Roma</a>, na kinabibilangan ng lugar ng kalakhang kinasasakupan ng lungsod at umaabot pa sa hilaga hanggang sa <a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a>. Ang Kalakhang Lungsod ng Roma ang may pinakamalaking lupaing sakop sa Italya. Sa 5,352 square kilometre (2,066 mi kuw), ang mga sukat nito ay maihahambing sa rehiyon ng <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>. Bukod dito, ang lungsod ay ang kabesera rin ng rehiyon ng <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pambansang_pamahalaan">Pambansang pamahalaan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pambansang pamahalaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Pambansang pamahalaan">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg/250px-Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg/330px-Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg/500px-Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6965" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Palasyo_Quirinal" title="Palasyo Quirinal">Palazzo del Quirinale</a>, ngayon ay luklukan ng <a href="/wiki/Pangulo_ng_Italya" title="Pangulo ng Italya">Pangulo ng Republika ng Italya</a></figcaption></figure>Ang Roma ang pambansang kabesera ng Italya at ang luklukan ng <a href="/wiki/Politika_ng_Italya" title="Politika ng Italya">Pamahalaang Italyano</a>. Ang mga opisyal na tirahan ng <a href="/wiki/Pangulo_ng_Italya" title="Pangulo ng Italya">Pangulo ng Republikang Italyano</a> at ng <a href="/wiki/Punong_Ministro_ng_Italya" title="Punong Ministro ng Italya">Punong Ministro ng Italya</a>, ang mga luklukan ng parehong tanggapan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlamentong_Italyano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parlamentong Italyano (hindi pa naisusulat)">Parlamentong Italyano</a> at ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstitusyonal_na_Korte_ng_Italya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstitusyonal na Korte ng Italya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Konstitusyonal na Korte ng Italya</a> ay matatagpuan sa sentrong pangkasaysayan. Ang mga ministro ng estado ay nakakalat sa lungsod; kasama rito ang Ministro ng Ugnayang Panlabas, na matatagpuan sa <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Farnesina" title="Palazzo della Farnesina">Palazzo della Farnesina</a> malapit sa estadio Olimpiko. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heograpiya">Heograpiya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Heograpiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Heograpiya">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lokasyon">Lokasyon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Lokasyon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Lokasyon">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Ang Roma ay nasa rehiyon ng <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gitnang_Italya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gitnang Italya (hindi pa naisusulat)">gitnang Italya</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Ilog_Tiber" title="Ilog Tiber">Ilog Tiber</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italyano_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italyano language (hindi pa naisusulat)">Italyano</a>: Tevere). Ang orihinal na kapitbahayan ay umunlad sa mga burol na nakaharap sa isang tawiran ng ilog sa tabi ng <a href="/wiki/Pulo_ng_Tiber" title="Pulo ng Tiber">Pulo ng Tiber</a>, ang tanging natural na tawiran ng ilog sa lugar na ito. Ang Roma ng mga Hari ay itinayo sa pitong burol: ang <a href="/wiki/Burol_Aventino" title="Burol Aventino">Burol Aventino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burol_Celio" title="Burol Celio">Burol Celio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burol_Capitolino" title="Burol Capitolino">Burol Capitolino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burol_Esquilino" title="Burol Esquilino">Burol Esquilino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burol_Palatino" title="Burol Palatino">Burol Palatino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burol_Quirinal" title="Burol Quirinal">Burol Quirinal</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Burol_Viminal" title="Burol Viminal">Burol Viminal</a>. Ang modernong Roma ay sumasakop din ng isa pang ilog, ang <a href="/wiki/Aniene" title="Aniene">Aniene</a>, na dumadaloy papuntang Tiber sa hilaga ng sentrong pangkasaysayan. Kahit na ang sentro ng lungsod ay nasa 24 kilometro (15 mi) papaloob mula sa <a href="/wiki/Dagat_Tireno" title="Dagat Tireno">Daga Tireno</a>, ang teritoryo ng lungsod ay sakop hanggang sa baybayin na kung saan naroon ang timog-kanlurang distrito ng <a href="/wiki/Ostia_(Roma)" title="Ostia (Roma)">Ostia</a>. Ang altitudo ng sentrong bahagi ng Roma ay mula 13 metro (43 talampakan) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taas_mula_sa_nibel_ng_dagat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taas mula sa nibel ng dagat (hindi pa naisusulat)">taas mula</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taas_mula_sa_nibel_ng_dagat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taas mula sa nibel ng dagat (hindi pa naisusulat)">sa nibel ng dagat</a> (sa kinatatayuan ng <a href="/wiki/Panteon" title="Panteon">Panteon</a>) hanggang 139 metro (456 talampakan) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taas_mula_sa_nibel_ng_dagat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taas mula sa nibel ng dagat (hindi pa naisusulat)">taas mula</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taas_mula_sa_nibel_ng_dagat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taas mula sa nibel ng dagat (hindi pa naisusulat)">sa nibel ng dagat</a> (sa tuktok ng <a href="/wiki/Monte_Mario" title="Monte Mario">Monte Mario</a>).<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Ang Komuna ng Roma ay sumasakop sa kabuuang lawak ng 1,285 kilometro kuwadrado (496 me kuw), kasama ang maraming parke at mapupunong lugar. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topograpiya">Topograpiya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Topograpiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Topograpiya">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Satellite_view_of_Rome_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Satellite_view_of_Rome_2001.jpg/220px-Satellite_view_of_Rome_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Satellite_view_of_Rome_2001.jpg/330px-Satellite_view_of_Rome_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Satellite_view_of_Rome_2001.jpg/440px-Satellite_view_of_Rome_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Imaheng satellite ng Roma</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Roma_dall%27aereo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Roma_dall%27aereo.JPG/250px-Roma_dall%27aereo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Roma_dall%27aereo.JPG/330px-Roma_dall%27aereo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Roma_dall%27aereo.JPG/500px-Roma_dall%27aereo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Tanaw sa himpapawid ng bahaging Centro Storico ng Roma</figcaption></figure> Sa buong kasaysayan ng Roma, ang mga hangganan ng lungsod ay itinuturing na lugar sa loob ng mga pader ng lungsod. Orihinal, ang mga ito ay binubuo ng <a href="/wiki/Pader_Serviano" title="Pader Serviano">Pader Serviano</a>, na itinayo labindalawang taon pagkatapos ng pandarambong ng mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_Galo" title="Mga Galo">Galo</a> sa lungsod noong 390 BK. Naglalaman ito ng karamihan sa mga burol ng Esquilino at Celio, pati na rin sa kabuuan ng natitirang lima. Lumaki ng Roma labas ng Pader Serviano, ngunit wala nang pader ang itinayo hanggang sa halos 700 taong lumipas, nang, noong 270 AD, sinimulan ng Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurelian">Aureliano</a> ang pagtatayo ng <a href="/wiki/Mga_Pader_Aureliano" title="Mga Pader Aureliano">mga Pader Aureliano</a>. Ito ay halos 19 kilometro (12 mi) haba, at naging pader pa rin na kinailangang butasin ng mga hukbo ng <a href="/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Italya" title="Kaharian ng Italya">Kaharian ng Italya</a> noong 1870. Ang urbanong kinasasakupan ng lungsod ay hinahati sa dalawa sa pamamagitan ng daang singsing nito, ang <a href="/wiki/Grande_Raccordo_Anulare" title="Grande Raccordo Anulare">Grande Raccordo Anulare</a> ("GRA"), na natapos noong 1962, kung saan binilog ang sentro ng lungsod sa distanisya na mga 10 kilometro (6 mi). Bagaman nang nakumpleto ang singsing ang karamihan sa mga bahagi ng lugar na tinitirhan ay napapaloob nito (bukod sa dating nayon ng <a href="/wiki/Ostia_(Roma)" title="Ostia (Roma)">Ostia</a>, na nasa baybayin ng Tireno), may mga baryo na ng lungsod na itinayo hanggang sa 20 kilometro (12 mi) lagpas nito. Sakop ng komuna ang isang lugar na halos tatlong beses sa kabuuang lugar sa loob ng Raccordo at maihahalintulad sa lugar sa buong kalakhang lungsod ng <a href="/wiki/Milano" class="mw-redirect" title="Milano">Milano</a> at <a href="/wiki/Napoles" title="Napoles">Napoles</a>, at sa isang lugar na anim na beses na laki ng teritoryo ng mga lungsod na ito. Kasama rin dito ang malalaking lugar ng inabandunang latiang hindi angkop para sa agrikultura o para sa kaunlarang urbano. Bilang kahihinatnan, ang densidad ng komuna ay hindi ganoon kataas, ang teritoryo nito ay nahahati sa pagitan ng mga matataong lugar at mga lugar na itinalaga bilang mga parke, mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reserbang_pangkalikasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reserbang pangkalikasan (hindi pa naisusulat)">reserbang pangkalikasan</a>, at pang-agrikultura. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klima">Klima</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Klima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Klima">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Ang Roma ay mayroong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klimang_Mediteraneo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klimang Mediteraneo (hindi pa naisusulat)">klimang Mediteraneo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategoryang_K%C3%B6ppen_sa_klima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategoryang Köppen sa klima (hindi pa naisusulat)">kategoryang Köppen sa klima</a>: Csa),<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> may mainit, tuyong tag-init, at banayad, mabanas na taglamig. Ang pangkaraniwang taunang temperatura ay higit sa 21 °C (70 °F) sa araw at 9 °C (48 °F) sa gabi. Sa pinakamalamig na buwan, Enero, ang pangkaraniwang temperatura ay 12.6 °C (54.7 °F) sa araw at 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) sa gabi. Sa pinakamainit na buwan, Agosto, ang pangkaraniwan temperatura ay 31.7 °C (89.1 °F) sa araw at 17.3 °C (63.1 °F) sa gabi. Disyembre, Enero, at Pebrero ang mga pinakamalamig na buwan, na may pang-araw-araw na temperatura na tinatayang 8 °C (46 °F). Ang mga temperatura sa mga buwang ito sa pangkalahatan ay nag-iiba sa pagitan ng 10 at 15 °C (50 at 59 °F) sa araw at sa pagitan ng 3 at 5 °C (37 at 41 °F) sa gabi, na may mas malamig o mas maiinit na rurok na madalas na nangyayari. Ang pag-ulan ng niyebe ay bihira, na may mahihinang pag-ulan o bugso na nangyayari sa ilang taglamig. Sa pangkalahatan nang walang akumulasyon, at ang mga malakas na pag-ulan ng niyebe ay bihira (ang mga pinakahuling nangyari ay noong 2018, 2012, at 1986).<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Ang pangkaraniwang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relatibong_kahalumigmigan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relatibong kahalumigmigan (hindi pa naisusulat)">relatibong kahalumigmigan</a> ay 75%, nag-iiba mula 72% sa Hulyo hanggang 77% sa Nobyembre. Ang temperatura ng dagat ay nag-iiba mula sa isang mababang 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) sa Pebrero sa isang mataas na 25.0 °C (77.0 °F) sa Agosto.<a href="#cite_note-seatemperature.org2-49">[47]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:90%; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height: 1.2em; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Datos ng klima para sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paliparang_Rome_Urbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paliparang Rome Urbe (hindi pa naisusulat)">Paliparang Rome Urbe</a> (altitude: 24 m sl, 7 km north from Colosseum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Rome_Urbe_Airport&params=41.9519_N_12.4989_E_dim:10000_region:IT-RM_type:airport">satellite view</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Buwan </th> <th scope="col">Ene </th> <th scope="col">Peb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Abr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Hun </th> <th scope="col">Hul </th> <th scope="col">Ago </th> <th scope="col">Set </th> <th scope="col">Okt </th> <th scope="col">Nob </th> <th scope="col">Dis </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Taon </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Sukdulang taas °S (°P) </th> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;">23.6 (74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;">27.0 (80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;">33.1 (91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;">36.8 (98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;">40.0 (104) </td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;">39.6 (103.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;">37.6 (99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;">26.0 (78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;">22.8 (73) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium">40.0 (104) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Katamtamang taas °S (°P) </th> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;">18.9 (66) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;">23.9 (75) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;">31.7 (89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;">22.4 (72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">21.4 (70.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Arawang tamtaman °S (°P) </th> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;">7.4 (45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;">11.2 (52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">15.3 (59.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Katamtamang baba °S (°P) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;">2.1 (35.8) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;">2.7 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;">3.1 (37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">9.1 (48.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Sukdulang baba °S (°P) </th> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;">−9.8 (14.4) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;">−6.0 (21.2) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;">−9.0 (15.8) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;">−2.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;">3.7 (38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;">9.8 (49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;">8.6 (47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;">0.0 (32) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;">−7.2 (19) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;">−5.4 (22.3) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">−9.8 (14.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Katamtamang presipitasyon mm (pulgada) </th> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;">69.5 (2.736) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;">75.8 (2.984) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;">59.0 (2.323) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;">76.2 (3) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;">49.1 (1.933) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;">40.7 (1.602) </td> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;">21.0 (0.827) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;">34.1 (1.343) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;">71.8 (2.827) </td> <td style="background: #5FFF5F; color:#000000;">107.0 (4.213) </td> <td style="background: #55FF55; color:#000000;">109.9 (4.327) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;">84.4 (3.323) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">798.5 (31.437) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Araw ng katamtamang presipitasyon (≥ 1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;">2.3 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">77.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Buwanang tamtaman ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagal_ng_sikat_ng_araw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagal ng sikat ng araw (hindi pa naisusulat)">sikat ng araw</a> </th> <td style="background: #B6B65D; color:#000000;">120.9 </td> <td style="background: #C2C215; color:#000000;">132.8 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;">167.4 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;">201.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;">263.5 </td> <td style="background: #EDED08; color:#000000;">285.0 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51C; color:#000000;">331.7 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;">297.6 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;">237.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;">195.3 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3B; color:#000000;">129.0 </td> <td style="background: #B2B277; color:#000000;">111.6 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">2,473 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Sanggunian: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Servizio_Meteorologico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Servizio Meteorologico (hindi pa naisusulat)">Servizio Meteorologico</a><a href="#cite_note-ServizioMeteorologico3-50">[48]</a> (1971–2000) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demograpiya">Demograpiya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Demograpiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Demograpiya">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <table class="toccolours" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;border-left:1px #aaa solid;border-right:1px #aaa solid;background-color:lavender;padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;width:3em">Taon</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Populasyon">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">194,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">212,432</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">273,952</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">422,411</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+54.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">518,917</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+22.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">660,235</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">930,926</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+41.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,150,589</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,651,754</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+43.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,188,160</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+32.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,781,993</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,840,259</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,775,250</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,663,182</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,617,175</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2017</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,876,051</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.9%</td></tr></tbody></table>Noong 550 BK, ang Roma ang pangalawang pinakamalaking lungsod sa Italya, kung saan ang <a href="/wiki/Taranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a> ang pinakamalaki.  Mayroon itong lugar na humigit-kumulang na 285 ektarya (700 akre) at tinatayang populasyon na 35,000. Ang iba pang nagmumukhahi ay naglalatag ng populasyon na nasa ilalim lamang ng 100,000 mula 600 hanggang 500 BK.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Nang maitatag ang Republika noong 509 BK ang senso ay nagtala ng populasyon na 130,000. Kasama sa republika ang mismong lungsod at ang agarang nakapalibot. Ang iba pang sanggunian ay nagmumungkahi ng isang populasyon ng 150,000 noong 500 BK. Lumagpas ito sa 300,000 noong 150 BK.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Ang laki populasyon ng lungsod sa panahon ng Emperador <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Augusto" title="Cesar Augusto">Augusto</a> ay pagtatantiya, na mayroong mga batay sa pamamahagi ng palay, pag-angkat ng palay, kapasidad ng akwedukto, hangganan ng lungsod, kapal ng populasyon, mga ulat sa senso, at mga pagpapalagay tungkol sa bilang ng mga hindi naiulat na kababaihan, bata, at mga alipin na nagbibigay ng isang napakalawak na saklaw. Tinantiya ni Glenn Storey ang 450,000 katao, tinatantiya ng Whitney Oates ang 1.2 milyon. Nagbibigay si Neville Morely ng isang malabong pagtatantiya ng 800,000 at ibinukod ang naunang mga mungkahi ng 2 milyon.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Paiba-iba ang mga tantiya ng populasyon ng lungsod. Tinantiya ni A.H.M. Jones ang populasyon sa 650,000 sa kalagitnaan ng ikalimang siglo. Ang pinsalang dulot ng mga pandarambong ay maaaring pagmamalabis. Ang populasyon ay nagsimula nang lumiit mula sa huling bahagi ng ika-apat na siglo pataas, bagaman sa kalagitnaan ng ikalimang siglo, tila ang Roma ay nananatiling pinakapopular na lungsod ng dalawang bahagi ng Imperyo.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Ayon kay Krautheimer malapit pa rin ito sa 800,000 noong 400 AD; at bumaba sa 500,000 noong 452, at marahil bumababa pa sa 100,000 noong 500 AD. Matapos ang mga Digmaang Gotiko, 535–552, ang populasyon ay maaaring bumulusok pansamantala sa 30,000. Sa panahon ng papado ni <a href="/wiki/Papa_Gregorio_I" title="Papa Gregorio I">Papa Gregorio I</a> (590-604), maaaring umabot ito sa 90,000, na dinagdagan ng mga takas.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Tinantiya ni Lancon na 500,000 ang populasyon batay sa bilang ng 'incisi' na nakatala bilang karapat-dapat makatanggap ng mga rasyon ng tinapay, langis, at vino; ang bilang ay bumagsak sa 120,000 sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reporma_ng_419&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reporma ng 419 (hindi pa naisusulat)">reporma ng 419</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Si Neil Christie, na sumasangguni sa libreng rasyon para sa pinakamahirap, ay nagtantiya ng 500,000 sa kalagitnaan ng ikalimang siglo at isang sangkapat pa rin ng isang milyon sa pagtatapos ng siglo.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Ang Nobela 36 ni Emperador <a href="/wiki/Valentiniano_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentiniano III">Valentiniano III</a> ay nagtala ng 3.629 milyong libra ng baboy na ibabahagi sa mga nangangailangan sa 5 libra bawat buwan para sa limang buwan ng taglamig, sapat para sa 145,000 na tatanggap. Ginamit ito upang magmungkahi ng populasyon na mas mababa sa 500,000 lamang. Ang mga daloy ng butil ay nanatiling matatag hanggang sa pag-agaw ng mga natitirang lalawigan ng Hilagang Africa noong 439 ng mga <a href="/wiki/Lahing_Bandalo" title="Lahing Bandalo">Bandalo</a>, at maaaring bahagyang nagpatuloy nang ganito. Ang populasyon ng lungsod ay bumulusok pa sa mas mababa sa 50,000 katao noong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maagang_Gitnang_Kapanahunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maagang Gitnang Kapanahunan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Maagang Gitnang Kapanahunan</a> mula 700 AD pataas. Nagpatuloy ito sa pagtimik o pag-urong hanggang sa <a href="/wiki/Renasimiyento" title="Renasimiyento">Renasimiyento</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Nang salakayin ng <a href="/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Italya" title="Kaharian ng Italya">Kaharian ng Italya</a> ang Roma noong 1870, ang lungsod ay may populasyon na humigit-kumulang 225,000. Mas mababa sa kalahati ng lungsod sa loob ng mga pader ang naitayo noong 1881 nang ang populasyon na naitala ay 275,000. Ito ay tumaas sa 600,000 sa bisperas ng Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig. Sinubukan ng <a href="/wiki/Pasismo" title="Pasismo">pasistang</a> rehimen ng Mussolini na pigilan ang labis na pagtaas ng demograpiko ng lungsod ngunit nabigong pigilan ito nang maabot ang isang milyong katao noong unang bahagi ng 1930.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Please clarify">kailangang linawin</a>] Nagpatuloy ang paglaki ng populasyon pagkatapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, sa pamamagitan ng paglakas ng ekonomiya pagkatapos ng giyera. Ang pagdami ng konstruksiyon ay lumikha din ng maraming suburb noong 1950s at 1960s. Noong kalagitnaan ng 2010, mayroong 2,754,440 residente sa mismong lungsod, habang ilang 4.2 milyong katao pa ang nanirahan sa mas malawak na lugar ng Roma (na maaaring ituring bilang bahagi ng administratibong kalakhang lungsod, na may densidad ng populasyon na halos 800 mga naninirahan/km2 na saklaw ang 5,000 km2 (1,900 mi kuw)). Ang mga menor de edad (batang may edad 18 at mas bata) ay umabot sa 17.00% ng populasyon kumpara sa mga pensiyonado na may bilang na 20.76%. Kumpara ito sa pangkaraniwan sa Italya na 18.06% (menor de edad) at 19.94% (pensiyonado). Ang pangkaraniwang edad ng isang residenteng Romano ay 43 kumpara sa pangkaraniwan sa Italya na 42. Sa limang taon sa pagitan ng 2002 at 2007, ang populasyon ng Roma ay lumago nang 6.54%, habang ang Italya sa kabuuan ay lumago ng 3.56%.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Ang kasalukuyang tantos ng kapanganakan ng Roma ay 9.10 ipinapanganak sa bawat 1,000 naninirahan kumpara sa pangkaraniwan sa Italya na 9.45 ang ipinapanganak. Ang urbanong sakop ng Roma ay lumalagpas sa mga administratibong hangganan lungsod na may populasyon na halos 3.9 milyon.<a href="#cite_note-World_Urban_Areas2-68">[66]</a> Sa pagitan ng 3.2 at 4.2 milyong tao ang naninirahan sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitanong_sakop_ng_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitanong sakop ng Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">metropolitanong sakop ng Roma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mga_pangkat-etniko">Mga pangkat-etniko</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga pangkat-etniko" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Mga pangkat-etniko">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Esquilino_da_s_M_Maggiore_1240961.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Esquilino_da_s_M_Maggiore_1240961.JPG/250px-Esquilino_da_s_M_Maggiore_1240961.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Esquilino_da_s_M_Maggiore_1240961.JPG/330px-Esquilino_da_s_M_Maggiore_1240961.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Esquilino_da_s_M_Maggiore_1240961.JPG/500px-Esquilino_da_s_M_Maggiore_1240961.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Esquilino_(rione_ng_Roma)" title="Esquilino (rione ng Roma)">Esquilino</a> <a href="/wiki/Rioni_ng_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioni ng Roma">rione</a></figcaption></figure> Ayon sa pinakabagong estadistikang isinasagawa ng ISTAT, humigit-kumulang na 9.5% ng populasyon ay binubuo ng mga hindi Italyano. Halos kalahati ng populasyong migrante ay binubuo ng iba`t ibang pinagmulan sa Europa (higit sa lahat Rumano, Polako, Ukranyo, at Albanes) na bilang ng pinagsamang kabuuang 131,118 o 4.7% ng populasyon. Ang natitirang 4.8% ay may di-Europeong pinagmulan, higit sa lahat ang mga Pilipino (26,933), Bangladesi (12,154), at Tsino (10,283). Ang <a href="/wiki/Esquilino_(rione_ng_Roma)" title="Esquilino (rione ng Roma)">Esquilino</a> <a href="/wiki/Rioni_ng_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioni ng Roma">rione</a>, sa labas ng <a href="/wiki/Himpilan_ng_Termini_(Roma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Himpilan ng Termini (Roma)">Himpilan ng Tren ng Termini</a>, ay umunlad sa isang malakihang kapitbahayan ng mga migrante. Ito ay tinutukoy bilang Chinatown ng Roma. Ang mga migrante mula sa higit sa isang daang iba't ibang bansa ay naninirahan doon. Isang komersiyal na distrito, naglalaman ang Esquilino ng mga restawran na nagtatampok ng maraming uri ng lutuing pandaigdigan. May mga tindahan ng pakyawan sa damit. Sa 1,300 o higit pang komersiyal na establisimiyento sa distrito, 800 ay pag-aari ng mga Tsino; bandang 300 ay pinamamahalaan ng mga migrante mula sa ibang bansa sa buong mundo; 200 ang pagmamay-ari ng mga Italyano.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relihiyon">Relihiyon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Relihiyon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Relihiyon">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg/250px-San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg/330px-San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg/500px-San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8874" data-file-height="6651" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_San_Juan_de_Letran" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilika ni San Juan de Letran">Arsobasilika ni San Juan de Letran</a>, ang Katedral ng Roma, na itinayo noong 324, at bahagyang itinayo muli sa pagitan ng 1660 at 1734</figcaption></figure> <div class="barbox tright" style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th colspan="5">Relihiyon sa Roma (2015), Porsiyento<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td style="padding:0 4px;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td> <td style="width:100px;"> </td><td style="padding:0 4px; width:5em; text-align:right;"></td> <td style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Katoliko" title="Katoliko">Katolikoism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gold; width:83%; overflow: hidden;">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">82.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denominasyong_panrelihiyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denominasyong panrelihiyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Iba</a> or <a href="/wiki/Walang-relihiyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Walang-relihiyon">hindi relihiyoso</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:9%; overflow: hidden;">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Silangang_Ortodokso" class="mw-redirect" title="Silangang Ortodokso">Silangang Ortodokso</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:5%; overflow: hidden;">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:4.8%; overflow: hidden;">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo">Protestantismo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:pink; width:1.8%; overflow: hidden;">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.8</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hudaismo" title="Hudaismo">Hudaismo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:1.7%; overflow: hidden;">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.7</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduismo" title="Hinduismo">Hinduismo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:1.4%; overflow: hidden;">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Budismo</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:brown; width:1.3%; overflow: hidden;">  </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div>Tulad ng natitirang bahagi ng Italya, ang Roma ay higit sa lahat ay <a href="/wiki/Kristiyanismo" title="Kristiyanismo">Kristiyano</a>, at ang lungsod ay naging isang mahalagang sentro ng relihiyon at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiyanong_peregrinasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristiyanong peregrinasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">peregrinasyon</a> sa loob ng maraming siglo. Narito ang batayan ng sinaunang relihiyon ng Roma na may <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" title="Pontifex Maximus">pontifex maximus</a> at kalaunan, ito ang naging luklukan ng <a href="/wiki/Banal_na_Luklukan" title="Banal na Luklukan">Vaticano</a> at ng papa. Bago dumating ang mga Kristiyano sa Roma, ang <a href="/wiki/Relihiyon_sa_Sinaunang_Roma" title="Relihiyon sa Sinaunang Roma">Religio Romana</a> (literal, ang "Relihiyong Romano") ay ang pangunahing relihiyon ng lungsod sa klasikong sinaunang panahon. Ang mga unang diyos na itinatalaga ng mga Romano ay si <a href="/wiki/Hupiter_(mitolohiya)" title="Hupiter (mitolohiya)">Hupiter</a>, ang Kataas-taasan, at si <a href="/wiki/Marte_(mitolohiya)" title="Marte (mitolohiya)">Marte</a>, ang diyos ng giyera, at ama ng mga kambal nagtatag ng Roma, sina <a href="/wiki/Romulus_at_Remus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus at Remus">Romulus at Remus</a>, ayon sa tradisyon. Ang ibang mga diyos tulad nina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vesta_(mitolohiya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vesta (mitolohiya) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Vesta</a> at <a href="/wiki/Minerva" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> ay pinarangalan. Kumalat din sa Roma ang maraming misteryong kulto, tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Mga_misteryong_Mitraiko" title="Mga misteryong Mitraiko">Mitraismo</a>. Sa kalaunan, matapos maging martir sa lungsod sina <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro" title="San Pedro">San Pedro</a> at <a href="/wiki/Apostol_Pablo" title="Apostol Pablo">San Pablo</a>, at ang unang mga Kristiyano ay nagsimulang dumating, ang Roma ay naging Kristiyano, at ang <a href="/wiki/Lumang_Basilika_ni_San_Pedro" title="Lumang Basilika ni San Pedro">Lumang Basilika ni San Pedro</a> ay itinayo noong 313 AD. Sa kabila ng ilang pagkakagambala (tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papado_sa_Avignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papado sa Avignon (hindi pa naisusulat)">papado sa Avignon</a>), ang Roma ay ilang daang siglo nang tahanan ng <a href="/wiki/Simbahang_Katolika_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbahang Katolika Romana">Simbahang Katolika Romana</a> at ng <a href="/wiki/Papa" title="Papa">Obispo ng Roma</a>, na kilala bilang Papa. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg/440px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6906" data-file-height="5358" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_Santa_Maria_la_Mayor" title="Basilika ni Santa Maria la Mayor">Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, isa sa apat na papal na <a href="/wiki/Mga_basilika_sa_Simbahang_Katolika" title="Mga basilika sa Simbahang Katolika">basilika mayor</a> at may maraming estilo ng arkitektura, na itinayo sa pagitan ng ika-4 na siglo at 1743</figcaption></figure> Sa kabila ng katotohanang ang Roma ay tahanan ng <a href="/wiki/Lungsod_ng_Vaticano" title="Lungsod ng Vaticano">Lungsod ng Vaticano</a> at Basilica ni San Pedro, ang katedral ng Roma ay ang <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_San_Juan_de_Letran" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilika ni San Juan de Letran">Arsobasilika ni San Juan de Letran</a>, sa timog-silangan ng sentro ng lungsod. Mayroong halos 900 mga simbahan sa Roma sa kabuuan. Bukod sa mismong katedral, kasama sa ilang iba pang kilala ay ang <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_Santa_Maria_la_Mayor" title="Basilika ni Santa Maria la Mayor">Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_San_Pablo_Extramuros" title="Basilika ni San Pablo Extramuros">Basilika ni San Pablo Extramuros</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/San_Clemente_al_Laterano" title="San Clemente al Laterano">Basilica di San Clemente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simbahan_ng_San_Carlo_alle_Quattro_Fontane" title="Simbahan ng San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane">San Carlo Al Quattro Fontane</a>, at ang <a href="/wiki/Simbahan_ng_Ges%C3%B9" title="Simbahan ng Gesù">Simbahan ng Gesù</a>. Mayroon ding mga sinaunang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_catacumba_ng_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga catacumba ng Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Catacumba ng Roma</a> sa ilalim ng lungsod. Maraming institusyong pang-edukasyong pang-relihiyoso din ang nasa Roma, tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontipikal_na_Lateranong_Unibersidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontipikal na Lateranong Unibersidad (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pontipikal na Lateranong Unibersidad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontipikal_na_Suriang_Biblikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontipikal na Suriang Biblikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pontipikal na Suriang Biblikal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontipikal_na_Gregoriong_Unibersidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontipikal na Gregoriong Unibersidad (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pontipikal na Gregoriong Unibersidad</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontipikal_na_Suriang_Oriental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontipikal na Suriang Oriental (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pontipikal na Suriang Oriental</a>. Sa mga nagdaang taon, nagkaroon ng paglago sa pamayanang <a href="/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> ng Roma, higit sa lahat dahil sa imigrasyon mula sa Hilagang Africa at Gitnang Silangan papunta sa lungsod.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Please clarify">kailangang linawin</a>] Bilang resulta ng pagtaas ng mga lokal na tagapagsanay ng pananampalatayang <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, isinulong ng komuna ang pagtatayo ng <a href="/wiki/Mosque_ng_Roma" title="Mosque ng Roma">Mosque ng Roma</a>, na kung saan ito ang pinakamalaking mosque sa <a href="/wiki/Kanlurang_Europa" title="Kanlurang Europa">Kanlurang Europa</a>, na dinisenyo ng arkitektong si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Portoghesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Portoghesi (hindi pa naisusulat)">Paolo Portoghesi</a> at pinasinayaan noong Hunyo 21, 1995. Mula nang natapos ang <a href="/wiki/Republikang_Romano" title="Republikang Romano">Republikang Romano</a>, ang Roma ay sentro rin ng isang mahalagang pamayanan ng mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_Hudyo" title="Mga Hudyo">Hudyo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> na dating nakabase sa <a href="/wiki/Trastevere" title="Trastevere">Trastevere</a>, at kalaunan sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto_ng_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghetto ng Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ghetto ng Roma</a>. Nariyan din ang pangunahing sinagoga sa Roma, ang <a href="/wiki/Dakilang_Sinagoga_ng_Roma" title="Dakilang Sinagoga ng Roma">Tempio Maggiore</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lungsod_ng_Vaticano">Lungsod ng Vaticano</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Lungsod ng Vaticano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Lungsod ng Vaticano">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2151589" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/wiki/Lungsod_ng_Vaticano" title="Lungsod ng Vaticano">Lungsod ng Vaticano</a></div><div class="thumb" style="width:100%;"> <div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto; overflow-y:display; overflow-x:scroll;"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Vatikan_Kolonaden_Petersdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piazza San Pietro sa Lungsod ng Vaticano"><img alt="Piazza San Pietro sa Lungsod ng Vaticano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vatikan_Kolonaden_Petersdom.jpg/1000px-Vatikan_Kolonaden_Petersdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vatikan_Kolonaden_Petersdom.jpg/1500px-Vatikan_Kolonaden_Petersdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vatikan_Kolonaden_Petersdom.jpg/2000px-Vatikan_Kolonaden_Petersdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="1353" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify noprint" style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Vatikan_Kolonaden_Petersdom.jpg" title="Talaksan:Vatikan Kolonaden Petersdom.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Magnify-clip.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="11" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/Piazza_San_Pietro" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza San Pietro">Piazza San Pietro</a> sa Lungsod ng Vaticano</div> </div></div>Ang teritoryo ng Lungsod ng Vaticano ay bahagi ng Mons Vaticanus (<a href="/wiki/Burol_Vaticano" title="Burol Vaticano">Burol Vaticano</a>), at ng katabing dating Parang ng Vaticano, kung saan ang <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_San_Pedro" title="Basilika ni San Pedro">Basilika ni San Pedro</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Apostolikong_Palasyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolikong Palasyo">Apostolikong Palasyo</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Kapilya_Sistina" title="Kapilya Sistina">Kapilya Sistina</a>, at mga museo ay itinayo, kasama ang iba`t ibang gusali. Ang lugar ay bahagi ng Romanong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rione (hindi pa naisusulat)">rione</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Borgo_(rione_ng_Roma)" title="Borgo (rione ng Roma)">Borgo</a> hanggang 1929. Bilang hiwalay mula sa lungsod sa kanlurang pampang ng <a href="/wiki/Ilog_Tiber" title="Ilog Tiber">Tiber</a>, ang lugar ay isang suburb na protektado dahil pinaloob sa mga pader ni <a href="/wiki/Papa_Leo_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Leo IV">Leo IV</a>, na kalaunan ay pinalawak ang hanggang sa kasalukuyang kutang pader nina <a href="/wiki/Papa_Pablo_III" title="Papa Pablo III">Pablo III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papa_Pio_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Pio IV">Pio IV</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Urbano_VIII" title="Urbano VIII">Urbano VIII</a>. Nang iniaayos ang <a href="/wiki/Tratadong_Letran" title="Tratadong Letran">Tratadong Letran</a> na lumikha estado ng Vaticano noong 1929, ang mga hangganan ng iminungkahing teritoryo ay naiimpluwensiyahan buhat ng kalakhan nito ay napapaloob sa pabilog na ito. Walang pader sa ilang hangganan, ngunit ang linya ng ilang gusali ang ginagamit na bahagi ng hangganan, at mayroon ding maliit na bahagi ng bagong pader na itinayo. Kasama sa teritoryo ang <a href="/wiki/Piazza_San_Pietro" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza San Pietro">Piazza San Pietro</a>, na hiwlay mula sa teritoryo ng Italya sa pamamagitan lamang ng isang puting linya sa hangganan ng plaza, kung saan ang hangganan ay sa Piazza Pio XII. Ang Piazza San Pietro ay naabot sa pamamagitan ng <a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a>, na mula sa Tiber hanggang sa Basilika ni San Pedro. Ang engrandeng tunguhin na ito ay dinisenyo ng mga arkitektong sina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcello_Piacentini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcello Piacentini (hindi pa naisusulat)">Piacentini</a> at Spaccarelli, sa mga tagubilin ni <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> at alinsunod sa simbahan, matapos ng <a href="/wiki/Kasunduang_Laterano" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasunduang Laterano">Tratadong Letran</a>. Ayon sa Kasunduan, ang ilang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_pag-aari_ng_Banal_na_Luklukan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga pag-aari ng Banal na Luklukan (hindi pa naisusulat)">mga pag-aari ng Banal na Luklukan</a> na matatagpuan sa teritoryo ng Italya, higit sa lahat ang <a href="/wiki/Papal_na_Palasyo_ng_Castel_Gandolfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal na Palasyo ng Castel Gandolfo">Papal na Palasyo ng Castel Gandolfo</a> at mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_basilika_sa_Simbahang_Katolika" title="Mga basilika sa Simbahang Katolika">basilika mayor</a>, ay nagtatamasa ng katayuang ekstrateritoryal na katulad ng mga banyagang <a href="/wiki/Misyong_diplomatiko" title="Misyong diplomatiko">embahada</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peregrinasyon">Peregrinasyon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Peregrinasyon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Peregrinasyon">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Petersdom_bei_Nacht_Via_della_Conciliazione_in_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Petersdom_bei_Nacht_Via_della_Conciliazione_in_Rome.jpg/250px-Petersdom_bei_Nacht_Via_della_Conciliazione_in_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Petersdom_bei_Nacht_Via_della_Conciliazione_in_Rome.jpg/330px-Petersdom_bei_Nacht_Via_della_Conciliazione_in_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Petersdom_bei_Nacht_Via_della_Conciliazione_in_Rome.jpg/500px-Petersdom_bei_Nacht_Via_della_Conciliazione_in_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Basilika ni San Pedro sa gabi mula sa <a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a> sa Roma</figcaption></figure> Ang Roma ay naging pangunahing pook ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristiyanong_peregrinasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristiyanong peregrinasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">peregrinasyong Kristiyano</a> mula pa noong <a href="/wiki/Gitnang_Kapanahunan" title="Gitnang Kapanahunan">Gitnang Kapanahunan</a>. Ang mga tao mula sa buong <a href="/wiki/Kakristiyanuhan" title="Kakristiyanuhan">Kakristiyanuhan</a> ay bumibisita sa Lungsod ng Vaticano, sa loob ng lungsod ng Roma, ang luklukan ng papado. Ang lungsod ay naging isang pangunahing lugar ng <a href="/wiki/Peregrinasyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrinasyon">peregrinasyon</a> sa panahon ng Gitnang Kapanahunan. Liban sa maikling panahon bilang isang malayang lungsod sa panahon ng <a href="/wiki/Gitnang_Kapanahunan" title="Gitnang Kapanahunan">Gitnang Panahon</a>, pinanatili ng Roma ang katayuan nito bilang Papal na kabesera at banal na lungsod sa loob ng maraming siglo, kahit na noong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papado_sa_Avignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papado sa Avignon (hindi pa naisusulat)">sandaling lumipat</a> ang Papado sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avignon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Avignon</a> (1309–1377). Naniniwala ang mga Katoliko na ang Vaticano ay ang huling hantungan ni San Pedro. Ang mga peregrinasyon sa Roma ay maaaring may kasamang mga pagbisita sa maraming pook, kapuwa sa loob ng Lungsod ng Vaticano at sa teritoryo ng Italya. Ang isang tanyag na pinupuntahan ay ang <a href="/wiki/Scala_Sancta" title="Scala Sancta">hagdanan ni Pilato</a>. Ayon sa tradisyong Kristiyano ito ay ang mga hakbang na humantong sa <a href="/wiki/Praetorium" title="Praetorium">praetorium</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Poncio_Pilato" title="Poncio Pilato">Poncio Pilato</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Herusalem" title="Herusalem">Herusalem</a>, na kung saan tumayo si <a href="/wiki/Hesus" title="Hesus">Hesukristo</a> sa kaniyang <a href="/wiki/Pasyon_(Kristiyanismo)" title="Pasyon (Kristiyanismo)">Pasyon</a> hapapunta sa kaniyang hatol.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Ang mga hagdan ay sinasabing dinala sa Roma ni <a href="/wiki/Santa_Elena_(emperatris)" title="Santa Elena (emperatris)">Elena ng Constantinopla</a> noong ika-apat na siglo. Sa loob ng daang siglo, ang Scala Santa ay umakit ng mga Kristiyanong peregrino na nagnanais na parangalan ang Pasyon ni Hesus. Kasama sa iba pang lugar na pinupuntahan ng mga peregrino ay ang catacumba na itinayo noong panahong imperyal, kung saan nagdarasal ang mga Kristiyano, inilibing ang kanilang mga patay, at nagsagawa ng pagsamba sa mga panahon ng pag-uusig, at iba't ibang <a href="/wiki/Mga_pambansang_simbahan_sa_Roma" title="Mga pambansang simbahan sa Roma">pambansang simbahan</a> (kasama ng mga ito ang <a href="/wiki/San_Luigi_dei_Francesi" title="San Luigi dei Francesi">San Luigi dei francesi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_dell%27Anima" title="Santa Maria dell'Anima">Santa Maria dell'Anima</a>), o mga simbahang nauugnay na may indibidwal na mga ordeng panrelihiyon, tulad ng sa mga <a href="/wiki/Kapisanan_ni_Hesus" title="Kapisanan ni Hesus">Heswita</a> <a href="/wiki/Simbahan_ng_Ges%C3%B9" title="Simbahan ng Gesù">Simbahan ng Gesù</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ignazio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Ignazio">Sant'Ignazio</a>. Ayon sa tradisyon, ang mga peregrino sa Roma (pati na rin ang mga debotong Romano) ay bumibisita sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pitong_Simbahang_Pamperegrino_ng_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pitong Simbahang Pamperegrino ng Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">pitong simbahang pamperegrino</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italyano_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italyano language (hindi pa naisusulat)">Italyano</a>: Le sette chiese) sa loob ng 24 na oras. Ang pasadyang ito, ipinag-uutos para sa bawat manlalakbay noong Gitnang Kapanahunan, ay isinakodigo noong ika-16 na siglo ni San <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Neri" title="Felipe Neri">Felipe Neri</a>. Ang pitong simbahan ay ang apat na basilika mayor (<a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_San_Pedro" title="Basilika ni San Pedro">San Pedro sa Vaticano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_San_Pablo_Extramuros" title="Basilika ni San Pablo Extramuros">St Pablo Extramuros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_San_Juan_de_Letran" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilika ni San Juan de Letran">San Juan de Letran</a> at <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_Santa_Maria_la_Mayor" title="Basilika ni Santa Maria la Mayor">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>), habang ang tatlo pa ay ang <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_mura" title="San Lorenzo fuori le mura">San Lorenzo fuori le mura</a> (isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasaysayan_ng_Kristiyanismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasaysayan ng Kristiyanismo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Maagang Kristiyanong</a> basilika), <a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">Santa Croce in Gerusalemme</a> (isang simbahang itinatag ni <a href="/wiki/Santa_Elena_(emperatris)" title="Santa Elena (emperatris)">Elena</a>, ang ina ni Constantino, na naglalaman ng mga labi ng kahoy na sinasabing mula sa banal na krus) at <a href="/wiki/San_Sebastiano_fuori_le_mura" title="San Sebastiano fuori le mura">San Sebastiano fuori le mura</a> (na nasa <a href="/wiki/Daang_Apia" title="Daang Apia">Daang Apia</a> at itinayo sa itaas ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Catacumba_ni_San_Sebastian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Catacumba ni San Sebastian (hindi pa naisusulat)">mga Catacumba ni San Sebastian</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tanawin">Tanawin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Tanawin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Tanawin">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arkitektura">Arkitektura</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Arkitektura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Arkitektura">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2151589" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/wiki/Mga_simbahan_ng_Roma" title="Mga simbahan ng Roma">Mga simbahan ng Roma</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Colosseo_Romano_Rome_04_2016_6289.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Colosseo_Romano_Rome_04_2016_6289.jpg/220px-Colosseo_Romano_Rome_04_2016_6289.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Colosseo_Romano_Rome_04_2016_6289.jpg/330px-Colosseo_Romano_Rome_04_2016_6289.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Colosseo_Romano_Rome_04_2016_6289.jpg/440px-Colosseo_Romano_Rome_04_2016_6289.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Koliseo" title="Koliseo">Koliseo</a> ay nananatiling pinakamalaking <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphitheater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphitheater (hindi pa naisusulat)">ampiteatro</a> sa buong mundo.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Ginamit ito para sa mga palabas ng mga <a href="/wiki/Gladyador" title="Gladyador">gladyador</a> at iba pang pampublikong pagdiriwang (mga palabas hinggil sa pangangaso, pagsasabuhay ng mga sikat na labanan at drama batay sa mitolohiyang klasiko).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:ThePantheon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/ThePantheon.jpg/220px-ThePantheon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/ThePantheon.jpg/330px-ThePantheon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/ThePantheon.jpg/440px-ThePantheon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Panteon" title="Panteon">Panteon</a>, na itinayo bilang isang templo na alay sa "lahat ng mga diyos ng nakaraan, kasalukuyan, at hinaharap"</figcaption></figure> Ang arkitektura ng Roma sa mga nagdaang siglo ay lubos na umunlad, lalo na mula sa mga estilong Klasiko at Imperyal Romano hanggang sa modernong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasistang_arkitektura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasistang arkitektura (hindi pa naisusulat)">arkitekturang pasista</a>. Ang Roma ay isa noong sentro ng <a href="/wiki/Arkitekturang_klasiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkitekturang klasiko">arkitekturang klasiko</a>, na bumuo ng mga bagong anyo tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Arko" title="Arko">arko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lungaw" title="Lungaw">simboryo</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boveda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boveda (hindi pa naisusulat)">boveda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eyewitness-84">[82]</a> Ang estilong <a href="/wiki/Arkitekturang_Romaniko" title="Arkitekturang Romaniko">Romaniko</a> noong ika-11, ika-12, at ika-13 siglo ay malawakang ginamit din sa arkitekturang Romano, at kalaunan ang lungsod ay naging isa sa pangunahing sentro ng arkitekturang <a href="/wiki/Renasimiyento" title="Renasimiyento">Renasimiyento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkitekturang_Baroko" title="Arkitekturang Baroko">Baroko</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Arkitekturang_Neoklasiko" title="Arkitekturang Neoklasiko">Neoklasiko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eyewitness-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sinaunang_Roma">Sinaunang Roma</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sinaunang Roma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Sinaunang Roma">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2151589" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Mga pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talaan_ng_mga_sinaunang_monumento_sa_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talaan ng mga sinaunang monumento sa Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Talaan ng mga sinaunang monumento sa Roma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_arkitekturang_Romano" title="Sinaunang arkitekturang Romano">Sinaunang arkitekturang Romano</a></div>Ang isa sa mga simbolo ng Roma ay ang <a href="/wiki/Koliseo" title="Koliseo">Koliseo</a> (70-80 AD), ang pinakamalaking <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphitheater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphitheater (hindi pa naisusulat)">ampiteatro</a> na itinayo sa Imperyong Romano. Orihinal na may kakayahang magpaupo ng 60,000 manonood, ginamit ito para sa labanang <a href="/wiki/Gladyador" title="Gladyador">gladyador</a>. Kabilang sa mga mahahalagang monumento at lugar ng sinaunang Roma ang <a href="/wiki/Foro_ng_Roma" title="Foro ng Roma">Foro ng Roma</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Panteon" title="Panteon">Panteon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haligi_ni_Trajano" title="Haligi ni Trajano">Haligi ni Trajano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palengke_ni_Trajano" title="Palengke ni Trajano">Palengke ni Trajano</a>, ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Catacumba_ng_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Catacumba ng Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Catacumba</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Sirko_Maximo" title="Sirko Maximo">Sirko Maximo</a>, ang mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_Paliguan_ni_Caracalla" title="Mga Paliguan ni Caracalla">Paliguan ni Caracalla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>, ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mausoleo_ni_Augusto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mausoleo ni Augusto (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mausoleo ni Augusto</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Arko_ni_Constantino" title="Arko ni Constantino">Arko ni Constantino</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Piramide_ni_Cestius" title="Piramide ni Cestius">Pyramide ni Cestius</a>, at ang <a href="/wiki/Bocca_della_Verit%C3%A0" title="Bocca della Verità">Bocca della Verità</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medyebal">Medyebal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Medyebal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Medyebal">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Ang mga tanyag na kuwarto ng lungsod ng medieval, na matatagpuan higit sa lahat sa paligid ng Capitolino, ay lubos na giniba sa pagitan ng pagtatapos ng ika-19 na siglo at ng panahong pasista, ngunit maraming kapansin-pansin na mga gusali ang nananatili. Ang mga Basilika na nagmula pa sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasaysayan_ng_Kristiyanismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasaysayan ng Kristiyanismo (hindi pa naisusulat)">sinaunang Kristiyanismo</a> ay gaya ng <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_Santa_Maria_la_Mayor" title="Basilika ni Santa Maria la Mayor">Santa Maria la Mayor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_San_Pablo_Extramuros" title="Basilika ni San Pablo Extramuros">San Pablo Extramuros</a> (ang huli ay muling itinayo noong ika-19 na siglo), kapuwa naglalaman ng mga mosaic ng ika-apat na siglo AD. Kapansin-pansin sa kalaunan ang mga medyebal na mosaic at fresco na matatagpuan din sa mga simbahan ng <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">Santa Maria in Trastevere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santi_Quattro_Coronati" title="Santi Quattro Coronati">Santi Quattro Coronati</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Prassede" title="Santa Prassede">Santa Prassede</a>. Kasama sa mga sekular na gusali ang mga tore, ang pinakamalaki ay ang <a href="/wiki/Torre_delle_Milizie" title="Torre delle Milizie">Torre delle Milizie</a> at <a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Conti" title="Torre dei Conti">Torre dei Conti</a>, kapuwa katabi ng Forum ng Roma, at ang malaking panlabas na hagdanan patungo sa basilika ng <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Ara_Coeli" title="Santa Maria in Ara Coeli">Santa Maria in Aracoeli</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renasimiyento_at_Baroko">Renasimiyento at Baroko</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Renasimiyento at Baroko" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Renasimiyento at Baroko">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <div class="thumb" style="width:100%;"> <div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto; overflow-y:display; overflow-x:scroll;"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Piazza_del_Campidoglio_panoramic_view_39948px.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramong tanaw ng Piazza del Campidoglio, na may kopya ng Ekwestreng Estatwa ni Marcus Aurelius"><img alt="Panoramong tanaw ng Piazza del Campidoglio, na may kopya ng Ekwestreng Estatwa ni Marcus Aurelius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Piazza_del_Campidoglio_panoramic_view_39948px.jpg/960px-Piazza_del_Campidoglio_panoramic_view_39948px.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Piazza_del_Campidoglio_panoramic_view_39948px.jpg/1200px-Piazza_del_Campidoglio_panoramic_view_39948px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Piazza_del_Campidoglio_panoramic_view_39948px.jpg/1600px-Piazza_del_Campidoglio_panoramic_view_39948px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="39948" data-file-height="9734" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify noprint" style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Piazza_del_Campidoglio_panoramic_view_39948px.jpg" title="Talaksan:Piazza del Campidoglio panoramic view 39948px.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Magnify-clip.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="11" /></a></div>Panoramong tanaw ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piazza_del_Campidoglio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piazza del Campidoglio (hindi pa naisusulat)">Piazza del Campidoglio</a>, na may kopya ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekwestreng_Estatwa_ni_Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekwestreng Estatwa ni Marcus Aurelius (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ekwestreng Estatwa ni Marcus Aurelius</a></div> </div></div>Marami sa mga sikat na plaza ng lungsod–marami ay malalaki, marilag, at madalas na pinalamutian ng mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talaan_ng_mga_obelisko_sa_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talaan ng mga obelisko sa Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">obelisko</a>, ilan ay maliliit at kaakit-akit–ay hinubog noong panahon ng Renasimiyento at Baroko. Ang mga pangunahin ay <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Navona" title="Piazza Navona">Piazza Navona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mga_Hagdang_Espanyol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Hagdang Espanyol">mga Hagdang Espanyol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campo_de%27_Fiori" title="Campo de' Fiori">Campo de' Fiori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Venezia" title="Piazza Venezia">Piazza Venezia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese" title="Palazzo Farnese">Piazza Farnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Rotonda" title="Piazza della Rotonda">Piazza della Rotonda</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">Piazza della Minerva</a>. Ang isa sa mga pinakasagisag na halimbawa ng sining Baroko ay ang <a href="/wiki/Bukal_Trevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukal Trevi">Bukal Trevi</a> ni <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Salvi" title="Nicola Salvi">Nicola Salvi</a>. Ang iba pang kilalang mga <a href="/wiki/Arkitekturang_Baroko" title="Arkitekturang Baroko">palasyong baroko</a> ng ika-17 siglo ay ang <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama" title="Palazzo Madama">Palazzo Madama</a>, ngayon ang luklukan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senado_ng_Republika_(Italya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senado ng Republika (Italya) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Italyanong Senado</a>, at ang <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Montecitorio" title="Palazzo Montecitorio">Palazzo Montecitorio</a>, na ngayon ay ang luklukan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamara_ng_mga_Deputado_(Italya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamara ng mga Deputado (Italya) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kamara ng mga Deputado ng Italya</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neoklasisismo">Neoklasisismo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Neoklasisismo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Neoklasisismo">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Altare_della_Patria_(Roma).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Altare_della_Patria_%28Roma%29.jpg/220px-Altare_della_Patria_%28Roma%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Altare_della_Patria_%28Roma%29.jpg/330px-Altare_della_Patria_%28Roma%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Altare_della_Patria_%28Roma%29.jpg/440px-Altare_della_Patria_%28Roma%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8314" data-file-height="5246" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Monumento_ni_Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Monumento ni Victor Emmanuel II">Monumento ni Victor Emmanuel II</a></figcaption></figure> Noong 1870, ang Roma ang naging kabeserang lungsod ng bagong <a href="/wiki/Kaharian_ng_Italya" title="Kaharian ng Italya">Kaharian ng Italya</a>. Sa panahong ito, ang <a href="/wiki/Arkitekturang_Neoklasiko" title="Arkitekturang Neoklasiko">neoklasisismo</a>, isang estilo ng arkitektura na naiimpluwensiyahan buhat ng arkitektura ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinaunang_klasiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinaunang klasiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">unang panahon</a>, ang naging pangunahing impluwensiya sa arkitekturang Romano. Sa panahong ito, maraming dakilang palasyo sa neoklasikong estilo ang itinayo upang maging luklukan ng mga ministeryo, embahada, at iba pang mga ahensiya ng gobyerno. Ang isa sa mga kilalang simbolo ng Romanong neoklasisismo ay ang <a href="/wiki/Monumento_ni_Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Monumento ni Victor Emmanuel II">Monumento ni Vittorio Emanuele II</a> o "Altar ng Ama ng Bayan", kung saan matatagpuan ang <a href="/wiki/Monumento_ni_Victor_Emmanuel_II#Libingan_ng_Di-kilalang_Sundalo" title="Monumento ni Victor Emmanuel II">Libingan ng Di-kilalang Sundalo</a>, na kumakatawan sa 650,000 Italyanong sundalo na namatay sa Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomiya">Ekonomiya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ekonomiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomiya">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Bilang kabesera ng Italya, ang Roma ay tahanan ng lahat ng punong institusyon ng bansa, kabilang ang Pagkapangulo ng Republika, ang gobyerno (at ang solong Ministeri), ang Parlamento, ang pangunahing korteng panghukuman, at ang mga kinatawang diplomatiko ng lahat ng mga bansa para sa estado ng Italya at sa Lungsod ng Vaticano. Maraming pandaigdigang institusyon ang matatagpuan sa Roma. Kapansin-pansin ang mga pangkultura at pang-agham, tulad ng Suriang Amerikano, Paaralang Briton, Akademyang Pranses, mga Suriang Escandinava, at Suriang Arkeolohikong Aleman. Mayroon ding mga dalubhasang ahensiya ng mga Nagkakaisang Bansa, tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Organisasyon_ng_Pagkain_at_Agrikultura" title="Organisasyon ng Pagkain at Agrikultura">Organisasyon ng Pagkain at Agrikultura</a> (Food and Agriculture Organization o FAO). Nasa Roma rin mga pangunahing pandaigdigang organisasyong pampolitika at pangkultura, tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Pondo_para_sa_Kaunlarang_Agrikultural" title="Pandaigdigang Pondo para sa Kaunlarang Agrikultural">Pandaigdigang Pondo para sa Kaunlarang Agrikultural</a> (International Fund for Agricultural Development o IFAD), <a href="/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Programa_sa_Pagkain" title="Pandaigdigang Programa sa Pagkain">Pandaigdigang Program sa Pagkain</a> (World Food Programme o WFP), ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolehiyong_Pangdepensa_ng_NATO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolehiyong Pangdepensa ng NATO (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kolehiyong Pangdepensa ng NATO</a> (NATO Defense College) at ang <a href="/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Sentro_para_sa_Pag-aaral_ng_Pagpapanatili_at_Pagpapanumbalik_ng_Pagmamay-aring_Pangkultura" title="Pandaigdigang Sentro para sa Pag-aaral ng Pagpapanatili at Pagpapanumbalik ng Pagmamay-aring Pangkultura">Pandaigdigang Sentro para sa Pag-aaral ng Pagpapanatili at Pagpapanumbalik ng Pagmamay-aring Pangkultura</a> (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property o ICCROM). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edukasyon">Edukasyon</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Edukasyon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Edukasyon">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Sapienza_entrance_(20040201351).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sapienza_entrance_%2820040201351%29.jpg/250px-Sapienza_entrance_%2820040201351%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sapienza_entrance_%2820040201351%29.jpg/330px-Sapienza_entrance_%2820040201351%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sapienza_entrance_%2820040201351%29.jpg/500px-Sapienza_entrance_%2820040201351%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Unibersidad_ng_Roma_La_Sapienza" title="Unibersidad ng Roma La Sapienza">Unibersidad ng Roma La Sapienza</a>, itinatag noong 1303</figcaption></figure> Ang Roma ay isang pangunahing pambansa at pandaigdigang sentro para sa mas mataas na edukasyon, at naglalaman ng maraming akademya, kolehiyo, at unibersidad. Ipinagmamalaki nito ang sari-saring akademya at kolehiyo, at itinuturing ito bilang isang pangunahing sentrong intelektuwal at pang-edukasyon sa buong mundo, lalo noong panahon ng <a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma" title="Sinaunang Roma">Sinaunang Roma</a> at ng <a href="/wiki/Renasimiyento" title="Renasimiyento">Renasimiyento</a>, kasama ang Florencia.<a href="#cite_note-Roman_Academies-85">[83]</a> Ayon sa City Brands Index, ang Roma ay itinuturing na pangalawa sa pinakamakasaysayan, pinakaaral, at pinakakultural na kabigha-bighani at magandang lungsod.<a href="#cite_note-Roman_Academies-85">[83]</a> Maraming unibersidad at kolehiyo sa Roma Ang unang unibersidad nito, ang <a href="/wiki/Unibersidad_ng_Roma_La_Sapienza" title="Unibersidad ng Roma La Sapienza">La Sapienza</a> (itinatag noong 1303), ay isa sa pinakamalaki sa buong mundo, na may higit sa 140,000 dumadalong mag-aaral; noong 2005, inihanay ito bilang ang ika-33 pinakamahusay na unibersidad sa Europa<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> at noong 2013 ang Pamantasang Sapienza ng Roma ay ang ika-62 sa buong mundo at nangunguna sa Italya sa World University Rankings<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> at may katayuan bilang isa sa pangunahing 50 sa Europa at pangunahing 150 pinakamahusay na kolehiyo sa buong mundo.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> Upang mabawasan ang kasikipan sa La Sapienza, dalawang bagong pamantasang pampubliko ang itinatag noong mga huling dekada: <a href="/wiki/Unibersidad_ng_Roma_Tor_Vergata" title="Unibersidad ng Roma Tor Vergata">Tor Vergata</a> noong 1982, at <a href="/wiki/Pamantasang_Roma_Tre" title="Pamantasang Roma Tre">Roma Tre</a> noong 1992. Nasa Roma rin ng LUISS School of Government,<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> pinakamahalagang gradwadong unibersidad ng Italya sa mga larangan ng mga ugnayang panlabas at araling Europeo pati na rin ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=LUISS_Business_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LUISS Business School (hindi pa naisusulat)">LUISS Business School</a>, ang pinakamahalagang paaralan ng negosyo sa Italya. Ang Rome <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istituto_superiore_per_le_industrie_artistiche_(ISIA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istituto superiore per le industrie artistiche (ISIA) (hindi pa naisusulat)">ISIA</a> ay itinatag noong 1973 ni <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Carlo_Argan" title="Giulio Carlo Argan">Giulio Carlo Argan</a> at ang pinakalumang institusyon ng Italya sa larangan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disenyong_pang-industriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disenyong pang-industriya (hindi pa naisusulat)">disenyong pang-industriya</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultura">Kultura</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Kultura">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aliwan_at_sining-pagtatanghal">Aliwan at sining-pagtatanghal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Aliwan at sining-pagtatanghal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Aliwan at sining-pagtatanghal">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Teatro_dell%27Opera,_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Teatro_dell%27Opera%2C_Roma.jpg/250px-Teatro_dell%27Opera%2C_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Teatro_dell%27Opera%2C_Roma.jpg/330px-Teatro_dell%27Opera%2C_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Teatro_dell%27Opera%2C_Roma.jpg/500px-Teatro_dell%27Opera%2C_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4504" data-file-height="2937" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teatro_dell%27Opera_di_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teatro dell'Opera di Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Teatro dell'Opera di Roma</a> sa Piazza Beniamino Gigli</figcaption></figure> Ang Roma ay isang mahalagang sentro para sa musika, at mayroon itong matinding eksenang musikal, kabilang ang maraming prestihiyosong konserbatoryong pangmusika at sinehan. Kabilang dito nag <a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia">Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia</a> (itinatag noong 1585), kung saan ang mga bagong bulwagang konsiyerto nito ay itinayo sa bagong <a href="/wiki/Parco_della_Musica" title="Parco della Musica">Parco della Musica</a>, isa sa pinakamalaking pinagdadausan ng musika sa buong mundo. Ang Roma ay mayroon ding isang opera house, ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teatro_dell%27Opera_di_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teatro dell'Opera di Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Teatro dell'Opera di Roma</a>, pati na rin ang ilang mga maliliit na institusyong musikal. Isinagawa rin dito ang sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paligsahang_Pang-awitin_ng_Eurovision_ng_1991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision ng 1991 (hindi pa naisusulat)">Paligsahang Pang-awitin ng Eurovision</a> noong 1991 at ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=MTV_Europe_Music_Awards_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MTV Europe Music Awards 2004 (hindi pa naisusulat)">MTV Europe Music Awards</a> noong 2004. Nagkaroon din ng kapansing-pansing epekto ang Roma sa kasaysayan ng musika. Ang <a href="/wiki/Paaralang_Romano" title="Paaralang Romano">Paaralang Romano</a> ay isang pangkat ng mga kompositor ng primaryang sagradong muskika, na aktibo sa lungsod noong ika-16 at ika-17 siglo, samakatuwid ay sumasaklaw sa huling bahagi ng <a href="/wiki/Musikang_Renasimiyento" title="Musikang Renasimiyento">Renasimiyento</a> at maagang panahon ng <a href="/wiki/Musikang_Baroko" title="Musikang Baroko">Baroko</a>. Ang termino ay tumutukoy din sa musikang kanilang ginawa. Marami sa mga kompositor ay may direktang koneksiyon sa <a href="/wiki/Banal_na_Luklukan" title="Banal na Luklukan">Vaticano</a> at sa <a href="/wiki/Kapilya_Sistina" title="Kapilya Sistina">kapilya ng papa</a>, kahit na nagtatrabaho sila sa maraming simbahan. Sila ay madalas na naiiba sa mga kompositor ng <a href="/wiki/Paaralang_Veneciano_(musika)" title="Paaralang Veneciano (musika)">Paaralang Veneciano</a>, isang kasabay na kilusan na mas naging progresibo. Sa ngayon ang pinakatanyag na kompositor ng Paaralang Romano ay si <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a>, na ang pangalan ay naiugnay sa loob ng apat na raang taong may makinis, malinaw, perpekto, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polifonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polifonia (hindi pa naisusulat)">polyfoniang</a> perpeksiyon. Gayunpaman, may iba pang kompositor na nagtatrabaho sa Roma, at sa iba't ibang estilo at anyo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turismo">Turismo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Turismo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Turismo">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Piazza_di_Spagna,_Roma_-_scalinata_fc03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Piazza_di_Spagna%2C_Roma_-_scalinata_fc03.jpg/220px-Piazza_di_Spagna%2C_Roma_-_scalinata_fc03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Piazza_di_Spagna%2C_Roma_-_scalinata_fc03.jpg/330px-Piazza_di_Spagna%2C_Roma_-_scalinata_fc03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Piazza_di_Spagna%2C_Roma_-_scalinata_fc03.jpg/440px-Piazza_di_Spagna%2C_Roma_-_scalinata_fc03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Ang mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_Hakbang_Espanyol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Hakbang Espanyol">Hakbang Espanyol</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Faber_Village,_Lido_di_Ostia_RM,_Lazio,_Italy_-_panoramio_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Faber_Village%2C_Lido_di_Ostia_RM%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/250px-Faber_Village%2C_Lido_di_Ostia_RM%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Faber_Village%2C_Lido_di_Ostia_RM%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/330px-Faber_Village%2C_Lido_di_Ostia_RM%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Faber_Village%2C_Lido_di_Ostia_RM%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/500px-Faber_Village%2C_Lido_di_Ostia_RM%2C_Lazio%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ostia_(Roma)" title="Ostia (Roma)">Dalampasigang Ostia Lido</a></figcaption></figure> Ang Roma ngayon ay isa sa pinakamahalagang tunguhin ng mga turista sa mundo, dahil sa di-mabilang na mga arkeolohikal at artistikong kayamanan nito, pati na rin para sa kagandahan ng mga natatanging tradisyon nito, kagandahan ng mga malalawak na tanawin, at karangyaan ng kamangha-mangha nitong mga "villa" (mga parke). Kabilang sa mga pinakamahalaga rito ay ang maraming museo–Musei Capitolini, ang mga Museo ng Vaticano, at ang Galleria Borghese at iba pa na nakatuon sa moderno at kapanahon na sining–mga <a href="/wiki/Akwedukto" title="Akwedukto">akwedukto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balong (hindi pa naisusulat)">balong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mga_simbahan_ng_Roma" title="Mga simbahan ng Roma">simbahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palasyo" title="Palasyo">palasyo</a>, makasaysayang, mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monumento&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monumento (hindi pa naisusulat)">monumento</a> at mga labi ng <a href="/wiki/Foro_ng_Roma" title="Foro ng Roma">Forum ng Roma</a>, at ang <a href="/wiki/Catacumba" class="mw-redirect" title="Catacumba">Catacumba</a>. Ang Roma ang pangatlong pinakabinibisitang lungsod sa EU, pagkatapos ng Londres at Paris, at tumatanggap ng tinatayang na 7-10 milyong turista sa isang taon, na kung minsan ay dumodoble sa mga banal na taon. Ang Koliseo (4 milyong turista) at ang <a href="/wiki/Mga_Museong_Batikano" title="Mga Museong Batikano">Museong Vaticano</a> (4.2 milyong turista) ang ika-39 at ika-37 (ayon sa pagkakasunud-sunod) na pinakapinapasyal na mga lugar sa mundo, ayon sa isang kamakailang pag-aaral.<a href="#cite_note-itvnews.tv2-90">[88]</a> Ang Roma ay isang pangunahing sentrong arkeolohiko, at isa sa pangunahing sentro ng <a href="/wiki/Arkeolohiya" title="Arkeolohiya">pagsasaliksik sa arkeolohiya</a> sa buong mundo. Maraming mga surian ng kultura at pananaliksik ang matatagpuan sa lungsod, tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suriang_Amerikano_sa_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suriang Amerikano sa Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Suriang Amerikano sa Roma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Romanculture.org-91">[89]</a> at ang Suriang Suwesa sa Roma.<a href="#cite_note-Romanculture.org-91">[89]</a> Naglalaman ang Roma ng maraming <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talaan_ng_mga_sinaunang_monumento_sa_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talaan ng mga sinaunang monumento sa Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">sinaunang pook</a>, kabilang ang <a href="/wiki/Foro_ng_Roma" title="Foro ng Roma">Forum Romanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palengke_ni_Trajano" title="Palengke ni Trajano">Palengke ni Trajano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foro_ni_Trajano" title="Foro ni Trajano">Foro ni Trajano</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> ang <a href="/wiki/Koliseo" title="Koliseo">Koliseo</a>, ang <a href="/wiki/Panteon" title="Panteon">Panteon</a>, at napakarami pang iba. Ang <a href="/wiki/Koliseo" title="Koliseo">Koliseo</a>, masasabing isa sa pinakatanyag na mga arkeolohikal na pook ng Roma, ay itinuturing na isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Kahanga-hangang_Pook_ng_Mundo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Kahanga-hangang Pook ng Mundo (hindi pa naisusulat)">kahanga-hangang pook ng mundo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brewers-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-miller2-94">[92]</a> Naglalaman ang Roma ng isang malawak at kamangha-manghang koleksiyon ng sining, eskultura, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balong (hindi pa naisusulat)">balong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, at mga pinta, mula sa lahat ng iba't ibang panahon. Ang Roma ay unang naging isang pangunahing masining na sentro sa panahon ng sinaunang Roma, na may mga porma ng mahalagang <a href="/wiki/Romanong_sining" title="Romanong sining">Romanong sining</a> tulad ng sa <a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_arkitekturang_Romano" title="Sinaunang arkitekturang Romano">arkitektura</a>, pagpipinta, eskultura, at gawaing <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a>. Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gawaing_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gawaing metal (hindi pa naisusulat)">gawaing metal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagpapanday_ng_barya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagpapanday ng barya (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagpapanday ng barya</a>, at pag-ukit ng hiyas, mga larawang <a href="/wiki/Garing" class="mw-redirect" title="Garing">garing</a>, salaming pigurin, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinaunang_Romanong_pagpapalayok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinaunang Romanong pagpapalayok (hindi pa naisusulat)">palayok</a>, at mga guhit sa libro ay itinuturing na iba pang likha sa Roma.<a href="#cite_note-Toynbee_439–442-95">[93]</a> Nang maglaon ang Roma ay naging isang pangunahing sentro ng sining ng <a href="/wiki/Renasimiyento" title="Renasimiyento">Renasimiyento</a>, dahil ang mga papa ay gumastos ng malaking halaga para sa mga konstruksiyon ng matatayog na <a href="/wiki/Basilika" title="Basilika">basilika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palasyo" title="Palasyo">palasyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaza" title="Plaza">piazza</a>, at mga pampublikong gusali sa pangkalahatan. Ang Roma ay naging isa sa mga pangunahing sentro ng likhang sining ng Renasimiyento sa Europa, pangalawa lamang sa <a href="/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia">Florencia</a>, at maihahalintulad sa iba pang pangunahing lungsod at sentro ng kultura, tulad ng Paris at <a href="/wiki/Lungsod_ng_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungsod ng Venezia">Venezia</a>. Ang lungsod ay malubhang naapektuhan ng <a href="/wiki/Italyanong_Baroko" class="mw-redirect" title="Italyanong Baroko">baroko</a>, at ang Roma ay naging tahanan ng maraming artista at arkitekto, tulad nina <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Bernini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Carracci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Borromini" title="Francesco Borromini">Borromini</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Cortona" title="Cortona">Cortona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Toynbee_439–442-95">[93]</a> Noong huling bahagi ng ika-18 siglo at simula ng ika-19 na siglo, ang lungsod ay isa sa mga sentro ng <a href="/wiki/Dakilang_Pasyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakilang Pasyal">Dakilang Pasyal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Matt_Rosenberg-96">[94]</a> na kung saan ang nakababata at mayayamang Ingles at iba pang mga aristokrata sa Europa ay bumisita sa lungsod upang alamin ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultura_ng_sinaunang_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kultura ng sinaunang Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">sinaunang kultura</a>, sining, pilosopiya, at arkitektura ng Roma. Naging tahanan din ang Roma ng maraming neoklasiko at rococo na artista, tulad nina <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Pannini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Paolo Pannini">Pannini</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bellotto" title="Bernardo Bellotto">Bernardo Bellotto</a>. Ngayon, ang lungsod ay isang pangunahing sentro ng sining, na may maraming suriang pansining<a href="#cite_note-Matt_Rosenberg-96">[94]</a> at mga museo.<div class="thumb" style="width:100%;"> <div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto; overflow-y:display; overflow-x:scroll;"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Panoramic_photograph_of_interior_of_Colosseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tanaw sa loob ng Koliseo"><img alt="Tanaw sa loob ng Koliseo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Panoramic_photograph_of_interior_of_Colosseum.jpg/960px-Panoramic_photograph_of_interior_of_Colosseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Panoramic_photograph_of_interior_of_Colosseum.jpg/1200px-Panoramic_photograph_of_interior_of_Colosseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12791" data-file-height="8020" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify noprint" style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Panoramic_photograph_of_interior_of_Colosseum.jpg" title="Talaksan:Panoramic photograph of interior of Colosseum.jpg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Magnify-clip.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="11" /></a></div>Tanaw sa loob ng Koliseo</div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg/250px-Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg/330px-Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg/500px-Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4336" data-file-height="2756" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Mga_Museong_Batikano" title="Mga Museong Batikano">mga Museong Vaticano</a> ay ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Listahan_ng_pinakabinibisitang_museo_ng_sining&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Listahan ng pinakabinibisitang museo ng sining (hindi pa naisusulat)">ika-3</a> pinakapinapasyal na museo ng sining sa buong mundo.</figcaption></figure> Ang Roma ay may lumalagong kaban ng kontemporaneo at modernong sining at arkitektura. Ang Pambansang Galeriya ng Modernong Sining ay may mga obra nina Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, at Cézanne sa permanenteng eksibisyon. Sa 2010 binuksan ang pinakabagong pundasyon ng sining ng Roma, isang napapanahong sining at arkitektura ng galeriya na idinisenyo ng kinikilalang Iraqi na arkitektong si Zaha Hadid. Kilala bilang <a href="/w/index.php?title=MAXXI_-_Pambansang_Museyo_ng_21st_Century_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAXXI - Pambansang Museyo ng 21st Century Arts (hindi pa naisusulat)">MAXXI - Pambansang Museo ng Sining ng Ika-21 SIglo</a> binabalik nito ang isang sira na lugar na may kapansin-pansin na modernong arkitektura. Nagtatampok ang Maxxi<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> ng campus na nakatuon sa kultura, mga pang-eksperimentong mga laboratoryo sa pananaliksik, palitan sa internasyonal at pag-aaral at pagsasaliksik. Ito ay isa sa pinakaambisyosong modernong proyekto sa arkitektura kasabay ng Auditorium Parco della Musica ni <a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> at Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, sa distrito ng EUR, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimiliano_Fuksas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massimiliano Fuksas (hindi pa naisusulat)">Massimiliano Fuksas</a> na magbubukas sa 2016.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Tampok sa convention center ang isang malaking translucent na lalagyan sa loob kung saan nasuspinde ang isang estrukturang bakal at teflon na kahawig ng ulap at naglalaman ng mga silid pagpupulong at isang awditoryum na may dalawang piazza na nagbubukas sa kapitbahayan sa magkabilang panig. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moda">Moda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Moda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: Moda">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg/250px-Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg/330px-Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg/500px-Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="1687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Via_Condotti" title="Via Condotti">Via Condotti</a></figcaption></figure> Ang Roma ay malawak ding kinikilala bilang isang <a href="/wiki/Kabesera_ng_moda" title="Kabesera ng moda">kabesera ng moda</a>. Bagaman hindi ganoong kasinghalaga ng Milano, ang Roma ang pang-apat na pinakamahalagang sentro para sa moda sa buong mundo, ayon sa 2009 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Monitor_ng_Wika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Monitor ng Wika (hindi pa naisusulat)">Global Language Monitor</a> pagkatapos ng <a href="/wiki/Milano" class="mw-redirect" title="Milano">Milano</a>, Bagong York, at Paris, na hinigitan pa ang Londres.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Ang mga pangunahing marangyang brand ng moda at alahas, tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentino_SpA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentino SpA (hindi pa naisusulat)">Valentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari">Bulgari</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fendi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fendi (hindi pa naisusulat)">Fendi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_Biagiotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura Biagiotti (hindi pa naisusulat)">Laura Biagiotti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brioni_(tatak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brioni (tatak) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Brioni</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renato_Balestra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renato Balestra (hindi pa naisusulat)">Renato Balestra</a>, ay may punong tanggapan o tinatag sa lungsod. Ang iba pang pangunahing label, tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Gucci" title="Gucci">Gucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanel" title="Chanel">Chanel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prada" title="Prada">Prada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana" title="Dolce & Gabbana">Dolce & Gabbana</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armani (hindi pa naisusulat)">Armani</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Versace" title="Versace">Versace</a> ay may boutique sa Roma, pangunahin kasama ang prestihiyoso at marangyang <a href="/wiki/Via_Condotti" title="Via Condotti">Via dei Condotti</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutuin">Lutuin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Lutuin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: Lutuin">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Spaghetti_alla_Carbonara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Spaghetti_alla_Carbonara.jpg/220px-Spaghetti_alla_Carbonara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Spaghetti_alla_Carbonara.jpg/330px-Spaghetti_alla_Carbonara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Spaghetti_alla_Carbonara.jpg/440px-Spaghetti_alla_Carbonara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Spaghetti <a href="/wiki/Carbonara" title="Carbonara">alla Carbonara</a>, isang tipikal na Romanong putahe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Concia_di_zucchine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Concia_di_zucchine.jpg/220px-Concia_di_zucchine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Concia_di_zucchine.jpg/330px-Concia_di_zucchine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Concia_di_zucchine.jpg/440px-Concia_di_zucchine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Ang Concia di zucchine, isang halimbawa ng lutuing Romano-Hudyo</figcaption></figure> Ang lutuin ng Roma ay umunlad sa daang siglo at panahon ng mga pagbabago sa lipunan, kultura, at politika. Ang Roma ay naging pangunahing sentrong gastronomo sa <a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma" title="Sinaunang Roma">sinaunang Panahon</a>. Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinaunang_lutuing_Romano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinaunang lutuing Romano (hindi pa naisusulat)">sinaunang lutuing Romano</a> ay lubos na naimpluwensiyahan ng kultura ng Sinaunang Griyego, at pagkatapos, ang lubos na pagpapalawak ng imperyo ay nagbukas sa mga Romano sa maraming bago, pamprobinsiyang gawi at paraan ng pagluluto. Nang maglaon, sa panahon ng <a href="/wiki/Renasimiyento" title="Renasimiyento">Renasimiyento</a>, ang Roma ay naging kilala bilang isang sentro ng altang lutuin, dahil ang ilan sa pinakamahusay na chef ng panahong iyon ay nagtatrabaho para sa mga papa. Ang isang halimbawa nito ay si <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Scappi" title="Bartolomeo Scappi">Bartolomeo Scappi</a>, na isang chef na nagtatrabaho para kay <a href="/wiki/Papa_Pio_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Pio IV">Pio IV</a> sa kusina ng Vaticano. Natamo niya ng katanyagan noong 1570 nang mailathala ang kaniyang librong lutuing Opera dell'arte del cucinare. Nagtala siya sa aklat ng humigit-kumulang na 1000 recipe ng <a href="/wiki/Ulam" title="Ulam">lutuing</a> Renasimiyento at inilarawan ang mga deskarte at kagamitan sa pagluluto, na nagbibigay ng unang kilalang larawan ng isang <a href="/wiki/Tinidor" title="Tinidor">tinidor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Sa modernong panahon, ang lungsod ay bumuo ng sarili nitong kakaibang lutuin, batay sa mga produkto ng kalapit na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanong_Campagna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanong Campagna (hindi pa naisusulat)">Campagna</a>, tulad ng tupa at gulay (madalas gamitin ang mga <a href="/wiki/Cynara_scolymus" title="Cynara scolymus">alkatsopas</a>).<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Sa kahanay, ang mga Romanong Hudyo - naninirahan na sa lungsod mula pa noong ika-1 siglo BK–ay nagpaunlad ng kanilang sariling lutuin, ang cucina giudaico-romanesca. Kasama sa mga halimbawa ng Romanong lutuin ang "<a href="/wiki/Saltimbocca" title="Saltimbocca">Saltimbocca</a> alla Romana"–isang hati ng karne ng baka, estilong Romano; tinapunan ng hilaw na hamon at sambong at nilagyan ng puting alak at mantikilya; "<a href="/wiki/Carciofi_alla_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Carciofi alla romana">Carciofi alla romana</a>"–alkatsopas sa estilong Romano; tinanggal ang mga panlabas na dahon, pinalamanan ng menta, bawang, mga tirang tinapay; "<a href="/wiki/Carciofi_alla_giudia" title="Carciofi alla giudia">Carciofi alla giudia</a>"–mga alkatsopas na pinirito sa langis ng oliba, tipikal ng pagluluto ng Romanong Hudyo; tinanggal ang mga panlabas na dahon, pinalamanan ng menta, bawang, mga tirang tinapay; "<a href="/wiki/Carbonara" title="Carbonara">Spaghetti alla carbonara</a>"–<a href="/wiki/Ispageti" title="Ispageti">spaghetti</a> na may <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itlog" title="Itlog">itlog</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Pecorino" title="Pecorino">pecorino</a>, at "<a href="/wiki/Niyoki" title="Niyoki">Gnocchi</a> di semolino alla romana "–<a href="/wiki/Semolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Semolina">semolina</a> dumpling, estilong Romano, at marami pang iba.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelikula">Pelikula</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pelikula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section's source code: Pelikula">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Audrey_Hepburn_and_Gregory_Peck_on_Vespa_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Audrey_Hepburn_and_Gregory_Peck_on_Vespa_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer.jpg/250px-Audrey_Hepburn_and_Gregory_Peck_on_Vespa_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Audrey_Hepburn_and_Gregory_Peck_on_Vespa_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer.jpg/330px-Audrey_Hepburn_and_Gregory_Peck_on_Vespa_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Audrey_Hepburn_and_Gregory_Peck_on_Vespa_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer.jpg/500px-Audrey_Hepburn_and_Gregory_Peck_on_Vespa_in_Roman_Holiday_trailer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_Holiday" title="Roman Holiday">Roman Holiday</a> kasama sina <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Peck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Peck (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gregory Peck</a>, 1953</figcaption></figure> Tahanan ang Roma ng <a href="/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0" title="Cinecittà">mga Estudyo ng Cinecittà</a>,<a href="#cite_note-romefile12-105">[103]</a> ang pinakamalaking pasilidad sa paggawa ng pelikula at telebisyon sa kontinental na Europa at ang sentro ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinehang_Italyano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinehang Italyano (hindi pa naisusulat)">sinehang Italyano</a>, kung saan marami sa mga pinakamalaking hit sa box office ngayon ang kinukunan. Ang 99 akre (40 ha) na complex ng estudio na 9.0 kilometro (5.6 mi) mula sa gitna ng Roma ay bahagi ng isa sa pinakamalaking pamayanan ng produksiyon sa mundo, pangalawa lamang sa <a href="/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</a>, na may higit sa 5,000 propesyonal–mula sa mga tagagawa ng kasuotan ng sinaunang panahon hanggang sa mga espesyalista sa visual effects. Mahigit sa 3,000 produksiyon ang ginawa na rito, mula sa mga kamakailang tampok tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ang_Passion_of_the_Christ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ang Passion of the Christ (hindi pa naisusulat)">The Passion of the Christ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_gang_ng_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga gang ng New York (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gangs of New York</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma_(serye_sa_TV)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roma (serye sa TV) (hindi pa naisusulat)">HBO's Rome</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ang_Life_Aquatic_kasama_si_Steve_Zissou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ang Life Aquatic kasama si Steve Zissou (hindi pa naisusulat)">The Life Aquatic</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ang_Decameron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ang Decameron (hindi pa naisusulat)">Decameron</a> ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dino_De_Laurentiis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dino De Laurentiis (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dino De Laurentiis</a>, hanggang sa mga klasiko sa sinehan tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(pelikula_ng_1959)" title="Ben-Hur (pelikula ng 1959)">Ben-Hur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_(pelikula_ng_1963)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cleopatra (pelikula ng 1963) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Cleopatra</a>, at ang mga pelikula ni <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>. Itinatag noong 1937 ni <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, ang mga estudio ay binobomba ng mga <a href="/wiki/Mga_Alyado_ng_Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Alyado ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Alyadong Kanluranin</a> noong Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig. Noong 1950s, ang Cinecittà ang lokasyon ng paggawa ng pelikula para sa maraming malalaking produksyon ng pelikula sa Amerika, at pagkatapos ay naging estudyong pinakanauugnay kay <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>. Ngayon, ang Cinecittà ay ang nag-iisang studio sa buong mundo na may paunang paggawa, produksiyon, at buong pasilidad ng post-production sa iisang lote, na pinapayagan ang mga direktor at prodyuser na maglakad kasama ang kanilang manuskrito at "mag-walkout" nang may isang nakumpletong pelikula.[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Citation needed">kailangan ng sanggunian</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wika">Wika</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Wika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section's source code: Wika">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:DM_TI_Claudius_Tiberinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/DM_TI_Claudius_Tiberinus.jpg/250px-DM_TI_Claudius_Tiberinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/DM_TI_Claudius_Tiberinus.jpg/330px-DM_TI_Claudius_Tiberinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/DM_TI_Claudius_Tiberinus.jpg/500px-DM_TI_Claudius_Tiberinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>Inskripsiyong <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Latin" title="Wikang Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pambansang_Museong_Romano" title="Pambansang Museong Romano">Pambansang Museong Romano</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2151589" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin">Latin</a></div>Bagaman naiugnay lamang ngayon sa Latin, ang sinaunang Roma ay sa katunayan multilingual. Sa pinakamataas na sinaunang panahon, kabahagi ng mga tribo ng <a href="/wiki/Mga_Sabino" title="Mga Sabino">Sabino</a> ang lugar ng Roma ngayon sa mga tribong Latin. Ang wikang Sabino ay isa sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_wikang_italiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga wikang italiko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Italikong</a> pangkat ng mga sinaunang wikang Italyano, kasama ang Etrusko, na kung saan ay magiging pangunahing wika ng huling tatlong haring namuno sa lungsod hanggang sa itatag ang Republika noong 509 BK. Si Urganilla, o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plautia_Urgulanilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plautia Urgulanilla (hindi pa naisusulat)">Plautia Urgulanilla</a>, asawa ni Emperador Claudio, ay sinasabing nagsasalita ng Etrusko maraming siglo pagkatapos ng petsang ito, ayon sa entrada ni Suetonius kay Claudio. Gayunpaman ang Latin, sa iba't ibang umuusbong na porma, ay ang pangunahing wikang klasiko na Roma, ngunit dahil ang lungsod ay may mga imigrante, alipin, residente, embahador mula sa maraming bahagi ng mundo, ito rin ay maraming wika. Maraming edukadong Romano ang nagsasalita rin ng Griyego, at mayroong isang malaking Griyego, Siriaco, at Hudyong populasyon sa mga bahagi ng Roma bago pa man ang Imperyo. Ang <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Latin" title="Wikang Latin">Latin</a> ay nagbago sa panahon ng Gitnang Kapanahunan tungo sa isang bagong wika, ang "volgare ". Ang huli ay umusbong bilang pagtatagpo ng iba't ibang panrehiyong diyalekto, na dominado ng <a href="/wiki/Wikaing_Toscano" title="Wikaing Toscano">diyalektong Toscano</a>, ngunit ang populasyon ng Roma ay nakabuo din ng kanilang sariling <a href="/wiki/Diyalekto" title="Diyalekto">diyalekto</a>, ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diyalektong_Romanesko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diyalektong Romanesko (hindi pa naisusulat)">Romanesko</a>. Ang Romanesco na sinalita sa panahon ng Gitnang Kapanahunan ay katulad ng isang diyalekto ng katimugang Italya, napakalapit sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Napolitano" title="Wikang Napolitano">wikang Napolitano</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>. Ang impluwensiya ng kulturang <a href="/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia">Florentino</a> sa panahon ng <a href="/wiki/Renasimiyento" title="Renasimiyento">renasimiyento</a>, at higit sa lahat, ang imigrasyon sa Roma ng dalawang magkasunod na Florentinong Papang <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papa_Leo_X" title="Papa Leo X">Leo X</a> at <a href="/wiki/Papa_Clemente_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Clemente VII">Clemente VII</a>) ang naging sanhi ng isang pangunahing pagbabago sa diyalekto, na nagsimulang maging mas kawangis ng mga diyalektong Toscano. Ito ay nanatiling higit na nakakubli sa Roma hanggang sa ika-19 na siglo, ngunit pagkatapos ay lumawak sa iba pang mga sona ng <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latina,_Lazio" title="Latina, Lazio">Latina</a>, at iba pa), mula sa simula ng ika-20 siglo, bunga ng tumataas na populasyon ng Roma at sa pagpapabuti ng mga sistema ng transportasyon. Bilang kahihinatnan ng edukasyon at media tulad ng radyo at telebisyon, ang Romanesko ay naging mas katulad sa karaniwang Italyanong diyalekto. Ang panitikan ng diyalekto sa tradisyonal na anyo ng Romanesko ay kasama ang mga akda ng naturang mga manunulat gaya nina <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Gioachino_Belli" title="Giuseppe Gioachino Belli">Giuseppe Gioachino Belli</a> (isa sa pinakamahalagang makatang Italyano sa buo), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trilussa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trilussa (hindi pa naisusulat)">Trilussa</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Pascarella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesare Pascarella (hindi pa naisusulat)">Cesare Pascarella</a>. Ito ay nararapat tandaan kahit na ang Romanesko ay isang "lingua vernacola" (wikang bernakular), nangangahulugang sa daang siglo, wala itong nakasulat na anyo ngunit sinalita lamang ito sa populasyon. Ang kontemporaneong Romanesco ay pangunahing kinakatawan ng mga tanyag na artista, tulad nina <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Sordi" title="Alberto Sordi">Alberto Sordi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Fabrizi" title="Aldo Fabrizi">Aldo Fabrizi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Magnani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Magnani (hindi pa naisusulat)">Anna Magnani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Si_Carlo_Verdone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Si Carlo Verdone (hindi pa naisusulat)">Carlo Verdone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Montesano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrico Montesano (hindi pa naisusulat)">Enrico Montesano</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gigi_Proietti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gigi Proietti (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gigi Proietti</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nino_Manfredi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nino Manfredi (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nino Manfredi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palakasan">Palakasan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Palakasan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section's source code: Palakasan">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Stadio_Olimpico_e_Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Stadio_Olimpico_e_Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg/250px-Stadio_Olimpico_e_Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Stadio_Olimpico_e_Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg/330px-Stadio_Olimpico_e_Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Stadio_Olimpico_e_Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg/500px-Stadio_Olimpico_e_Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5315" data-file-height="4081" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico" title="Stadio Olimpico">Stadio Olimpico</a>, tahanan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=AS_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AS Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">AS Roma</a> at <a href="/wiki/SS_Lazio" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Lazio">SS Lazio</a>, ay isa sa pinakamalaki sa Europa, na may kapasidad na higit sa 70,000.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Futbol" title="Futbol">Futbol</a> ang pinakatanyag na sport sa Roma, tulad ng sa ibang bahagi ng bansa. Ang lungsod ay nagtanghal ng mga huling laro ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandaigdigang_Kopa_ng_Futbol_1934&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandaigdigang Kopa ng Futbol 1934 (hindi pa naisusulat)">1934</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandaigdigang_Kopa_ng_Futbol_1990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandaigdigang Kopa ng Futbol 1990 (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pandaigdigang Kopa ng Futbol 1990</a>. Ang huli ay isinagawa sa <a href="/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico" title="Stadio Olimpico">Stadio Olimpico</a>, na tahanang estadio na hinihiram ng kapuwa <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a> klub na <a href="/wiki/SS_Lazio" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Lazio">SS Lazio</a>, na itinatag noong 1900, at ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=AS_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AS Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">AS Roma</a>, na itinatag noong 1927, na ang ribalan sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Derby_della_Capitale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derby della Capitale (hindi pa naisusulat)">Derby della Capitale</a> ay tanyag na sa kulturang pangkalakasang Romano.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Ang mga manlalaro ng futbol na naglalaro para sa mga koponan na ito na ipinanganak din sa lungsod ay nagiging bantog, tulad nina <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Totti" title="Francesco Totti">Francesco Totti</a> at <a href="/wiki/Daniele_De_Rossi" title="Daniele De Rossi">Daniele De Rossi</a> (kapuwa para sa AS Roma), at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Nesta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alessandro Nesta (hindi pa naisusulat)">Alessandro Nesta</a> (para sa SS Lazio). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Roma_-_Stadio_Olimpico_-_Stadio_dei_Marmi_-_Andrea_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Roma_-_Stadio_Olimpico_-_Stadio_dei_Marmi_-_Andrea_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Roma_-_Stadio_Olimpico_-_Stadio_dei_Marmi_-_Andrea_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Roma_-_Stadio_Olimpico_-_Stadio_dei_Marmi_-_Andrea_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Roma_-_Stadio_Olimpico_-_Stadio_dei_Marmi_-_Andrea_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Roma_-_Stadio_Olimpico_-_Stadio_dei_Marmi_-_Andrea_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Roma_-_Stadio_Olimpico_-_Stadio_dei_Marmi_-_Andrea_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadio_dei_Marmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadio dei Marmi (hindi pa naisusulat)">Stadio dei Marmi</a></figcaption></figure> Ang Roma ay nagtaghal ng <a href="/wiki/Palarong_Olimpiko_sa_Tag-init_1960" title="Palarong Olimpiko sa Tag-init 1960">Palarong Olimpiko sa Tag-init 1960</a>, na lubhang nagtagumpay, gamit ang maraming sinaunang pook tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Borghese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Borghese (hindi pa naisusulat)">Villa Borghese</a> at ang <a href="/wiki/Mga_Paliguan_ni_Caracalla" title="Mga Paliguan ni Caracalla">mga Paliguan ni Caracalla</a> bilang mga pinagdausan. Para sa Palarong Olimpiko maraming mga bagong pasilidad ang itinayo, kapansin-pansin ang bagong malaking Olimpikong Estadio (na kung saan ay pinalaki at binago upang itanghal ang ilang kompetisyon at ang huli sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandaigdigang_Kopa_ng_Futbol_1990&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandaigdigang Kopa ng Futbol 1990 (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pandaigdigang Kopa ng Futbol 1990</a>), ang <a href="/wiki/Stadio_Flaminio" title="Stadio Flaminio">Stadio Flaminio</a>, ang Villaggio Olimpico (Pamayanang Olimpiko, nilikha upang itanghal ang mga atleta at muling isinaayos pagkatapos ng mga laro bilang isang distritong pantirahan), ecc. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paanyaya_ng_Roma_para_sa_Palarong_Olimpiko_sa_Tag-init_2020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paanyaya ng Roma para sa Palarong Olimpiko sa Tag-init 2020 (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nagpaanyaya</a> ang Roma upang maging tahanan ng <a href="/wiki/Palarong_Olimpiko_sa_Tag-init_2020" title="Palarong Olimpiko sa Tag-init 2020">Palarong Olimpiko sa Tag-init 2020</a> ngunit inatras ito bago ang deadline sa pagtatala ng mga aplikante.<a href="#cite_note-olympic.org2-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bladesplace.id.au2-109">[107]</a> Dagdag dito, itinanghal sa Roma ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_EuroBasket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 EuroBasket (hindi pa naisusulat)">1991 EuroBasket</a> at tahanan ng kinikilalang internasyonal na koponan ng basketball na <a href="/wiki/Pallacanestro_Virtus_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallacanestro Virtus Roma">Virtus Roma</a>. Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rugby (hindi pa naisusulat)">rugby</a> ay nakakakuha ng mas maraming manlalaro. Hanggang sa 2011 ang <a href="/wiki/Stadio_Flaminio" title="Stadio Flaminio">Stadio Flaminio</a> ay ang tahanang estadyo para sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pambansang_koponan_ng_unyong_rugby_ng_Italya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pambansang koponan ng unyong rugby ng Italya (hindi pa naisusulat)">pambansang koponan ng unyong rugby ng Italya</a>, na naglalaro sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anim_na_Nations_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anim na Nations Championship (hindi pa naisusulat)">Six Nations Championship</a> mula pa noong 2000. Ang koponan ay naglalaro ngayon ng mga laro sa bahay sa Stadio Olimpico sapagkat ang Stadio Flaminio ay nangangailangan ng mga gawaing pagsasaayos upang mapabuti ang kapasidad at kaligtasan nito. Ang Roma ay tahanan ng mga lokal na koponan ng unyong rugby tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rugby_Roma_Olimpic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rugby Roma Olimpic (hindi pa naisusulat)">Rugby Roma</a> (itinatag noong 1930 at nagwagi ng limang kampeonatong Italyano, ang huli noong 1999–2000), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unione_Rugby_Capitolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unione Rugby Capitolina (hindi pa naisusulat)">Unione Rugby Capitolina</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Lazio_Rugby_1927&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Lazio Rugby 1927 (hindi pa naisusulat)">SS Lazio 1927</a> (sangay ng unyong rugby ng multisport club SS Lazio). Tuwing Mayo, isinasagawa sa Roma ang torneong tennis ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=ATP_World_Tour_Masters_1000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (hindi pa naisusulat)">ATP Masters Series</a> sa mga luwad na korte ng <a href="/wiki/Foro_Italico" title="Foro Italico">Foro Italico</a>. Ang pagbibisikleta ay popular matapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, ngunit ang katanyagan ay nawawala. Ang Roma ay nagtanghal ng huling bahagi ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giro_d%27Italia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giro d'Italia (hindi pa naisusulat)">Giro d'Italia</a> nang tatlong beses, noong 1911, 1950, at 2009. Ang Roma ay tahanan din ng iba pang mga koponan sa palakasan, kabilang ang volleyball (<a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Roma_Volley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Roma Volley (hindi pa naisusulat)">M. Roma Volley</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Handball_ng_koponan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handball ng koponan (hindi pa naisusulat)">handball</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">waterpolo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportasyon">Transportasyon</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Transportasyon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section's source code: Transportasyon">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Rom_Fiumicino_2011-by-RaBoe-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rom_Fiumicino_2011-by-RaBoe-02.jpg/250px-Rom_Fiumicino_2011-by-RaBoe-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rom_Fiumicino_2011-by-RaBoe-02.jpg/330px-Rom_Fiumicino_2011-by-RaBoe-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rom_Fiumicino_2011-by-RaBoe-02.jpg/500px-Rom_Fiumicino_2011-by-RaBoe-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Paliparang_Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%93Fiumicino" title="Paliparang Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino">Paliparang Roma–Fiumicino</a> ay ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talaan_ng_mga_pinakaabalang_paliparan_sa_Europa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talaan ng mga pinakaabalang paliparan sa Europa (hindi pa naisusulat)">pang-sampung pinakaabalang paliparan sa Europa</a> noong 2016.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG/250px-Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG/330px-Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG/500px-Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daungan_ng_Civitavecchia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daungan ng Civitavecchia">Daungan ng Civitavecchia</a></figcaption></figure> Ang Roma ay nasa gitna ng paikot na network ng mga kalsada na halos sumusunod sa mga linya ng mga sinaunang kalsadang Romano na nagsimula sa <a href="/wiki/Burol_Capitolino" title="Burol Capitolino">Burol Capitolino</a> na iniugnay ang Roma sa imperyo nito. Ngayon ang Roma ay binilog, sa layo na halos 10 kilometro (6 mi) mula sa Capitol, sa pamamagitan ng daang-singsing (ang <a href="/wiki/Grande_Raccordo_Anulare" title="Grande Raccordo Anulare">Grande Raccordo Anulare</a> o GRA). Dahil sa lokasyon nito sa gitna ng tangway ng Italya, ang Roma ang punong pusod ng riles para sa gitnang Italya. Ang pangunahing estasyon ng riles ng Roma, ang <a href="/wiki/Himpilang_Termini_ng_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Himpilang Termini ng Roma">Termini</a>, ay isa sa pinakamalaking estasyon ng riles sa Europa at ang pinakaginagamit sa Italya, na may halos 400 libong manlalakbay na dumadaan araw-araw. Ang pangalawang pinakamalaking estasyon sa lungsod, ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Himpilan_ng_riles_ng_Tiburtina,_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himpilan ng riles ng Tiburtina, Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Roma Tiburtina</a>, ay pinaunlad bilang isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=High-speed_rail_sa_Italya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High-speed rail sa Italya (hindi pa naisusulat)">high-speed rail</a> terminus.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Gaya ng sa madalas na high-speed na tren sa lahat ng pangunahing Italyanong lungsod, ang Roma ay nauugnay gabi-gabi sa pamamagitan ng mga serbisyong 'boat train' sleeper papuntang Sicilia, at sa buong mundo sa pamamagitan ng serbisyong overnight sleeper papuntang Munich at Vienna buhat ng ÖBB Austrian railways. Ang Roma ay pinaglilingkuran ng tatlong paliparan. Ang interkontinental na <a href="/wiki/Paliparang_Leonardo_da_Vinci-Fiumicino" class="mw-redirect" title="Paliparang Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino">Pandaigdigang Panliparang Leonardo da Vinci</a>, ang punong paliparan ng Italya ay matatagpuan sa loob ng kalapit na <a href="/wiki/Fiumicino" title="Fiumicino">Fiumicino</a>, timog-kanluran ng Roma. Ang mas matandang <a href="/wiki/Paliparan_sa_Roma_Ciampino" class="mw-redirect" title="Paliparan sa Roma Ciampino">Paliparan ng Roma Ciampino</a> ay sabayang paliparang sibilyan at militar. Ito ay karaniwang tinutukoy bilang "Paliparang Ciampino", dahil matatagpuan ito sa tabi ng <a href="/wiki/Ciampino" title="Ciampino">Ciampino</a>, timog-silangan ng Roma. Ang pangatlong paliparan, ang Paliparang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma-Urbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roma-Urbe (hindi pa naisusulat)">Roma-Urbe</a>, ay isang maliit, mababang trapiko na paliparan na matatagpuan mga 6 kilometro (4 mi) hilaga ng sentro ng lungsod, na humahawak ng karamihan sa helikopter at mga pribadong lipad. Bagaman ang lungsod ay may sariling baryo sa Dagat Mediteraneo (<a href="/wiki/Lido_di_Ostia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lido di Ostia">Lido di Ostia</a>), mayroon lamang itong marina at isang maliit na daungan para sa mga bangka sa pangingisda. Ang pangunahing daungang naglilingkod sa Roma ay ang <a href="/wiki/Daungan_ng_Civitavecchia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daungan ng Civitavecchia">Daungan ng Civitavecchia</a>, na matatagpuan mga 62 kilometro (39 mi) hilagang-kanluran ng lungsod.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_pandaigdigang_entidad,_samahan,_at_pakikilahok">Mga pandaigdigang entidad, samahan, at pakikilahok</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga pandaigdigang entidad, samahan, at pakikilahok" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section's source code: Mga pandaigdigang entidad, samahan, at pakikilahok">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg/250px-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg/330px-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg/500px-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>Ang punong-tanggapan ng <a href="/wiki/Organisasyon_ng_Pagkain_at_Agrikultura" title="Organisasyon ng Pagkain at Agrikultura">Organisasyon ng Pagkain at Agrikultura</a> (Food and Agriculture Organization o FAO) sa Roma, Circo Massimo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:WFP_Headquarters_in_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/WFP_Headquarters_in_Rome.jpg/250px-WFP_Headquarters_in_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/WFP_Headquarters_in_Rome.jpg/330px-WFP_Headquarters_in_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/WFP_Headquarters_in_Rome.jpg/500px-WFP_Headquarters_in_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3476" data-file-height="1831" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Programa_sa_Pagkain" title="Pandaigdigang Programa sa Pagkain">Pandaigdigang Programa sa Pagkain</a> (World Food Programme o WFP)</figcaption></figure> Kabilang sa mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_pandaigdigang_lungsod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga pandaigdigang lungsod (hindi pa naisusulat)">pandaigdigang lungsod</a>, ang Roma ay natatangi sa pagkakaroon ng dalawang umiiral na soberanong matatagpuan sa loob ng mga hangganan ng lungsod, ang Banal na Luklukan, na kinakatawan ng Estado ng Lungsod ng Vaticano, at ang mas maliit na <a href="/wiki/Soberanong_Ordeng_Militar_ng_Malta" title="Soberanong Ordeng Militar ng Malta">Soberanong Militar ng Malta</a>. Ang Vaticano ay isang engklabo ng <a href="/wiki/Kabisera" title="Kabisera">kabeserang lungsod</a> ng Italya at isang may kapangyarihan sa pag-aari ng <a href="/wiki/Banal_na_Luklukan" title="Banal na Luklukan">Banal na Luklukan</a>, na siyang Diyosesis ng Roma at ang kataas-taasang pamahalaan ng <a href="/wiki/Simbahang_Katolika_Romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbahang Katolika Romana">Simbahang Katolika Romana</a>. Samakatuwid, ang Roma ay tahanan ng mga banyagang embahada sa gobyerno ng Italya, sa Banal na Luklukan, sa <a href="/wiki/Soberanong_Ordeng_Militar_ng_Malta" title="Soberanong Ordeng Militar ng Malta">Orden ng Malta</a> at sa ilang organisasyong pangdaigdigan. Maraming mga pandaigdigang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Kolehiyong_Romano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Kolehiyong Romano (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kolehiyong Romano</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Pontipikal_na_Unibersidad_sa_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Pontipikal na Unibersidad sa Roma (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pontipikal na Unibersidad</a> ang matatagpuan sa Roma. Ang Santo Papa ay ang <a href="/wiki/Papa" title="Papa">Obispo ng Roma</a> at ang opisyal na lulukan nito ay ang <a href="/wiki/Basilika_ni_San_Juan_de_Letran" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilika ni San Juan de Letran">Arsobasilika ni San Juan de Letran</a> (kung saan ang <a href="/wiki/Pangulo_ng_Pransiya" title="Pangulo ng Pransiya">Pangulo ng Republika ng Pransiya</a> ay <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_officio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ex officio (hindi pa naisusulat)">ex officio</a> na "una at nag-iisang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanonigo_(pari)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanonigo (pari) (hindi pa naisusulat)">onoraryong kanonigo</a>", isang titulo na pinanghahawakan ng mga pinuno ng estado ng Pransiya mula pa kay <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_ng_Pransiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV ng Pransiya">Haring Henry IV ng Pransiya</a>). Ang isa pang pangkat, ang <a href="/wiki/Soberanong_Ordeng_Militar_ng_Malta" title="Soberanong Ordeng Militar ng Malta">Soberanong Ordeng Militar ng Malta</a> (SMOM), ay sumilong sa Roma noong 1834, dahil sa pananakop ni <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_ng_Pransiya" title="Napoleon I ng Pransiya">Napoleon</a> sa Malta noong 1798. Kung minsan ay napapabilang ito bilang isang soberanya, ngunit hindi umaangkin sa anumang teritoryo sa Roma o kahit saan man, samakatuwid ay humahantong sa pagtatalo sa aktuwal nitong katayuang soberano. Ang Roma ay ang luklukan ng tinaguriang Polo Romano<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> binubuo ng tatlong pangunahing ahensyang internasyonal ng <a href="/wiki/Mga_Nagkakaisang_Bansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Nagkakaisang Bansa">mga Nagkakaisang Bansa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisasyon_ng_Pagkain_at_Agrikultura" title="Organisasyon ng Pagkain at Agrikultura">Organisasyon ng Pagkain at Agrikultura</a> (Food and Agriculture Organization o FAO), <a href="/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Programa_sa_Pagkain" title="Pandaigdigang Programa sa Pagkain">Pandaigdigang Program sa Pagkain</a> (World Food Programme o WFP), at ng <a href="/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Pondo_para_sa_Kaunlarang_Agrikultural" title="Pandaigdigang Pondo para sa Kaunlarang Agrikultural">Pandaigdigang Pondo para sa Kaunlarang Agrikultural</a> (International Fund for Agricultural Development o IFAD). Tradisyonal na kasangkot ang Roma sa proseso ng integrasyong pampolitika sa Europa. Ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Kasunduan_ng_Unyong_Europeo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Kasunduan ng Unyong Europeo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kasunduan ng EU</a> ay matatagpuan sa <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Farnesina" title="Palazzo della Farnesina">Palazzo della Farnesina</a>, ang luklukan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministro_ng_Ugnayang_Panlabas_(Italya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministro ng Ugnayang Panlabas (Italya) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ministro ng Ugnayang Panlabas</a>, sapagkat ang gobyerno ng Italya ang taguan ng mga kasunduang ito. Noong 1957 ang lungsod ay naging pook ng paglagda ng <a href="/wiki/Tratado_ng_Roma" title="Tratado ng Roma">Tratado ng Roma</a>, na nagtatag ng <a href="/wiki/Pamayanang_Pang-ekonomikong_Europeo" title="Pamayanang Pang-ekonomikong Europeo">Pamayanang Pang-ekonomikong Europeo</a> (na pinalitan ng <a href="/wiki/Unyong_Europeo" title="Unyong Europeo">Unyong Europeo</a>), at naging pook din sa opisyal na paglagda ng panukalang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ang_kasunduan_sa_pagtaguyod_ng_isang_Saligang_Batas_para_sa_Europa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ang kasunduan sa pagtaguyod ng isang Saligang Batas para sa Europa (hindi pa naisusulat)">Konstitusyong Europeo</a> noong Hulyo 2004. Ang Roma ay ang luklukan ng <a href="/wiki/Mga_Europeong_Olimpikong_Komite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mga Europeong Olimpikong Komite">Lupong Olimpikong Europeo</a> at ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolehiyong_Pangdepensa_ng_NATO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolehiyong Pangdepensa ng NATO (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kolehiyong Pangdepensa ng NATO</a> (NATO Defense College). Ang lungsod ay ang lugar kung saan nabuo ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kautusan_ng_Pandaigdigang_Korteng_Kriminal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kautusan ng Pandaigdigang Korteng Kriminal (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kautusan ng Pandaigdigang Korteng Kriminal</a> at ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Europeong_Kapulungan_sa_Karapatang_Pantao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europeong Kapulungan sa Karapatang Pantao (hindi pa naisusulat)">Europeong Kapulungan sa Karapatang Pantao</a>. Tahanan din ang lungsod ng iba pang mahahalagang pandaigdigang organisasyon tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Samahan_sa_Batas_Pangkaunlaran" title="Pandaigdigang Samahan sa Batas Pangkaunlaran">Pandaigdigang Samahan sa Batas Pangkaunlaran</a> (International Development Law Organization o IDLO), ang <a href="/wiki/Pandaigdigang_Sentro_para_sa_Pag-aaral_ng_Pagpapanatili_at_Pagpapanumbalik_ng_Pagmamay-aring_Pangkultura" title="Pandaigdigang Sentro para sa Pag-aaral ng Pagpapanatili at Pagpapanumbalik ng Pagmamay-aring Pangkultura">Pandaigdigang Sentro para sa Pag-aaral ng Pagpapanatili at Pagpapanumbalik ng Pagmamay-aring Pangkultura</a> (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property o ICCROM), at ang Pandaigdigang Surian para sa Pagkakaisa ng Pribadong Batas (Internatonal Institute for the Unification of Private Law o UNIDROIT). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_kapatid_na_lungsod">Mga kapatid na lungsod</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=43" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga kapatid na lungsod" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section's source code: Mga kapatid na lungsod">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> Ang Roma ay may isang tanging Kapatid na Lungsod at maraming ka-partner na lungsod: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kapatid_na_Lungsod_(Sister_city)">Kapatid na Lungsod (Sister city)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=44" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kapatid na Lungsod (Sister city)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section's source code: Kapatid na Lungsod (Sister city)">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya"><img alt="Pransiya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya">Pransiya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pranses_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranses language">Pranses</a>: Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italyano_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italyano language (hindi pa naisusulat)">Italyano</a>: Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>: Tanging Paris ang karapat-dapat sa Roma; tanging Roma ang karapat-dapat sa Paris).<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katuwang_na_Lungsod">Katuwang na Lungsod</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=45" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Katuwang na Lungsod" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section's source code: Katuwang na Lungsod">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <table cellpadding="10"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Achacachi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achacachi (hindi pa naisusulat)">Achacachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alherya" title="Alherya"><img alt="Alherya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Alherya</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikang_Bayan_ng_Tsina" title="Republikang Bayan ng Tsina"><img alt="Republikang Bayan ng Tsina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">Tsina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbiya" title="Serbiya"><img alt="Serbiya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/60px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto">Ehipto</a>.</li></ul> </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos"><img alt="Estados Unidos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine">Ukranya</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/London" class="mw-disambig" title="London">Londres</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya"><img alt="Espanya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya">Espanya</a><a href="#cite_note-hermanadas-116">[114]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya"><img alt="Espanya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marbella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marbella (hindi pa naisusulat)">Marbella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espanya" title="Espanya">Espanya</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" class="mw-disambig" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.</li></ul> </td> <td> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos"><img alt="Estados Unidos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timog_Korea" title="Timog Korea"><img alt="Timog Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korea">Timog Korea</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia">Australia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanya" title="Albanya"><img alt="Albanya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania">Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-International_relations-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapon" title="Hapon"><img alt="Hapon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan">Hapon</a>.</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belhika" title="Belhika"><img alt="Belhika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongeren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tongeren (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tongeren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgium">Belhika</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a><a href="#cite_note-Tunis-120">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tala">Tala</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=46" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Tala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section's source code: Tala">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121818">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> This hypothesis originates from the Roman Grammarian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurus_Servius_Honoratus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Maurus Servius Honoratus</a>. However, the Greek verb descends from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Indo-European_root&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-Indo-European root (hindi pa naisusulat)">Proto-Indo-European root</a> <a href="https://tl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/srew-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/srew-">*srew-</a> (compare Ancient Greek ῥεῦμα (rheûma) 'a stream, flow, current', the Thracian river name Στρυμών (Strumṓn) and Proto-Germanic *strauma- 'stream'; if it was related, however, the Latin river name would be expected to begin with **Frum-, like Latin <a href="https://tl.wiktionary.org/wiki/frigeo" class="extiw" title="wikt:frigeo">frīgeō</a> 'to freeze' from the root *sreyHg-) and the Latin verb from <a href="https://tl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%83rew-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃rew-">*h₃rew-</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> This hypothesis originates from <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_sanggunian">Mga sanggunian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=47" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section's source code: Mga sanggunian">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2121818" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2132731">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFISTAT" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (hindi pa naisusulat)">ISTAT</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214347/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2008gen/index_e.html">"Monthly demographic balance Enero-Nobyembre 2008"</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2008gen/index_e.html">orihinal</a> noong 2016-03-03. Nakuha noong 2009-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+demographic+balance+Enero-Nobyembre+2008&rft.au=ISTAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemo.istat.it%2Fbilmens2008gen%2Findex_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biblia-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Biblia_2-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFAbriol,_Jose_C.2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abriol,_Jose_C." class="mw-redirect" title="Abriol, Jose C.">Abriol, Jose C.</a> (2000). "Roma". <a href="/wiki/Jose_C._Abriol" title="Jose C. Abriol">Ang Banal na Biblia</a>, Natatanging Edisyon, Jubileo A.D. Paulines Publishing House/Daughters of St. Paul (Lungsod ng Pasay) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/9715901077" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/9715901077">9715901077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roma&rft.btitle=Ang+Banal+na+Biblia%2C+Natatanging+Edisyon%2C+Jubileo+A.D&rft.pub=Paulines+Publishing+House%2FDaughters+of+St.+Paul+%28Lungsod+ng+Pasay%29+ISBN+9715901077&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Abriol%2C+Jose+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=DCIS_POPRES1">http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=DCIS_POPRES1</a> Popolazione residente al 1° gennaio" </li> <li id="cite_note-livy17973-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-livy17973_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livy17973_4-1">4.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFLivy1797" class="citation book cs1">Livy (1797). The history of Rome. George Baker (trans.). Printed for A.Strahan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Rome&rft.pub=Printed+for+A.Strahan&rft.date=1797&rft.au=Livy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509038/Romulus-and-Remus">"Romulus and Remus"</a>. Britannica.com. 25 Nobyembre 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317100831/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509038/Romulus-and-Remus">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 17 Marso 2015. Nakuha noong 9 Marso 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romulus+and+Remus&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F509038%2FRomulus-and-Remus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> Cf. Jaan Puhvel: Comparative mythology. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London 1989, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> Claudio Rendina: Roma Ieri, Oggi, Domani. Newton Compton, Roma, 2007, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Heiken,_G._2005-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Heiken,_G._2005_10-0">↑</a> Heiken, G., Funiciello, R. and De Rita, D. (2005), The Seven Hills of Rome: A Geological Tour of the Eternal City. Princeton University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-coa9-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-coa9_11-0">9.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coa9_11-1">9.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coa9_11-2">9.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coa9_11-3">9.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coa9_11-4">9.4</a> Coarelli (1984) p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-foundation2-12"><a href="#cite_ref-foundation2_12-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFWilford2007" class="citation news cs1">Wilford, John Nobel (12 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/science/12rome.html">"More Clues in the Legend (or Is It Fact?) of Romulus"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417112437/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/science/12rome.html">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 17 Marso 2009. Nakuha noong 11 Agosto 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=More+Clues+in+the+Legend+%28or+Is+It+Fact%3F%29+of+Romulus&rft.date=2007-06-12&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+Nobel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F12%2Fscience%2F12rome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_news" title="Padron:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> timestamp mismatch; 17 Abril 2009 suggested (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#archive_date_url_ts_mismatch" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-0">11.00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-1">11.01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-2">11.02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-3">11.03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-4">11.04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-5">11.05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-6">11.06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-7">11.07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-8">11.08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-9">11.09</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-10">11.10</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-11">11.11</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-12">11.12</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-13">11.13</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-14">11.14</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-15">11.15</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-16">11.16</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-17">11.17</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-18">11.18</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-19">11.19</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-20">11.20</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-21">11.21</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-22">11.22</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-23">11.23</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964_13-24">11.24</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinderHilgemann1964">Kinder & Hilgemann 1964</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-livy20052-14"><a href="#cite_ref-livy20052_14-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFLivy2005" class="citation book cs1">Livy (2005). The Early History of Rome. Penguin Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-14-196307-5" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-14-196307-5"><bdi>978-0-14-196307-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+Rome&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-196307-5&rft.au=Livy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.3.3">"Strabo, Geography, book 5, chapter 3, section 3"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+book+5%2C+chapter+3%2C+section+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A5.3.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5C*.html">"LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book V Chapter 3"</a>. penelope.uchicago.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Strabo%27s+Geography+%E2%80%94+Book+V+Chapter+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2F5C%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196473-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196473_17-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinderHilgemann1964">Kinder & Hilgemann 1964</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196491-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196491_18-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinderHilgemann1964">Kinder & Hilgemann 1964</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196493-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196493_19-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinderHilgemann1964">Kinder & Hilgemann 1964</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/great-fire-rome-background/1446/">"The Great Fire of Rome | Background | Secrets of the Dead | PBS"</a>. Secrets of the Dead (sa wikang Ingles). 29 Mayo 2014. Nakuha noong 7 Marso 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Secrets+of+the+Dead&rft.atitle=The+Great+Fire+of+Rome+%7C+Background+%7C+Secrets+of+the+Dead+%7C+PBS&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fsecrets%2Fgreat-fire-rome-background%2F1446%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFSociety2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Society, National Geographic (18 Hunyo 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul19/great-fire-rome/">"Great Fire of Rome"</a>. National Geographic Society (sa wikang Ingles). Nakuha noong 7 Marso 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Great+Fire+of+Rome&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=National+Geographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fthisday%2Fjul19%2Fgreat-fire-rome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFFreeman,_Charles,_1947-2014" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Charles, 1947- (Marso 2014). Egypt, Greece, and Rome : civilizations of the ancient Mediterranean (ika-Third (na) edisyon). Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-19-965191-7" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-19-965191-7"><bdi>978-0-19-965191-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868077503">868077503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Greece%2C+and+Rome+%3A+civilizations+of+the+ancient+Mediterranean&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868077503&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965191-7&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Charles%2C+1947-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_mga_may-akda" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: multiple names: mga may-akda">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: mga may-akda (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategorya:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_mga_may-akda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: numeric names: mga may-akda (hindi pa naisusulat)">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> Parker, Philip, "The Empire Stops Here". p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancient.eu/article/26/the-roman-forum/">"The Roman Forum"</a>. Ancient History Encyclopedia. 18 Enero 2012. Nakuha noong 22 Agosto 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancient+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Forum&rft.date=2012-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient.eu%2Farticle%2F26%2Fthe-roman-forum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> Rome, An Urban History from Antiquity to the Present, Rabun Taylor, Katherine W. Rinne and Spiro Kostof, 2016 pp. 160–179 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> Rome, Profile of a City: 321–1308, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Krautheimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Krautheimer (hindi pa naisusulat)">Richard Krautheimer</a>, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> Rome, Urban History, pp. 184–185 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> Novel 36, 2, Emperor Valeninian III </li> <li id="cite_note-Editors-29">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Editors_29-0">27.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Editors_29-1">27.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFEditors2013" class="citation web cs1">Editors, Mandatory (24 Enero 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130090938/http://www.mandatory.com/2013/01/24/the-16-greatest-cities-in-human-history/9">"travel, history, civilizations, greatest cities, largest cities, Rome"</a>. Mandatory. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandatory.com/2013/01/24/the-16-greatest-cities-in-human-history/9">orihinal</a> noong 30 Enero 2013. Nakuha noong 12 Marso 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=travel%2C+history%2C+civilizations%2C+greatest+cities%2C+largest+cities%2C+Rome&rft.pub=Mandatory&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.aulast=Editors&rft.aufirst=Mandatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandatory.com%2F2013%2F01%2F24%2Fthe-16-greatest-cities-in-human-history%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> Norman John Greville Pounds. An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330. p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> Rome in Late Antiquity, Bernard Lancon, 2001, pp. 14, pp. 115–119 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/0-415-92976-8" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/0-415-92976-8">0-415-92976-8</a>; Rome Profile of a City, Richard Krautheimer, 2000, pp. 4, 65 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/0-691-04961-0" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/0-691-04961-0">0-691-04961-0</a>; Ancient Rome, The Archaeology of the Eternal City, Editors Jon Coulston and Hazel Dodge, pp. 142–165 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-947816-55-1" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-947816-55-1">978-0-947816-55-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925-32">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-0">30.00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-1">30.01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-2">30.02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-3">30.03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-4">30.04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-5">30.05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-6">30.06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-7">30.07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-8">30.08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-9">30.09</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-10">30.10</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-11">30.11</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-12">30.12</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-13">30.13</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-14">30.14</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-15">30.15</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-16">30.16</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-17">30.17</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-18">30.18</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-19">30.19</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-20">30.20</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-21">30.21</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-22">30.22</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-23">30.23</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-24">30.24</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-25">30.25</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-26">30.26</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-27">30.27</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-28">30.28</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-29">30.29</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-30">30.30</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-31">30.31</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli1925_32-32">30.32</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertarelli1925">Bertarelli 1925</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205030647/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/eust/ht06eust.htm">"Italian Peninsula, 500–1000 A.D."</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art (hindi pa naisusulat)">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. 5 Disyembre 2008. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/eust/ht06eust.htm">orihinal</a> noong 5 Disyembre 2008. Nakuha noong 22 Agosto 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Italian+Peninsula%2C+500%E2%80%931000+A.D.&rft.date=2008-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fht%2F06%2Feust%2Fht06eust.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faus-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Faus_34-0">↑</a> Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "Autoridade da Verdade – Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico". Capítulo VIII: Os papas repartem terras – Pág.: 64–65 e Capítulo VI: O papa tem poder temporal absoluto – Pág.: 49–55. Edições Loyola. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/85-15-01750-4" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/85-15-01750-4">85-15-01750-4</a>. Embora Faus critique profundamente o poder temporal dos papas ("Mais uma vez isso salienta um dos maiores inconvenientes do status político dos sucessores de Pedro" – pág.: 64), ele também admite um papel secular positivo por parte dos papas ("Não podemos negar que intervenções papais desse gênero evitaram mais de uma guerra na Europa" – pág.: 65). </li> <li id="cite_note-Papal_Arbitration2-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Papal_Arbitration2_35-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFJarrett,_Bede1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jarrett, Bede (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Papal_Arbitration">"Papal Arbitration" </a>. Sa Herbermann, Charles (pat.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> (sa wikang Ingles). New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Papal+Arbitration&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Jarrett%2C+Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> Such as regulating the <a href="/wiki/Colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization">colonization</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New World (hindi pa naisusulat)">New World</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192523-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192523_37-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertarelli1925">Bertarelli 1925</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW151061&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode">"Roma diventa Capitale"</a> (sa wikang Italyano). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205130517/http://www.comune.roma.it/wps/portal/pcr?contentId=NEW151061&jp_pagecode=newsview.wp&ahew=contentId:jp_pagecode">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 5 Pebrero 2012. Nakuha noong 6 Marso 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roma+diventa+Capitale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.roma.it%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fpcr%3FcontentId%3DNEW151061%26jp_pagecode%3Dnewsview.wp%26ahew%3DcontentId%3Ajp_pagecode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728111816/https://sso.comune.roma.it/oamsso-bin/loginSPID.pl?contextType=external&username=string&OverrideRetryLimit=0&password=secure_string&challenge_url=https%3A%2F%2Fsso.comune.roma.it%2Foamsso-bin%2FloginSPID.pl&DCCCtxCookieMaxLength=8192&creds=userid+password&request_id=283093623976930103&authn_try_count=0&locale=en_US&resource_url=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.comune.roma.it%252Fwas%252Fwps%252Fportal%252F%2521ut%252Fp%252F_s.7_0_A%252F7_0_21L%253FmenuPage%253D%25252FArea_di_navigazione%25252FSezioni_del_portale%25252FDipartimenti_e_altri_uffici%25252FDipartimento_XV%25252Fwww-9-romastatistica-9-it%25252FTerritorio%25252F%2526flagSub%253D">"Territorio"</a> (sa wikang Italyano). Comune di Roma. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.roma.it/was/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_21L?menuPage=/Area_di_navigazione/Sezioni_del_portale/Dipartimenti_e_altri_uffici/Dipartimento_XV/www-9-romastatistica-9-it/Territorio/&flagSub=">orihinal</a> noong 2020-07-28. Nakuha noong 5 Oktubre 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Territorio&rft.pub=Comune+di+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.roma.it%2Fwas%2Fwps%2Fportal%2F%21ut%2Fp%2F_s.7_0_A%2F7_0_21L%3FmenuPage%3D%2FArea_di_navigazione%2FSezioni_del_portale%2FDipartimenti_e_altri_uffici%2FDipartimento_XV%2Fwww-9-romastatistica-9-it%2FTerritorio%2F%26flagSub%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> In 1992 after a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendum">referendum</a> the XIX Circoscrizione became the <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiumicino" title="Fiumicino">Fiumicino</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/campidoglio/roma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione/notizie/257651.shtml#">"Roma, sì all'accorpamento dei municipi: il Consiglio li riduce da 19 a 15"</a>. Il Messaggero. 11 Marso 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316064219/http://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/campidoglio/roma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione/notizie/257651.shtml">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 16 Marso 2013. Nakuha noong 13 Marso 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Messaggero&rft.atitle=Roma%2C+s%C3%AC+all%27accorpamento+dei+municipi%3A+il+Consiglio+li+riduce+da+19+a+15&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilmessaggero.it%2Froma%2Fcampidoglio%2Froma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione%2Fnotizie%2F257651.shtml%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519060423/http://www.romeartlover.it/Rioni.html">"The "Rioni" of Rome"</a>. Romeartlover.it. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romeartlover.it/Rioni.html">orihinal</a> noong 19 May 2009. Nakuha noong 3 Pebrero 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22Rioni%22+of+Rome&rft.pub=Romeartlover.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romeartlover.it%2FRioni.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> Artour. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ar-tour.com/guides/in-sea-there-are-crocodiles/rome.aspx">Rome</a>. Nakuha noong Agosto 25th, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFRavaglioli1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ravaglioli, Armando (1997). Roma anno 2750 ab Urbe condita (sa wikang Italyano). Rome: Tascabili Economici Newton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-88-8183-670-3" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-88-8183-670-3"><bdi>978-88-8183-670-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma+anno+2750+ab+Urbe+condita&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Tascabili+Economici+Newton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-88-8183-670-3&rft.aulast=Ravaglioli&rft.aufirst=Armando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/">"World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification"</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/">orihinal</a> noong 6 Setyembre 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Map+of+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%88%92Geiger+Climate+Classification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727130551/http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx">"Storia della neve a Roma"</a>. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx">orihinal</a> noong 27 Hulyo 2013. Nakuha noong 2 Oktubre 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+della+neve+a+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteo-net.it%2Farticoli%2Fstoriconeve.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/">"Snow startles Rome on Europe's coldest day of the winter"</a>. The Mercury News. 26 Pebrero 2018. Nakuha noong 22 Agosto 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Snow+startles+Rome+on+Europe%27s+coldest+day+of+the+winter&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2018%2F02%2F26%2Feurope-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml">"Roma, tutte le nevicate storiche in città dal '56 ad oggi"</a>. Corriere della sera. 26 Pebrero 2018. Nakuha noong 13 Hulyo 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+sera&rft.atitle=Roma%2C+tutte+le+nevicate+storiche+in+citt%C3%A0+dal+%E2%80%9856+ad+oggi&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froma.corriere.it%2Fcronaca%2Fcards%2Froma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi%2Fgrande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seatemperature.org2-49"><a href="#cite_ref-seatemperature.org2_49-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/tor-san-lorenzo-december.htm">Monthly Tor San Lorenzo water temperature chart</a>, seatemperature.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-ServizioMeteorologico3-50"><a href="#cite_ref-ServizioMeteorologico3_50-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClimatico/pdf/(235)Roma%20Urbe.pdf">Tabelle climatiche 1971–2000 della stazione meteorologica di Roma-Urbe Ponente dall'Atlante Climatico 1971–2000</a>, Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> Cornell (1995) 204–205 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFGregory_S._Aldrete2007" class="citation book cs1">Gregory S. Aldrete (30 Enero 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vL2ntMk7j-4C&pg=PA78">Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-8018-8405-4" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-8018-8405-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-8405-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151130043744/https://books.google.com/books?id=vL2ntMk7j-4C&pg=PA78">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 30 Nobyembre 2015. Nakuha noong 13 Hulyo 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Floods+of+the+Tiber+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.date=2007-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8405-4&rft.au=Gregory+S.+Aldrete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvL2ntMk7j-4C%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFP.M.G._Harris2001" class="citation book cs1">P.M.G. Harris (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtvowE9bt8C&pg=PA168">The History of Human Populations: Forms of growth and decline</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-275-97131-1" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-275-97131-1"><bdi>978-0-275-97131-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtvowE9bt8C&pg=PA168">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 1 Enero 2016. Nakuha noong 13 Hulyo 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Human+Populations%3A+Forms+of+growth+and+decline&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97131-1&rft.au=P.M.G.+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHtvowE9bt8C%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFHerreros2007" class="citation journal cs1">Herreros, Francisco (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1458998">"Size and Virtue"</a>. European Journal of Political Theory. 6 (4): 463–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1474885107080651">10.1177/1474885107080651</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-8851">1474-8851</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013536/http://www.academia.edu/1458998/Size_and_Virtue">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 4 Setyembre 2015. Nakuha noong 13 Hulyo 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Theory&rft.atitle=Size+and+Virtue&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=463-482&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1474885107080651&rft.issn=1474-8851&rft.aulast=Herreros&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1458998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFWard1990" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Lorne H. (1 Enero 1990). "Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.–400 B.C.". The American Journal of Philology. 111 (1): 5–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F295257">10.2307/295257</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (hindi pa naisusulat)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/295257">295257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Roman+Population%2C+Territory%2C+Tribe%2C+City%2C+and+Army+Size+from+the+Republic%27s+Founding+to+the+Veientane+War%2C+509+B.C.%E2%80%93400+B.C.&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-39&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F295257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F295257%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lorne+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/14/14443392/1444339214.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127113433/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/14/14443392/1444339214.pdf">Inarkibo</a> (PDF) mula sa orihinal noong 27 Enero 2016. Nakuha noong 24 Setyembre 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.johnwiley.com.au%2Fproduct_data%2Fexcerpt%2F14%2F14443392%2F1444339214.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Bairoch1991" class="citation book cs1">Paul Bairoch (18 Hunyo 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA81">Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-226-03466-9" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-226-03466-9"><bdi>978-0-226-03466-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA81">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 1 Enero 2016. Nakuha noong 13 Hulyo 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+and+Economic+Development%3A+From+the+Dawn+of+History+to+the+Present&rft.date=1991-06-18&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03466-9&rft.au=Paul+Bairoch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCg7JYZO_nEMC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> N.Morley, Metropolis and Hinterland (Cambridge, 1996) 33–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFDuikerSpielvogel2001" class="citation book cs1">Duiker, William; Spielvogel, Jackson (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryto1500duik/page/149">World History</a> (ika-Third (na) edisyon). Wadsworth. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-0-534-57168-9" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-0-534-57168-9"><bdi>978-0-534-57168-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History&rft.pages=149&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-534-57168-9&rft.aulast=Duiker&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Spielvogel%2C+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldhistoryto1500duik%2Fpage%2F149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFStorey1997" class="citation journal cs1">Storey, Glenn R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00085859">"The population of ancient Rome"</a>. Antiquity. 71 (274). Cambridge University Press: 966–978. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00085859">10.1017/s0003598x00085859</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+population+of+ancient+Rome&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=274&rft.pages=966-978&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00085859&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=Glenn+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0003598x00085859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFOates1934" class="citation journal cs1">Oates, Whitney J. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/CP/29/2/Population_of_Rome*.html">"The Population of Rome"</a>. Classical Philology. 29 (2). University of Chicago Press: 101–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F361701">10.1086/361701</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-837X">0009-837X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Population+of+Rome&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-116&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F361701&rft.issn=0009-837X&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Whitney+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FJournals%2FCP%2F29%2F2%2FPopulation_of_Rome%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> Arnold HM Jones The Decline of the Ancient World, Lonmans, Green and Co. Ltd, London 1966 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> Richard Krautheimer, Rome, Profile of a City, 312-1308, 2000 p. 65 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/0-691-04961-0" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/0-691-04961-0">0-691-04961-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> Bernard Lancon, Rome in Late Antiquity, 2001 p. 14 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/0-415-92976-8" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/0-415-92976-8">0-415-92976-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> Neil Christie, From Constantine to Charlemagne, An Archaeology of Italy 300-800 A.D. 2006 p. 61, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1-85928-421-6" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1-85928-421-6">978-1-85928-421-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> P. Llewellyn, Rome in the Dark Ages (London 1993), p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html">"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT"</a>. Demo.istat.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426215446/http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 26 Marso 2009. Nakuha noong 3 Pebrero 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistiche+demografiche+ISTAT&rft.pub=Demo.istat.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemo.istat.it%2Fbil2007%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> timestamp mismatch; 26 Abril 2009 suggested (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#archive_date_url_ts_mismatch" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Urban_Areas2-68"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Urban_Areas2_68-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517065701/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">"Demographia World Urban Areas"</a> (PDF). demographia.com. Enero 2015. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 17 Mayo 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=demographia.com&rft.atitle=Demographia+World+Urban+Areas&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demographia.com%2Fdb-worldua.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822032242/https://www.espon.eu/programme/projects/espon-2006/studies-and-scientific-support-projects/study-urban-functions">"Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3)"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Spatial_Planning_Observation_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Spatial Planning Observation Network (hindi pa naisusulat)">European Spatial Planning Observation Network</a>. 2006. Ch. 3. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espon.eu/programme/projects/espon-2006/studies-and-scientific-support-projects/study-urban-functions">orihinal</a> noong 22 Agosto 2019. Nakuha noong 22 Agosto 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Spatial+Planning+Observation+Network&rft.atitle=Study+on+Urban+Functions+%28Project+1.4.3%29&rft.pages=Ch.+3&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espon.eu%2Fprogramme%2Fprojects%2Fespon-2006%2Fstudies-and-scientific-support-projects%2Fstudy-urban-functions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924142951/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00080&plugin=1">"Total population in Urban Audit cities, Larger Urban Zone"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurostat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurostat (hindi pa naisusulat)">Eurostat</a>. 2009. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 24 Setyembre 2012. Nakuha noong 22 Agosto 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurostat&rft.atitle=Total+population+in+Urban+Audit+cities%2C+Larger+Urban+Zone&rft.date=2009&rft_id=Total+population+in+Urban+Audit+cities%2C+Larger+Urban+Zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425020103/http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2">"World Urbanization Prospects (2009 revision)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2010. (Table A.12. Data for 2007). Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/index.asp?panel=2">orihinal</a> noong 25 Marso 2010. Nakuha noong 22 Agosto 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft.atitle=World+Urbanization+Prospects+%282009+revision%29&rft.pages=%28Table+A.12.+Data+for+2007%29&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Fwup2009%2Funup%2Findex.asp%3Fpanel%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> timestamp mismatch; 25 Abril 2010 suggested (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#archive_date_url_ts_mismatch" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFOECD2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (hindi pa naisusulat)">OECD</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBsfY-Pe2Q4C">OECD Territorial Reviews Competitive Cities in the Global Economy</a>. Table 1.1: OECD Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-92-64-02708-4" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-92-64-02708-4"><bdi>978-92-64-02708-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016032356/https://books.google.com/books?id=kBsfY-Pe2Q4C">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 16 Oktubre 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD+Territorial+Reviews+Competitive+Cities+in+the+Global+Economy&rft.place=Table+1.1&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-92-64-02708-4&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBsfY-Pe2Q4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_location" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFBrinkoff2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Brinkoff, Thomas (1 Enero 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704112702/http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html">"Major Agglomerations of the World"</a>. Population Statistics and Maps. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 4 Hulyo 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Population+Statistics+and+Maps&rft.atitle=Major+Agglomerations+of+the+World&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.aulast=Brinkoff&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fworld%2FAgglomerations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFPretto2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Pretto, Emiliano (21 Hunyo 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090621033439/http://www.romepost.it/Rioni_of_Rome_Esquilino.htm">"Rome Post – what's happening in Rome"</a>. romepost.it. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 21 Hunyo 2009. Nakuha noong 22 Agosto 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=romepost.it&rft.atitle=Rome+Post+%E2%80%93+what%27s+happening+in+Rome&rft.date=2009-06-21&rft.aulast=Pretto&rft.aufirst=Emiliano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romepost.it%2FRioni_of_Rome_Esquilino.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/droma.html">"Diocese of Roma – Statistics"</a>. 11 Hulyo 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diocese+of+Roma+%E2%80%93+Statistics&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdroma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roma.corriere.it/roma/notizie/cronaca/14_gennaio_21/a-roma-provincia-immigrati-10percento-abitanti-guida-religioni-645b3982-827c-11e3-9102-882f8e7f5a8c.shtml">"A Roma e Provincia, immigrati il 10% degli abitanti: una guida alle religioni"</a>. 11 Hulyo 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Roma+e+Provincia%2C+immigrati+il+10%25+degli+abitanti%3A+una+guida+alle+religioni&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froma.corriere.it%2Froma%2Fnotizie%2Fcronaca%2F14_gennaio_21%2Fa-roma-provincia-immigrati-10percento-abitanti-guida-religioni-645b3982-827c-11e3-9102-882f8e7f5a8c.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neodemos.info/articoli/roma-citta-italiana-presenza-musulmana/">"Roma prima città italiana per presenza Musulmana"</a>. 11 Hulyo 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roma+prima+citt%C3%A0+italiana+per+presenza+Musulmana&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neodemos.info%2Farticoli%2Froma-citta-italiana-presenza-musulmana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929131918/http://www.visiterome.com/visite_rome_ita/scheda_ghetto_roma.php?ref=5">"Gli Ebrei a Roma"</a>. 11 Hulyo 2019. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visiterome.com/visite_rome_ita/scheda_ghetto_roma.php?ref=5">orihinal</a> noong 29 Setyembre 2010. Nakuha noong 11 Hulyo 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gli+Ebrei+a+Roma&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visiterome.com%2Fvisite_rome_ita%2Fscheda_ghetto_roma.php%3Fref%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caritasroma.it/2014/01/luoghi-di-incontro-e-di-preghiera-degli-immigrati-a-roma/">"Luoghi di incontro e di preghiera degli immigrati a Roma"</a>. 14 Pebrero 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luoghi+di+incontro+e+di+preghiera+degli+immigrati+a+Roma&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caritasroma.it%2F2014%2F01%2Fluoghi-di-incontro-e-di-preghiera-degli-immigrati-a-roma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comuniecitta.it/statistiche-demografiche/roma-c58091">"Popolazione Roma 2004–2016"</a>. 11 Hulyo 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popolazione+Roma+2004%E2%80%932016&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comuniecitta.it%2Fstatistiche-demografiche%2Froma-c58091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> Coarelli, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moore, Malcolm (13 Hunyo 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1554541/Steps-Jesus-walked-to-trial-restored-to-glory.html">"Steps Jesus walked to trial restored to glory"</a>. Telegraph.co.uk (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Nakuha noong 22 Agosto 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Steps+Jesus+walked+to+trial+restored+to+glory&rft.date=2007-06-13&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1554541%2FSteps-Jesus-walked-to-trial-restored-to-glory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027170257/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/largest-amphitheatre/">"Colosseum: The Largest Amphitheatre"</a>. Guinnesworldrecords.com. 6 Marso 2013. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-3000/largest-amphitheatre/">orihinal</a> noong 27 Oktubre 2014. Nakuha noong 12 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guinnesworldrecords.com&rft.atitle=Colosseum%3A+The+Largest+Amphitheatre&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Frecords-3000%2Flargest-amphitheatre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyewitness-84">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyewitness_84-0">82.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyewitness_84-1">82.1</a> Eyewitness Travel (2006), pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roman_Academies-85">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_Academies_85-0">83.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roman_Academies_85-1">83.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01083b.htm">"Roman Academies"</a>. Catholic Encyclopedia. Newadvent.org. 1 Marso 1907. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100112132437/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01083b.htm">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 12 Enero 2010. Nakuha noong 3 Pebrero 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Academies&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft.date=1907-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01083b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129082351/http://www.arwu.org/rank/2005/ARWU2005_TopEuro.htm">"Top 100 European Universities"</a>. Academic Ranking of World Universities. 2005. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arwu.org/rank/2005/ARWU2005_TopEuro.htm">orihinal</a> noong 29 Enero 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities&rft.atitle=Top+100+European+Universities&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arwu.org%2Frank%2F2005%2FARWU2005_TopEuro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cwur.org/2013.php">"Top 100 Universities"</a>. Center for World University Rankings. 2013. Nakuha noong 22 Agosto 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+World+University+Rankings&rft.atitle=Top+100+Universities&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcwur.org%2F2013.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090521224840/http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_TopEuro%28EN%29.htm">"Top 100 European Universities"</a>. Academic Ranking of World Universities. 2008. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arwu.org/rank2008/ARWU2008_TopEuro%28EN%29.htm">orihinal</a> noong 21 Mayo 2009. Nakuha noong 22 Agosto 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities&rft.atitle=Top+100+European+Universities&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arwu.org%2Frank2008%2FARWU2008_TopEuro%2528EN%2529.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sog.luiss.it/">"LUISS School of Government"</a>. sog.luiss.it (sa wikang Italyano). Nakuha noong 22 Agosto 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sog.luiss.it&rft.atitle=LUISS+School+of+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sog.luiss.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-itvnews.tv2-90"><a href="#cite_ref-itvnews.tv2_90-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002073926/http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html">"The 50 Most Visited Places in The World"</a>. itvnews.tv. 2 Oktubre 2009. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itvnews.tv/Blog/Blog/the-50-most-visited-places.html">orihinal</a> noong 2 Oktubre 2009. Nakuha noong 22 Agosto 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itvnews.tv&rft.atitle=The+50+Most+Visited+Places+in+The+World&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itvnews.tv%2FBlog%2FBlog%2Fthe-50-most-visited-places.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romanculture.org-91">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Romanculture.org_91-0">89.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romanculture.org_91-1">89.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329144605/http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies">"AIRC-HC Program in Archaeology, Classics, and Mediterranean Culture"</a>. Romanculture.org. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanculture.org/index.php?page=airc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies">orihinal</a> noong 29 Marso 2010. Nakuha noong 3 Pebrero 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIRC-HC+Program+in+Archaeology%2C+Classics%2C+and+Mediterranean+Culture&rft.pub=Romanculture.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanculture.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dairc-hc-rome-program-in-archaeology-and-classical-studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Archaeology.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_magazine" title="Padron:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-brewers-93"><a href="#cite_ref-brewers_93-0">↑</a> I H Evans (reviser), Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (Centenary edition Fourth impression (corrected); London: Cassell, 1975), p. 1163 </li> <li id="cite_note-miller2-94"><a href="#cite_ref-miller2_94-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFMillerWilsonTaftRoosevelt1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Trevelyan_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Trevelyan Miller (hindi pa naisusulat)">Miller, Francis Trevelyan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson, Woodrow</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft, William Howard Taft</a>; <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt, Theodore</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/1538646.html">America, the Land We Love</a>. W. T. Blaine. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/679498513">679498513</a>. Nakuha noong 22 Agosto 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%2C+the+Land+We+Love&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=W.+T.+Blaine&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F679498513&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Francis+Trevelyan&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Woodrow&rft.au=Taft%2C+William+Howard+Taft&rft.au=Roosevelt%2C+Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2Fapi%2Fvolumes%2Foclc%2F1538646.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toynbee_439–442-95">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Toynbee_439–442_95-0">93.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toynbee_439–442_95-1">93.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFToynbee1971" class="citation journal cs1">Toynbee, J.M.C. (Disyembre 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-review_1971-12_21_3/page/439">"Roman Art"</a>. The Classical Review. 21 (3): 439–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009840X00221331">10.1017/S0009840X00221331</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-840X">0009-840X</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (hindi pa naisusulat)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/708631">708631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=Roman+Art&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=439-442&rft.date=1971-12&rft.issn=0009-840X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F708631%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009840X00221331&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=J.M.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_classical-review_1971-12_21_3%2Fpage%2F439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matt_Rosenberg-96">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Matt_Rosenberg_96-0">94.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matt_Rosenberg_96-1">94.1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Rosenberg" class="citation web cs1">Matt Rosenberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm">"Grand Tour of Europe: The Travels of 17th & 18th Century Twenty-Somethings"</a>. About.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205235817/http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/grandtour.htm">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 5 Disyembre 2010. Nakuha noong 3 Pebrero 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Tour+of+Europe%3A+The+Travels+of+17th+%26+18th+Century+Twenty-Somethings&rft.pub=About.com&rft.au=Matt+Rosenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Fod%2Fhistoryofgeography%2Fa%2Fgrandtour.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211132529/http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/">"Maxxi_Museo Nazionale Delle Arti Del Xxi Secolo"</a>. Maxxi.beniculturali.it. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maxxi.beniculturali.it/english/">orihinal</a> noong 11 Pebrero 2010. Nakuha noong 25 Marso 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maxxi_Museo+Nazionale+Delle+Arti+Del+Xxi+Secolo&rft.pub=Maxxi.beniculturali.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maxxi.beniculturali.it%2Fenglish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323151419/http://www.auditorium.com/">"Auditorium Parco della Musica"</a>. Auditorium.com. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auditorium.com/">orihinal</a> noong 23 Marso 2010. Nakuha noong 25 Marso 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auditorium+Parco+della+Musica&rft.pub=Auditorium.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auditorium.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFPelati2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pelati, Manuela (30 Setyembre 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml">"Eur spa, Diacetti: «La nuvola di Fuksas sarà completata entro il 2016"</a>. Corriere della Sera (sa wikang Italyano). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165359/http://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/15_settembre_30/eur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 8 Disyembre 2015. Nakuha noong 5 Disyembre 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+Sera&rft.atitle=Eur+spa%2C+Diacetti%3A+%C2%ABLa+nuvola+di+Fuksas+sar%C3%A0+completata+entro+il+2016&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft.aulast=Pelati&rft.aufirst=Manuela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froma.corriere.it%2Fnotizie%2Fcronaca%2F15_settembre_30%2Feur-spa-diacetti-la-nuvola-fuksas-sara-completata-entro-2016-c4b647de-678d-11e5-9bc4-2d55534839fc.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091101191133/http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion">"The Global Language Monitor » Fashion"</a>. Languagemonitor.com. 20 Hulyo 2009. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagemonitor.com/popular-culture/fashion">orihinal</a> noong 1 Nobyembre 2009. Nakuha noong 17 Oktubre 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Language+Monitor+%C2%BB+Fashion&rft.pub=Languagemonitor.com&rft.date=2009-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagemonitor.com%2Fpopular-culture%2Ffashion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100131001741/http://www.fendi.com/">"Fendi"</a>. fendi.com. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fendi.com/">orihinal</a> noong 31 Enero 2010. Nakuha noong 17 Oktubre 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fendi&rft.pub=fendi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fendi.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFRolland2006" class="citation book cs1">Rolland, Jacques (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foodencyclopedia0000roll">The food encyclopedia</a>. Toronto: Robert Rose. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foodencyclopedia0000roll/page/273">273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/0-7788-0150-0" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/0-7788-0150-0"><bdi>0-7788-0150-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70176309">70176309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+food+encyclopedia&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Robert+Rose&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70176309&rft.isbn=0-7788-0150-0&rft.aulast=Rolland&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoodencyclopedia0000roll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFPiras2000" class="citation book cs1">Piras, Claudia (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culinariaitalypa0000unse_m5x4">Culinaria Italy</a>. Culinaria Konemann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culinariaitalypa0000unse_m5x4/page/291">291</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/3-8290-2901-2" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/3-8290-2901-2"><bdi>3-8290-2901-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881159457">881159457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culinaria+Italy&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Culinaria+Konemann&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881159457&rft.isbn=3-8290-2901-2&rft.aulast=Piras&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculinariaitalypa0000unse_m5x4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFCarnacinaBuonassisi,_Vincenzo1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carnacina, Luigi; Buonassisi, Vincenzo (1975). Roma in Cucina (sa wikang Italyano). Milano: Giunti Martello.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma+in+Cucina&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Giunti+Martello&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Carnacina&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft.au=Buonassisi%2C+Vincenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-romefile12-105"><a href="#cite_ref-romefile12_105-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501020709/http://www.romefile.com/culture/cinecitta.php">"History of Cinecittà Studios in Rome"</a>. Romefile. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romefile.com/culture/cinecitta.php">orihinal</a> noong 1 May 2009. Nakuha noong 17 Oktubre 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Cinecitt%C3%A0+Studios+in+Rome&rft.pub=Romefile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romefile.com%2Fculture%2Fcinecitta.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maspostatevilaregina.com/2009/05/05/brief-guide-to-olympic-stadium-of-rome/">"Brief Guide to Olympic Stadium of Rome | Spostare le Finale da Roma? No! Grazie"</a>. Maspostatevilaregina.com. 23 Marso 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512172341/http://www.maspostatevilaregina.com/2009/05/05/brief-guide-to-olympic-stadium-of-rome/">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 12 Mayo 2011. Nakuha noong 30 Enero 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+Guide+to+Olympic+Stadium+of+Rome+%26%23124%3B+Spostare+le+Finale+da+Roma%3F+No%21+Grazie&rft.pub=Maspostatevilaregina.com&rft.date=2009-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maspostatevilaregina.com%2F2009%2F05%2F05%2Fbrief-guide-to-olympic-stadium-of-rome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/football/10/22/first11.derbies/index.html">"Football First 11: Do or die derbies"</a>. CNN. 22 Oktubre 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017011443/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/football/10/22/first11.derbies/index.html">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 17 Oktubre 2014. Nakuha noong 5 Oktubre 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Football+First+11%3A+Do+or+die+derbies&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2008-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FSPORT%2Ffootball%2F10%2F22%2Ffirst11.derbies%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-olympic.org2-108"><a href="#cite_ref-olympic.org2_108-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=138217">"Media"</a>. Olympic.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019052200/http://www.olympic.org/media?articleid=138217">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 19 Oktubre 2011. Nakuha noong 15 Setyembre 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media&rft.pub=Olympic.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fmedia%3Farticleid%3D138217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bladesplace.id.au2-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Bladesplace.id.au2_109-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bladesplace.id.au/olympic-games-candidates.html">"Candidate Cities for Future Olympic Games"</a>. Bladesplace.id.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012174517/http://www.bladesplace.id.au/olympic-games-candidates.html">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 12 Oktubre 2009. Nakuha noong 17 Oktubre 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Candidate+Cities+for+Future+Olympic+Games&rft.pub=Bladesplace.id.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bladesplace.id.au%2Folympic-games-candidates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061203063001/http://eurostar-av.trenitalia.com/it/progetto/stazioni_rinnovate/roma_tiburtina.html">"Eurostar Italia Alta Velocità"</a>. 3 Disyembre 2006. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurostar-av.trenitalia.com/it/progetto/stazioni_rinnovate/roma_tiburtina.html">orihinal</a> noong 3 Disyembre 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurostar+Italia+Alta+Velocit%C3%A0&rft.date=2006-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurostar-av.trenitalia.com%2Fit%2Fprogetto%2Fstazioni_rinnovate%2Froma_tiburtina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.port-of-rome.org/">"Porti di Roma"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150307140526/http://www.port-of-rome.org/">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 7 Marso 2015. Nakuha noong 6 Marso 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porti+di+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.port-of-rome.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143221/http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/file/repository/affariinternazionali/osservatorio/approfondimenti/PI0093.pdf">"parlamento.it"</a> (PDF). Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/file/repository/affariinternazionali/osservatorio/approfondimenti/PI0093.pdf">orihinal</a> (PDF) noong 2 Marso 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=parlamento.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlamento.it%2Fapplication%2Fxmanager%2Fprojects%2Fparlamento%2Ffile%2Frepository%2Faffariinternazionali%2Fosservatorio%2Fapprofondimenti%2FPI0093.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> timestamp mismatch; 2 Abril 2015 suggested (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#archive_date_url_ts_mismatch" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208155021/http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/City_government/international/special_partners.ASP">"International relations: Special partners"</a>. Portal of the City of Paris. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.v1.paris.fr/EN/city_government/international/special_partners.asp">orihinal</a> noong 2007-02-08. Nakuha noong 2008-11-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+of+the+City+of+Paris&rft.atitle=International+relations%3A+Special+partners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.v1.paris.fr%2FEN%2Fcity_government%2Finternational%2Fspecial_partners.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120818133858/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/">"Sister Cities"</a>. Beijing Municipal Government. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/">orihinal</a> noong 2012-08-18. Nakuha noong 2009-06-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Beijing+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebeijing.gov.cn%2FSister_Cities%2FSister_City%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141833/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974">"Le jumelage avec Rome"</a> (sa wikang Pranses). Municipalité de Paris. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974">orihinal</a> noong 2008-12-16. Nakuha noong 2008-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+jumelage+avec+Rome&rft.pub=Municipalit%C3%A9+de+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fportail%2Faccueil%2FPortal.lut%3Fpage_id%3D6587%26document_type_id%3D5%26document_id%3D16467%26portlet_id%3D14974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hermanadas-116"><a href="#cite_ref-hermanadas_116-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.munimadrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid/menuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c/?vgnextoid=4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=especial1&idContenido=1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD">"Mapa Mundi de las ciudades hermanadas"</a>. Ayuntamiento de Madrid.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapa+Mundi+de+las+ciudades+hermanadas&rft.pub=Ayuntamiento+de+Madrid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.munimadrid.es%2Fportal%2Fsite%2Fmunimadrid%2Fmenuitem.dbd5147a4ba1b0aa7d245f019fc08a0c%2F%3Fvgnextoid%3D4e84399a03003110VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD%26vgnextchannel%3D4e98823d3a37a010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD%26vgnextfmt%3Despecial1%26idContenido%3D1da69a4192b5b010VgnVCM100000d90ca8c0RCRD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521052322/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml">"NYC's Sister Cities"</a>. Sister City Program of the City of New York. 2006. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml">orihinal</a> noong 2008-05-21. Nakuha noong 2008-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NYC%27s+Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Sister+City+Program+of+the+City+of+New+York&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Funccp%2Fscp%2Fhtml%2Fsc%2Fmain.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_relations-118"><a href="#cite_ref-International_relations_118-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216035358/http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf">"Twinning Cities: International Relations"</a> (PDF). Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tirana.gov.al/common/images/International%20Relations.pdf">orihinal</a> (PDF) noong 2008-02-16. Nakuha noong 2009-06-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Municipality+of+Tirana&rft.atitle=Twinning+Cities%3A+International+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tirana.gov.al%2Fcommon%2Fimages%2FInternational%2520Relations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a> Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Nakuha noong 2008-01-25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tunis-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Tunis_120-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508191341/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm">"Cooperation Internationale"</a> (sa wikang Pranses). © 2003-2009 City of Tunis Portal. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/fr/mairie_cooperation1.htm">orihinal</a> noong 2008-05-08. Nakuha noong 2009-07-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cooperation+Internationale&rft.pub=%C2%A9+2003-2009+City+of+Tunis+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commune-tunis.gov.tn%2Ffr%2Fmairie_cooperation1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=145013">http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=145013</a>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead_external_links" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Dead external links">patay na link</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliograpiya">Bibliograpiya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=48" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Bibliograpiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliograpiya">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121725">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFBertarelli1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bertarelli, Luigi Vittorio (1925). Guida d'Italia (sa wikang Italyano). Bol. IV. Rome: CTI. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/552570307">552570307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guida+d%27Italia&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=CTI&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F552570307&rft.aulast=Bertarelli&rft.aufirst=Luigi+Vittorio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFBrilliant2006" class="citation book cs1">Brilliant, Richard (2006). Roman Art. An American's View. Rome: Di Renzo Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-88-8323-085-1" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-88-8323-085-1"><bdi>978-88-8323-085-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Art.+An+American%27s+View&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Di+Renzo+Editore&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-88-8323-085-1&rft.aulast=Brilliant&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFCoarelli1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Coarelli, Filippo (1984). Guida archeologica di Roma (sa wikang Italyano). Milano: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guida+archeologica+di+Roma&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Coarelli&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_MuroMonniTridico2011" class="citation journal cs1">De Muro, Pasquale; Monni, Salvatore; Tridico, Pasquale (2011). "Knowledge-Based Economy and Social Exclusion: Shadow and Light in the Roman Socio-Economic Model". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 35 (6): 1212–1238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2427.2010.00993.x">10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00993.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-1317">0309-1317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Urban+and+Regional+Research&rft.atitle=Knowledge-Based+Economy+and+Social+Exclusion%3A+Shadow+and+Light+in+the+Roman+Socio-Economic+Model&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1212-1238&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2427.2010.00993.x&rft.issn=0309-1317&rft.aulast=De+Muro&rft.aufirst=Pasquale&rft.au=Monni%2C+Salvatore&rft.au=Tridico%2C+Pasquale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Rome – Eyewitness Travel. DK. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1-4053-1090-1" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1-4053-1090-1"><bdi>978-1-4053-1090-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+%E2%80%93+Eyewitness+Travel&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-1090-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFHughes2011" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Robert (2011). Rome. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFKinderHilgemann1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kinder, Hermann; Hilgemann, Werner (1964). Dtv-Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (sa wikang Aleman). Bol. 1. Dtv. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/887765673">887765673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dtv-Atlas+zur+Weltgeschichte&rft.pub=Dtv&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F887765673&rft.aulast=Kinder&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Hilgemann%2C+Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|ref=harv</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFLucentini2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lucentini, Mario (2002). La Grande Guida di Roma (sa wikang Italyano). Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-88-8289-053-7" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-88-8289-053-7"><bdi>978-88-8289-053-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Grande+Guida+di+Roma&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Newton+%26+Compton+Editori&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-8289-053-7&rft.aulast=Lucentini&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFRendina2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rendina, Mario (2007). Roma ieri, oggi, domani (sa wikang Italyano). Rome: Newton & Compton Editori.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma+ieri%2C+oggi%2C+domani&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Newton+%26+Compton+Editori&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rendina&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731" /><cite id="CITEREFSpoto1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spoto, Salvatore (1999). Roma Esoterica (sa wikang Italyano). Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-88-8289-265-4" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-88-8289-265-4"><bdi>978-88-8289-265-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma+Esoterica&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Newton+%26+Compton+Editori&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-8289-265-4&rft.aulast=Spoto&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3ARoma" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mga_kawing_panlabas">Mga kawing panlabas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&veaction=edit&section=49" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Mga kawing panlabas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">baguhin</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roma&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section's source code: Mga kawing panlabas">baguhin ang wikitext</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1961329">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">May kaugnay na midya ang Wikimedia Commons tungkol sa artikulong: <div style="margin: 5px 5%;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Roma" class="extiw" title="commons:Roma">Roma</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/it:Roma" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:it:Roma">Gabay panlakbay sa Roma</a> mula sa Wikivoyage (sa Italyano)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/OpenStreetMapLogo.png/12px-OpenStreetMapLogo.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/OpenStreetMapLogo.png/18px-OpenStreetMapLogo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/OpenStreetMapLogo.png/24px-OpenStreetMapLogo.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="120" /> Mayroong datos pang-heograpiya ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenStreetMap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenStreetMap (hindi pa naisusulat)">OpenStreetMap</a> tungkol sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/41485">Roma</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikitravel.org/it/Roma">Wikitravel - Roma</a> (sa Italyano)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comune.roma.it/">Opisyal na website</a> (sa Italyano)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2023235">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1924931">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Baguhin_ito_sa_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Baguhin_ito_sa_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Baguhin_ito_sa_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Baguhin_ito_sa_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" class="extiw" title="en:Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220#identifiers" title="Baguhin ito sa Wikidata"><img alt="Baguhin ito sa Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/251380480">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6280157416838916710001">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/445149106006268490419">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/243431474">4</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204500/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfPdVkJT8KqM83krFMyd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050471-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018704">United States</a></li><li><abbr title="Rome (Italie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932804j">France</a></abbr></li><li><abbr title="Rome (Italie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932804j">BnF data</a></abbr></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00660798">Japan</a></li><li><abbr title="Roma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV001723">Italy</a></abbr></li><li><abbr title="Rome (Italy)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35841915">Australia</a></abbr></li><li><abbr title="Řím (Itálie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131746&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></abbr></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450803">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=10657">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569243005606">Poland</a></li><li><abbr title="Roma"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/18130">Vatican</a></abbr></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554809305171">Israel</a></li><li><abbr title="Roma (Itàlia)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058615463106706">Catalonia</a></abbr></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/dccd77b2-bd3d-49eb-a98f-fd58e87f481e">MusicBrainz area</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/423025">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><abbr title="Rome Italy."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1111594">Trove</a></abbr></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><abbr title="Rome (Italie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02724301X">IdRef</a></abbr></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006605">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044604">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2023235" /><link 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Corrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzio" title="Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcinazzo_Romano" title="Arcinazzo Romano">Arcinazzo Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardea,_Lazio" title="Ardea, Lazio">Ardea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariccia" title="Ariccia">Ariccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsoli" title="Arsoli">Arsoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artena" title="Artena">Artena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellegra" title="Bellegra">Bellegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracciano" title="Bracciano">Bracciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camerata_Nuova" title="Camerata Nuova">Camerata Nuova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagnano_di_Roma" title="Campagnano di Roma">Campagnano di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canale_Monterano" title="Canale Monterano">Canale Monterano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterano" title="Canterano">Canterano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capena" title="Capena">Capena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capranica_Prenestina" title="Capranica Prenestina">Capranica Prenestina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpineto_Romano" title="Carpineto Romano">Carpineto Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casape" title="Casape">Casape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Gandolfo" title="Castel Gandolfo">Castel Gandolfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Madama" title="Castel Madama">Castel Madama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_San_Pietro_Romano" title="Castel San Pietro Romano">Castel San Pietro Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelnuovo_di_Porto" title="Castelnuovo di Porto">Castelnuovo di Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave,_Lazio" title="Cave, Lazio">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerreto_Laziale" title="Cerreto Laziale">Cerreto Laziale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervara_di_Roma" title="Cervara di Roma">Cervara di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciampino" title="Ciampino">Ciampino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciciliano" title="Ciciliano">Ciciliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineto_Romano" title="Cineto Romano">Cineto Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitella_San_Paolo" title="Civitella San Paolo">Civitella San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleferro" title="Colleferro">Colleferro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonna,_Lazio" title="Colonna, Lazio">Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiano_Romano" title="Fiano Romano">Fiano Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filacciano" title="Filacciano">Filacciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiumicino" title="Fiumicino">Fiumicino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonte_Nuova" title="Fonte Nuova">Fonte Nuova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formello" title="Formello">Formello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicano_nel_Lazio" title="Gallicano nel Lazio">Gallicano nel Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavignano" title="Gavignano">Gavignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genazzano" title="Genazzano">Genazzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genzano_di_Roma" title="Genzano di Roma">Genzano di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerano" title="Gerano">Gerano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorga,_Lazio" title="Gorga, Lazio">Gorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grottaferrata" title="Grottaferrata">Grottaferrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidonia_Montecelio" title="Guidonia Montecelio">Guidonia Montecelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenne,_Lazio" title="Jenne, Lazio">Jenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labico" title="Labico">Labico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladispoli" title="Ladispoli">Ladispoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanuvio" title="Lanuvio">Lanuvio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lariano" title="Lariano">Lariano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licenza" title="Licenza">Licenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magliano_Romano" title="Magliano Romano">Magliano Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandela,_Lazio" title="Mandela, Lazio">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manziana" title="Manziana">Manziana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marano_Equo" title="Marano Equo">Marano Equo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellina_(munisipalidad)" title="Marcellina (munisipalidad)">Marcellina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino,_Lazio" title="Marino, Lazio">Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzano_Romano" title="Mazzano Romano">Mazzano Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentana" title="Mentana">Mentana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Compatri" title="Monte Compatri">Monte Compatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Porzio_Catone" title="Monte Porzio Catone">Monte Porzio Catone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monteflavio" title="Monteflavio">Monteflavio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montelanico" title="Montelanico">Montelanico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montelibretti" title="Montelibretti">Montelibretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterotondo" title="Monterotondo">Monterotondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montorio_Romano" title="Montorio Romano">Montorio Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moricone" title="Moricone">Moricone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morlupo" title="Morlupo">Morlupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazzano" title="Nazzano">Nazzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi" title="Nemi">Nemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerola" title="Nerola">Nerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettuno" title="Nettuno">Nettuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olevano_Romano" title="Olevano Romano">Olevano Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestrina" title="Palestrina">Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palombara_Sabina" title="Palombara Sabina">Palombara Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percile" title="Percile">Percile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisoniano" title="Pisoniano">Pisoniano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poli,_Lazio" title="Poli, Lazio">Poli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomezia" title="Pomezia">Pomezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponzano_Romano" title="Ponzano Romano">Ponzano Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riano,_Lazio" title="Riano, Lazio">Riano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rignano_Flaminio" title="Rignano Flaminio">Rignano Flaminio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riofreddo" title="Riofreddo">Riofreddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_Canterano" title="Rocca Canterano">Rocca Canterano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_Priora" title="Rocca Priora">Rocca Priora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_Santo_Stefano" title="Rocca Santo Stefano">Rocca Santo Stefano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_di_Cave" title="Rocca di Cave">Rocca di Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_di_Papa" title="Rocca di Papa">Rocca di Papa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roccagiovine" title="Roccagiovine">Roccagiovine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roiate" title="Roiate">Roiate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roviano" title="Roviano">Roviano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrofano" title="Sacrofano">Sacrofano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuci" title="Sambuci">Sambuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Cesareo" title="San Cesareo">San Cesareo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gregorio_da_Sassola" title="San Gregorio da Sassola">San Gregorio da Sassola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Polo_dei_Cavalieri" title="San Polo dei Cavalieri">San Polo dei Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Vito_Romano" title="San Vito Romano">San Vito Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_Romano" title="Sant'Angelo Romano">Sant'Angelo Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Oreste" title="Sant'Oreste">Sant'Oreste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Marinella" title="Santa Marinella">Santa Marinella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saracinesco" title="Saracinesco">Saracinesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni" title="Segni">Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subiaco,_Lazio" title="Subiaco, Lazio">Subiaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Lazio" title="Tivoli, Lazio">Tivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfa" title="Tolfa">Tolfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrita_Tiberina" title="Torrita Tiberina">Torrita Tiberina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevignano_Romano" title="Trevignano Romano">Trevignano Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallepietra" title="Vallepietra">Vallepietra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallinfreda" title="Vallinfreda">Vallinfreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmontone" title="Valmontone">Valmontone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velletri" title="Velletri">Velletri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicovaro" title="Vicovaro">Vicovaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro_Romano" title="Vivaro Romano">Vivaro Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagarolo" title="Zagarolo">Zagarolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2023235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1924931" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mga_kabisera_ng_estadong_Europeo_at_teritoryo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1843287" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-tingnan"><a href="/wiki/Padron:Talaan_ng_mga_kabiserang_European_batay_sa_rehiyon" title="Padron:Talaan ng mga kabiserang European batay sa rehiyon"><abbr title="Tingnan ang padron">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-usapan"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usapang_padron:Talaan_ng_mga_kabiserang_European_batay_sa_rehiyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usapang padron:Talaan ng mga kabiserang European batay sa rehiyon (hindi pa naisusulat)"><abbr title="Pag-usapan ang padron">u</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-baguhin"><a class="external text" href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padron:Talaan_ng_mga_kabiserang_European_batay_sa_rehiyon&action=edit"><abbr title="Baguhin ang padron">b</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mga_kabisera_ng_estadong_Europeo_at_teritoryo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mga <a href="/wiki/Kabisera" title="Kabisera">kabisera</a> ng estadong <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europeo</a> at teritoryo</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_states_with_limited_recognition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of states with limited recognition (hindi pa naisusulat)">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kanlurang_Europa" title="Kanlurang Europa">Kanluran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" class="mw-redirect" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berna" class="mw-redirect" title="Berna">Berna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruselas" title="Bruselas">Bruselas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>2</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas,_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas, Isle of Man (hindi pa naisusulat)">Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londres</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungsod_ng_Luksemburgo" title="Lungsod ng Luksemburgo">Luksemburgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" class="mw-redirect" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Helier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Helier (hindi pa naisusulat)">Saint Helier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter_Port&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Peter Port (hindi pa naisusulat)">Saint Peter Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilagang_Europa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilagang Europa (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hilaga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhague" title="Copenhague">Copenhague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longyearbyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longyearbyen (hindi pa naisusulat)">Longyearbyen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (Norway)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariehamn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariehamn (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mariehamn</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Åland Islands">Åland Islands</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuuk" title="Nuuk">Nuuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> (Denmark)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olonkinbyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olonkinbyen (hindi pa naisusulat)">Olonkinbyen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Mayen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Mayen (hindi pa naisusulat)">Jan Mayen</a> (Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reikiavik" title="Reikiavik">Reikiavik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estokolmo" title="Estokolmo">Estokolmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%B3rshavn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tórshavn (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tórshavn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gitnang_Europa" title="Gitnang Europa">Gitna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liubliana" title="Liubliana">Liubliana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praga" title="Praga">Praga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varsovia" title="Varsovia">Varsovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland">Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timog_Europa" title="Timog Europa">Timog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenas" title="Atenas">Atenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrado" title="Belgrado">Belgrado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisboa" title="Lisboa">Lisboa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, Monaco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>4</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Nicosia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Nicosia (hindi pa naisusulat)">North Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>4, 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pristina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pristina (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pristina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>5</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City of San Marino (hindi pa naisusulat)">San Marino</a>, San Marino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valletta" class="mw-redirect" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungsod_ng_Vaticano" title="Lungsod ng Vaticano">Lungsod ng Vaticano</a>, Vatican City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silangang_Europa" title="Silangang Europa">Silangan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukranya" title="Ukranya">Ukranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia">Russia</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur-Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur-Sultan">Nur-Sultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Republic">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>4, 5</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukhumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukhumi (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sukhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>3, 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>3</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiraspol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiraspol (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tiraspol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" class="mw-redirect" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>3, 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna" title="Vilna">Vilna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li>2 Also the seat of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union">European Union</a>, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institutional seats of the European Union (hindi pa naisusulat)">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels_and_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brussels and the European Union (hindi pa naisusulat)">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li>3 <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_transcontinental_countries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of transcontinental countries (hindi pa naisusulat)">Transcontinental country</a></li> <li>4 Entirely in <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Southwest Asia</a> but having socio-political connections with Europe</li> <li>5 <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_states_with_limited_recognition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of states with limited recognition (hindi pa naisusulat)">Partially recognised country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Kinuha sa "<a dir="ltr" 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