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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends_and_tales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Legends and tales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends_and_tales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-St_George_and_the_Dragon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St_George_and_the_Dragon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>St George and the Dragon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St_George_and_the_Dragon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dragons_in_specific_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dragons_in_specific_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dragons in specific cultures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dragons_in_specific_cultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dragons in specific cultures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dragons_in_specific_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celtic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Celtic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Germanic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Welsh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Slavic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Alas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zmeys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zmeys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Zmeys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zmeys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Smok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Armenian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iberian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Iberian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_dragons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_dragons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern dragons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_dragons-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">European dragon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="تنين أوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنين أوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventyrdrage" title="Eventyrdrage – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eventyrdrage" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%C3%B3n_europeo" title="Dragón europeo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dragón europeo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_europ%C3%A9en" title="Dragon européen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dragon européen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%C3%B3n_europeo" title="Dragón europeo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dragón europeo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%9E%98%EA%B3%A4" title="드래곤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드래곤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA" title="Եվրոպական վիշապ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրոպական վիշապ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pai_s%C3%A1rk%C3%A1ny" title="Európai sárkány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Európai sárkány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Eropah" title="Naga Eropah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Naga Eropah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B4%E3%83%B3" title="ドラゴン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドラゴン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag%C3%A3o_europeu" title="Dragão europeu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dragão europeu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Европейский дракон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Европейский дракон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Европски змај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Европски змај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurooppalainen_lohik%C3%A4%C3%A4rme" title="Eurooppalainen lohikäärme – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eurooppalainen lohikäärme" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="มังกรยุโรป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มังกรยุโรป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa_ejderhas%C4%B1" title="Avrupa ejderhası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa ejderhası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%93ng_(ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_T%C3%A2y)" title="Rồng (phương Tây) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rồng (phương Tây)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E9%BE%8D" title="西洋龍 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="西洋龍" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%99%EF%BC%88%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%EF%BC%89" title="龙（西方） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="龙（西方）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E9%BE%8D" title="惡龍 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="惡龍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%99_(%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9)" title="龙 (西方) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="龙 (西方)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mythical creature in European folklore</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/European_dragon" title="Special:EditPage/European dragon">improve this article</a> by 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22European+dragon%22">"European dragon"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22European+dragon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22European+dragon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22European+dragon%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22European+dragon%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22European+dragon%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">European dragon</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg/250px-Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg/375px-Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg/500px-Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="928" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Illustration of a winged dragon by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Justin_Bertuch" title="Friedrich Justin Bertuch">Friedrich Justin Bertuch</a>, 1806.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Grouping</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">legendary creature</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub grouping</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Similar entities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_mythology_and_folklore" title="List of dragons in mythology and folklore">other dragons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Folklore</th><td class="infobox-data">Medieval folklore</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean region</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Habitat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lair" class="extiw" title="wikt:lair">lairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a>, castles, mountains</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>European dragon</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">legendary creature</a> in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> among the overlapping <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">cultures of Europe</a>. </p><p>The Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> in his poem <a href="/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana#Culex_("The_Gnat")" title="Appendix Vergiliana"><i>Culex</i></a> lines 163–201,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing a shepherd battling a big <a href="/wiki/Constriction" title="Constriction">constricting snake</a>, calls it "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/serpent" class="extiw" title="wikt:serpent">serpens</a>" and also "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/draco" class="extiw" title="wikt:draco">draco</a>", showing that in his time the two words probably could mean the same thing. </p><p>In and after the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the European dragon is typically depicted as a large, fire-breathing, scaly, horned, <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizard</a>-like creature; the creature also has leathery, bat-like wings, four legs, and a long, muscular prehensile tail. Some depictions show dragons with one or more of: feathered wings, crests, ear frills, fiery manes, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> spikes running down its spine, and various exotic decorations. </p><p>In folktales, dragon's blood often contains unique powers, keeping them alive for longer or giving them poisonous or acidic properties. The typical <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a> in Christian culture protects a cavern or castle filled with <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treasure" title="Treasure">treasure</a>. An evil dragon is often associated with a great hero who tries to slay it, and a good one is said to give support or wise advice. </p><p>Though a winged creature, the dragon is generally to be found in its underground <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lair" class="extiw" title="wikt:lair">lair</a>, a cave that identifies it as an ancient creature of earth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Dragons have been mentioned in European literature since antiquity. In some accounts, the hero <a href="/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigurð">Sigurð</a> defeats Fáfnir by digging a pit and then lying in wait, piercing his heart with a sword as he passes overhead and slaying him. This concept is also seen in various other dragon stories. In many portrayals of the European dragon, it is shown as a greedy beast who wanted wealth and other valuables. This includes the prominent <a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">dragons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_dragon_(Beowulf)" title="The dragon (Beowulf)">killer of Beowulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_mosaico_da_kaulon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mosaico del III secolo a.C. proveniente da Kaulon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_mosaico_da_kaulon.jpg/220px-Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_mosaico_da_kaulon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_mosaico_da_kaulon.jpg/330px-Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_mosaico_da_kaulon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_mosaico_da_kaulon.jpg/440px-Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_mosaico_da_kaulon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of the third century BC from <a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Kaulonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">southern Italy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dragon#Etymology" title="Dragon">Dragon § Etymology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_period">Classical period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Greek_mythology" title="Dragons in Greek mythology">Dragons in Greek mythology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dacian_Draco.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dacian_Draco.svg/220px-Dacian_Draco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dacian_Draco.svg/330px-Dacian_Draco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Dacian_Draco.svg/440px-Dacian_Draco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dacian_Draco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian Draco">Dacian Draco</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Roman dragons developed from serpentine Greek ones, combined with the dragons of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, in the context of the hybrid Greek/Eastern <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> culture. From <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sirrush" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirrush">muš-ḫuššu</a></i> was a classic representation of a Near Eastern dragon. St John's <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></i>—Greek literature, not Roman—describes <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> as "a great dragon, flaming red, with seven heads and ten horns". Much of St John's literary inspiration is late Hebrew and Greek, but his dragon is more likely to have symbolized the dragons from the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kiessling_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiessling-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Roman Empire, each military cohort had a particular identifying <i>signum</i> (military standard); after the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> in the east, the <a href="/wiki/Dacian_Draco" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian Draco">Dacian Draco</a> military standard entered the Legion with the <i>Cohors Sarmatarum</i> and <i>Cohors Dacorum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)" title="Cohort (military unit)">cohorts</a>)—<a href="/wiki/Draco_(military_standard)" title="Draco (military standard)">a large dragon fixed to the end of a lance</a>, with large, gaping jaws of silver and with the rest of the body formed of colored silk. With the jaws facing into the wind, the silken body inflated and rippled, resembling a <a href="/wiki/Windsock" title="Windsock">windsock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several personifications of evil or allusions to dragons in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> are translated as forms of <i>draco</i> in <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vulgate_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulgate Bible">Vulgate</a>. e.g. Deuteronomy (32:33), Job (30:29), Psalms (73:13, 90:13 & 43:20), Isaiah (13:21, 27:1, 34:13 & 43:20), Jeremiah (9:11), and Malachi (1:3). </p><p>Dragons in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> often guard treasure. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ladon_(mythology)" title="Ladon (mythology)">Ladon</a>, a hundred-headed dragon, guarded the tree of <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a> until he was slain by <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Python_(mythology)" title="Python (mythology)">Python</a> guarded the oracle of <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> until he was slain by <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> out of revenge for Python tormenting his mother. The <a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a>, a multiple-headed serpentine swamp monster killed by Heracles, is said to be a dragon. </p><p>In a tale in <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i> (also called <i>Metamorphoses of Apuleius</i>,) a band of travelers ask a shepherd for refreshments. The shepherd asks why they care about refreshments in such a place. An old man asks the travelers if they can help get his son from a well; one of them goes to help. When he does not return to the group, they go search for him. They find a monstrous dragon eating the said man from the group while the old man was nowhere to be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman author <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)"><i>Natural History</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (book 8, chapters 11 & 13) describes the Indian <i>drakōn</i> as a big constricting snake, likely the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Python" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Python">Indian Python</a>, but described exaggeratedly as able to kill an elephant by constricting its neck. </p><p>The Roman author <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Claudius Aelianus</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Animalium" class="mw-redirect" title="De Natura Animalium">De Natura Animalium</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes the <i>draco</i> as a big constricting snake found in India, presumably the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Python" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Python">Indian Python</a>, but with its size and strength greatly exaggerated so that it can kill an elephant by constricting its neck; this battle between a <i>draco</i> and an elephant is repeated with much embellishment in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bestiary.ca/beasts/beast262.htm">later descriptions of <i>dracones</i> or dragons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bestiaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiaries">bestiaries</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depiction">Depiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Depiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early Middle Ages, European culture was largely out of contact with classical literature for centuries. During this time there was a gradual change in the usual mental image of the "dragon", i.e. the Latin <i>draco</i> and its equivalents in vernacular languages, which occurred in oral and written literature, including in classical literature. This led to the depiction in this literature of "modern-type" dragons, whose features are described below. </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> image of a dragon developed in western Europe during the Middle Ages through the combination of the snakelike dragons of classical Graeco-Roman literature, references to Near Eastern dragons preserved in the Bible, and European folk traditions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFee20117_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee20117-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including descriptions and drawings of animals named as types of snakes but inaccurately drawn with wings or legs. The period between the 11th and 13th centuries represents the height of European interest in dragons as living creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2000101_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2000101-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dragons are usually shown in modern times with a body more like a huge <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizard</a>, or a snake with two pairs of lizard-type legs, and breathing fire from their mouths. This traces back to the continental dragon, commonly referred to as a fire-breathing dragon. The continental, like many other European dragons, has bat-like wings growing from its back. </p><p>The Anglo-Saxon poem <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> refers to a dragon as a <a href="/wiki/The_Dragon_(Beowulf)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dragon (Beowulf)"><i>draca</i></a> and also as a <i>wyrm</i> (worm, or serpent). Its movements are denoted by the Anglo-Saxon verb <i>bugan</i>, "to bend", and it is said to have a <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venomous</a> bite, and poisonous breath; all of these indicate a snake-like form and movement rather than with a lizard-like or dinosaur-like body as in later depictions, and no legs or wings are mentioned (although it is able to fly); however it shows several dragon features that later became popular: it breathed fire, flew, lived underground, and collected treasure. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png/290px-Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png/435px-Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png/580px-Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption><i>MS Harley 3244</i>, a medieval bestiary dated to around 1260 AD, contains the oldest recognizable image of a fully modern, Western dragon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalone201298_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201298-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>An early image of a "modern-style" Western dragon appears in an illustration in the bestiary <i>MS Harley 3244</i> from about 1260.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalone201298_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201298-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has two pairs of wings and two pairs of legs to go with them, and a tail longer than most modern depictions of dragons,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalone201298_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201298-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it clearly displays many of the same distinctive features.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalone201298_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone201298-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise four-legged dragons are not seen until the fifteenth century, for instance in Lambeth Palace Library MS 6, depicting the fight between a white and a red dragon from Arthurian legend. </p><p>Dragons are generally depicted as having an underground lair or cave, or living in rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ormen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ormen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are envisioned as greedy and gluttonous, with voracious appetites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFee20117_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee20117-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dragons are often identified with Satan, due to the references to Satan as a "dragon" in the Book of Revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFee20117_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee20117-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">European folklore</a>, dragon-like creatures and dragons in Christian literature are usually portrayed as evil, except mainly in <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_folklore" title="Welsh folklore">Welsh folklore</a> and modern fiction. In the modern period and late medieval times, the European dragon is typically depicted as a huge fire-breathing, scaly, and horned lizard-like creature, with wings (usually leathery bat-like, sometimes feathered), two or four legs, and a long muscular tail. It is sometimes shown with one or more of a crest, a fiery mane, ivory spikes running down its spine, and various exotic colourations. Dragon's blood often has magical properties. The typical dragon protects a <a href="/wiki/Cavern" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavern">cavern</a> or <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> filled with gold and treasure and is often associated with a great hero who tries to slay it. Though a winged creature, the dragon is generally to be found in its underground lair, a cave that identifies it as an ancient creature of earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends_and_tales">Legends and tales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legends and tales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> recounts a famous legend in his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i></span> in which the child prophet <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a> witnesses the Romano-Celtic warlord <a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a> attempting to build a tower on <a href="/wiki/Snowdon" title="Snowdon">Mount Snowdon</a> to keep safe from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the tower keeps being swallowed into the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merlin informs Vortigern that underneath the foundation he has built is a pool with two dragons sleeping in it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vortigern orders the pool to be drained, exposing a <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">red dragon</a> and a <a href="/wiki/White_dragon" title="White dragon">white dragon</a>, who immediately begin fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merlin delivers a prophecy that the white dragon will triumph over the red, symbolizing England's conquest of Wales,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but declares that the red dragon will eventually return and defeat the white one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106–107_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106–107-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This story remained popular throughout the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106–107_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106–107-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 13th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a></i>, written in Latin, records the story of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_the_Virgin" title="Margaret the Virgin">Saint Margaret of Antioch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a virgin martyr who, after being tortured for her faith in the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a> and thrown back into her cell, is said to have been confronted by a monstrous dragon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but she made the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a> and the dragon vanished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some versions of the story, she is swallowed by the dragon alive and, after making the sign of the cross in the dragon's stomach, emerges unharmed - or in another version, after a physical cross she carried irritated the dragon's innards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fantastic stories were invented in the Middle Ages to explain <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">gargoyles</a> used as waterspouts on buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECipa20081–3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECipa20081–3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman2015183–184_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2015183–184-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One medieval French legend holds that, in ancient times, a fearsome dragon known as <i>La <a href="/wiki/Gargouille" class="mw-redirect" title="Gargouille">Gargouille</a></i> had been causing floods and sinking ships on the river <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman2015184_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2015184-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the people of the town of <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> would offer the dragon a <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a> once each year to appease its hunger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman2015184_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2015184-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, in around 600 AD, a priest named <a href="/wiki/Romanus_of_Rouen" title="Romanus of Rouen">Romanus</a> promised that, if the people would build a church, he would rid them of the dragon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman2015184_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2015184-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanus slew the dragon and its severed head was mounted on the walls of the city as the first gargoyle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman2015184_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman2015184-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECipa20081–30_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECipa20081–30-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="St_George_and_the_Dragon">St George and the Dragon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: St George and the Dragon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg/290px-St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg/435px-St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg/580px-St_George_and_the_Dragon_Verona_ms_1853_26r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Manuscript illustration from <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon" title="Saint George and the Dragon">Saint George slaying the dragon</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>) dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1270</figcaption></figure> <p>The legend of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George_and_the_Dragon" title="Saint George and the Dragon">Saint George and the Dragon</a> is recorded as early as the sixth century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201353_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201353-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurston1909453–455_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurston1909453–455-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the earliest artistic representations of it come from the 11th century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201353_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201353-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first full account of it comes from an 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalter2003141_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalter2003141-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous version of the story from the <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a></i> holds that a dragon kept pillaging the sheep of the town of Silene in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201353_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201353-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After it ate a young shepherd, the people were forced to placate it by leaving two sheep as sacrificial offerings every morning beside the lake where the dragon lived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201353_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201353-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the dragon ate all of the sheep<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201354_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201354-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the people were forced to start offering it their own children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201354_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201354-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One day, the king's own daughter came up in the lottery and, despite the king's pleas for her life, she was dressed as a bride and chained to a rock beside the lake to be eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201354_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201354-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then Saint George arrived and saw the princess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201354_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201354-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the dragon arrived to eat her, he stabbed it with his lance and subdued it by making the sign of the cross and tying the princess's <a href="/wiki/Girdle" title="Girdle">girdle</a> around its neck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201354_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201354-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint George and the princess led the now docile dragon into the town and George promised to kill it if the townspeople would convert to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201355_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201355-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the townspeople converted and Saint George killed the dragon with his sword.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201355_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201355-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some versions, Saint George marries the princess,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201355_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201355-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, in others, he continues wandering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201355_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201355-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dragons are prominent in medieval <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a> was famously said to have had two gold dragons crowned with red standing back-to-back on his royal <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson199328_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson199328-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, heraldic dragons could have any number of legs,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, by the late Middle Ages, due to the widespread proliferation of bestiaries, heraldry began to distinguish between a "dragon" (with four legs) and a "<a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">wyvern</a>" (with two legs).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In myths, wyverns are associated with viciousness, envy, and pestilence,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in heraldry, they symbolise the overthrowing of the tyranny of Satan and his demonic forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late medieval heraldry also distinguished a dragon-like creature known as a "<a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">cockatrice</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cockatrice is supposedly born when a serpent hatches an egg that has been laid on a dunghill by a rooster,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is so venomous that its breath and its gaze are both lethal to any living creature, except for a weasel, which is the cockatrice's mortal enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "<a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">basilisk</a>" is a serpent with the head of a dragon at the end of its tail that is born when a toad hatches an egg that has been laid in a <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">midden</a> by a nine-year-old cockatrice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the cockatrice, its glare is said to be deadly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dragons_in_specific_cultures">Dragons in specific cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dragons in specific cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic">Celtic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Celtic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_dragonesque_brooch_(FindID_1027483-1143293).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Roman_dragonesque_brooch_%28FindID_1027483-1143293%29.jpg/220px-Roman_dragonesque_brooch_%28FindID_1027483-1143293%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Roman_dragonesque_brooch_%28FindID_1027483-1143293%29.jpg/330px-Roman_dragonesque_brooch_%28FindID_1027483-1143293%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Roman_dragonesque_brooch_%28FindID_1027483-1143293%29.jpg/440px-Roman_dragonesque_brooch_%28FindID_1027483-1143293%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque brooch</a>, AD 75 – 175</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a></div> <p>The Celtic dragon may have developed from a horned and poisonous or fire-breathing snake. It is mostly a snake that is transformed into a monster.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dragon motif is known in <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a> in diverse styles, and is presumed to have derived from a serpent-like creature in ancient folklore of the Middle East and Greece. Both the Greeks and the Romans considered the serpent to be a guardian spirit, represented on their altars.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Celtic peoples were familiar with dragons in the pre-Christian age, and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">native people of Britain</a> are said to have worn Celtic decorations with motifs of dragons on them during the Roman invasion. There is also archaeological evidence that the continental Celts used brooches and pins in the form of a dragon during the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Téne</a> period from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span> to 1 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some suggest that the native Britons of Europe may have brought the dragon with them when they migrated to Britain before the Roman age.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known use of the dragon by the Celts appears in swords and sheaths in the 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example found in Britain is an early Iron Age Celtic sword that features two opposing dragons, queried to be from the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other swords and scabbards (also from the bottom of the river Thames) are thought to include a dragon pair from the La Tène or <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt" title="Hallstatt">Hallstatt</a> cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discovery of Celtic dragon-pairs in the Thames suggests that links existed between Britain and the rest of the Celtic world in the decades around 300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence in coins also shows Celticised dragons in 50–45 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic">Germanic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Germanic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Germanic dragon</a></div> <p>Dragons, or worms, are prevalent in early Germanic folklore and art, with notable examples being the <a href="/wiki/The_dragon_(Beowulf)" title="The dragon (Beowulf)">killer of Beowulf</a>, the central figure of the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C7%ABrmungandr" class="mw-redirect" title="Jǫrmungandr">Jǫrmungandr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeowulf_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeowulf-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcker201353–57_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcker201353–57-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFee20118–10_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee20118–10-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2015_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this cultural context, the distinction between snakes and dragons is blurred with both being referred to by the same terms, including <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">ormr</i> and <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">wyrm</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEwyrm_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEwyrm-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEworm_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEworm-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other terms often used are the cognates <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">dreki</i> and <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">draca</i> meaning "dragon, sea serpent or sea monster" which are derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*drakō</i>, an early borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>draco</i> "huge serpent or dragon".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdreki_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdreki-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdrake_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdrake-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdragon_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdragon-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms are sometimes used interchangeably with <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">ormr</i> and <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">wyrm</i>, although sometimes they are treated as different beings. While in later accounts many dragons are portrayed in these cultures as being winged, this is likely under influence from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek1993_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomervilleMcDonald2013125_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESomervilleMcDonald2013125-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFee20118–10_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee20118–10-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later <a href="/wiki/Northern_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern European">Northern European</a> folklore, many worms are found that are flightless and resemble large snakes such as the <a href="/wiki/Lambton_Worm" title="Lambton Worm">Lambton Worm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stoor_worm" title="Stoor worm">Stoor worm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While depictions are diverse, several traits are shared amongst many worms, including hoarding gold, and spitting <a href="/wiki/Atter" title="Atter">atter</a> and later fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutrer20124_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutrer20124-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcker201353–57_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcker201353–57-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depictions of worms are prevalent in early medieval art, notably on <a href="/wiki/Runestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Runestones">runestones</a>, where they often form the band on which the runes are written.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDüwel2005114-115_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDüwel2005114-115-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific worms are also depicted, such as Jǫrmungandr on the <a href="/wiki/Altuna_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Altuna stone">Altuna stone</a> and Fáfnir on the <a href="/wiki/Jurby" title="Jurby">Jurby</a> cross, the <a href="/wiki/Hylestad_stave_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Hylestad stave church">Hylestad stave church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ramsund_carving" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsund carving">Ramsund carving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillet2008163_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillet2008163-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillet2008160_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillet2008160-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell201562_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell201562-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell201561_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell201561-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welsh">Welsh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Welsh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vortigern-Dragons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vortigern-Dragons.jpg/290px-Vortigern-Dragons.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vortigern-Dragons.jpg/435px-Vortigern-Dragons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Vortigern-Dragons.jpg/580px-Vortigern-Dragons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Fifteenth-century manuscript illustration of the battle of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Red</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_dragon" title="White dragon">White Dragons</a> from <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">History of the Kings of Britain</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The red dragon features on, and is the name of, the national flag of Wales (<i><a href="/wiki/Y_Ddraig_Goch" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Ddraig Goch">Y Ddraig Goch</a></i>, "the red dragon"). Early Welsh writing associates dragons with war leaders, and in legend, Nennius, in Historia Birttonum, tells of a vision of the red dragon (representing the <a href="/wiki/Brython" class="mw-redirect" title="Brython">Britons</a>) and the white dragon (representing the invading <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>) fighting beneath <a href="/wiki/Dinas_Emrys" title="Dinas Emrys">Dinas Emrys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoriaBrittonum_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoriaBrittonum-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §40-43">: §40-43 </span></sup> A version of this particular legend also features in the <a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a> in the story of <i><a href="/wiki/Lludd_and_Llefelys" title="Lludd and Llefelys">Lludd and Llefelys</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic">Slavic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Slavic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alas">Alas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ala_(demon)" title="Ala (demon)">Ala (demon)</a></div> <p>It is said that a very old snake can transform into an ala. Some depictions of alas are confusingly said to have the bodies of women. Other alas look like dragons. The number of heads on an ala may vary. Alas are enemies of the zmeys and it is sometimes said in south Slavic folklore that thunder is a product of alas and zmeys fighting. Alas are considered evil or malevolent, while zmeys are usually considered good or benevolent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zmeys">Zmeys</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Zmeys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87,_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpg/170px-%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpg/255px-%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpg/340px-%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zmey_Gorynych" class="mw-redirect" title="Zmey Gorynych">Zmey Gorynych</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Vasnetsov" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Vasnetsov">Victor Vasnetsov</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_dragon" title="Slavic dragon">Slavic dragon</a></div> <p>Dragon-like creatures of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic mythology</a> hold mixed temperaments towards humans. For example, Drakons (дракон, змей, ламя, (х)ала; dracon, zmey, lamya, ala) in <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> mythology are either male or female, and each gender has a different view of mankind. The female dragon and male dragon, often seen as sister and brother, represent different forces of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. The female dragon represents harsh weather and is the destroyer of crops, the hater of mankind, and is locked in a never-ending battle with her brother. The male dragon protects the humans' crops from destruction and is generally benevolent to humanity. Fire and water play major roles in Bulgarian dragon lore: the female has water characteristics, while the male is usually a fiery creature. In Bulgarian legend, The drakons are three-headed, winged beings with snake's bodies. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonian</a> lore, the dragon-like creature, or "змей" (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">Змей</span>), <i><a href="/wiki/Zmey" class="mw-redirect" title="Zmey">zmey</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Змей</span>), <i>smok</i> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Цмок</span>), <a href="/wiki/Slavic_dragon" title="Slavic dragon"><i>zmiy</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Змій</span>), (<a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosnian</a> zmaj), (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">змај or zmaj</span>), <i>zmej</i> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: <span lang="mk">змеј</span>), is generally an evil, four-legged beast with few, if any, redeeming qualities. <i>Zmeys</i> are intelligent, but not greatly so, often demanding tribute from villages or small towns in the form of <a href="/wiki/Maiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiden">maidens</a> (for food), or <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>. Their number of heads ranges from one to seven or sometimes even more, with three- and seven-headed Zmeys being most commonly cited. The heads also regrow if cut off, unless the neck is "treated" with fire (similar to the hydra in Greek mythology). <a href="/wiki/Zmey#Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Zmey">Zmey blood</a> is so poisonous that Earth itself will refuse to absorb it. In Bulgarian mythology these "dragons" are sometimes good, opposing the evil Lamya /ламя/, a beast similar to the <i>zmey</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smok">Smok</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Smok"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most famous <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> dragon (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Smok</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Dragon" title="Wawel Dragon">Wawel Dragon</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Smok_Wawelski" class="mw-redirect" title="Smok Wawelski">Smok Wawelski</a></i>, the Dragon of Wawel Hill. It supposedly terrorized ancient <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> and lived in caves on the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> river bank below the <a href="/wiki/Wawel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wawel">Wawel</a> castle. According to lore based on the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></i>, it was killed by a boy who offered it a <a href="/wiki/Sheepskin_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheepskin (material)">sheepskin</a> filled with sulphur and tar. After devouring it, the dragon became so thirsty that it finally exploded after drinking too much water. In the oldest, 12th-century version of this fantasy tale, written by <a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Kad%C5%82ubek" title="Wincenty Kadłubek">Wincenty Kadłubek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the dragon was defeated by two sons of a <a href="/wiki/King_Krak" class="mw-redirect" title="King Krak">King Krak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krakus_II" title="Krakus II">Krakus II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lech_II" title="Lech II">Lech II</a>. A metal sculpture of the Wawel Dragon is a well-known tourist sight in Kraków. The Wawel Dragon appears in the coat of arms of the Polish princes, the Piasts of Czersk.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other dragon-like creatures in Polish folklore include the <a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">basilisk</a>, living in cellars of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, and the Snake King from folk legends, though neither are explicitly dragons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian">Armenian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Armenian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vahagn" title="Vahagn">Vahagn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishap" title="Vishap">Vishap</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vishapakar" title="Vishapakar">Vishapakar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2.jpg/170px-%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2.jpg/255px-%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2.jpg/340px-%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Statue of the Armenian god Vahagn the Dragon Slayer choking a dragon in Yerevan, Armenia</figcaption></figure> <p>Վիշապ (<i>Vishap</i>) is the Armenian word for "dragon". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iberian">Iberian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Iberian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iberian dragons are almost always evil, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cu%C3%A9lebre" title="Cuélebre">Cuélebre</a>, or Cuelebre, a giant winged serpent in the mythology of <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a> in the north of Spain. It usually lives in a cave, guards treasures and keeps nymph-like beings called <i><a href="/wiki/Xana" title="Xana">xanas</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Anjana_(Cantabrian_mythology)" title="Anjana (Cantabrian mythology)">anjanas</a></i> as prisoners. </p><p>There is a legend that a dragon dwelled in the Peña Uruel mountain near <a href="/wiki/Jaca" title="Jaca">Jaca</a> and claimed that it could mesmerise people with its glance, so the young man who decided to kill the beast equipped himself with a shiny shield, so that the dragon's glance would be reflected. When the young man arrived at the cave where the dragon lived, he could kill it easily because the dragon mesmerised itself. This legend is very similar to the Greek myth of <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg/170px-Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg/255px-Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg/340px-Moralia_in_Job_MS_dragonslayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Illumination in a 12th-century manuscript of a letter from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gregory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Gregory">Saint Gregory</a>'s to <a href="/wiki/Leander_of_Seville" title="Leander of Seville">St. Leander</a> (Bibl. Municipale, MS 2, <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Herensuge" title="Herensuge">Herensuge</a> is the name given to the dragon in <a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque mythology</a>, meaning "last serpent". The most famous legend has <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Michael">St. Michael</a> descend from <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> to kill it, but only once did God agree to accompany him in person. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sugaar" title="Sugaar">Sugaar</a>, the Basque male god, is often associated with the serpent or dragon but can take other forms as well. His name can be read as "male serpent". </p><p>Dragons are well known in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_myths_and_legends" title="Catalan myths and legends">Catalan myths and legends</a>, in no small part because <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">St. George</a> (Catalan <i>Sant Jordi</i>) is the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>. Like most mythical reptiles, the Catalan dragon (Catalan <i>drac</i>) is an enormous serpent-like creature with four legs and a pair of wings, or rarely, a two-legged creature with a pair of wings, called a wyvern. As in many other parts of the world, the dragon's face may be like that of some other animal, such as a lion or a bull. As is common elsewhere, Catalan dragons are fire-breathers, and the dragon-fire is all-consuming. Catalan dragons also can emit a fetid odor, which can rot away anything it touches. </p><p>The Catalans also distinguish a <i>víbria</i> or <i>vibra</i> (cognate with English <i><a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">viper</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">wyvern</a></i>), a female dragon-like creature with two prominent breasts, two claws, two wings and an <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a>'s beak. Dracs, Víbries and other mythological figures used to participate in <a href="/wiki/Correfoc" title="Correfoc">correfocs</a> during popular celebrations. </p><p>In Portuguese mythology, <a href="/wiki/Coco_(folklore)" title="Coco (folklore)">Coca</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a female wyvern that battles Saint George on the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a> holiday. The fighting has a symbolic meaning: when the coca defeats Saint George the crops will be bad and there will be famine and death; when Saint George defeats the coca and cuts off her tongue and ears, the crops will have a good year and it announces prosperity. Still, she is called "saint" coca just as George is called saint, and the people cheer for her. </p><p>Another dragon called <i>drago</i> is also represented in Portuguese mythology and used to take part in celebrations during the Middle Ages. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galician_dragon_(Medieval_Age).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dragon in a granite Relief (14th century). San Anton Museum (A Coruña, Galicia)."><img alt="Dragon in a granite Relief (14th century). San Anton Museum (A Coruña, Galicia)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Galician_dragon_%28Medieval_Age%29.jpg/80px-Galician_dragon_%28Medieval_Age%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Galician_dragon_%28Medieval_Age%29.jpg/120px-Galician_dragon_%28Medieval_Age%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Galician_dragon_%28Medieval_Age%29.jpg/160px-Galician_dragon_%28Medieval_Age%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dragon in a granite Relief (14th century). San Anton Museum (<a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coca21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Festa da Coca" during the Corpus Christi celebration, in Monção, Portugal"><img alt=""Festa da Coca" during the Corpus Christi celebration, in Monção, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coca21.jpg/120px-Coca21.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coca21.jpg/180px-Coca21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coca21.jpg/240px-Coca21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="222" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Festa da Coca" during the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a> celebration, in <a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Monção">Monção</a>, Portugal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vibriadereus.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vibria in a parade in Reus (Spain)"><img alt="Vibria in a parade in Reus (Spain)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vibriadereus.JPG/90px-Vibriadereus.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vibriadereus.JPG/135px-Vibriadereus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Vibriadereus.JPG/180px-Vibriadereus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vibria in a parade in <a href="/wiki/Reus" title="Reus">Reus</a> (Spain)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cucaferadetarragona.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cucafera during the "Festa Major de Santa Tecla" in Tarragona (Spain)"><img alt="Cucafera during the "Festa Major de Santa Tecla" in Tarragona (Spain)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cucaferadetarragona.JPG/120px-Cucaferadetarragona.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cucaferadetarragona.JPG/180px-Cucaferadetarragona.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Cucaferadetarragona.JPG/240px-Cucaferadetarragona.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cucafera during the "Festa Major de Santa Tecla" in <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a> (Spain)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drac_vilafrancapenedes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Drac de Vilafranca del Penedès (Spain) (1600) dancing during a correfoc"><img alt="Drac de Vilafranca del Penedès (Spain) (1600) dancing during a correfoc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Drac_vilafrancapenedes.JPG/120px-Drac_vilafrancapenedes.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Drac_vilafrancapenedes.JPG/180px-Drac_vilafrancapenedes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Drac_vilafrancapenedes.JPG/240px-Drac_vilafrancapenedes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2825" data-file-height="2032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drac de <a href="/wiki/Vilafranca_del_Pened%C3%A8s" title="Vilafranca del Penedès">Vilafranca del Penedès</a> (Spain) (1600) dancing during a <a href="/wiki/Correfoc" title="Correfoc">correfoc</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian">Italian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Margaret_sculpture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Saint_Margaret_sculpture.jpg/170px-Saint_Margaret_sculpture.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Saint_Margaret_sculpture.jpg/255px-Saint_Margaret_sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Saint_Margaret_sculpture.jpg/340px-Saint_Margaret_sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><i>Saint Margaret and the Dragon</i>, alabaster with traces of gilding, Toulouse, <i>ca</i> 1475 (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MasoDiBanco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/MasoDiBanco.jpg/220px-MasoDiBanco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/MasoDiBanco.jpg/330px-MasoDiBanco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/MasoDiBanco.jpg/440px-MasoDiBanco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>"Saint Silvestro resurrects two magicians, and the Fornole dragon", Vernio Bardi Chapel, Santa Croce (Florence)</figcaption></figure> <p>Wyverns are usually evil in Italy, and there are many stories of wyverns being slain. Dragons also trick demons in Italian legends. The legend of Saint George and the wyvern is well known in Italy, but other saints are also depicted fighting wyverns. For instance, the first bishop of <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mercurialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mercurialis">Saint Mercurialis</a>, was said to have killed a wyvern to save the city, so he is often depicted in the act of slaying a wyvern. Likewise, the first patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Amasea" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore of Amasea">Saint Theodore of Tyro</a>, was a wyvern-slayer, and a statue representing his slaying of the wyvern still tops one of the two columns in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_San_Marco" title="Piazza San Marco">St Mark's Square</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael">St. Michael</a>, the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratroopers</a>, is also frequently depicted slaying a wyvern. </p><p>According to the Golden Legend, compiled by the Italian <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus de Voragine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_the_Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Margaret the Virgin">Saint Margaret the Virgin</a> was swallowed by <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> in the shape of a hydra, but she escaped alive when the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a> she carried irritated the hydra's innards. The Golden Legend, in an atypical moment of scepticism, describes this last incident as "apocryphal and not to be taken seriously" (trans. Ryan, 1.369), which did not prevent the legend from being popular and getting artistic treatments. </p><p>More prevalent are the legends about dragons in Italy, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>. One of the most famous wyverns of Italian folklore is <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Thyrus</a>, a wyvern that besieged <a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a> in the Middle Ages. One day, a young and brave knight of the noble House of Cittadini, tired of witnessing the death of his fellow citizens and the depopulation of Terni, faced the wyvern and killed it. From that day, the town assumed the creature in its coat of arms, accompanied by a Latin inscription: "Thyrus et amnis dederunt signa Teramnis" ("Thyrus and the river gave their insignia to [the city of] Terni"), that stands under the banner of the town of Terni, honoring this legend. </p><p>Another poem tells of another dragon that lived near the village of Fornole, near <a href="/wiki/Amelia,_Umbria" title="Amelia, Umbria">Amelia, Umbria</a>. Pope <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a> arrived in Umbria and freed the population of Fornole from the ferocity of the dragon, pacifying the dragon. Grateful for his deed, the population built a small church dedicated to the saint on the top of the mountain near the dragon's lair in the 13th century. In the apse of the church there is a fresco representing the iconography of the saint. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraldry_2">Heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Sv%C3%A4t%C3%BD_Jur.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coat_of_Arms_of_Sv%C3%A4t%C3%BD_Jur.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Sv%C3%A4t%C3%BD_Jur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coat_of_Arms_of_Sv%C3%A4t%C3%BD_Jur.svg/420px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Sv%C3%A4t%C3%BD_Jur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coat_of_Arms_of_Sv%C3%A4t%C3%BD_Jur.svg/560px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Sv%C3%A4t%C3%BD_Jur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the town of <a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%A4t%C3%BD_Jur" title="Svätý Jur">Svätý Jur</a> ("Saint George") in western <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In British heraldry, dragons are depicted as four-legged, distinguishing them from the two-legged wyvern. They always possess wings similar to a <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a>'s. Dragons are traditionally depicted with tongues ending in a barbed tip; recent heraldry depicts their tails as ending with a similar barb, but this trait originated after the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a>. During and before this era, dragons were always depicted with tails ending in a blunt tip.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox-Davies224_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-Davies224-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">attitude</a>, dragons are typically shown <i>statant</i> (with all four legs on the ground), <i>passant</i> (with one leg raised), or <i>rampant</i> (rearing). They are very rarely depicted as <i>coward</i> (with their tail between their legs).<sup id="cite_ref-Fox-Davies224_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-Davies224-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to heraldic writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">Arthur Charles Fox-Davies</a>, the red dragon of Wales on the flag originated with the <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag#Standard" title="Heraldic flag">standard</a> of the 7th-century king <a href="/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr">Cadwaladr</a> and was used as a <a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">supporter</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor dynasty</a> (who were of Welsh origin). Queen Elizabeth, however, preferring gold, changed the color of the dragon supporter from red to gold <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">gules</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, in parallel to her change of the royal <a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">mantle</a> from gules and <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">ermine</a> to gold and ermine. There may be some doubt of the Welsh origin of the dragon supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">royal arms</a>, but it certainly was used by <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">King Henry III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox-Davies224_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-Davies224-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, a rampant red dragon (clutching a mace) is still the heraldic symbol of the county of <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>. The county once formed part of the early medieval <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> in western England, which too bore a dragon, or a wyvern, as a symbol. The Wessex beast is usually colored gold in illustrations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Welsh flag is blazoned <i>parti per fess Argent and Vert; a dragon Gules passant</i>. Welsh rugby teams include the <a href="/wiki/Dragons_(rugby_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragons (rugby union)">Newport Gwent Dragons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_City_Blue_Dragons" title="Cardiff City Blue Dragons">Cardiff City Blue Dragons</a>. </p><p>In continental European heraldry, the term "dragon" covers a greater variety of creatures than it does in British systems, including creatures such as the wyvern, the <a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">basilisk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">cockatrice</a>. In German heraldry, the four-legged dragon is referred to as a <i>Lindwurm</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox-Davies224_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-Davies224-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drakenfontein_(3000295908).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Drakenfontein_%283000295908%29.jpg/148px-Drakenfontein_%283000295908%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Drakenfontein_%283000295908%29.jpg/222px-Drakenfontein_%283000295908%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Drakenfontein_%283000295908%29.jpg/296px-Drakenfontein_%283000295908%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Dutch dragon in the city of <a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a>. The city is also known as 'the Swamp Dragon'</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, there are many examples of dragons as heraldic symbols (particularly “dragantes”: two opposing dragon faces biting some figure). Dragons were introduced as heraldic symbols by King <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon" title="Peter IV of Aragon">Peter IV of Aragon</a>, who used a dragon on his helmet to show that he was the king of <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_pun" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic pun">heraldic pun</a> (<i>Rei d'Aragón</i> becoming <i>Rei</i> <i>dragón</i>; translating in English as "dragon king").<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Madrid" title="Coat of arms of Madrid">coat of arms of Madrid</a> included, besides a <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Arbutus_unedo" title="Arbutus unedo">strawberry tree</a>, a dragon. This dragon has its origin in a dragon, or a serpent according to <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_de_Mesonero_Romanos" title="Ramón de Mesonero Romanos">Mesonero Romanos</a>, that was shown on the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)" title="Keystone (architecture)">keystone</a> in the arch of a gate of the disappeared walls of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> known as "<i>Puerta Cerrada</i>" or "<i>Puerta de la Sierpe</i>" (Closed Gate or Wyrm Gate in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>). In 1582 a fire destroyed the gate. At that time the walls had fallen into disuse, for this reason the gate and the surrounding wall have never been rebuilt. The serpent, become dragon, was retained as informal symbol of Madrid until the 19th century, when it was decided to incorporate the dragon in the coat of arms. The dragon then turned into a <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffin</a>, and the griffin disappeared from the coat of arms in 1967, although the heraldic dragon remains carved in stone in many monuments around the city.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_(3).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_%283%29.svg/148px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_%283%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_%283%29.svg/222px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_%283%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_%283%29.svg/296px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_%283%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A dragon was used as the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal" title="Coat of arms of Portugal">greater royal coat of arms of Portugal</a> from at least the 14th century. Later, two wyverns were used as <a href="/wiki/Supporter_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supporter (heraldry)">supporters</a> of the shield of the arms of Portugal. In the 19th century, King <a href="/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter IV of Portugal">Peter IV of Portugal</a> granted the city of <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> the incorporation of the dragon crest of the royal coat of arms in its municipal coat of arms, in gratitude for the support given to him by the city during the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a>. The badge of <a href="/wiki/FC_Porto" title="FC Porto">FC Porto</a> incorporates the old Porto municipal coat of arms with the dragon crest; this is why the dragon was adopted as the <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">animal mascot</a> of the club. </p><p>In relatively recent additions to the image of a dragon, the tongue and the tail ended with a barb. The <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a> image of a dragon does no such thing, with the tail being long and pointy. The German <a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindwurm</a> seems to be where the English got their figure of a dragon. It is represented as a traditional one with scales, four legs, wings, sharp teeth, and horns.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mr. Mainwaring-Ellerker-Onslow's house was represented by a sea-dragon. This dragon is normal, in today's standards, for half its body and the other half has no hind legs and a large end of the tail. This is closer to the Chinese model of dragons.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The Duke of Marlborough uses a wyvern sitting erect upon its tail with its claws in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The crest of the Lancashire family have a crest of the wyvern without wings and the tail knotted.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>While this is comparatively rare, two cockatrices are the supporters to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_Edmund_Charles_Nugent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir Edmund Charles Nugent (page does not exist)">Sir Edmund Charles Nugent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Hydra</a> is a crest comes from the families of Barret, Crespine, and Lownes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_dragons">Modern dragons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern dragons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/European_dragon" title="Special:EditPage/European dragon">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Edmonton_Mall-Fire_Dragon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/West_Edmonton_Mall-Fire_Dragon.jpg/220px-West_Edmonton_Mall-Fire_Dragon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/West_Edmonton_Mall-Fire_Dragon.jpg/330px-West_Edmonton_Mall-Fire_Dragon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/West_Edmonton_Mall-Fire_Dragon.jpg/440px-West_Edmonton_Mall-Fire_Dragon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/West_Edmonton_Mall" title="West Edmonton Mall">West Edmonton Mall</a>'s fire-breathing dragon animatronic. Removed in 2014 due to high maintenance costs and its drying-out rubber skin</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Emblem_book" title="Emblem book">emblem books</a> popular from late medieval times through the 17th century often represent the dragon as an emblem of greed. The prevalence of dragons in European <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> demonstrates that there is more to the dragon than greed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agosti_Xaho" title="Agosti Xaho">Agosti Xaho</a>, a romantic myth creator of the 19th century, fused these myths in his own creation of <i>Leherensuge</i>, the first and last serpent, that, in his newly coined legend, would arise again some time in the future bringing the rebirth of an independent republic for the <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basque people</a>. </p><p>Dragons have long been portrayed in modern times as greedy treasure-hoarders, lusting for gold and precious gems. In such stories as <i>Beowulf</i>, the theft of such treasure sparks a dragon's fury. In the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> genre, however, there has been a trend of originally depicting dragons in a positive light: as allies instead of enemies, the red dragon of Wales, and the brother dragon of Poland. Dragons are increasingly viewed as friends of humans and as highly intelligent and noble creatures, while still remaining the fearsome beasts of legend. They are frequently shown as guardians and close friends of individual humans. </p><p>After the discovery of fossil <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> European-type dragons are often depicted without front legs, and, when on the ground, standing and walking pterosaur-fashion on their back feet and the wrists of their wings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_fiction">Recent fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Recent fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dragons play prominent roles in <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">JRR Tolkien</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> legendarium, particularly in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i>, and in the unconnected <i><a href="/wiki/Farmer_Giles_of_Ham" title="Farmer Giles of Ham">Farmer Giles of Ham</a></i>. </p><p>Many of these modern ideas were first popularised by <a href="/wiki/Anne_McCaffrey" title="Anne McCaffrey">Anne McCaffrey</a> with her <i><a href="/wiki/Dragonriders_of_Pern" title="Dragonriders of Pern">Dragonriders of Pern</a></i> series. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> has prominent dragons in her books about <a href="/wiki/Earthsea" title="Earthsea">Earthsea</a>. </p><p>Later authors such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Paolini" title="Christopher Paolini">Christopher Paolini</a> also depicted sympathetic dragon characters in <i><a href="/wiki/Eragon" title="Eragon">Eragon</a></i>. </p><p>Ffyrnig, the Last Great Dragon of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legend_of_the_Heart_Eaters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legend of the Heart Eaters (page does not exist)">Legend of the Heart Eaters</a></i>, the first book in the story of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonah_and_the_Last_Great_Dragon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonah and the Last Great Dragon (page does not exist)">Jonah and the Last Great Dragon</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=M.E.Holley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.E.Holley (page does not exist)">M.E.Holley</a> is based on an actual legend of the Welsh Borders, which tells that the last great dragon is asleep under the <a href="/wiki/Radnor_Forest" title="Radnor Forest">Radnor Forest</a>, imprisoned there by St. Michael. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draak_efteling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Draak_efteling.jpg/300px-Draak_efteling.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Draak_efteling.jpg/450px-Draak_efteling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Draak_efteling.jpg/600px-Draak_efteling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>"The Dragon" in the <a href="/wiki/Efteling" title="Efteling">Efteling</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> The <a href="/wiki/Efteling" title="Efteling">Efteling</a> has since 1979 an animatronic scene in the <a href="/wiki/Fairytale_Forest" title="Fairytale Forest">Fairytale Forest</a> that depicts an archetypical Western European dragon protecting a treasure from getting stolen by the public. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Davis_(author)" title="Bryan Davis (author)">Bryan Davis</a>'s <i>Dragons in Our Midst</i> series depicts dragons as noble and kind beasts, having the ability to marry and reproduce with humans. </p><p><a href="/wiki/E._D._Baker" title="E. D. Baker">E. D. Baker</a>'s <a href="/wiki/E._D._Baker#Tales_of_the_Frog_Princess_series" title="E. D. Baker"><i>Tales of the Frog Princess</i> series</a> frequently includes dragons, and people who can change between human shape and dragon shape. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i> series includes dragons and dragon-riders. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Train_Your_Dragon" title="How to Train Your Dragon">How to Train Your Dragon</a></i> is a series of twelve children's books, written by British author <a href="/wiki/Cressida_Cowell" title="Cressida Cowell">Cressida Cowell</a>. The books are set in a fictional Viking world and focus on the experiences of protagonist Hiccup as he overcomes great obstacles on his journey of Becoming a Hero, the Hard Way. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tui_T._Sutherland" title="Tui T. Sutherland">Tui T. Sutherland</a>'s book series <i><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_Fire_(novel_series)" title="Wings of Fire (novel series)">Wings of Fire</a></i> is set in a dragon-dominant world where five dragonets must complete a prophecy to end a twenty-year-long war. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Temeraire_(series)" title="Temeraire (series)">Temeraire series</a> by <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Novik" title="Naomi Novik">Naomi Novik</a> combines dragons with tropes from the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Greek_mythology" title="Dragons in Greek mythology">Dragons in Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Manipuri_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragons in Manipuri mythology">Dragons in Manipuri mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dragon" title="Japanese dragon">Japanese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_literature" title="List of dragons in literature">List of dragons in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_mythology_and_folklore" title="List of dragons in mythology and folklore">List of dragons in mythology and folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_popular_culture" title="List of dragons in popular culture">List of dragons in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_representation_in_Western_medieval_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal representation in Western medieval art">Animal representation in Western medieval art</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2005">Hughes 2005</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106–107-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106–107_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2005106–107_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2005">Hughes 2005</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2009_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurston1909453–455_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurston1909">Thurston 1909</a>, pp. 453–455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalter2003141-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalter2003141_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalter2003">Walter 2003</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201354-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201354_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201354_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201354_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201354_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201354_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiles2013">Niles 2013</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiles201355-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201355_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201355_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201355_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiles201355_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiles2013">Niles 2013</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson1993168_25-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriarFerguson1993">Friar & Ferguson 1993</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson199328-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriarFerguson199328_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriarFerguson1993">Friar & Ferguson 1993</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinz2008" class="citation book cs1">Heinz, Sabine (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQBfh1erSL4C&dq=celtic+dragon&pg=PA31"><i>Celtic Symbols</i></a>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4624-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4624-6"><bdi>978-1-4027-4624-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Symbols&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-4624-6&rft.aulast=Heinz&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDQBfh1erSL4C%26dq%3Dceltic%2Bdragon%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosdenCrawfordUlmschneider2014" class="citation book cs1">Gosden, Christopher; Crawford, Sally; Ulmschneider, Katharina (2014-08-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOOZBgAAQBAJ&dq=celtic+art+dragon&pg=PA234"><i>Celtic Art in Europe: Making Connections</i></a>. Oxbow Books. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-658-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-658-5"><bdi>978-1-78297-658-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Art+in+Europe%3A+Making+Connections&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2014-08-29&rft.isbn=978-1-78297-658-5&rft.aulast=Gosden&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Sally&rft.au=Ulmschneider%2C+Katharina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOOZBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dceltic%2Bart%2Bdragon%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaverfield1924" class="citation book cs1">Haverfield, F (1924). <i>The Roman Occupation of Britain</i>. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Occupation+of+Britain&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Haverfield&rft.aufirst=F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1969" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Frances (1969). <i>The Princes and Principalities of Wales</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">167–</span>189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princes+and+Principalities+of+Wales&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.aber.ac.uk/portal/files/26607451/Llywelyn_Mared.pdf">"Y Ddraig yn Nychymyg a Llenyddiaeth y Cymry c.600 – c.1500 ("The dragon in imagination and literature of the Welsh")"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Y+Ddraig+yn+Nychymyg+a+Llenyddiaeth+y+Cymry+c.600+%E2%80%93+c.1500+%28%22The+dragon+in+imagination+and+literature+of+the+Welsh%22%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.aber.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F26607451%2FLlywelyn_Mared.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1862-1001-1">"sword; sword-sheath | British Museum"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=sword%3B+sword-sheath+%7C+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FH_1862-1001-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStead" class="citation book cs1">Stead, Ian. <i>Antiquaries Journal (Vol.64)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquaries+Journal+%28Vol.64%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.aulast=Stead&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1859-0122-2">"sword; sheath | British Museum"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=sword%3B+sheath+%7C+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FH_1859-0122-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1859-0122-1">"sword; sword-sheath | British Museum"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=sword%3B+sword-sheath+%7C+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FH_1859-0122-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStead2006" class="citation book cs1">Stead, Ian Mathieson (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hn6BAAAAMAAJ"><i>British Iron Age swords and scabbards</i></a>. British Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714123233" title="Special:BookSources/9780714123233"><bdi>9780714123233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Iron+Age+swords+and+scabbards&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780714123233&rft.aulast=Stead&rft.aufirst=Ian+Mathieson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhn6BAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStead1984" class="citation journal cs1">Stead, I. M. (September 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquaries-journal/article/abs/celtic-dragons-from-the-river-thames/6F18B4BE95E43C6B19BCB2E592CA27DF">"Celtic Dragons from the River Thames"</a>. <i>The Antiquaries Journal</i>. <b>64</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">269–</span>279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003581500080410">10.1017/S0003581500080410</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-5309">1758-5309</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163673647">163673647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Antiquaries+Journal&rft.atitle=Celtic+Dragons+from+the+River+Thames&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.date=1984-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163673647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1758-5309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003581500080410&rft.aulast=Stead&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantiquaries-journal%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fceltic-dragons-from-the-river-thames%2F6F18B4BE95E43C6B19BCB2E592CA27DF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsdell1989" class="citation book cs1">Arsdell, Robert D. Van (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3k9mAAAAMAAJ&q=danebury+dragon"><i>Celtic Coinage of Britain</i></a>. Spink. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907605-24-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907605-24-9"><bdi>978-0-907605-24-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Coinage+of+Britain&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Spink&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-907605-24-9&rft.aulast=Arsdell&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3k9mAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddanebury%2Bdragon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeowulf-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeowulf_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeowulf">Beowulf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcker201353–57-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcker201353–57_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcker201353–57_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAcker2013">Acker 2013</a>, pp. 53–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFee20118–10-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFee20118–10_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFee20118–10_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFee2011">Fee 2011</a>, pp. 8–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2015-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson2015_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2015">Thompson 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEwyrm-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEwyrm_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFwyrm">wyrm</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEworm-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEworm_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFworm">worm</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdreki-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdreki_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdreki">dreki</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdrake-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdrake_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdrake">drake</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdragon-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdragon_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdragon">dragon</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek1993_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek1993">Simek 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESomervilleMcDonald2013125-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESomervilleMcDonald2013125_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSomervilleMcDonald2013">Somerville & McDonald 2013</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrang2015" class="citation book cs1">Strang, V. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1647527"><i>Waterworlds: Anthropology in fluid environments</i></a>. New York: Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782389460" title="Special:BookSources/9781782389460"><bdi>9781782389460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waterworlds%3A+Anthropology+in+fluid+environments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781782389460&rft.aulast=Strang&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdurham-repository.worktribe.com%2Foutput%2F1647527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarwick2000" class="citation book cs1">Marwick, Ernest W. (2000). <i>The folklore of Orkney and Shetland</i>. Edinburgh: Birlinn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84158-048-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84158-048-7"><bdi>978-1-84158-048-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+folklore+of+Orkney+and+Shetland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84158-048-7&rft.aulast=Marwick&rft.aufirst=Ernest+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECutrer20124-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutrer20124_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCutrer2012">Cutrer 2012</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDüwel2005114-115-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDüwel2005114-115_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDüwel2005">Düwel 2005</a>, p. 114-115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillet2008163-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillet2008163_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillet2008">Millet 2008</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillet2008160-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillet2008160_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillet2008">Millet 2008</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell201562-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell201562_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinnell2015">McKinnell 2015</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell201561-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell201561_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinnell2015">McKinnell 2015</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunnar Nordanskog, Föreställd hedendom: tidigmedeltida skandinaviska kyrkportar i forskning och historia, 2006, p. 241. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-89116-85-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-89116-85-6">978-91-89116-85-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoriaBrittonum-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HistoriaBrittonum_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Britons" class="extiw" title="wikisource:History of the Britons">Historia Brittonum</a></i> by Nennius (translated by J.A.Giles)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2007" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Sioned (2007). <i>The Mabinogion</i>. Oxford University Press. p. xii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mabinogion&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Sioned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinz2008" class="citation book cs1">Heinz, Sabine (2008). <i>Celtic Symbols</i>. Sterling Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Symbols&rft.pub=Sterling+Pub.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Heinz&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMistrz_Wincenty_(tzw._Kadłubek)2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Kad%C5%82ubek" title="Wincenty Kadłubek">Mistrz Wincenty (tzw. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kultura+i+Historia&rft.atitle=%C5%9Alady+recepcji+legend+arturia%C5%84skich+w+heraldyce+Piast%C3%B3w+czerskich+i+kronikach+polskich&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3rczyk&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kulturaihistoria.umcs.lublin.pl%2Farchives%2F1793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cm-moncao.pt/portal/page/moncao/portal_municipal/Turismo/Corpo%20de%20Deus">"Corpo de Deus"</a> (in Portuguese). Municipal de Monção.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corpo+de+Deus&rft.pub=Municipal+de+Mon%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cm-moncao.pt%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fmoncao%2Fportal_municipal%2FTurismo%2FCorpo%2520de%2520Deus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-Davies224-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fox-Davies224_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox-Davies224_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox-Davies224_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox-Davies224_65-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox-Davies1909" class="citation book cs1">Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxdrich"><i>A complete guide to heraldry</i></a>. New York: Gramercy Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">224–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-26643-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-26643-1"><bdi>0-517-26643-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+complete+guide+to+heraldry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Gramercy+Books&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=0-517-26643-1&rft.aulast=Fox-Davies&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteguidetoh00foxdrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFatás2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fatás, Guillermo (19 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/opinion/2019/05/19/dragones-buenos-dragones-malos-1315544.html">"Dragones buenos, dragones malos"</a>. <i>Heraldo de Aragón</i> (in Spanish). decir dragón era casi decir ‘de Aragón’<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heraldo+de+Arag%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Dragones+buenos%2C+dragones+malos&rft.date=2019-05-19&rft.aulast=Fat%C3%A1s&rft.aufirst=Guillermo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldo.es%2Fnoticias%2Fopinion%2F2019%2F05%2F19%2Fdragones-buenos-dragones-malos-1315544.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.es/madrid/20141016/abci-dragon-escudo-madrid-201410142110.html">"La misteriosa leyenda del dragón que formó parte del escudo de Madrid durante tres siglos"</a>. <i>abc</i> (in Spanish). 2014-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abc&rft.atitle=La+misteriosa+leyenda+del+drag%C3%B3n+que+form%C3%B3+parte+del+escudo+de+Madrid+durante+tres+siglos&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fmadrid%2F20141016%2Fabci-dragon-escudo-madrid-201410142110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadridjrcalzado.bolgspot.com2016" class="citation web cs1">Madridjrcalzado.bolgspot.com (2016-08-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madridjrcalzado.blogspot.com/2016/08/el-dragon-alado-en-el-escudo-de-madrid.html">"Madrid: El dragón alado en el escudo de Madrid"</a>. <i>Madrid</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madrid&rft.atitle=Madrid%3A+El+drag%C3%B3n+alado+en+el+escudo+de+Madrid&rft.date=2016-08-09&rft.au=Madridjrcalzado.bolgspot.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmadridjrcalzado.blogspot.com%2F2016%2F08%2Fel-dragon-alado-en-el-escudo-de-madrid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles, (28 Feb. 1871–19 May 1928)", <i>Who Was Who</i>, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u196567">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u196567</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fox-Davies%2C+Arthur+Charles%2C+%2828+Feb.+1871%E2%80%9319+May+1928%29&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Who&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u196567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary">Primary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeowulf" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heorot.dk/beo-intro-rede.html">"Beowulf on Steorarume [Beowulf in Cyberspace]: Bilingual Edition (OE text & translation)"</a>. <i>heorot.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120162408/https://heorot.dk/beo-intro-rede.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heorot.dk&rft.atitle=Beowulf+on+Steorarume+%5BBeowulf+in+Cyberspace%5D%3A+Bilingual+Edition+%28OE+text+%26+translation%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheorot.dk%2Fbeo-intro-rede.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary">Secondary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcker2013" class="citation book cs1">Acker, Paul (2013). "Dragons in the Eddas and in Early Nordic Art". In Acker, Paul; <a href="/wiki/Carolyne_Larrington" title="Carolyne Larrington">Larrington, Carolyne</a> (eds.). <i>Revisiting the Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Heroic Legend</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">53–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88861-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-88861-5"><bdi>978-0-415-88861-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dragons+in+the+Eddas+and+in+Early+Nordic+Art&rft.btitle=Revisiting+the+Poetic+Edda%3A+Essays+on+Old+Norse+Heroic+Legend&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-88861-5&rft.aulast=Acker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCipa2008" class="citation cs2">Cipa, Shawn (2008), <i>Carving Gargoyles, Grotesques, and Other Creatures of Myth: History, Lore, and 12 Artistic Patterns</i>, Petersburg, Pennsylvania: Fox Chapel Publishing Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56523-329-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56523-329-4"><bdi>978-1-56523-329-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carving+Gargoyles%2C+Grotesques%2C+and+Other+Creatures+of+Myth%3A+History%2C+Lore%2C+and+12+Artistic+Patterns&rft.place=Petersburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Fox+Chapel+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56523-329-4&rft.aulast=Cipa&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutrer2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cutrer, Robert E (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/12870/1/Cutrer,%20Robert%20E%20-%20MA%20Thesis%20-The%20Wilderness%20of%20Dragons.pdf">"The Wilderness of Dragons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Háskóli Íslands</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li+%C3%8Dslands&rft.atitle=The+Wilderness+of+Dragons&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Cutrer&rft.aufirst=Robert+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskemman.is%2Fbitstream%2F1946%2F12870%2F1%2FCutrer%2C%2520Robert%2520E%2520-%2520MA%2520Thesis%2520-The%2520Wilderness%2520of%2520Dragons.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDüwel2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_D%C3%BCwel" title="Klaus Düwel">Düwel, Klaus</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/db/gao">"Sigurddarstellung"</a>. In Beck, Heinrich; Geuenich, Dieter; Steuer, Heiko (eds.). <i>Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</i>. Vol. 28. New York/Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">412–</span>422.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sigurddarstellung&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.place=New+York%2FBerlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E412-%3C%2Fspan%3E422&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCwel&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fdb%2Fgao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFee2011" class="citation cs2">Fee, Christopher R. (2011), Chance, Jane (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hkx472N8Bk8C&q=Dragons+in+Germanic+mythology&pg=PA7"><i>Mythology in the Middle Ages: Heroic Tales of Monsters, Magic, and Might</i></a>, Praeger Series on the Middle Ages, ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02725-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02725-3"><bdi>978-0-313-02725-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythology+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Heroic+Tales+of+Monsters%2C+Magic%2C+and+Might&rft.series=Praeger+Series+on+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-02725-3&rft.aulast=Fee&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHkx472N8Bk8C%26q%3DDragons%2Bin%2BGermanic%2Bmythology%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriarFerguson1993" class="citation cs2">Friar, Stephen; Ferguson, John (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ez8ZdOPxlukC&q=dragons+in+heraldry&pg=PA28"><i>Basic Heraldry</i></a>, New York City, New York and London, England: W. W. Norton & Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03463-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03463-1"><bdi>0-393-03463-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Heraldry&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-393-03463-1&rft.aulast=Friar&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dez8ZdOPxlukC%26q%3Ddragons%2Bin%2Bheraldry%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2005" class="citation cs2">Hughes, Jonathan (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig9GdB5SIx4C&q=Geoffrey+of+Monmouth+Merlin+white+and+red+dragons&pg=PA106">"Politics and the Occult in the Court of Edward IV"</a>, in Gosman, Martin; MacDonald, Alasdair; Vanderjagt, Arjo (eds.), <i>Princes and Princely Culture: 1450-1650</i>, Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13690-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13690-8"><bdi>90-04-13690-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+and+the+Occult+in+the+Court+of+Edward+IV&rft.btitle=Princes+and+Princely+Culture%3A+1450-1650&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands+and+Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-04-13690-8&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIg9GdB5SIx4C%26q%3DGeoffrey%2Bof%2BMonmouth%2BMerlin%2Bwhite%2Band%2Bred%2Bdragons%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2000" class="citation cs2">Jones, David E. (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P1uBUZupE9gC&pg=PP1"><i>An Instinct for Dragons</i></a>, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92721-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92721-8"><bdi>0-415-92721-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Instinct+for+Dragons&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-92721-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP1uBUZupE9gC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone2012" class="citation cs2">Malone, Michael S. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8i8WBXpf2BIC&q=dragons+in+western+Europe+during+the+Middle+Ages&pg=PA98"><i>The Guardian of All Things: The Epic Story of Human Memory</i></a>, New York City, New York: St. Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-01492-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-01492-4"><bdi>978-1-250-01492-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guardian+of+All+Things%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+Human+Memory&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-250-01492-4&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8i8WBXpf2BIC%26q%3Ddragons%2Bin%2Bwestern%2BEurope%2Bduring%2Bthe%2BMiddle%2BAges%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnell2015" class="citation book cs1">McKinnell, John (2015). "The Sigmundr / Sigurðr Story in an Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norse Context". In Mundal, Else (ed.). <i>Medieval Nordic Literature in its European Context</i>. Oslo: Dreyers Forlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-8265-072-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-8265-072-4"><bdi>978-82-8265-072-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sigmundr+%2F+Sigur%C3%B0r+Story+in+an+Anglo-Saxon+and+Anglo-Norse+Context&rft.btitle=Medieval+Nordic+Literature+in+its+European+Context&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Dreyers+Forlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-82-8265-072-4&rft.aulast=McKinnell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillet2008" class="citation book cs1">Millet, Victor (2008). <i>Germanische Heldendichtung im Mittelalter</i>. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020102-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020102-4"><bdi>978-3-11-020102-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germanische+Heldendichtung+im+Mittelalter&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-11-020102-4&rft.aulast=Millet&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2009" class="citation cs2">Morgan, Giles (21 January 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KV7aDQAAQBAJ&q=dragon"><i>St George: Knight, Martyr, Patron Saint and Dragonslayer</i></a>, Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0785822325" title="Special:BookSources/978-0785822325"><bdi>978-0785822325</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St+George%3A+Knight%2C+Martyr%2C+Patron+Saint+and+Dragonslayer&rft.place=Edison%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Chartwell+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft.isbn=978-0785822325&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKV7aDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddragon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiles2013" class="citation cs2">Niles, Doug (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRTAAAAQBAJ&q=Zmey+Gorynych+academic"><i>Dragons: The Myths, Legends, and Lore</i></a>, Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-6216-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-6216-7"><bdi>978-1-4405-6216-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragons%3A+The+Myths%2C+Legends%2C+and+Lore&rft.place=Avon%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4405-6216-7&rft.aulast=Niles&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dRTAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DZmey%2BGorynych%2Bacademic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2015" class="citation cs2">Sherman, Josepha (2015) [2008], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2-sBwAAQBAJ&q=Gargouille+medieval+folklore&pg=PA184"><i>Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore</i></a>, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8047-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8047-1"><bdi>978-0-7656-8047-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storytelling%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Mythology+and+Folklore&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-8047-1&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Josepha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2-sBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DGargouille%2Bmedieval%2Bfolklore%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimek1993" class="citation book cs1">Simek, Rudolf (1993). <i>Dictionary of northern mythology</i>. Cambridge [England]: D.S. Brewer. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859915137" title="Special:BookSources/9780859915137"><bdi>9780859915137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+northern+mythology&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780859915137&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomervilleMcDonald2013" class="citation book cs1">Somerville, Angus A.; McDonald, R. Andrew (2013). <i>The Vikings and their Age</i>. Companions to Medieval Studies. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0522-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0522-0"><bdi>978-1-4426-0522-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings+and+their+Age&rft.series=Companions+to+Medieval+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0522-0&rft.aulast=Somerville&rft.aufirst=Angus+A.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+R.+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2015" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Ben (2015). <i><a href="/wiki/Guts_%26_Glory_(book_series)" title="Guts & Glory (book series)">Guts & Glory</a>: The Vikings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_Books_for_Young_Readers" class="mw-redirect" title="Little, Brown Books for Young Readers">Little, Brown Books for Young Readers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316320559" title="Special:BookSources/9780316320559"><bdi>9780316320559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guts+%26+Glory%3A+The+Vikings&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Books+for+Young+Readers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780316320559&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston1909" class="citation cs2">Thurston, Herbert (1909), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFc_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA453">"St. George"</a>, <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, vol. 6, New York City, New York: Robert Appleton Company, pp. <span class="nowrap">453–</span>455<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+George&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E455&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBFc_AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter2003" class="citation cs2">Walter, Christopher (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ScafAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition</i></a>, Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840146943" title="Special:BookSources/9781840146943"><bdi>9781840146943</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warrior+Saints+in+Byzantine+Art+and+Tradition&rft.place=Farnham%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781840146943&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DScafAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdrake" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/drake?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_15878">"drake | Etymology, origin and meaning of drake by etymonline"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i>. 20 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220152943/https://www.etymonline.com/word/drake?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_15878">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=drake+%7C+Etymology%2C+origin+and+meaning+of+drake+by+etymonline&rft.date=2022-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fdrake%3Fref%3Detymonline_crossreference%23etymonline_v_15878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdragon" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/dragon?ref=etymonline_crossreference">"dragon"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i>. 20 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220212822/https://www.etymonline.com/word/dragon?ref=etymonline_crossreference">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=dragon&rft.date=2022-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fdragon%3Fref%3Detymonline_crossreference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdreki" class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dreki#Old_Norse">"dreki"</a>. <i>Wiktionary</i>. 20 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220212826/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dreki#Old_Norse">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=dreki&rft.date=2022-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fdreki%23Old_Norse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFworm" class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/worm#English">"worm"</a>. <i>Wiktionary</i>. 20 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220145848/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/worm#English">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=worm&rft.date=2022-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fworm%23English&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwyrm" class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wyrm">"wyrm"</a>. <i>Wiktionary</i>. 5 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129034745/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wyrm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wiktionary&rft.atitle=wyrm&rft.date=2022-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fwyrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuropean+dragon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barber, Elizabeth Wayland, and Paul T. Barber. "Fire-Breathing Dragons." In When They Severed Earth from Sky: How the Human Mind Shapes Myth, 231–44. PRINCETON; OXFORD: Princeton University Press, 2004. doi:10.2307/j.ctt7rt69.22.</li> <li>Malone, Michael S. The Guardian of All Things: The Epic Story of Human Memory. New York City, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2012.</li> <li>Stein, Ruth M. "The Changing Styles in Dragons—from Fáfnir to Smaug." Elementary English 45, no. 2 (1968): 179–89. www.jstor.org/stable/41386292.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dragons" title="Template:Dragons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dragons" title="Template talk:Dragons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dragons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dragons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dragons56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninki_Nanka" title="Ninki Nanka">Ninki Nanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyami_Nyami" title="Nyami Nyami">Nyami Nyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaru_(mythology)" title="Amaru (mythology)">Amaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feathered_Serpent" title="Feathered Serpent">Feathered Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaasyendietha" title="Gaasyendietha">Gaasyendietha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peuchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuchen">Peuchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snallygaster" title="Snallygaster">Snallygaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teju_Jagua" title="Teju Jagua">Teju Jagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhcoatl" title="Xiuhcoatl">Xiuhcoatl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apalala" title="Apalala">Apalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakunawa" title="Bakunawa">Bakunawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1mu" title="Bašmu">Bašmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_King" title="Dragon King">Dragon King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druk" title="Druk">Druk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuyanka" title="Illuyanka">Illuyanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dragon" title="Korean dragon">Korean dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur">Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbu" title="Labbu">Labbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahamu" title="Lahamu">Lahamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotan" title="Lotan">Lotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_dragons" title="Meitei dragons">Meitei dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhangba" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhangba">Pakhangba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaya_Naga" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaya Naga">Phaya Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahab_(term)" title="Rahab (term)">Rahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanin%27iver" title="Tanin'iver">Tanin'iver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin_(monster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannin (monster)">Tannin (monster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon" title="Vietnamese dragon">Vietnamese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vritra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poubi_Lai" title="Poubi Lai">Poubi Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangl%C4%81_Sh%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanglā Shā">Kanglā Shā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhdaha" title="Azhdaha">Azhdaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelbeghen" title="Yelbeghen">Yelbeghen</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_Guang" title="Ao Guang">Ao Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Azure Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_(mythology)" title="Chi (mythology)">Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilong" title="Dilong">Dilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feilian" title="Feilian">Feilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feilong" title="Feilong">Feilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucanglong" class="mw-redirect" title="Fucanglong">Fucanglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_(rainbow-dragon)" title="Hong (rainbow-dragon)">Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaolong" title="Jiaolong">Jiaolong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panlong_(mythology)" title="Panlong (mythology)">Panlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulao_(dragon)" title="Pulao (dragon)">Pulao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiulong" title="Qiulong">Qiulong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenlong" title="Shenlong">Shenlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teng_(mythology)" title="Teng (mythology)">Teng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong" title="Tianlong">Tianlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Dragon" title="Yellow Dragon">Yellow Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglong" title="Yinglong">Yinglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhulong_(mythology)" title="Zhulong (mythology)">Zhulong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dragon" title="Japanese dragon">Japanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiyohime" title="Kiyohime">Kiyohime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuraokami" title="Kuraokami">Kuraokami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzury%C5%AB" title="Kuzuryū">Kuzuryū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuchi" title="Mizuchi">Mizuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABjin" title="Ryūjin">Ryūjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyotama-hime" title="Toyotama-hime">Toyotama-hime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wani_(dragon)" title="Wani (dragon)">Wani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watatsumi" title="Watatsumi">Watatsumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamata_no_Orochi" title="Yamata no Orochi">Yamata no Orochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zennyo_Ry%C5%AB%C5%8D" title="Zennyo Ryūō">Zennyo Ryūō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajatar" title="Ajatar">Ajatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiptere" title="Amphiptere">Amphiptere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaur" title="Balaur">Balaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisterne_Dragon" title="Bisterne Dragon">Bisterne Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ben" title="Blue Ben">Blue Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulshedra" title="Kulshedra">Bolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_dragon" title="Chuvash dragon">Chuvash dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">Cockatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cu%C3%A9lebre" title="Cuélebre">Cuélebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargouille" class="mw-redirect" title="Gargouille">Gargouille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guivre" title="Guivre">Guivre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herensuge" title="Herensuge">Herensuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaculus" title="Jaculus">Jaculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Guita_Xica" title="La Guita Xica">La Guita Xica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marraco" title="Marraco">Marraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilliph%C3%A9ist" title="Oilliphéist">Oilliphéist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peluda" title="Peluda">Peluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piast_Dragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Piast Dragon">Piast Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dragon" title="Slavic dragon">Slavic dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaar" title="Sugaar">Sugaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugarin" title="Tugarin">Tugarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishap" title="Vishap">Vishap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawel_Dragon" title="Wawel Dragon">Wawel Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dragon" title="White dragon">White dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">Wyvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilant" title="Zilant">Zilant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirnitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirnitra">Zirnitra</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_of_Mordiford" title="Dragon of Mordiford">Dragon of Mordiford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knucker" title="Knucker">Knucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laidly_Worm_of_Spindleston_Heugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Laidly Worm of Spindleston Heugh">Laidly Worm of Spindleston Heugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambton_Worm" title="Lambton Worm">Lambton Worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sockburn_Worm" title="Sockburn Worm">Sockburn Worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoor_worm" title="Stoor worm">Stoor worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_dragon_(Beowulf)" title="The dragon (Beowulf)">The dragon (Beowulf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worm_of_Linton" title="Worm of Linton">Worm of Linton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Greek_mythology" title="Dragons in Greek mythology">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cychreides" title="Cychreides">Cychreides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphyne" title="Delphyne">Delphyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakaina_(mythology)" title="Drakaina (mythology)">Drakaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra" title="Lernaean Hydra">Lernaean Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladon_(mythology)" title="Ladon (mythology)">Ladon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrausta" title="Pyrausta">Pyrausta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(mythology)" title="Python (mythology)">Python</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_serpent" title="Sea serpent">Sea serpent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png/150px-Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png/225px-Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png/300px-Dragon_Harley_MS_3244.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="826" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_mythology_and_folklore" title="List of dragons in mythology and folklore">Mythology and folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">Draco (constellation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_dance" title="Dragon dance">Dragon dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon (zodiac)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_and_dragon" title="Princess and dragon">Princess and dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_popular_culture" title="List of dragons in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_film_and_television" title="List of dragons in film and television">Film and television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_games" title="List of dragons in games">Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)" title="Dragon (Dungeons & Dragons)">Dragons in <i>Dungeons & Dragons</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dragons_in_literature" title="List of dragons in literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_(Tolkien)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragons (Tolkien)">J.R.R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancalagon_the_Black" title="Ancalagon the Black">Ancalagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(Dragonriders_of_Pern)" title="Dragon (Dragonriders of Pern)">Dragons in Pern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Dragons_(painting)" title="Nine Dragons (painting)"><i>Nine Dragons</i> painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-Dragon_Wall" title="Nine-Dragon Wall">Nine-Dragon Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_jar" title="Dragon jar">Dragon jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_Memorial" title="Cádiz Memorial">Cádiz Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_and_Tiger_Pagodas" title="Dragon and Tiger Pagodas">Dragon and Tiger Pagodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boundary_mark" title="Dragon boundary mark">Dragon boundary mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Bridge_(Da_Nang)" title="Dragon Bridge (Da Nang)">Dragon Bridge (Da Nang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Bridge_(Ljubljana)" title="Dragon Bridge (Ljubljana)">Dragon Bridge (Ljubljana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_Island_Dragon" title="Merritt Island Dragon">Merritt Island Dragon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_and_Dragon" title="Pegasus and Dragon">Pegasus and Dragon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Eye_(symbol)" title="Dragon's Eye (symbol)">Dragon's Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_be_dragons" title="Here be dragons">Here be dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_curve" title="Dragon curve">Dragon curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&oldid=1276527329">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_dragon&oldid=1276527329</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_legends" title="Category:Medieval legends">Medieval legends</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_dragons" title="Category:European dragons">European dragons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catalan_symbols" title="Category:Catalan symbols">Catalan 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b9576b97f-rpgdl","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.316","walltime":"1.559","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10154,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":197378,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11649,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":221891,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1331.419 1 -total"," 25.91% 344.941 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.94% 198.876 71 Template:Sfn"," 14.14% 188.262 16 Template:Cite_web"," 9.97% 132.725 4 Template:Navbox"," 9.63% 128.226 1 Template:Dragons"," 7.44% 99.005 19 Template:Cite_book"," 6.74% 89.788 1 Template:Lang"," 5.11% 68.102 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.90% 65.264 3 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.835","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23511823,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAcker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArsdell1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeowulf\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCipa2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutrer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDüwel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFatás2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFee2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox-Davies1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriarFerguson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGosdenCrawfordUlmschneider2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGórczyk2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaverfield1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinz2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2005\"] = 1,\n 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{\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-85rq8","timestamp":"20250219122937","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"European dragon","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_dragon","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3058816","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3058816","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-23T10:54:17Z","dateModified":"2025-02-19T10:45:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d8\/Friedrich-Johann-Justin-Bertuch_Mythical-Creature-Dragon_1806.jpg","headline":"mythical creature featuring in European folklore"}</script> </body> </html>