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id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-4th_century_AD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-4th_century_AD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pre-4th century AD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-4th_century_AD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4th_century_to_c._830" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4th_century_to_c._830"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 4th century to c. 830 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4th_century_to_c._830-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-c._830_to_c._895" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#c._830_to_c._895"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 c. 830 to c. 895 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-c._830_to_c._895-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entering_the_Carpathian_Basin_(c._862–895)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entering_the_Carpathian_Basin_(c._862–895)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Entering the Carpathian Basin (c. 862–895) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entering_the_Carpathian_Basin_(c._862–895)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 After 900 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 19th century to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_affiliations_and_genetic_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_affiliations_and_genetic_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Ethnic affiliations and genetic origins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_affiliations_and_genetic_origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethnic affiliations and genetic origins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_affiliations_and_genetic_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paternal_haplogroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paternal_haplogroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Paternal haplogroups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paternal_haplogroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autosomal_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autosomal_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Autosomal DNA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autosomal_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Other influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_costumes_(18th_and_19th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_costumes_(18th_and_19th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Traditional costumes (18th and 19th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_costumes_(18th_and_19th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore_and_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore_and_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Folklore and communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore_and_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hungarians</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongare" title="Hongare – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hongare" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyaren" title="Magyaren – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Magyaren" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="مجريون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجريون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongaros" title="Hongaros – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hongaros" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Венграл – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Венграл" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarlar" title="Macarlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Macarlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%E2%80%8C" title="ماجار‌لار‌ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماجار‌لار‌" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4ng-g%C3%A2-l%C4%AB-l%C3%A2ng" title="Hông-gâ-lī-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hông-gâ-lī-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Венгрҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Венгрҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Венгры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Венгры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Вугорцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вугорцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Унгарци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Унгарци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%91ari" title="Mađari – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mađari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magiars" title="Magiars – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magiars" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Fa%C5%99i" title="Maďaři – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maďaři" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarere" title="Ungarere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ungarere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyaren" title="Magyaren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magyaren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungory" title="Hungory – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Hungory" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarlased" title="Ungarlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ungarlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ούγγροι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ούγγροι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%82" title="Мадьярт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мадьярт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_magiar" title="Pueblo magiar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo magiar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaroj" title="Hungaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hungaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungariar" title="Hungariar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hungariar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7" title="مجارها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجارها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyars" title="Magyars – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magyars" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung%C3%A1raigh" title="Ungáraigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ungáraigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_maxiar" title="Pobo maxiar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo maxiar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90%EB%A5%B4%EC%9D%B8" title="마자르인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마자르인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հունգարացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հունգարացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%91ari" title="Mađari – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mađari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungari" title="Hungari – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hungari" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Hungaria" title="Orang Hungaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Венгриаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Венгриаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magiari" title="Magiari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magiari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מדיארים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדיארים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="უნგრელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უნგრელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мажарлар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мажарлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81" title="Маддяръяс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Маддяръяс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecar" title="Mecar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mecar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мажарлар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мажарлар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungari" title="Hungari – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hungari" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung%C4%81ri" title="Ungāri – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ungāri" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengrai" title="Vengrai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vengrai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3ngare" title="Hóngare – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hóngare" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyarok" title="Magyarok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magyarok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Унгарци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Унгарци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magiara_(vahoaka)" title="Magiara (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Magiara (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="უნგრალეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უნგრალეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مجريين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجريين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="မက်ဂျာလူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက်ဂျာလူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongaren" title="Hongaren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hongaren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="マジャル人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マジャル人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Мажарой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мажарой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madjarer" title="Madjarer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Madjarer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengerlar" title="Vengerlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vengerlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99grzy" title="Węgrzy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węgrzy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magiares" title="Magiares – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magiares" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghiari" title="Maghiari – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maghiari" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Мадяре – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мадяре" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Венгры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венгры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hungarians" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarez%C3%ABt" title="Hungarezët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hungarezët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hungarians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Fari" title="Maďari – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maďari" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C5%BEari" title="Madžari – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Madžari" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%AA%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ѫгрьци – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ѫгрьци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мађари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мађари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%91ari" title="Mađari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mađari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkarilaiset" title="Unkarilaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Unkarilaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungrare" title="Ungrare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ungrare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Маҗарлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Маҗарлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="ชาวฮังการี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวฮังการี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%B2%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎠᏂᎲᏂᎦᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎲᏂᎦᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarlar" title="Macarlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Macarlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80" title="Венгр – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Венгр" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96" title="Угорці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Угорці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Hungary" title="Người Hungary – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Hungary" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyoarn" title="Magyoarn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Magyoarn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%89%8E%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="马扎尔人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马扎尔人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="מאזשיארן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאזשיארן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magyars&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group native to Central Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_(film)" title="Hungarians (film)">Hungarians (film)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Hungarians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="hun">Magyarok</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 14.5 million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> 9,632,744<a href="#cite_note-KSH-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> 11,425,000 (2022)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Other countries </th><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Europe</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,002,151<a href="#cite_note-Székelyhon-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">456,154<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">296,000<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">184.442<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000–250,000<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000–220,000<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">156,566<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">73,411<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">55,500<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27,000<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26,172<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000<a href="#cite_note-KCS-2015-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<a href="#cite_note-KCS-2015-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14,048<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13,000<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,500<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,000<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,316<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,000<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,728<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,230<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">North America</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,437,694<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">348,085<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,500<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">South America</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80,000<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000–50,000<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000<a href="#cite_note-KCS-2015-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000<a href="#cite_note-KCS-2015-13">[13]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Rest of the world</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">69,167<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,000<a href="#cite_note-KCS-2015-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,800<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,000<a href="#cite_note-KCS-2015-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000<a href="#cite_note-migrationpolicy-2014-10">[10]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>),<a href="#cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-24">[24]</a> also <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>) Minority: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Church_of_Transylvania" title="Unitarian Church of Transylvania">Unitarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Hungary" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Hungary">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">irreligious</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Magyar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Magyarok</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Magyar nyelv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Magyar jelnyelv</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Magyarország</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Hungarians, also known as Magyars (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmæɡjɑːrz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MAG-yarz</a>;<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: magyarok <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈmɒɟɒrok]</a>), are a <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnic group</a> native to <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (Hungarian: Magyarország) and historical Hungarian lands (i.e. belonging to the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>) who share a common <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magyar_tribes" title="Magyar tribes">ancestry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">language</a>. The Hungarian language belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language family</a>, alongside, most notably, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>. There are an estimated 14.5 million ethnic Hungarians and their descendants worldwide, of whom 9.6 million live in today's Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-KSH-1">[1]</a> About 2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> in 1920 and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbouring countries, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Slovakia" title="Hungarians in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Ukraine" title="Hungarians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania" title="Hungarians in Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Serbia" title="Hungarians in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarians of Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Slovenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Austria" title="Hungarians in Austria">Austria</a>. In addition, significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Canadians" title="Hungarian Canadians">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Germany" title="Hungarians in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hungarians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Chile" title="Hungarians in Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Brazilians" title="Hungarian Brazilians">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Australians" title="Hungarian Australians">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Argentines" title="Hungarian Argentines">Argentina</a>, and therefore constitute the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarian diaspora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: magyar diaszpóra). Furthermore, Hungarians can be divided into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with distinct identities include the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> (in eastern <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys_of_Bukovina" title="Székelys of Bukovina">a few</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suceava_County" title="Suceava County">Suceava County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1ng%C3%B3s" title="Csángós">Csángós</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Western_Moldavia" title="Western Moldavia">Western Moldavia</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%B3c" title="Palóc">Palóc</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Maty%C3%B3" title="Matyó">Matyó</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Hungary" title="Name of Hungary">Name of Hungary</a></div> The Hungarians' own ethnonym to denote themselves in the Early Middle Ages is uncertain. The <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> "Hungarian" is thought to be derived from Oghur-Turkic <a href="/wiki/Ono%C4%9Furs" class="mw-redirect" title="Onoğurs">On-Ogur</a> (literally "Ten Arrows" or "Ten Tribes"). Another possible explanation comes from the Russian word "<a href="/wiki/Yugra" title="Yugra">Yugra</a>" (Югра). It may refer to the Hungarians during a time when they dwelt east of the southern <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">Western Siberia</a> before their conquest of the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a> when the Hungarian conquerors lived on the <a href="/wiki/Etelk%C3%B6z" class="mw-redirect" title="Etelköz">steppes of Eastern Europe</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, written sources called the Hungarians: "Ungri" by <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Monachus" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgius Monachus">Georgius Monachus</a> in 837, "Ungri" by <a href="/wiki/Annales_Bertiniani" title="Annales Bertiniani">Annales Bertiniani</a> in 862, and "Ungari" by the <a href="/wiki/Annales_ex_Annalibus_Iuvavensibus" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus">Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus</a> in 881. The Magyars/Hungarians probably belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance, and it is possible that they became its ethnic majority.<a href="#cite_note-A_History_of_Hungary-27">[27]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, the Hungarians had many names, including "Węgrzy" (Polish), "Ungherese" (Italian), "Ungar" (German), and "Hungarus".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In the Hungarian language, the Hungarian people name themselves as "Magyar".<a href="#cite_note-A_History_of_Hungary-27">[27]</a> "Magyar" possibly derived from the name of the most prominent <a href="/wiki/Magyar_tribes" title="Magyar tribes">Hungarian tribe</a>, the "Megyer". The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" in reference to the Hungarian people as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The Greek <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Turkey#Greek_and_Latin_sources" title="Name of Turkey">Tourkia</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Τουρκία) was used by the scholar and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus">Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</a> in his <a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a> of c. AD 950,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-PrinzingSalamon1999-33">[33]</a> though in his use, "Turks" always referred to <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howorth2008-34">[34]</a> This was a misnomer, as while the Magyars do have some Turkic genetic and cultural influence, including their historical social structure being of Turkic origin,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> they still are not widely considered as part of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The obscure name kerel or keral, found in the 13th-century work <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secret History of the Mongols">The Secret History of the Mongols</a>, possibly referred to Hungarians and derived from the Hungarian title király 'king'.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The historical Latin phrase "<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Hungary" title="Name of Hungary">Natio Hungarica</a>" ("Hungarian nation") had a wider and political meaning because it once referred to all nobles of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, regardless of their ethnicity or mother tongue.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> The origin of Hungarians, the place and time of their <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a>, has been a matter of debate. The Hungarian language is classified in the <a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric family</a>, the range of the original <a href="/wiki/Ugric_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugric people">Ugric people</a> is predicted to have been east of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, south of the forest zone and not far from the steppe.<a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023-39">[39]</a> The relatedness of Hungarians with other Ugric peoples is confirmed by linguistic and genetic data, but modern Hungarians have also substantial admixture from local European populations.<a href="#cite_note-Obrusanszky_87f-40">[40]</a> The Ugric languages are a member of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic family</a>, which originated either in the Oka-Volga region, the Southern Uralic, or Western Siberia. Recent linguistic data support an origin somewhere in Western Siberia. <a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a> diverged from its relatives in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The ancient Ugrians are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Mezhovskaya_culture" title="Mezhovskaya culture">Mezhovskaya culture</a>, and were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>, as well as later <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>. The Ugrians also display genetic affinities to the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a>. They arrived into Central Europe by the historical Magyar or Hungarian "conquerors", in the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_landtaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian landtaking">Hungarian landtaking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gurkan-2019-41">[41]</a> The historical Magyar conquerors were found to show significant affinity to modern <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, and stood also in contact with other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> (presumably <a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Oghuric</a> speakers), <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Jasz_people" title="Jasz people">Jaszic</a> speakers), and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>. The historical Magyars created an alliance of steppe tribes, consisting of an Ugric/Magyar ruling class, and formerly Iranian but also Turkic (Oghuric) and Slavic speaking tribes, which conquered the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Steppe" title="Pannonian Steppe">Pannonian Steppe</a> and surrounding regions, giving rise to modern Hungarians and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian culture">Hungarian culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fóthi_31-42">[42]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian pre-history</a>", i.e. the history of the "ancient Hungarians" before their arrival in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian basin">Carpathian basin</a> at the end of the 9th century, is thus a "tenuous construct", based on linguistics, analogies in folklore, archaeology and subsequent written evidence. In the 21st century, historians have argued that "Hungarians" did not exist as a discrete ethnic group or people for centuries before their settlement in the Carpathian basin. Instead, the formation of the people with its distinct identity was a process. According to this view, Hungarians as a people emerged by the 9th century, subsequently incorporating other, ethnically and linguistically divergent, peoples.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-4th_century_AD">Pre-4th century AD</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-4th century AD">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg/300px-Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg/450px-Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg/600px-Migration_of_Hungarians.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Map of the presumptive Hungarian prehistory</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></div> During the 4th millennium BC, the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a>-speaking peoples who were living in the central and southern regions of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a> split up. Some dispersed towards the west and northwest and came into contact with <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian speakers</a> who were spreading northwards.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> From at least 2000 BC onwards, the <a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a>-speakers became distinguished from the rest of the Uralic community, of which the ancestors of the Magyars, being located farther south, were the most numerous. Judging by evidence from burial mounds and settlement sites, they interacted with the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a> and Baikal-Altai Asian cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Blench-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fóthi_31-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="4th_century_to_c._830">4th century to c. 830</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 4th century to c. 830">edit</a>]</div> In the 4th and 5th centuries AD, the Hungarians were an "[e]thnically mixed people"<a href="#cite_note-Black-2003-46">[46]</a> who moved to the west of the Ural Mountains, to the area between the southern Ural Mountains and the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>, known as Bashkiria (<a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a>. In the early 8th century, some of the Hungarians moved to the <a href="/wiki/Don_River,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River, Russia">Don River</a>, to an area between the Volga, Don and the <a href="/wiki/Seversky_Donets" class="mw-redirect" title="Seversky Donets">Seversky Donets</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-HungaryEarlyHistory-47">[47]</a> Meanwhile, the descendants of those Hungarians who stayed in Bashkiria remained there as late as 1241. The Hungarians around the Don River were subordinates of the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar</a> <a href="/wiki/Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaganate">Khaganate</a>. Their neighbours were the archaeological <a href="/wiki/Saltovo-Mayaki" title="Saltovo-Mayaki">Saltov culture</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> (Proto-Bulgarians, <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, from whom they learned gardening, elements of cattle breeding and of agriculture. Tradition holds that the Hungarians were organized in a confederacy of <a href="/wiki/Seven_chieftains_of_the_Magyars" title="Seven chieftains of the Magyars">seven tribes</a>: Jenő, Kér, Keszi, Kürt-Gyarmat, Megyer, Nyék, and Tarján. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="c._830_to_c._895">c. 830 to c. 895</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: c. 830 to c. 895">edit</a>]</div> Around 830, a rebellion broke out in the Khazar khaganate. As a result, three <a href="/wiki/Kabar" title="Kabar">Kabar</a> tribes<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> of the Khazars joined the Hungarians and moved to what the Hungarians call the <a href="/wiki/Etelk%C3%B6z" class="mw-redirect" title="Etelköz">Etelköz</a>, the territory between the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a>. The Hungarians faced their first attack by the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> around 854.<a href="#cite_note-HungaryEarlyHistory-47">[47]</a> The new neighbours of the Hungarians were the <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>. From 862 onwards, the Hungarians (already referred to as the Ungri) along with their allies, the Kabars, started a series of looting raids from the Etelköz into the Carpathian Basin, mostly against the <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">Eastern Frankish Empire</a> (Germany) and <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>, but also against the <a href="/wiki/Balaton_principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaton principality">Balaton principality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entering_the_Carpathian_Basin_(c._862–895)">Entering the Carpathian Basin (c. 862–895)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Entering the Carpathian Basin (c. 862–895)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_conquest" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian conquest">History of Hungary before the Hungarian conquest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum" title="Chronicon Pictum">Chronicon Pictum</a>, 1358)</figcaption></figure> The Hungarians arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a>, a geographically unified but politically divided land, after acquiring thorough local knowledge of the area from the 860s onwards.<a href="#cite_note-Szoke-2014-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Szabados-2016-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1b2-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang-2021-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sudar-2016-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Revesz-2014-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Negyesi-2011-56">[56]</a> After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar Kaganate</a> (c. 822), the <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">Eastern Franks</a> asserted their influence in <a href="/wiki/Transdanubia" title="Transdanubia">Transdanubia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarians</a> to a small extent in the Southern <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and the interior regions housed the surviving Avar population in their stateless state.<a href="#cite_note-Szabados-2016-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Szabados-2022-57">[57]</a> The downfall of the Avar Khaganate at the beginning of the 9th century did not mean the extinction of the Avar population, contemporary written sources report surviving Avar groups.<a href="#cite_note-:1b2-52">[52]</a> According to the archaeological evidence, the Avar population survived the time of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Szabados-2016-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Revesz-2014-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Endre-2022-58">[58]</a> In this power vacuum, the Hungarian conqueror elite took the system of the former Avar Kaganate, there is no trace of massacres and mass graves, it is believed to have been a peaceful transition for local residents in the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-Endre-2022-58">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seven_chieftains_of_the_Magyars" title="Seven chieftains of the Magyars">Hungarian conquerors</a> together with the Turkic-speaking Kabars integrated the Avars and <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 862, Prince <a href="/wiki/Rastislav_of_Moravia" title="Rastislav of Moravia">Rastislav of Moravia</a> rebelled against the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, and after hiring Hungarian troops, won his independence; this was the first time that Hungarians expeditionary troops entered the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-Bona-2001-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 862, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Hincmar" title="Hincmar">Hincmar of Reims</a> records the campaign of unknown enemies called "Ungri", giving the first mention of the Hungarians in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. In 881, the Hungarian forces fought together with the Kabars in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Basin" title="Vienna Basin">Vienna Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bona-2001-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oktatasi_Hivatal-2020-62">[62]</a> According to historian György Szabados and archeologist Miklós Béla Szőke, a group of Hungarians were already living in the Carpathian Basin at that time, so they could quickly intervene in the events of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Szoke-2014-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Szabados-2016-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1b2-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Szabados-2022-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oktatasi_Hivatal-2020-62">[62]</a> The number of recorded battles increased from the end of the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-Szabados-2022-57">[57]</a> In the late Avar period, a part of Hungarians was already present in the Carpathian Basin in the 9th century, this has been supported by genetic and archaeological research, because there are graves in which Avar descendants are buried in Hungarian clothes.<a href="#cite_note-Makoldi-2021-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oktatasi_Hivatal-2020-62">[62]</a> The contemporary local population is descended from previous peoples of the Carpathian Basin, and a large number of people survived to the 10th century from the previous Avar period.<a href="#cite_note-Maar-2021-64">[64]</a> An important segment of this Avar era Hungarians is that the <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="List of administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian county system</a> of King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Saint Stephen I</a> may be largely based on the power centers formed during the Avar period.<a href="#cite_note-Makoldi-2021-63">[63]</a> Based on DNA evidence, the Proto-Hungarians admixed with <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, this three genetic components appear in the graves of the Hungarian conqueror elite of the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-Hun_Avar_Hungarian_Genetics_2022-65">[65]</a> Based on the DNA in the Hungarian conqueror graves, the conquerors had eastern origin, but the vast majority of the Hungarian conquerors had European genome.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Endre-2022-58">[58]</a> The remains in cemeteries of the Hungarian commoners had fewer Eastern Asian ancestry than the remains in cemeteries of the Hungarian elite, which display around 1/3 Eastern ancestry. Commoners clustered with surrounding non-Hungarian groups, while elite remains clustered with modern day <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, who are regarded as <a href="/wiki/Turkified" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkified">turkified</a> formerly Uralic/Ugric-speaking ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-Hun_Avar_Hungarian_Genetics_2022-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maar-2021-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Endre-2022-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> According to some genetic studies, there is a genetic continuity from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, a continuous migration of the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a> folks from east to the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-Endre-2022-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-MKI-2022-68">[68]</a> Other studies point out that the Hungarian conqueror group and the local population started admixing only on the second half of the 10th century, and that research done of the first and second generation cemeteries in the Carpathian basin show uniparental lineages can be derived from Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Sargat_culture" title="Sargat culture">Sargat culture</a>'s population, suggesting "only limited interaction with the local population of the Carpathian Basin".<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Hungarian state</a> is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquerors</a>, who arrived from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic steppes</a> as a confederation of seven tribes. The Hungarians arrived in the frame of a strong centralized steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lmos" title="Álmos">Álmos</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Árpád</a>, they became founders of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a>, the Hungarian ruling dynasty and the Hungarian state. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a> claimed to be a direct descendant of the great Hun leader <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horvath-Lugossy-2022a-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neparaczki-2019-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neparaczki-2018-72">[72]</a> Medieval Hungarian chronicles from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian royal court</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hunnorum_et_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum">Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum" title="Chronicon Pictum">Chronicon Pictum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronica_Hungarorum#Buda_Chronicle" title="Chronica Hungarorum">Buda Chronicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronica_Hungarorum" title="Chronica Hungarorum">Chronica Hungarorum</a> claimed that the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aba_(genus)" title="Aba (genus)">Aba clan</a> are the descendants of Attila.<a href="#cite_note-Horvath-Lugossy-2022a-70">[70]</a> Árpád, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, says in the <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The land stretching between the Danube and the Tisza used to belong to my forefather, the mighty Attila.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Anonymus_(notary_of_B%C3%A9la_III)" title="Anonymus (notary of Béla III)">Anonymus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></cite></div></blockquote>The Hungarians took possession of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862 and 895.<a href="#cite_note-Szoke-2014-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Szabados-2016-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang-2021-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sudar-2016-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Revesz-2014-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Szabados-2022-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oktatasi_Hivatal-2020-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Negyesi-2011-56">[56]</a> This is confirmed by the archaeological findings, in the 10th-century Hungarian cemeteries, the graves of women, children and elderly people are located next to the warriors, they were buried according to the same traditions, wore the same style of ornaments, and belonged to the same anthropological group. <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">The Hungarian military events</a> of the following years prove that the Hungarian population that settled in the Carpathian Basin was not a weakened population without a significant military power.<a href="#cite_note-Revesz-2014-55">[55]</a> Other theories assert that the move of the Hungarians was forced or at least hastened by the joint attacks of <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Revesz-2014-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> According to eleventh-century tradition, the road taken by the Hungarians under Prince <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lmos" title="Álmos">Álmos</a> took them first to Transylvania in 895. This is supported by an eleventh-century Russian tradition that the Hungarians moved to the Carpathian Basin by way of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Prince <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lmos" title="Álmos">Álmos</a>, the sacred leader of the Hungarian Great Principality died before he could reach <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, he was sacrificed in Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-Bona-2001-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 895/896, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Árpád</a>, some Hungarians crossed the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a> and entered the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a>. The tribe called Megyer was the leading tribe of the Hungarian alliance that conquered the centre of the basin. At the same time (c. 895), due to their involvement in the 894–896 <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian wars">Bulgaro-Byzantine war</a>, Hungarians in Etelköz were attacked by Bulgaria and then by their old enemies the Pechenegs. The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> won the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Southern_Buh" title="Battle of Southern Buh">battle of Southern Buh</a>. It is uncertain whether or not those conflicts contributed to the Hungarian departure from Etelköz. From the upper <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> region of the Carpathian Basin, the Hungarians intensified their campaigns across continental Europe. In 900, they moved from the upper Tisza river to <a href="/wiki/Transdanubia" title="Transdanubia">Transdanubia</a>, which later became the core of the arising Hungarian state. By 902, the borders were pushed to the <a href="/wiki/South-Moravian_Carpathians" title="South-Moravian Carpathians">South-Moravian Carpathians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Principality of Moravia</a> collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> At the time of the Hungarian migration, the land was inhabited only by a sparse population of Slavs, numbering about 200,000,<a href="#cite_note-HungaryEarlyHistory-47">[47]</a> who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-HungaryEarlyHistory-47">[47]</a> Archaeological findings (e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a>) suggest that many Hungarians remained to the north of the Carpathians after 895/896.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> There is also a consistent Hungarian population in Transylvania, the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a>, who comprise 40% of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania" title="Hungarians in Romania">Hungarians in Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-80">[80]</a> The Székely people's origin, and in particular the time of their settlement in Transylvania, is a matter of historical controversy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_900">After 900</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After 900">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalandozasok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kalandozasok.jpg/220px-Kalandozasok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kalandozasok.jpg/330px-Kalandozasok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kalandozasok.jpg/440px-Kalandozasok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian raids in the 9–10th century</figcaption></figure> In 907, the Hungarians destroyed a <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pressburg" title="Battle of Pressburg">Battle of Pressburg</a> and laid the territories of present-day Germany, France, and Italy open to Hungarian raids, which were fast and devastating. The Hungarians defeated the Imperial Army of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a> and last legitimate descendant of the German branch of the house of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> in 910. From 917 to 925, Hungarians raided through <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxony" title="Old Saxony">Saxony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Hungarian expansion was checked at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld" title="Battle of Lechfeld">Battle of Lechfeld</a> in 955, ending their raids against <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, but raids on the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> continued until 970.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> approved Hungarian settlement in the area when their leaders converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I</a> (Szent István, or Saint Stephen) was crowned King of Hungary in 1001. The century between the arrival of the Hungarians from the eastern European plains and the consolidation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in 1001 was dominated by pillaging campaigns across Europe, from Dania (<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> (contemporary <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the acceptance of the nation into Christian Europe under Stephen I, Hungary served as a bulwark against further invasions from the east and south, especially by the Turks. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magyars_900-1980.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Magyars_900-1980.png/220px-Magyars_900-1980.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Magyars_900-1980.png/330px-Magyars_900-1980.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Magyars_900-1980.png/440px-Magyars_900-1980.png 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Population growth of Hungarians (900–1980)</figcaption></figure> At this time, the Hungarian nation numbered around 400,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-HungaryEarlyHistory-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early modern period">edit</a>]</div> The first accurate measurements of the population of the Kingdom of Hungary including ethnic composition were carried out in 1850–51. There is a debate among Hungarian and non-Hungarian (especially <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanian</a>) historians about the possible changes in the ethnic structure of the region throughout history. The proportion of Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin was at an almost constant 80% during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-carth-83">[83]</a> The Hungarian population began to decrease only at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> conquest, reaching as low as around 39% by the end of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-National_Atlas_of_Hungary_-_History_of_Population-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_patterns_Hungary_researches-85">[85]</a> The decline of the Hungarians was due to the constant wars, Ottoman raids, famines, and plagues during the 150 years of Ottoman rule. The main zones of war were the territories inhabited by the Hungarians, so the death toll depleted them at a much higher rate than among other nationalities.<a href="#cite_note-National_Atlas_of_Hungary_-_History_of_Population-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_patterns_Hungary_researches-85">[85]</a> In the 18th century, their proportion declined further because of the influx of new settlers from Europe, especially Slovaks, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Macartney1962-86">[86]</a> In 1715 (after the Ottoman occupation), the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Great_Plain" title="Southern Great Plain">Southern Great Plain</a> was nearly uninhabited but now has 1.3 million inhabitants, nearly all of them Hungarians. As a consequence, having also the Habsburg colonization policies, the country underwent a great change in ethnic composition as its population more than tripled to 8 million between 1720 and 1787, while only 39% of its people were Hungarians, who lived primarily in the centre of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Hungary-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunamenti_viseletek_1822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dunamenti_viseletek_1822.jpg/180px-Dunamenti_viseletek_1822.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dunamenti_viseletek_1822.jpg/270px-Dunamenti_viseletek_1822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dunamenti_viseletek_1822.jpg/360px-Dunamenti_viseletek_1822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Hungarian costumes from Jassic- Cuman area, 1822</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagy_G%C3%A9za-Nemes_Mih%C3%A1ly_A_magyar_viseletek_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nagy_G%C3%A9za-Nemes_Mih%C3%A1ly_A_magyar_viseletek_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete_1900.jpg/220px-Nagy_G%C3%A9za-Nemes_Mih%C3%A1ly_A_magyar_viseletek_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nagy_G%C3%A9za-Nemes_Mih%C3%A1ly_A_magyar_viseletek_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete_1900.jpg/330px-Nagy_G%C3%A9za-Nemes_Mih%C3%A1ly_A_magyar_viseletek_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nagy_G%C3%A9za-Nemes_Mih%C3%A1ly_A_magyar_viseletek_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete_1900.jpg/440px-Nagy_G%C3%A9za-Nemes_Mih%C3%A1ly_A_magyar_viseletek_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Traditional clothing in Hungary, around late 18th century and early 19th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_to_present">19th century to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 19th century to present">edit</a>]</div> In the 19th century, the proportion of Hungarians in the Kingdom of Hungary rose gradually, reaching over 50% by 1900 due to higher natural growth and <a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a>. Between 1787 and 1910 the number of ethnic Hungarians rose from 2.3 million to 10.2 million, accompanied by the resettlement of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Great Hungarian Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9lvid%C3%A9k" title="Délvidék">Délvidék</a> by mainly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Hungarian settlers from the northern and western counties of the Kingdom of Hungary. Spontaneous assimilation was an important factor, especially among the German and Jewish minorities and the citizens of the bigger towns. On the other hand, about 1.5 million people (about two-thirds non-Hungarian) left the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> between 1890–1910 to escape from <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-immigrants-88">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarians_in_Hungary_(1890).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png/220px-Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png/330px-Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png/440px-Hungarians_in_Hungary_%281890%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Magyars (Hungarians) in Hungary, 1890 census</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magyarorszag_1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Magyarorszag_1920.png/220px-Magyarorszag_1920.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Magyarorszag_1920.png/330px-Magyarorszag_1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Magyarorszag_1920.png/440px-Magyarorszag_1920.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>: Kingdom of Hungary lost 72% of its land and 3.3 million people of Hungarian ethnicity.</figcaption></figure> The years 1918 to 1920 were a turning point in the Hungarians' history. By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>, the Kingdom had been cut into several parts, leaving only a quarter of its original size. One-third of the Hungarians became minorities in the neighbouring countries.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> During the remainder of the 20th century, the Hungarians population of Hungary grew from 7.1 million (1920) to around 10.4 million (1980), despite losses during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> and the wave of emigration after the attempted <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_revolution_of_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian revolution of 1956">revolution in 1956</a>. The number of Hungarians in the neighbouring countries tended to remain the same or slightly decreased, mostly due to assimilation (sometimes forced; see <a href="/wiki/Slovakization" title="Slovakization">Slovakization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a>)<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-kovrig-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and to emigration to Hungary (in the 1990s, especially from <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>). After the <a href="/wiki/Post-World_War_II_baby_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-World War II baby boom">"baby boom" of the 1950s</a> (Ratkó era), a serious demographic crisis began to develop in Hungary and its neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-origo-93">[93]</a> The Hungarian population reached its maximum in 1980, then began to decline.<a href="#cite_note-origo-93">[93]</a> For historical reasons (see <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>), significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, most of them in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian minority in Romania">Romania</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Slovakia" title="Hungarians in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarians in Vojvodina">Serbia</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>). Sizable minorities live also in <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Ukraine" title="Hungarians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Transcarpathia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Croatia" title="Hungarians in Croatia">Croatia</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Austria" title="Hungarians in Austria">Austria</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a>). Slovenia is also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians, and Hungarian language has an official status in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a> region. Today more than two million ethnic Hungarians live in nearby countries.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> There was <a href="/wiki/2004_Hungarian_dual_citizenship_referendum" title="2004 Hungarian dual citizenship referendum">a referendum in Hungary in December 2004</a> on whether to grant Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a> to Hungarians living outside Hungary's borders (i.e. without requiring a permanent residence in Hungary). The referendum failed due to insufficient <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a>. On 26 May 2010, Hungary's Parliament passed a bill granting dual citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living outside of Hungary. Some neighboring countries with sizable Hungarian minorities expressed concerns over the legislation.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_affiliations_and_genetic_origins">Ethnic affiliations and genetic origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethnic affiliations and genetic origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Origin_of_Hungarians_according_to_Kinga_Ery.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Origin_of_Hungarians_according_to_Kinga_Ery.png/220px-Origin_of_Hungarians_according_to_Kinga_Ery.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Origin_of_Hungarians_according_to_Kinga_Ery.png/330px-Origin_of_Hungarians_according_to_Kinga_Ery.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Origin_of_Hungarians_according_to_Kinga_Ery.png 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>The place of origin for the regional groups of Hungarians in the conquest period, according to Kinga Éry.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_structure_of_Uralic-speaking_populations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Population_structure_of_Uralic-speaking_populations.png/220px-Population_structure_of_Uralic-speaking_populations.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Population_structure_of_Uralic-speaking_populations.png/330px-Population_structure_of_Uralic-speaking_populations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Population_structure_of_Uralic-speaking_populations.png/440px-Population_structure_of_Uralic-speaking_populations.png 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1346" /></a><figcaption>Population structure of Uralic-speaking populations inferred from ADMIXTURE analysis on autosomal SNPs in Eurasian context. Ugric-ancestry is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi people</a>.</figcaption></figure> Modern Hungarians stand out as linguistically isolated in Europe, despite their genetic similarity to the surrounding populations. The population of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> has the common European gene-pool which formed in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> through the admixture of three sources: <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">Western Hunter-Gatherers</a>, who were the first Homo sapiens appearing in <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> farmers originating from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> steppe migrants that arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Neolithic" title="Late Neolithic">late Neolithic</a> to early Bronze Age. This common European gene pool in the Carpathian Basin, has been overlaid by migration waves originating from the east since the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023-39">[39]</a> According to genetic studies, the Carpathian Basin was continuously inhabited from at least the Bronze Age.<a href="#cite_note-Neparaczki_MKI_2022-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023-39">[39]</a> There is a genetic continuity from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, a continuous migration of the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a> folks from east to the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-Saag_Staniuk_2022-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023-39">[39]</a> The foundational population of the Carpathian Basin carrying the common European gene pool remained in a significant majority throughout the migratory periods in the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023-39">[39]</a> During the 9th century BC, smaller groups of pre-Scythians (<a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>) of the Mezőcsát culture appeared. The classic <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a> culture spread across the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Great Hungarian Plain</a> between the 7th–6th century BC, their genetic data represent the genetic profile of the local European population. The <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> arrived in multiple waves from 50 BC, leaving a significant archaeological heritage behind, the examined Sarmatian individuals genetically also belong to the genetic legacy of the local European population. Various groups of Asian origin settled in the Carpathian Basin, such as <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magyar_tribes" title="Magyar tribes">Hungarian conquerors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazyges" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazyges">Jazyg</a> people, and <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>. The military leadership of the European Huns descended from the Asian Huns (<a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnus</a>), while the majority of them consisted of subjugated Germanic and Sarmatian populations. The most significant influx of genes from Asia occurred during the Avar period, arriving in multiple waves. The ruling elite of the Avars originated from the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a> in Mongolia, but a significant portion of the masses they brought in consisted of mixed-origin populations that had emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic-Caspian steppe</a> during the Hunnic era.<a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023-39">[39]</a> Foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Hungarian state</a> is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquerors</a>, who arrived from the Pontic steppes as a confederation of <a href="/wiki/Seven_chieftains_of_the_Magyars" title="Seven chieftains of the Magyars">seven tribes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neparaczki-2019-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neparaczki-2018-72">[72]</a> According to genetic study, the proto-Ugric groups were part of the <a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberian_world" title="Scytho-Siberian world">Scytho-Siberian</a> societies in the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age steppe-forest zone in the northern Kazakhstan region, near of the <a href="/wiki/Mezhovskaya_culture" title="Mezhovskaya culture">Mezhovskaya culture</a> territory. The ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors lived in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">steppe zone</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> together with the <a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansis</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, the Mansis migrated northward, while the ancestor of Hungarian conquerors remained at the steppe-forest zone and admixed with the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>. Later the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors admixed with the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, this admixture happened before the arrival of the Huns to the Volga region in 370. The Huns integrated local tribes east of the Urals, among them Sarmatians and the ancestors of the Hungarian conquerors.<a href="#cite_note-Hun_Avar_Hungarian_Genetics_2022-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023-39">[39]</a> The Hungarians arrived in the frame of a strong centralized steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lmos" title="Álmos">Álmos</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Árpád</a>, they became founders of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a>, the Hungarian ruling dynasty and the Hungarian state. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a> claimed to be a direct descendant of the great Hun leader <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horvath-Lugossy-2022b-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neparaczki-2019-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neparaczki-2018-72">[72]</a> The elite of the conquering Hungarians established the Hungarian state, genetic studies revealed, the conqueror elite in both sexes has approximately 30% Eastern Eurasian components, while the commoner population appears to have carried the overlaid local European gene pool from previous eastern immigrations.<a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023-39">[39]</a> In medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, a legend developed based on foreign and Hungarian medieval chronicles that the Hungarians, and the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székely</a> ethnic group in particular, are descended from the Huns. The basic premise of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_chronicles" title="List of Hungarian chronicles">Hungarian medieval chronicle</a> tradition was that the Huns, i.e. the Hungarians coming out twice from <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythia</a>, the guiding principle was the Hun-Hungarian continuity.<a href="#cite_note-Gyorgy-1998-99">[99]</a> The 20th century mainstream scholarship dismisses a close connection between the Hungarians and Huns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzűcs1999xlivEngel20012Lendvai20037Maenchen-Helfen1973386-100">[100]</a> However, the archaeogenetics studies revealed the Hun heritage of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquerors</a>, it was a significant Hun-Hungarian mixing around 300 AD, and the remaining Huns were integrated into the conquering Hungarians.<a href="#cite_note-Hun_Avar_Hungarian_Genetics_2022-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-MKI-2022-68">[68]</a> The genomic analyses of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Hungarian royal</a> Árpád family members are in line with the reported conquering Hungarian-Hun origin of the dynasty in harmony with their Y-chromosomal phylogenetic connections.<a href="#cite_note-Saint_Ladislaus_Genetics_2023-103">[103]</a> According to the growing archaeological evidence that the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar</a> population lived through the period of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a>. The Carpathian Basin was demonstrably not empty when the Hungarian conquerors led by Árpád arrived. The conquering Hungarians mixed to varying degrees on individual level with the Avar population living in the Carpathian Basin, but they had Avar genetic heritage as well.<a href="#cite_note-Neparaczki_MKI_2022-96">[96]</a> According to Endre Neparáczki, it is no longer possible to narrow down the Hungarian population of the Carpathian Basin only of people of Árpád.<a href="#cite_note-Neparaczki_MKI_2022-96">[96]</a> Following the devastations caused by the <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Mongol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian wars">Turkish</a> invasions, settlers from other parts of Europe played a significant role in establishing the modern genetic makeup of the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023-39">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a> belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language family</a>. While early Ugric-speakers can be associated with an ancestry component maximized in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi</a> and historical Southern Siberian groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a> people, the earliest Uralic-speakers can be associated with an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northern_East_Asian" title="Ancient Northern East Asian">Ancient Northern East Asian</a> lineage maximized among modern <a href="/wiki/Nganasan_people" title="Nganasan people">Nganasans</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> specimen from <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a> in southern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk_Krai_BA; kra001).<a href="#cite_note-Gurkan-2019-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> This type of ancestry later dispersed along the <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino route</a> westwards. They may also stood in contact with other <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asians</a> (partially linked to the ethnogenesis of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a> (Indo-European). Modern Hungarians are however genetically rather distant from their closest linguistic relatives (<a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a>), and more similar to the neighbouring non-Uralic neighbors. Modern Hungarians share a small but significant "Inner Asian/Siberian" component with other Uralic-speaking populations.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The historical Hungarian conqueror YDNA variation had a higher affinity with modern day Bashkirs and <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> as well as to two specimens of the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a>, while their mtDNA has strong links to the populations of the <a href="/wiki/Baraba_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Baraba steppe">Baraba region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. Modern Hungarians also display genetic affinity with historical <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a> samples.<a href="#cite_note-Fóthi_31-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gurkan-2019-41">[41]</a> Archeological mtDNA haplogroups show a similarity between Hungarians and Turkic-speaking Tatars and <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, while another study found a link between the <a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi</a> and Bashkirs, suggesting that the Bashkirs are a mixture of Turkic, Ugric and Indo-European contributions. The homeland of ancient Hungarians is around the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, and the Hungarian affinities with the <a href="/wiki/Karayakupovo_culture" title="Karayakupovo culture">Karayakupovo</a> culture is widely accepted among researchers.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> A full genome study found that the Bashkirs display, next to their high European ancestry, also affinity to both Uralic-speaking populations of Northern Asia, as well as Inner Asian Turkic groups, "pointing to a mismatch of their cultural background and genetic ancestry and an intricacy of the historic interface between Turkic and Uralic populations".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-113">[113]</a> The homeland of the proto-Uralic peoples may have been close to Southern Siberia, among forest cultures in the Altai-Sayan region and may be linked to an ancestry maximized in the early <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a>. The arrival of the Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a> and Northeast Asian tribes may have caused the dispersal and expansion of proto-Uralic languages along the <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino cultural area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Neparáczki et al. argues, based on archeogenetic results, that the historical Hungarian Conquerors were mostly a mixture of Central Asian Steppe groups, Slavic, and Germanic tribes, and this composite people evolved between 400 and 1000 AD.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Genetic_structure_of_the_early_Hung-116">[116]</a> According to Neparáczki: "From all recent and archaic populations tested the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> show the smallest genetic distance to the entire Conqueror population" and "a direct genetic relation of the Conquerors to <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogur</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgar</a> ancestors of these groups is very feasible."<a href="#cite_note-Neparaczki-117">[117]</a> Genetic data found high affinity between Magyar conquerors, the historical <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, and modern day Turkic-speaking peoples in the Volga region, suggesting a possible language shifted from an Uralic (Ugric) to Turkic languages.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnish</a> origin or influences on Hungarians and <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> have always been a matter of debate among scholars. In <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, a legend developed based on medieval chronicles that the Hungarians, and the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székely</a> ethnic group in particular, are descended from the Huns. However, mainstream scholarship dismisses a close connection between the Hungarians and Huns.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> A genetic study published in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a> in November 2019 led by Neparáczki Endre had examined the remains of three males from three separate 5th century Hunnic cemeteries in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a>. They were found to be carrying the paternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" title="Haplogroup Q-M242">Q1a2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b1a1b1a1a1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a#R1a1a1b2_(R-Z93)_(Asia)" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a1a1b2a2</a>. In modern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)">Q1a2</a> is rare and has its highest frequency among the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a>. It is believed that conquering Magyars may have absorbed Avar, Hunnish and Xiongnu influences.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paternal_haplogroups">Paternal haplogroups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Paternal haplogroups">edit</a>]</div> Hungarian males possess a high frequency of haplogroup R1a-Z280 and a low frequency of haplogroup N-Tat, which is uncommon among most Uralic-speaking populations. In the case of the Southern Mansi males, the most frequent haplogroups were N1b-P43 (33%), N1c-L1034 (28%) and R1a-Z280 (19%).The Konda Mansi population shared common haplotypes within haplogroups R1a-Z280 or N-M46 with Hungarian speakers, which may suggest that the Hungarians were in contact with the Mansi people during their migration to the Carpathian Basin.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> According to a study by Pamjav, the area of Bodrogköz suggested to be a population isolate found an elevated frequency of Haplogroup N: R1a-M458 (20.4%), I2a1-P37 (19%), R1a-Z280 (14.3%), and E1b-M78 (10.2%). Various R1b-M343 subgroups accounted for 15% of the Bodrogköz population. Haplogroup N1c-Tat covered 6.2% of the lineages, but most of it belonged to the N1c-VL29 subgroup, which is more frequent among <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> speaking than Finno-Ugric speaking peoples. Other haplogroups had frequencies of less than 5%.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Among 100 Hungarian men, 90 of whom from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Great Hungarian Plain</a>, (including <a href="/wiki/Cuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuman">Cuman</a> descendants from <a href="/wiki/Kuns%C3%A1g" title="Kunság">Kunság</a> region) the following haplogroups and frequencies are obtained: 30% R1a, 15% R1b, 13% I2a1, 13% J2, 9% E1b1b1a, 8% I1, 3% G2, 3% J1, 3% I*, 1% E*, 1% F*, 1% K*. The 97 <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> belong to the following haplogroups: 20% R1b, 19% R1a, 17% I1, 11% J2, 10% J1, 8% E1b1b1a, 5% I2a1, 5% G2, 3% P*, 1% E*, 1% N.<a href="#cite_note-Csányi_et_al_2008-125">[125]</a> It can be inferred that Szekelys have more significant German admixture. A study sampling 45 <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%B3c" title="Palóc">Palóc</a> from Budapest and northern Hungary, found 60% R1a, 13% R1b, 11% I, 9% E, 2% G, 2% J2.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> A study estimating possible Inner Asian admixture among nearly 500 Hungarians based on paternal lineages only, estimated it at 5.1% in Hungary, at 7.4 in <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> and at 6.3% at <a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1ng%C3%B3s" title="Csángós">Csángós</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> An analysis of Bashkir samples from the <a href="/wiki/Burzyansky_District" title="Burzyansky District">Burzyansky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abzelilovsky_District" title="Abzelilovsky District">Abzelilovsky</a> districts of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Idel-Ural" title="Idel-Ural">Volga-Ural</a> region, revealed them to belong to the R1a subclade <a href="/wiki/R1a-SUR51" title="R1a-SUR51">R1a-SUR51</a>, which is shared in significant amounts with the historical Magyars and the royal Hungarian lineage, and representing the closest kin to the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a>, whose ancestry is traced to 4500 years ago, in modern day Northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nagy20-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In turn, R1a-SUR51's ancestral subclades R1a-Y2632 are found among the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> population of the <a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tien Shan">Tien Shan</a>, date: 427-422 BC.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Historical Magyar conquerors had around ~37.5% <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231" title="Haplogroup N-M231">Haplogroup N-M231</a>, as well as lower frequency of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217" title="Haplogroup C-M217">Haplogroup C-M217</a> at 6.25% with the remainder being <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">Haplogroup R1a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" title="Haplogroup Q-M242">Haplogroup Q-M242</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fóthi_31-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autosomal_DNA">Autosomal DNA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Autosomal DNA">edit</a>]</div> Modern Hungarians show relative close affinity to surrounding populations, but harbour a small "Siberian" component associated with Khanty/Mansi, as well as the Nganasan people, and argued to have arrived with the historical Magyars. Modern Hungarians formed from several historical population groupings, including the historical Magyars, assimilated Slavic and Germanic groups, as well as Central Asian Steppe tribes (presumably Turkic and Iranian tribes).<a href="#cite_note-Fóthi_31-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maróti_2022.01.19.476915-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-105">[105]</a> The historical Magyar genome corresponds largely with the modern <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, and can be modeled as ~50% Khanty/Mansi-like, ~35% <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian-like</a>, and ~15% <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hun/Xiongnu-like</a>. The admixture event is suggested to have taken place in the Southern Ural region at 643–431 BCE. Modern Hungarians were found to be admixed descendants of the historical Magyar conquerors with local Europeans, as 31 Hungarian samples could be modelled as two-way admixtures of "Conq_Asia_Core" and "EU_Core" in varying degrees. The historical Magyar component among modern Hungarians is estimated at an average frequency of 13%, which can be explained by the relative smaller population size of Magyar conquerors compared to local European groups.<a href="#cite_note-Fóthi_31-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maróti_2022.01.19.476915-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_influences">Other influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other influences">edit</a>]</div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:300px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Word roots in Hungarian<a href="#cite_note-kenesei-p134-133">[133]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Uncertain</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:30%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">30%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Uralic</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:21%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">21%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:20%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">20%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightgreen; width:11%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:9.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:2.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other known</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:brown; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Besides the various peoples mentioned above, the Magyars were later influenced by other populations in the Carpathian Basin. Among these are the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasz_people" title="Jasz people">Jazones</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> (more specifically <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Hungary" title="Germans of Hungary">Hungarian Germans</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a> or other ethnic German minorities in the former Kingdom of Hungary or in <a href="/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Zipser_Germans" title="Zipser Germans">Zipser Germans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>). <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, who occupied the central part of Hungary from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1526 until c. 1699, inevitably exerted an influence, as did the various nations (Germans/<a href="/wiki/Banat_Swabians" title="Banat Swabians">Banat Swabians</a>, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, and others) that resettled the depopulated central and southern territories of the kingdom (roughly present-day South Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> in Serbia and <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> in Romania) after their departure. Similar to other European countries, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> ethnic minorities have been living in Hungary since the Middle Ages. Jews have been living in Hungary since the Roman era, as the archeological evidence of Jewish gravestones dating from this period demonstrates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarian diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Hungarian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Map_of_the_Hungarian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Hungarian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Map_of_the_Hungarian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Hungarian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Map_of_the_Hungarian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Hungarian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian diaspora in the world (includes people with Hungarian ancestry or citizenship). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Hungary</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  + 1,000,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  + 100,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  + 10,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  + 1,000</div></figcaption></figure> Hungarian diaspora (Magyar diaspora) is a term that encompasses the total ethnic Hungarian population located outside of current-day Hungary. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Maps of the Hungarian diaspora</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom%C3%A1niai_magyarok_a_2021-es_n%C3%A9psz%C3%A1ml%C3%A1l%C3%A1s_alapj%C3%A1n.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hungarians in Romania (according to the 2021 census)"><img alt="Hungarians in Romania (according to the 2021 census)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rom%C3%A1niai_magyarok_a_2021-es_n%C3%A9psz%C3%A1ml%C3%A1l%C3%A1s_alapj%C3%A1n.png/160px-Rom%C3%A1niai_magyarok_a_2021-es_n%C3%A9psz%C3%A1ml%C3%A1l%C3%A1s_alapj%C3%A1n.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rom%C3%A1niai_magyarok_a_2021-es_n%C3%A9psz%C3%A1ml%C3%A1l%C3%A1s_alapj%C3%A1n.png/240px-Rom%C3%A1niai_magyarok_a_2021-es_n%C3%A9psz%C3%A1ml%C3%A1l%C3%A1s_alapj%C3%A1n.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rom%C3%A1niai_magyarok_a_2021-es_n%C3%A9psz%C3%A1ml%C3%A1l%C3%A1s_alapj%C3%A1n.png/320px-Rom%C3%A1niai_magyarok_a_2021-es_n%C3%A9psz%C3%A1ml%C3%A1l%C3%A1s_alapj%C3%A1n.png 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="749" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian minority in Romania">Hungarians in Romania</a> (according to the 2021 census)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vojvodina_-_Udeo_Madjara_po_naseljima_2002.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Hungarians in Vojvodina, Serbia (according to the 2002 census)"><img alt="Hungarians in Vojvodina, Serbia (according to the 2002 census)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vojvodina_-_Udeo_Madjara_po_naseljima_2002.gif/160px-Vojvodina_-_Udeo_Madjara_po_naseljima_2002.gif" decoding="async" width="160" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vojvodina_-_Udeo_Madjara_po_naseljima_2002.gif/240px-Vojvodina_-_Udeo_Madjara_po_naseljima_2002.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Vojvodina_-_Udeo_Madjara_po_naseljima_2002.gif/320px-Vojvodina_-_Udeo_Madjara_po_naseljima_2002.gif 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2322" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Serbia" title="Hungarians in Serbia">Hungarians in Vojvodina, Serbia</a> (according to the 2002 census)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Slovakia_2011_Language.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hungarians in Slovakia (according to the 2011 census)"><img alt="Hungarians in Slovakia (according to the 2011 census)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Slovakia_2011_Language.png/160px-Slovakia_2011_Language.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Slovakia_2011_Language.png/240px-Slovakia_2011_Language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Slovakia_2011_Language.png/320px-Slovakia_2011_Language.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="595" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Slovakia" title="Hungarians in Slovakia">Hungarians in Slovakia</a> (according to the 2011 census)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zakarpat2001languages.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hungarians in Ukraine (according to the 2001 census)"><img alt="Hungarians in Ukraine (according to the 2001 census)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Zakarpat2001languages.PNG/160px-Zakarpat2001languages.PNG" decoding="async" width="160" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Zakarpat2001languages.PNG/240px-Zakarpat2001languages.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Zakarpat2001languages.PNG/320px-Zakarpat2001languages.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="813" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Ukraine" title="Hungarians in Ukraine">Hungarians in Ukraine</a> (according to the 2001 census)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_Americans_claiming_Hungarian_Ancestry_by_state_in_2018.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hungarians in the United States (according to the 2018 census)"><img alt="Hungarians in the United States (according to the 2018 census)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Percentage_of_Americans_claiming_Hungarian_Ancestry_by_state_in_2018.png/160px-Percentage_of_Americans_claiming_Hungarian_Ancestry_by_state_in_2018.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Percentage_of_Americans_claiming_Hungarian_Ancestry_by_state_in_2018.png/240px-Percentage_of_Americans_claiming_Hungarian_Ancestry_by_state_in_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Percentage_of_Americans_claiming_Hungarian_Ancestry_by_state_in_2018.png/320px-Percentage_of_Americans_claiming_Hungarian_Ancestry_by_state_in_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="5175" data-file-height="3762" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarians in the United States</a> (according to the 2018 census)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarians_in_eastern_Croatia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hungarians of Croatia (according to the 2011 census)"><img alt="Hungarians of Croatia (according to the 2011 census)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hungarians_in_eastern_Croatia.jpg/160px-Hungarians_in_eastern_Croatia.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hungarians_in_eastern_Croatia.jpg/240px-Hungarians_in_eastern_Croatia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hungarians_in_eastern_Croatia.jpg/320px-Hungarians_in_eastern_Croatia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="596" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarians of Croatia">Hungarians of Croatia</a> (according to the 2011 census)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_population_relative_to_total_Hungarian_population_in_Germany_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hungarians in Germany (according to the 2021 census)"><img alt="Hungarians in Germany (according to the 2021 census)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hungarian_population_relative_to_total_Hungarian_population_in_Germany_2021.svg/121px-Hungarian_population_relative_to_total_Hungarian_population_in_Germany_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hungarian_population_relative_to_total_Hungarian_population_in_Germany_2021.svg/181px-Hungarian_population_relative_to_total_Hungarian_population_in_Germany_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hungarian_population_relative_to_total_Hungarian_population_in_Germany_2021.svg/241px-Hungarian_population_relative_to_total_Hungarian_population_in_Germany_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1253" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Germany" title="Hungarians in Germany">Hungarians in Germany</a> (according to the 2021 census)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maps">Maps</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Maps">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed_map plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The factual accuracy of the map included in this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on <a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Transylvania#POV_map" title="Talk:History of Transylvania">Talk:History of Transylvania</a>. Please help replace the disputed map with another suitable one or improve it if possible. (June 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_map_of_11th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kniezsa's (1938) view on the ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century, based on toponyms. Kniezsa's view has been criticized by many scholars, because of its non-compliance with later archaeological and onomastics research, but his map is still regularly cited in modern reliable sources. One of the most prominent critics of this map was Emil Petrovici.[134]"><img alt="Kniezsa's (1938) view on the ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century, based on toponyms. Kniezsa's view has been criticized by many scholars, because of its non-compliance with later archaeological and onomastics research, but his map is still regularly cited in modern reliable sources. One of the most prominent critics of this map was Emil Petrovici.[134]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ethnic_map_of_11th_century.jpg/150px-Ethnic_map_of_11th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ethnic_map_of_11th_century.jpg/225px-Ethnic_map_of_11th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ethnic_map_of_11th_century.jpg/300px-Ethnic_map_of_11th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="526" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kniezsa's (1938) view on the ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century, based on <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponyms</a>. Kniezsa's view has been criticized by many scholars, because of its non-compliance with later archaeological and onomastics research, but his map is still regularly cited in modern reliable sources. One of the most prominent critics of this map was <a href="/wiki/Emil_Petrovici" title="Emil Petrovici">Emil Petrovici</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Hungary_-_Ethnic_Map_-_1495.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1495 by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungarians are depicted in orange)"><img alt="Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1495 by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungarians are depicted in orange)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kingdom_of_Hungary_-_Ethnic_Map_-_1495.jpg/150px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_-_Ethnic_Map_-_1495.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kingdom_of_Hungary_-_Ethnic_Map_-_1495.jpg/225px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_-_Ethnic_Map_-_1495.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Kingdom_of_Hungary_-_Ethnic_Map_-_1495.jpg/300px-Kingdom_of_Hungary_-_Ethnic_Map_-_1495.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4771" data-file-height="3337" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1495 by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Hungarian Academy of Sciences">Hungarian Academy of Sciences</a> (Hungarians are depicted in orange)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Redmap.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Red Map",[135] based on the 1910 census. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km2 (52 persons/sq mi)[136] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. Red colour to mark Hungarians and light purple colour to mark Romanians."><img alt="The "Red Map",[135] based on the 1910 census. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km2 (52 persons/sq mi)[136] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. Red colour to mark Hungarians and light purple colour to mark Romanians." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Redmap.jpg/150px-Redmap.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Redmap.jpg/225px-Redmap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Redmap.jpg/300px-Redmap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="455" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "Red Map",<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> based on the 1910 census. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km2 (52 persons/sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. Red colour to mark Hungarians and light purple colour to mark Romanians.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1910, based on the Hungarian census of the same year. Hungarians are marked in dark green."><img alt="Map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1910, based on the Hungarian census of the same year. Hungarians are marked in dark green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png/150px-Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png/225px-Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png/300px-Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png 2x" data-file-width="6208" data-file-height="4104" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1910, based on the Hungarian census of the same year. Hungarians are marked in dark green.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MagyarsOutsideHungary.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ethnic map depicting the contemporary ethnic distribution of Hungarians across the Pannonian Basin (also known and referred to as the Carpathian Basin). Legend:   Hungary proper where Hungarians are the ethnic majority people   Regions outside Hungary where there are notable ethnic Hungarian minorities"><img alt="Ethnic map depicting the contemporary ethnic distribution of Hungarians across the Pannonian Basin (also known and referred to as the Carpathian Basin). Legend:   Hungary proper where Hungarians are the ethnic majority people   Regions outside Hungary where there are notable ethnic Hungarian minorities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MagyarsOutsideHungary.png/150px-MagyarsOutsideHungary.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MagyarsOutsideHungary.png/225px-MagyarsOutsideHungary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/MagyarsOutsideHungary.png/300px-MagyarsOutsideHungary.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="581" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ethnic map depicting the contemporary ethnic distribution of Hungarians across the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a> (also known and referred to as the Carpathian Basin). Legend: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Hungary proper where Hungarians are the ethnic majority people</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Regions outside Hungary where there are notable ethnic Hungarian minorities</div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Culture of Hungary</a></div> The culture of Hungary shows distinctive elements, incorporating local European elements and minor Central Asian/Steppe derived traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">Horse culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanistic_remnants_in_Hungarian_folklore" title="Shamanistic remnants in Hungarian folklore">Shamanistic remnants in Hungarian folklore</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_costumes_(18th_and_19th_century)">Traditional costumes (18th and 19th century)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Traditional costumes (18th and 19th century)">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Kuns%C3%A1gi_paraszt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Kuns%C3%A1gi_paraszt.jpg/112px-Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Kuns%C3%A1gi_paraszt.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Kuns%C3%A1gi_paraszt.jpg/169px-Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Kuns%C3%A1gi_paraszt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Kuns%C3%A1gi_paraszt.jpg/225px-Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Kuns%C3%A1gi_paraszt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1792" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vid%C3%A9ky_K%C3%A1roly_B%C3%A1cs_v%C3%A1rmegyei_parasztok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vid%C3%A9ky_K%C3%A1roly_B%C3%A1cs_v%C3%A1rmegyei_parasztok.jpg/150px-Vid%C3%A9ky_K%C3%A1roly_B%C3%A1cs_v%C3%A1rmegyei_parasztok.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vid%C3%A9ky_K%C3%A1roly_B%C3%A1cs_v%C3%A1rmegyei_parasztok.jpg/225px-Vid%C3%A9ky_K%C3%A1roly_B%C3%A1cs_v%C3%A1rmegyei_parasztok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vid%C3%A9ky_K%C3%A1roly_B%C3%A1cs_v%C3%A1rmegyei_parasztok.jpg/300px-Vid%C3%A9ky_K%C3%A1roly_B%C3%A1cs_v%C3%A1rmegyei_parasztok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1778" data-file-height="1613" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Jaschke_Szolnok_%C3%A9s_Veszpr%C3%A9m_megyei_parasztok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Franz_Jaschke_Szolnok_%C3%A9s_Veszpr%C3%A9m_megyei_parasztok.jpg/112px-Franz_Jaschke_Szolnok_%C3%A9s_Veszpr%C3%A9m_megyei_parasztok.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Franz_Jaschke_Szolnok_%C3%A9s_Veszpr%C3%A9m_megyei_parasztok.jpg/169px-Franz_Jaschke_Szolnok_%C3%A9s_Veszpr%C3%A9m_megyei_parasztok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Franz_Jaschke_Szolnok_%C3%A9s_Veszpr%C3%A9m_megyei_parasztok.jpg/225px-Franz_Jaschke_Szolnok_%C3%A9s_Veszpr%C3%A9m_megyei_parasztok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1792" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Klimkovics_Ferenc_Kalotaszegi_n%C3%A9pviselet_Erd%C3%A9lyben.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Klimkovics_Ferenc_Kalotaszegi_n%C3%A9pviselet_Erd%C3%A9lyben.jpg/102px-Klimkovics_Ferenc_Kalotaszegi_n%C3%A9pviselet_Erd%C3%A9lyben.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Klimkovics_Ferenc_Kalotaszegi_n%C3%A9pviselet_Erd%C3%A9lyben.jpg/153px-Klimkovics_Ferenc_Kalotaszegi_n%C3%A9pviselet_Erd%C3%A9lyben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Klimkovics_Ferenc_Kalotaszegi_n%C3%A9pviselet_Erd%C3%A9lyben.jpg/204px-Klimkovics_Ferenc_Kalotaszegi_n%C3%A9pviselet_Erd%C3%A9lyben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2031" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Fels%C5%91-magyarorsz%C3%A1gi_sz%C3%A9n%C3%A1s_paraszt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Fels%C5%91-magyarorsz%C3%A1gi_sz%C3%A9n%C3%A1s_paraszt.jpg/114px-Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Fels%C5%91-magyarorsz%C3%A1gi_sz%C3%A9n%C3%A1s_paraszt.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Fels%C5%91-magyarorsz%C3%A1gi_sz%C3%A9n%C3%A1s_paraszt.jpg/170px-Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Fels%C5%91-magyarorsz%C3%A1gi_sz%C3%A9n%C3%A1s_paraszt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Fels%C5%91-magyarorsz%C3%A1gi_sz%C3%A9n%C3%A1s_paraszt.jpg/227px-Bikkessy_Heinbucher_Fels%C5%91-magyarorsz%C3%A1gi_sz%C3%A9n%C3%A1s_paraszt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="1791" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bikkessy_Heinbucher_T%C3%A1ncol%C3%B3_magyarok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bikkessy_Heinbucher_T%C3%A1ncol%C3%B3_magyarok.jpg/116px-Bikkessy_Heinbucher_T%C3%A1ncol%C3%B3_magyarok.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bikkessy_Heinbucher_T%C3%A1ncol%C3%B3_magyarok.jpg/174px-Bikkessy_Heinbucher_T%C3%A1ncol%C3%B3_magyarok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bikkessy_Heinbucher_T%C3%A1ncol%C3%B3_magyarok.jpg/232px-Bikkessy_Heinbucher_T%C3%A1ncol%C3%B3_magyarok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="1756" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Medve_Imre_Az_iv%C3%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Medve_Imre_Az_iv%C3%B3.jpg/150px-Medve_Imre_Az_iv%C3%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Medve_Imre_Az_iv%C3%B3.jpg/225px-Medve_Imre_Az_iv%C3%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Medve_Imre_Az_iv%C3%B3.jpg/300px-Medve_Imre_Az_iv%C3%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="1531" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyulassy_Lajos_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ri_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9p_ruh%C3%A1zata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nyulassy_Lajos_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ri_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9p_ruh%C3%A1zata.jpg/150px-Nyulassy_Lajos_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ri_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9p_ruh%C3%A1zata.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nyulassy_Lajos_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ri_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9p_ruh%C3%A1zata.jpg/225px-Nyulassy_Lajos_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ri_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9p_ruh%C3%A1zata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Nyulassy_Lajos_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ri_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9p_ruh%C3%A1zata.jpg/300px-Nyulassy_Lajos_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ri_k%C3%B6zn%C3%A9p_ruh%C3%A1zata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1520" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Torock%C3%B3i_N%C3%A9pviselet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Torock%C3%B3i_N%C3%A9pviselet.jpg/150px-Torock%C3%B3i_N%C3%A9pviselet.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Torock%C3%B3i_N%C3%A9pviselet.jpg/225px-Torock%C3%B3i_N%C3%A9pviselet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Torock%C3%B3i_N%C3%A9pviselet.jpg/300px-Torock%C3%B3i_N%C3%A9pviselet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1604" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Egervid%C3%A9ki_lakosok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Egervid%C3%A9ki_lakosok.jpg/107px-Egervid%C3%A9ki_lakosok.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Egervid%C3%A9ki_lakosok.jpg/161px-Egervid%C3%A9ki_lakosok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Egervid%C3%A9ki_lakosok.jpg/214px-Egervid%C3%A9ki_lakosok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="693" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_cattle_guard_costume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hungarian_cattle_guard_costume.jpg/112px-Hungarian_cattle_guard_costume.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hungarian_cattle_guard_costume.jpg/169px-Hungarian_cattle_guard_costume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hungarian_cattle_guard_costume.jpg/225px-Hungarian_cattle_guard_costume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pal%C3%B3c_n%C3%A9pviselet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pal%C3%B3c_n%C3%A9pviselet.jpg/150px-Pal%C3%B3c_n%C3%A9pviselet.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pal%C3%B3c_n%C3%A9pviselet.jpg/225px-Pal%C3%B3c_n%C3%A9pviselet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pal%C3%B3c_n%C3%A9pviselet.jpg/300px-Pal%C3%B3c_n%C3%A9pviselet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="391" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folklore_and_communities">Folklore and communities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Folklore and communities">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A9pt%C3%A1nccsoport_saj%C3%A1t_k%C3%A9p.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hungarians dressed in folk costumes in Southern Transdanubia, Hungary"><img alt="Hungarians dressed in folk costumes in Southern Transdanubia, Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/N%C3%A9pt%C3%A1nccsoport_saj%C3%A1t_k%C3%A9p.jpg/120px-N%C3%A9pt%C3%A1nccsoport_saj%C3%A1t_k%C3%A9p.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/N%C3%A9pt%C3%A1nccsoport_saj%C3%A1t_k%C3%A9p.jpg/180px-N%C3%A9pt%C3%A1nccsoport_saj%C3%A1t_k%C3%A9p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/N%C3%A9pt%C3%A1nccsoport_saj%C3%A1t_k%C3%A9p.jpg/240px-N%C3%A9pt%C3%A1nccsoport_saj%C3%A1t_k%C3%A9p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hungarians dressed in folk costumes in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Transdanubia" title="Southern Transdanubia">Southern Transdanubia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Voivodina_Hungarians_women%27s_national_costume.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Vojvodina Hungarians women's national costume"><img alt="Vojvodina Hungarians women's national costume" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Voivodina_Hungarians_women%27s_national_costume.png/120px-Voivodina_Hungarians_women%27s_national_costume.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Voivodina_Hungarians_women%27s_national_costume.png/180px-Voivodina_Hungarians_women%27s_national_costume.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Voivodina_Hungarians_women%27s_national_costume.png/240px-Voivodina_Hungarians_women%27s_national_costume.png 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1172" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarians in Vojvodina">Vojvodina Hungarians</a> women's national costume</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%BCnk%C3%B6sdi_pompa_K%C3%B6r%C3%B6sf%C5%91n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kalotaszeg folk costume in Transylvania, Romania"><img alt="Kalotaszeg folk costume in Transylvania, Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/P%C3%BCnk%C3%B6sdi_pompa_K%C3%B6r%C3%B6sf%C5%91n.jpg/90px-P%C3%BCnk%C3%B6sdi_pompa_K%C3%B6r%C3%B6sf%C5%91n.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/P%C3%BCnk%C3%B6sdi_pompa_K%C3%B6r%C3%B6sf%C5%91n.jpg/135px-P%C3%BCnk%C3%B6sdi_pompa_K%C3%B6r%C3%B6sf%C5%91n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/P%C3%BCnk%C3%B6sdi_pompa_K%C3%B6r%C3%B6sf%C5%91n.jpg/180px-P%C3%BCnk%C3%B6sdi_pompa_K%C3%B6r%C3%B6sf%C5%91n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1037" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kalotaszeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalotaszeg">Kalotaszeg</a> folk costume in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hungarian Puszta"><img alt="The Hungarian Puszta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg/120px-Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg/180px-Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg/240px-Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Puszta" title="Puszta">Puszta</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Turul_buda_castle1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Turul, the mythical bird of Hungary"><img alt="The Turul, the mythical bird of Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Turul_buda_castle1.jpg/80px-Turul_buda_castle1.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Turul_buda_castle1.jpg/120px-Turul_buda_castle1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Turul_buda_castle1.jpg/160px-Turul_buda_castle1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Turul" title="Turul">Turul</a>, the mythical bird of Hungary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2013.09.09_Balaton_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Welcome sign in Latin and in Old Hungarian script for the town of Vonyarcvashegy, Hungary"><img alt="Welcome sign in Latin and in Old Hungarian script for the town of Vonyarcvashegy, Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/2013.09.09_Balaton_%283%29.JPG/120px-2013.09.09_Balaton_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/2013.09.09_Balaton_%283%29.JPG/180px-2013.09.09_Balaton_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/2013.09.09_Balaton_%283%29.JPG/240px-2013.09.09_Balaton_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Welcome sign in Latin and in <a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian script</a> for the town of <a href="/wiki/Vonyarcvashegy" title="Vonyarcvashegy">Vonyarcvashegy</a>, Hungary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:National_costume_and_dance_Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Csárdás folk dance in Skorenovac (Székelykeve), Vojvodina, Serbia"><img alt="Csárdás folk dance in Skorenovac (Székelykeve), Vojvodina, Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/National_costume_and_dance_Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s.jpg/80px-National_costume_and_dance_Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/National_costume_and_dance_Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s.jpg/119px-National_costume_and_dance_Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/National_costume_and_dance_Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s.jpg/159px-National_costume_and_dance_Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="2467" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s" title="Csárdás">Csárdás</a> folk dance in <a href="/wiki/Skorenovac" title="Skorenovac">Skorenovac</a> (Székelykeve), Vojvodina, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Demographics of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarians" title="List of Hungarians">List of Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_of_Hungarian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people of Hungarian origin">List of people of Hungarian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty people">Khanty people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Magyars">Eastern Magyars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarab_people" title="Magyarab people">Magyarab people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1sz_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jász people">Jász people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys_of_Bukovina" title="Székelys of Bukovina">Székelys of Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuns%C3%A1g" title="Kunság">Kunság</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole,_Hungarian,_two_good_friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole, Hungarian, two good friends">Pole, Hungarian, two good friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunor_and_Magor" title="Hunor and Magor">Hunor and Magor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanistic_remnants_in_Hungarian_folklore" title="Shamanistic remnants in Hungarian folklore">Shamanistic remnants in Hungarian folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals_from_Hungary" title="List of domesticated animals from Hungary">List of domesticated animals from Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian culture">Hungarian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Romani people in Hungary</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KSH-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KSH_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSH_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVukovich2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vukovich, Gabriella (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf">Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok</a> [2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Budapest: Hungarian Central Statistical Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-235-542-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-235-542-9"><bdi>978-963-235-542-9</bdi></a>. 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This should also translate into the laws concerning national minorities"</a>. Minority policy in Slovakia. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2729-8663">2729-8663</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epoca.globo.com/edic/214/soci1a.htm">the original</a> on 22 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hungarians+in+Brazil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepoca.globo.com%2Fedic%2F214%2Fsoci1a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203092216/http://www.ikl.org.pl/Estudios/EL7/EL7_4.pdf">"Los obreros húngaros emigrados en América Latina entre las dos guerras mundiales. Ilona Varga"</a> (PDF). www.ikl.org.pl. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hungarytoday.hu/thursday-top-ten-top-ten-countries-largest-hungarian-diasopra-world-99916/">the original</a> on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thursday+Top+Ten%3A+Top+Ten+Countries+With+The+Largest+Hungarian+Diaspora+In+The+World&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhungarytoday.hu%2Fthursday-top-ten-top-ten-countries-largest-hungarian-diasopra-world-99916%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHungary2019" class="citation web cs1">Hungary, About (19 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abouthungary.hu//speeches-and-remarks/prime-minister-viktor-orbans-address-at-the-9th-meeting-of-the-hungarian-diaspora-council">"Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's address at the 9th meeting of the Hungarian Diaspora Council"</a>. Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's address at the 9th meeting of the Hungarian Diaspora Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prime+Minister+Viktor+Orb%C3%A1n%27s+address+at+the+9th+meeting+of+the+Hungarian+Diaspora+Council&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+Viktor+Orb%C3%A1n%27s+address+at+the+9th+meeting+of+the+Hungarian+Diaspora+Council&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.aulast=Hungary&rft.aufirst=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabouthungary.hu%2F%2Fspeeches-and-remarks%2Fprime-minister-viktor-orbans-address-at-the-9th-meeting-of-the-hungarian-diaspora-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-24"><a href="#cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023700/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf">Discrimination in the EU in 2012</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Special Eurobarometer</a> (Report). 383. <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. November 2012. p. 233. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Discrimination+in+the+EU+in+2012&rft.series=383&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_393_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/magyar">"Magyar"</a>. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Longman+Dictionary+of+Contemporary+English+Online&rft.atitle=Magyar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldoceonline.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmagyar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>, s. v. "Ugrian": "Ugri, the name given by early Russian writers to a Finno-Ugric people dwelling east of the Ural Mountains". </li> <li id="cite_note-A_History_of_Hungary-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_History_of_Hungary_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_History_of_Hungary_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_F._Sugar1990" class="citation book cs1">Peter F. Sugar, ed. (22 November 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&q=hungary+onogur+turkish&pg=PA9">A History of Hungary</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20867-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20867-5"><bdi>978-0-253-20867-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Hungary&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1990-11-22&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20867-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKwmGQCT0MAC%26q%3Dhungary%2Bonogur%2Bturkish%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Edward Luttwak, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cBjc6QCBXkC&q=%22Hungarus%22&pg=PA156">The grand strategy of the Byzantine Empire</a>, Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4NlnAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Magyars:+the+birth+of+a+European+nation">The Magyars: the birth of a European nation</a>, Corvina, 1989, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Alan W. Ertl, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&dq=magyar+megyer+tribal+name&pg=PA358">Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration</a>, Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Z. J. Kosztolnyik, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPBnAAAAMAAJ&q=common+name">Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063</a>, Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1967" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC">De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</a>. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (New, revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-021-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-021-9"><bdi>978-0-88402-021-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Administrando+Imperio+by+Constantine+VII+Porphyrogenitus&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Corpus+fontium+historiae+Byzantinae&rft.pages=65&rft.edition=New%2C+revised&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Center+for+Byzantine+Studies&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-021-9&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Romilly+James+Heald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3al15wpFWiMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his <a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a> (c. AD 950), "Patzinakia, the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pecheneg realm</a>, stretches west as far as the <a href="/wiki/Siret_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Siret River">Siret River</a> (or even the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Eastern Carpathian Mountains</a>), and is four days distant from Tourkia (i.e. Hungary)." </li> <li id="cite_note-PrinzingSalamon1999-33"><a href="#cite_ref-PrinzingSalamon1999_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGünter_PrinzingMaciej_Salamon1999" class="citation book cs1">Günter Prinzing; Maciej Salamon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uZDgivj7_RAC&pg=PA46">Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950–1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04146-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04146-1"><bdi>978-3-447-04146-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzanz+und+Ostmitteleuropa+950%E2%80%931453%3A+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zu+einer+table-ronde+des+XIX.+International+Congress+of+Byzantine+Studies%2C+Copenhagen+1996&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04146-1&rft.au=G%C3%BCnter+Prinzing&rft.au=Maciej+Salamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuZDgivj7_RAC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howorth2008-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Howorth2008_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Hoyle_Howorth2008" class="citation book cs1">Henry Hoyle Howorth (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hFc4mwsHZ7IC&pg=PA3">History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia</a>. Cosimo, Inc. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-134-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-134-4"><bdi>978-1-60520-134-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Mongols+from+the+9th+to+the+19th+Century%3A+The+So-called+Tartars+of+Russia+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60520-134-4&rft.au=Henry+Hoyle+Howorth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhFc4mwsHZ7IC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöpecziMakkaiMócsyKiralý2001" class="citation book cs1">Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Kiralý, Béla K.; Kovrig, Bennett; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor (2001). Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896–1526) (Volume 1 of History of Transylvania ed.). New York: Social Science Monographs, University of Michigan, Columbia University Press, East European Monographs. pp. 415–416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880334797" title="Special:BookSources/0880334797"><bdi>0880334797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transylvania+in+the+medieval+Hungarian+kingdom+%28896%E2%80%931526%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=415-416&rft.edition=Volume+1+of+History+of+Transylvania&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs%2C+University+of+Michigan%2C+Columbia+University+Press%2C+East+European+Monographs&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0880334797&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6peczi&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9la&rft.au=Makkai%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.au=M%C3%B3csy%2C+Andr%C3%A1s&rft.au=Kiral%C3%BD%2C+B%C3%A9la+K.&rft.au=Kovrig%2C+Bennett&rft.au=Sz%C3%A1sz%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Barta%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> A MAGYAROK TÜRK MEGNEVEZÉSE BÍBORBANSZÜLETETT KONSTANTINOS DE ADMINISTRANDOIMPERIO CÍMÛ MUNKÁJÁBAN – Takács Zoltán Bálint, SAVARIAA VAS MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK ÉRTESÍTÕJE28 SZOMBATHELY, 2004, pp. 317–333 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://nadasdymuzeum.hu/pdf/269.pdf">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRóna-Tas1999" class="citation book cs1">Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages. p. 273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarians+and+Europe+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=273&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=R%C3%B3na-Tas&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/transy/transy05.htm">"Transylvania – The Roots of Ethnic Conflict"</a>. www.hungarianhistory.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hungarianhistory.com&rft.atitle=Transylvania+%E2%80%93+The+Roots+of+Ethnic+Conflict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hungarianhistory.com%2Flib%2Ftransy%2Ftransy05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023_39-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023_39-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023_39-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023_39-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023_39-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_Ugrians_2023_39-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTörök2023" class="citation journal cs1">Török, Tibor (26 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10379071">"Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians"</a>. Genes. 14 (7): 1345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes14071345">10.3390/genes14071345</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10379071">10379071</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37510249">37510249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes&rft.atitle=Integrating+Linguistic%2C+Archaeological+and+Genetic+Perspectives+Unfold+the+Origin+of+Ugrians&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1345&rft.date=2023-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10379071%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37510249&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fgenes14071345&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10379071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a> This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> license. </li> <li id="cite_note-Obrusanszky_87f-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Obrusanszky_87f_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrusánszky2018" class="citation book cs1">Obrusánszky, Borbála (2018). "Are the Hungarians Ugric?". In Angela Marcantonio (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.editricesapienza.it/sites/default/files/5714_State_Art_Uralic_Studies_OA_0.pdf">The state of the art of Uralic studies: tradition vs innovation</a> (PDF). 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International Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31901%2F24566330.2019%2F19.01.709">10.31901/24566330.2019/19.01.709</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0972-3757">0972-3757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=On+The+Genetic+Continuity+of+the+Iron+Age+Pazyryk+Culture%3A+Geographic+Distributions+of+the+Paternal+and+Maternal+Lineages+from+the+Ak-Alakha-1+Burial&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31901%2F24566330.2019%2F19.01.709&rft.issn=0972-3757&rft.aulast=Gurkan&rft.aufirst=Cemal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31901%252F24566330.2019%252F19.01.709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fóthi_31-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fóthi_31_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fóthi_31_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fóthi_31_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fóthi_31_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fóthi_31_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fóthi_31_42-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFóthiGonzalezFehérGugora2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fóthi, Erzsébet; Gonzalez, Angéla; Fehér, Tibor; Gugora, Ariana; Fóthi, Ábel; Biró, Orsolya; Keyser, Christine (14 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12520-019-00996-0">"Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes"</a>. 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"Avar" and "Hungarian" in the 9th century Carpathian Basin] (in Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folytonoss%C3%A1g+%C3%A9s%2Fvagy+tal%C3%A1lkoz%C3%A1s%3F+%22Avar%22+%C3%A9s+%22magyar%22+a+9.+sz%C3%A1zadi+K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1t-medenc%C3%A9ben&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Szabados&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36486693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang-2021-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang-2021_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang-2021_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangPosthFurtwänglerSümegi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Chuan-Chao; Posth, Cosimo; Furtwängler, Anja; Sümegi, Katalin; Bánfai, Zsolt; Kásler, Miklós; Krause, Johannes; Melegh, Béla (28 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8478946">"Genome-wide autosomal, mtDNA, and Y chromosome analysis of King Bela III of the Hungarian Arpad dynasty"</a>. Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 19210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1119210W">2021NatSR..1119210W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-98796-x">10.1038/s41598-021-98796-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8478946">8478946</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34584164">34584164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+autosomal%2C+mtDNA%2C+and+Y+chromosome+analysis+of+King+Bela+III+of+the+Hungarian+Arpad+dynasty&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19210&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8478946%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34584164&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-98796-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1119210W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Posth%2C+Cosimo&rft.au=Furtw%C3%A4ngler%2C+Anja&rft.au=S%C3%BCmegi%2C+Katalin&rft.au=B%C3%A1nfai%2C+Zsolt&rft.au=K%C3%A1sler%2C+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Melegh%2C+B%C3%A9la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8478946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sudar-2016-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sudar-2016_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sudar-2016_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudárPetek2016" class="citation book cs1">Sudár, Balázs; Petek, Zsolt (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arpad.abtk.hu/images/kiadvanyok/4-honfoglalas-es-megtelepedes.pdf">Magyar őstörténet 4 – Honfoglalás és megtelepedés</a> [Hungarian Prehistory 4 - Conquest and Settlement] (PDF). Helikon Kiadó, MTA BTK Magyar Őstörténeti Témacsoport (Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Hungarian Prehistory Research Team). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-227-755-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-227-755-4"><bdi>978-963-227-755-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyar+%C5%91st%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net+4+%E2%80%93+Honfoglal%C3%A1s+%C3%A9s+megteleped%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Helikon+Kiad%C3%B3%2C+MTA+BTK+Magyar+%C5%90st%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti+T%C3%A9macsoport+%28Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences+%E2%80%93+Hungarian+Prehistory+Research+Team%29&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-963-227-755-4&rft.aulast=Sud%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=Petek%2C+Zsolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farpad.abtk.hu%2Fimages%2Fkiadvanyok%2F4-honfoglalas-es-megtelepedes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revesz-2014-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Revesz-2014_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revesz-2014_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revesz-2014_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revesz-2014_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revesz-2014_55-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRévész2014" class="citation book cs1">Révész, László (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dtk.tankonyvtar.hu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/7105/08_revesz_laszlo.pdf">The Era of the Hungarian Conquest</a> (PDF). Budapest: Hungarian National Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786155209185" title="Special:BookSources/9786155209185"><bdi>9786155209185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Era+of+the+Hungarian+Conquest&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Hungarian+National+Museum&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9786155209185&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9v%C3%A9sz&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdtk.tankonyvtar.hu%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F7105%2F08_revesz_laszlo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Negyesi-2011-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Negyesi-2011_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Negyesi-2011_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNégyesiVeszprémy2011" class="citation book cs1">Négyesi, Lajos; Veszprémy, László (2011). Gubcsi, Lajos (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/09100/09132/09132.pdf">1000-1100 years ago…Hungary in the Carpathian Basin</a> (PDF). Budapest: MoD Zrínyi Média Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-327-515-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-327-515-3"><bdi>978-963-327-515-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1000-1100+years+ago%E2%80%A6Hungary+in+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=MoD+Zr%C3%ADnyi+M%C3%A9dia+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-963-327-515-3&rft.aulast=N%C3%A9gyesi&rft.aufirst=Lajos&rft.au=Veszpr%C3%A9my%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F09100%2F09132%2F09132.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szabados-2022-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szabados-2022_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szabados-2022_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szabados-2022_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szabados-2022_57-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabados2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szabados, György (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rubicon.hu/cikkek/almostol-szent-istvanig">"Álmostól Szent Istvánig"</a> [From Álmos to Saint Stephen]. Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination) (in Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rubicon+%28Hungarian+Historical+Information+Dissemination%29&rft.atitle=%C3%81lmost%C3%B3l+Szent+Istv%C3%A1nig&rft.date=2022-05&rft.aulast=Szabados&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frubicon.hu%2Fcikkek%2Falmostol-szent-istvanig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endre-2022-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endre-2022_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endre-2022_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endre-2022_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endre-2022_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endre-2022_58-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndre2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Endre, Neparáczki (28 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mki.gov.hu/hu/videok-hu/mediaszereplesek-hu/a-magyarsagkutato-intezet-azon-dolgozik-hogy-fenyt-deritsen-valodi-szarmazasunkra">"A Magyarságkutató Intézet azon dolgozik, hogy fényt derítsen valódi származásunkra"</a>. Magyarságkutató Intézet (Institute of Hungarian Research) (in Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magyars%C3%A1gkutat%C3%B3+Int%C3%A9zet+%28Institute+of+Hungarian+Research%29&rft.atitle=A+Magyars%C3%A1gkutat%C3%B3+Int%C3%A9zet+azon+dolgozik%2C+hogy+f%C3%A9nyt+der%C3%ADtsen+val%C3%B3di+sz%C3%A1rmaz%C3%A1sunkra&rft.date=2022-07-28&rft.aulast=Endre&rft.aufirst=Nepar%C3%A1czki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmki.gov.hu%2Fhu%2Fvideok-hu%2Fmediaszereplesek-hu%2Fa-magyarsagkutato-intezet-azon-dolgozik-hogy-fenyt-deritsen-valodi-szarmazasunkra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangPosthFurtwänglerSümegi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Chuan-Chao; Posth, Cosimo; Furtwängler, Anja; Sümegi, Katalin; Bánfai, Zsolt; Kásler, Miklós; Krause, Johannes; Melegh, Béla (28 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8478946">"Genome-wide autosomal, mtDNA, and Y chromosome analysis of King Bela III of the Hungarian Arpad dynasty"</a>. Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 19210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1119210W">2021NatSR..1119210W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-98796-x">10.1038/s41598-021-98796-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8478946">8478946</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34584164">34584164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+autosomal%2C+mtDNA%2C+and+Y+chromosome+analysis+of+King+Bela+III+of+the+Hungarian+Arpad+dynasty&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19210&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8478946%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34584164&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-98796-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1119210W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Chuan-Chao&rft.au=Posth%2C+Cosimo&rft.au=Furtw%C3%A4ngler%2C+Anja&rft.au=S%C3%BCmegi%2C+Katalin&rft.au=B%C3%A1nfai%2C+Zsolt&rft.au=K%C3%A1sler%2C+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Melegh%2C+B%C3%A9la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8478946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bona-2001-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bona-2001_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bona-2001_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bona-2001_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBóna2001" class="citation book cs1">Bóna, István (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/52.html">"Conquest, Settlement, and Raids"</a>. History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - II. From Dacia to Erdőelve: Transylvania in the Period of the Great Migrations (271-896) - 7. Transylvania in the Period of the Hungarian Conquest and Foundation of a State. New York: Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-479-7"><bdi>0-88033-479-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conquest%2C+Settlement%2C+and+Raids&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania+Volume+I.+From+the+Beginnings+to+1606+-+II.+From+Dacia+to+Erd%C5%91elve%3A+Transylvania+in+the+Period+of+the+Great+Migrations+%28271-896%29+-+7.+Transylvania+in+the+Period+of+the+Hungarian+Conquest+and+Foundation+of+a+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press%2C+%28The+Hungarian+original+by+Institute+of+History+Of+The+Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88033-479-7&rft.aulast=B%C3%B3na&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F52.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Kosáry Domokos, Bevezetés a magyar történelem forrásaiba és irodalmába 1, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-Oktatasi_Hivatal-2020-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oktatasi_Hivatal-2020_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oktatasi_Hivatal-2020_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oktatasi_Hivatal-2020_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oktatasi_Hivatal-2020_62-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221015211/https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf">Történelem 5. az általános iskolások számára</a> [History 5. for primary school students] (PDF) (in Hungarian). Oktatási Hivatal (Hungarian Educational Authority). 2020. pp. 15, 112, 116, 137, 138, 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-6178-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-6178-37-4"><bdi>978-615-6178-37-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tankonyvkatalogus.hu/pdf/OH-TOR05TB__teljes.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 December 2023. 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Current Biology. 32 (13): 2858–2870.e7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022CBio...32E2858M">2022CBio...32E2858M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.04.093">10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35617951">35617951</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246191357">246191357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+genetic+origin+of+Huns%2C+Avars%2C+and+conquering+Hungarians&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2858-2870.e7&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2022.04.093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246191357%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35617951&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022CBio...32E2858M&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%B3ti&rft.aufirst=Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Nepar%C3%A1czki%2C+Endre&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCtz%2C+Oszk%C3%A1r&rft.au=Ma%C3%A1r%2C+Kitti&rft.au=Varga%2C+Gergely+I.B.&rft.au=Kov%C3%A1cs%2C+Bence&rft.au=Kalm%C3%A1r%2C+Tibor&rft.au=Nyerki%2C+Emil&rft.au=Nagy%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Latinovics%2C+D%C3%B3ra&rft.au=Tihanyi%2C+Bal%C3%A1zs&rft.au=Marcsik%2C+Ant%C3%B3nia&rft.au=P%C3%A1lfi%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.au=Bernert%2C+Zsolt&rft.au=Gallina%2C+Zsolt&rft.au=Horv%C3%A1th%2C+Cipri%C3%A1n&rft.au=Varga%2C+S%C3%A1ndor&rft.au=K%C3%B6lt%C5%91%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.au=Rask%C3%B3%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Nagy%2C+P%C3%A9ter+L.&rft.au=Balogh%2C+Csilla&rft.au=Zink%2C+Albert&rft.au=Maixner%2C+Frank&rft.au=G%C3%B6therstr%C3%B6m%2C+Anders&rft.au=George%2C+Robert&rft.au=Szalontai%2C+Csaba&rft.au=Szenthe%2C+Gergely&rft.au=G%C3%A1ll%2C+Erwin&rft.au=Kiss%2C+Attila+P.&rft.au=Guly%C3%A1s%2C+Bence&rft.au=Kovacs%C3%B3czy%2C+Bernadett+Ny.&rft.au=G%C3%A1l%2C+S%C3%A1ndor+Szil%C3%A1rd&rft.au=Tomka%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k%2C+Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcurrent-biology%2Ffulltext%2FS0960-9822%2822%2900732-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeparáczkiMarótiKalmárMaár2019" class="citation journal cs1">Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Maár, Kitti; Nagy, István; Latinovics, Dóra; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Molnár, Erika; Marcsik, Antónia; Balogh, Csilla; Lőrinczy, Gábor; Gál, Szilárd Sándor; Tomka, Péter; Kovacsóczy, Bernadett; Kovács, László; Raskó, István; Török, Tibor (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379">"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin"</a>. 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Human Molecular Genetics. 31 (19): 3266–3280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddac106">10.1093/hmg/ddac106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9523560">9523560</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35531973">35531973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Molecular+Genetics&rft.atitle=Tracing+genetic+connections+of+ancient+Hungarians+to+the+6th-14th+century+populations+of+the+Volga-Ural+region&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=3266-3280&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9523560%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35531973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddac106&rft.aulast=Szeifert&rft.aufirst=Bea&rft.au=Gerber%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Cs%C3%A1ky%2C+Veronika&rft.au=Lang%C3%B3%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=Stashenkov%2C+Dmitrii&rft.au=Khokhlov%2C+Aleksandr&rft.au=Sitdikov%2C+Ayrat&rft.au=Gazimzyanov%2C+Ilgizar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9523560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horvath-Lugossy-2022a-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horvath-Lugossy-2022a_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horvath-Lugossy-2022a_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorváth-LugossyMakoldiNeparáczki2022" class="citation book cs1">Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor; Makoldi, Miklós; Neparáczki, Endre (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mki.gov.hu/assets/pdf/MKI_EN_006_kings_and_saints_B5_web.pdf">Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds</a> (PDF). Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-6117-65-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-6117-65-6"><bdi>978-615-6117-65-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Saints+-+The+Age+of+the+%C3%81rp%C3%A1ds&rft.place=Budapest%2C+Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r&rft.pub=Institute+of+Hungarian+Research&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-615-6117-65-6&rft.aulast=Horv%C3%A1th-Lugossy&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Makoldi%2C+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft.au=Nepar%C3%A1czki%2C+Endre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmki.gov.hu%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2FMKI_EN_006_kings_and_saints_B5_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neparaczki-2019-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neparaczki-2019_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neparaczki-2019_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neparaczki-2019_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeparáczkiMarótiKalmárMaár2019" class="citation journal cs1">Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Maár, Kitti; Nagy, István; Latinovics, Dóra; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Molnár, Erika; Marcsik, Antónia; Balogh, Csilla; Lőrinczy, Gábor; Tomka, Péter; Kovacsóczy, Bernadett; Kovács, László; Török, Tibor (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379">"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin"</a>. Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 16569. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...916569N">2019NatSR...916569N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53105-5">10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379">6851379</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31719606">31719606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Y-chromosome+haplogroups+from+Hun%2C+Avar+and+conquering+Hungarian+period+nomadic+people+of+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16569&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6851379%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31719606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53105-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...916569N&rft.aulast=Nepar%C3%A1czki&rft.aufirst=Endre&rft.au=Mar%C3%B3ti%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Kalm%C3%A1r%2C+Tibor&rft.au=Ma%C3%A1r%2C+Kitti&rft.au=Nagy%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Latinovics%2C+D%C3%B3ra&rft.au=Kust%C3%A1r%2C+%C3%81gnes&rft.au=P%C3%A1lfi%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.au=Moln%C3%A1r%2C+Erika&rft.au=Marcsik%2C+Ant%C3%B3nia&rft.au=Balogh%2C+Csilla&rft.au=L%C5%91rinczy%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Tomka%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=Kovacs%C3%B3czy%2C+Bernadett&rft.au=Kov%C3%A1cs%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.au=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k%2C+Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6851379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neparaczki-2018-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neparaczki-2018_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neparaczki-2018_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neparaczki-2018_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeparáczkiMarótiKalmárKocsy2018" class="citation journal cs1">Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Kocsy, Klaudia; Maár, Kitti; Bihari, Péter; Nagy, István; Fóthi, Erzsébet; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Raskó, István; Zink, Albert; Török, Tibor (18 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193700">"Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians"</a>. PLOS ONE. 13 (10): e0205920. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1305920N">2018PLoSO..1305920N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0205920">10.1371/journal.pone.0205920</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193700">6193700</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335830">30335830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Mitogenomic+data+indicate+admixture+components+of+Central-Inner+Asian+and+Srubnaya+origin+in+the+conquering+Hungarians&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e0205920&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6193700%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30335830&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0205920&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1305920N&rft.aulast=Nepar%C3%A1czki&rft.aufirst=Endre&rft.au=Mar%C3%B3ti%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Kalm%C3%A1r%2C+Tibor&rft.au=Kocsy%2C+Klaudia&rft.au=Ma%C3%A1r%2C+Kitti&rft.au=Bihari%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=Nagy%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=F%C3%B3thi%2C+Erzs%C3%A9bet&rft.au=Pap%2C+Ildik%C3%B3&rft.au=Kust%C3%A1r%2C+%C3%81gnes&rft.au=P%C3%A1lfi%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.au=Rask%C3%B3%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Zink%2C+Albert&rft.au=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k%2C+Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6193700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18975/1/18975.pdf">"The Gesta Hungarorum of Anonymus, Notary of King Béla"</a> (PDF). 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Sharpe, Armonk, NY and London, England, 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0665-5"><bdi>978-0-7656-0665-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+and+Population+Changes+in+Twentieth-century+Central-Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe%2C+Armonk%2C+NY+and+London%2C+England%2C+2003&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0665-5&rft.au=Piotr+Eberhardt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjLfX1q3kJzgC%26q%3DEthnic%2BGroups%2Band%2BPopulation%2BChanges%2Bin%2BTwentieth-century%2BCentral-Eastern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Szekler">"Szekler people"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Szekler+people&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSzekler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Wyley" class="citation web cs1">Stephen Wyley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027151814/http://www.geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html">"The Hungarians of Hungary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hungarians+of+Hungary&rft.au=Stephen+Wyley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fegfrothos%2Fmagyars%2Fmagyars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eceurope/xkgdhungary.html">"History of Hungary, 895–970"</a>. Zum.de. 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Carthographia, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-352-002-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-352-002-4">978-963-352-002-4</a> CM </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Atlas_of_Hungary_-_History_of_Population-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Atlas_of_Hungary_-_History_of_Population_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Atlas_of_Hungary_-_History_of_Population_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŐriKocsisFaragóTóth2021" class="citation book cs1">Őri, Péter; Kocsis, Károly; Faragó, Tamás; Tóth, Pál Péter (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nemzetiatlasz.hu/MNA/National-Atlas-of-Hungary_Vol3_Ch2.pdf">"History of Population"</a> (PDF). In Kocsis, Károly; Őri, Péter (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nemzetiatlasz.hu/en/home.html">National Atlas of Hungary – Volume 3 – Society</a>. Budapest: Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences (CSFK), Geographical Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9545-64-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9545-64-9"><bdi>978-963-9545-64-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Population&rft.btitle=National+Atlas+of+Hungary+%E2%80%93+Volume+3+%E2%80%93+Society&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s+Lor%C3%A1nd+Research+Network+%28ELKH%29%2C+Research+Centre+for+Astronomy+and+Earth+Sciences+%28CSFK%29%2C+Geographical+Institute&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-963-9545-64-9&rft.aulast=%C5%90ri&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=Kocsis%2C+K%C3%A1roly&rft.au=Farag%C3%B3%2C+Tam%C3%A1s&rft.au=T%C3%B3th%2C+P%C3%A1l+P%C3%A9ter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nemzetiatlasz.hu%2FMNA%2FNational-Atlas-of-Hungary_Vol3_Ch2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnic_patterns_Hungary_researches-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnic_patterns_Hungary_researches_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethnic_patterns_Hungary_researches_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocsisTátraiAgárdiBalizs2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kocsis, Károly; Tátrai, Patrik; Agárdi, Norbert; Balizs, Dániel; Kovács, Anikó; Gercsák, Tibor; Klinghammer, István; Tiner, Tibor (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtafki.hu/konyvtar/karpat-pannon2015/pdf/Changing_Ethnic_Pattern_Carpatho_Pannonian_Area_2015.pdf">Changing Ethnic Patterns of the Carpatho–Pannonian Area from the Late 15th until the Early 21st Century – Accompanying Text</a> (PDF) (in Hungarian and English) (3rd ed.). 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Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin. Simon Publications LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931313-75-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931313-75-9"><bdi>978-1-931313-75-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Geography+of+the+Hungarian+Minorities+in+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.pub=Simon+Publications+LLC&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-931313-75-9&rft.aulast=Kocsis&rft.aufirst=K%C3%A1roly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-zZ_NVM9mNEC%26q%3Done%2Bthird%2Bof%2BHungarian%2Bpeople%2Bminorities%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bneighbouring%2Bcountries%2BTrianon%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugajski1995" class="citation book cs1">Bugajski, Janusz (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicpoliticsin0000buga">Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties</a>. 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Retrieved 19 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nyolcmilli%C3%B3+lehet+a+magyar+n%C3%A9pess%C3%A9g+2050-re&rft.pub=origo&rft.date=2005-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.origo.hu%2Fitthon%2F20050414nyolcmillio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/hungary-transit-country-between-east-and-west/">Hungary: Transit Country Between East and West</a>. Migration Information Source. 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The Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Hungary+Citizenship+Bill+Irks+Neighbor&rft.date=2010-05-26&rft.au=Veronika+Gulyas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Femergingeurope%2F2010%2F05%2F26%2Fhungary-angers-neighbor-with-citizenship-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neparaczki_MKI_2022-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neparaczki_MKI_2022_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neparaczki_MKI_2022_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neparaczki_MKI_2022_96-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndre2022" class="citation web cs1">Endre, Neparáczki (22 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mki.gov.hu/en/hirek-en/sajto-en/szent-laszlo-en">"Saint László is more Asian than most of our kings"</a>. 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Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-6117-65-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-6117-65-6"><bdi>978-615-6117-65-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Saints+%E2%80%93+The+Age+of+the+%C3%81rp%C3%A1ds&rft.place=Budapest%2C+Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r&rft.pub=Institute+of+Hungarian+Research&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-615-6117-65-6&rft.aulast=Horv%C3%A1th-Lugossy&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Makoldi%2C+Mikl%C3%B3s&rft.au=Nepar%C3%A1czki%2C+Endre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmki.gov.hu%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2FMKI_EN_006_kings_and_saints_B5_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gyorgy-1998-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Gyorgy-1998_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyörgy1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">György, Szabados (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28283729">"A krónikáktól a Gestáig – Az előidő-szemlélet hangsúlyváltásai a 15–18. században"</a> [From the chronicles to the Gesta - Shifts in emphasis of the pre-time perspective in the 15th–18th centuries]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00001/00007/index.htm">Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények 1998. 102. évf. 5-6. füzet</a> [Bulletins of Literary History 1998, Vol. 102, Booklets 5-6] (in Hungarian). 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Moreover, haplogroups Q1a and N1a were also major components of these nomadic groups, reinforcing the view that Huns (and thus Avars and Hungarian invaders) might derive from the Xiongnu as was proposed until the eighteenth century but strongly disputed since.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+evidence+suggests+a+sense+of+family%2C+parity+and+conquest+in+the+Xiongnu+Iron+Age+nomads+of+Mongolia&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=349-359&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253981964%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32734383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-020-02209-4&rft.aulast=Keyser&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Zv%C3%A9nigorosky%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Ang%C3%A9la&rft.au=Fausser%2C+Jean-Luc&rft.au=Jagorel%2C+Florence&rft.au=G%C3%A9rard%2C+Patrice&rft.au=Tsagaan%2C+Turbat&rft.au=Duchesne%2C+Sylvie&rft.au=Crub%C3%A9zy%2C+Eric&rft.au=Ludes%2C+Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-020-02209-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuiles2020" class="citation web cs1">Quiles, Carlos (2 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indo-european.eu/2020/08/xiongnu-ancestry-connects-huns-avars-to-scytho-siberians/">"Xiongnu Y-DNA connects Huns & Avars to Scytho-Siberians"</a>. 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Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0205920. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1305920N">2018PLoSO..1305920N</a>. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F250688">10.1101/250688</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0205920">10.1371/journal.pone.0205920</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193700">6193700</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335830">30335830</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90886641">90886641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Mitogenomic+data+indicate+admixture+components+of+Central-Inner+Asian+and+Srubnaya+origin+in+the+conquering+Hungarians&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e0205920&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6193700%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90886641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1305920N&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0205920&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F250688%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30335830&rft.aulast=Nepar%C3%A1czki&rft.aufirst=Endre&rft.au=Mar%C3%B3ti%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Kalm%C3%A1r%2C+Tibor&rft.au=Kocsy%2C+Klaudia&rft.au=Ma%C3%A1r%2C+Kitti&rft.au=Bihari%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=Nagy%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=F%C3%B3thi%2C+Erzs%C3%A9bet&rft.au=Pap%2C+Ildik%C3%B3&rft.au=Kust%C3%A1r%2C+%C3%81gnes&rft.au=P%C3%A1lfi%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.au=Rask%C3%B3%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Zink%2C+Albert&rft.au=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k%2C+Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6193700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wong, Emily H.M. 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Genome Research. 27 (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.202945.115">10.1101/gr.202945.115</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5204334">5204334</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27965293">27965293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+genetic+history+of+Siberian+and+Northeastern+European+populations&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5204334%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27965293&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.202945.115&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Emily+H.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5204334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2001" class="citation book cs1">Engel, Pál (2001). 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"[O]ur findings confirmed that the Xiongnu had a strongly admixed mitochondrial and Y-chromosome gene pools and revealed a significant western component in the Xiongnu group studied.... [W]e propose Scytho-Siberians as ancestors of the Xiongnu and Huns as their descendants... [E]ast Eurasian R1a subclades R1a1a1b2a-Z94 and R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124 were a common element of the Hun, Avar and Hungarian Conqueror elite and very likely belonged to the branch that was observed in our Xiongnu samples. Moreover, haplogroups Q1a and N1a were also major components of these nomadic groups, reinforcing the view that Huns (and thus Avars and Hungarian invaders) might derive from the Xiongnu as was proposed until the eighteenth century but strongly disputed since... Some Xiongnu paternal and maternal haplotypes could be found in the gene pool of the Huns, the Avars, as well as Mongolian and Hungarian conquerors." </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamjavDudásKrizsánGalambos2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pamjav, H; Dudás, E; Krizsán, K; Galambos, A (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsigss.2019.10.106">"A Y-chromosomal study of mansi population from konda River Basin in Ural"</a>. 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Cambridge, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66736-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66736-4"><bdi>978-0-521-66736-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Hungary&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=Cambridge+Concise+Histories&rft.edition=Fifth+printing+2008&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66736-4&rft.aulast=Molnar&rft.aufirst=Miklos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00moln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Korai Magyar Történeti Lexicon (9–14. század) (Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th Centuries)) Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó; 753. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6722-9" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-6722-9">963-05-6722-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Kocsis" title="Károly Kocsis">Károly Kocsis</a> (<a href="/wiki/DSc" class="mw-redirect" title="DSc">DSc</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miskolc" title="University of Miskolc">University of Miskolc</a>) – Zsolt Bottlik (PhD, <a href="/wiki/Budapest_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest University">Budapest University</a>) – Patrik Tátrai: Etnikai térfolyamatok a Kárpát-medence határon túli régióiban + CD (for detailed data), Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Hungarian Academy of Sciences">Hungarian Academy of Sciences</a>) – Földrajtudományi Kutatóintézet (Academy of Geographical Studies); Budapest; 2006.; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9545-10-4" title="Special:BookSources/963-9545-10-4">963-9545-10-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendvai2003" class="citation book cs1">Lendvai, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hungarians00paul">The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat</a>. Translated by Major, Ann. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400851522" title="Special:BookSources/9781400851522"><bdi>9781400851522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hungarians%3A+A+Thousand+Years+of+Victory+in+Defeat&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781400851522&rft.aulast=Lendvai&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhungarians00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeparáczki_et_al.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Neparáczki, Endre; et al. (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379">"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>. 9 (16569). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 16569. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...916569N">2019NatSR...916569N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53105-5">10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379">6851379</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31719606">31719606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Y-chromosome+haplogroups+from+Hun%2C+Avar+and+conquering+Hungarian+period+nomadic+people+of+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=16569&rft.pages=16569&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6851379%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31719606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53105-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...916569N&rft.aulast=Nepar%C3%A1czki&rft.aufirst=Endre&rft.au=Mar%C3%B3ti%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6851379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzűcs1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Sz%C5%B1cs" title="Jenő Szűcs">Szűcs, Jenő</a> (1999). "Theoretical Elements in Master Simon of Kéza's Gesta Hungarorum (1282–1285)". In László Veszprémy; Frank Schaer (eds.). Simon of Kéza: Deeds of the Hungarians. Central European University Press. pp. xxix–cii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theoretical+Elements+in+Master+Simon+of+K%C3%A9za%27s+Gesta+Hungarorum+%281282%E2%80%931285%29&rft.btitle=Simon+of+K%C3%A9za%3A+Deeds+of+the+Hungarians&rft.pages=xxix-cii&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sz%C5%B1cs&rft.aufirst=Jen%C5%91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> As of <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&oldid=1165059954">this edit</a>, this article uses content from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.10.106">"A Y-chromosomal study of mansi population from konda River Basin in Ural"</a>, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a>, but not under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>. All relevant terms must be followed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hungarians" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hungarians">Hungarians</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01900/01993/html/index1.html">Origins of the Hungarians from the Enciklopédia Humana (with many maps and pictures)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923150528/http://www.htmh.hu/021_terkepek/text027/doc_upload/hatterk.gif">Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061006093642/http://www.coe.int/T/E/Com/About_Coe/Member_states/e_ho.asp#TopOfPage">Hungary and the Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsz.bme.hu/hungary/facts.html">Facts about Hungary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822111053/http://www.fsz.bme.hu/hungary/facts.html">Archived</a> 22 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/250.gif">Hungarians outside Hungary – Map</a></li></ul> Genetic studies <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v8/n5/abs/5200468a.html">MtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms in Hungary: inferences from the Palaeolithic, Neolithic and Uralic influences on the modern Hungarian gene pool</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuglielminoDe_SilvestriBeres2000" class="citation journal cs1">Guglielmino, CR; De Silvestri, A; Beres, J (March 2000). "Probable ancestors of Hungarian ethnic groups: an admixture analysis". Annals of Human Genetics. 64 (Pt 2): 145–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003480000008010">10.1017/S0003480000008010</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11246468">11246468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Probable+ancestors+of+Hungarian+ethnic+groups%3A+an+admixture+analysis.&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=Pt+2&rft.pages=145-59&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003480000008010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11246468&rft.aulast=Guglielmino&rft.aufirst=CR&rft.au=De+Silvestri%2C+A&rft.au=Beres%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/IJHG/IJHG-06-0-000-000-2006-Web/IJHG-06-3-177-280-2006-Abst-PDF/IJHG-06-3-177-183-2006-263-Decsey-K/IJHG-06-3-177-183-2006-263-Decsey-K-Text.PDF">Human Chromosomal Polymorphism in a Hungarian Sample</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matud.iif.hu/08okt/02.html">Hungarian genetics researches 2008–2009</a> (in Hungarian)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungary_topics" title="Template talk:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungary_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Late Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian wars">Ottoman–Hungarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Habsburg Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Interwar Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary#Third_Republic_(since_1989)" title="History of Hungary">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#History_of_the_Hungarian_economy" title="Economy of Hungary">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Hungary" title="Administrative divisions of Hungary">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary" title="List of cities and towns of Hungary">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hungary" title="Climate of Hungary">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary#Extreme_points" title="Geography of Hungary">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Hungary" title="Category:Geology of Hungary">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Hungary" title="Hydrology of Hungary">Hydrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hungary" title="List of islands of Hungary">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hungary" title="List of lakes of Hungary">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hungary" title="List of rivers of Hungary">Rivers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Hungary" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Hungary">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Hungary" title="List of national parks of Hungary">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Hungary" title="List of regions of Hungary">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hungary" title="Human rights in Hungary">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Hungarian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Hungary" title="Category:Law of Hungary">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Hungary)" title="Chief of General Staff (Hungary)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hungary" title="List of political parties in Hungary">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="List of heads of state of Hungary">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="List of prime ministers of Hungary">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Agriculture" title="Economy of Hungary">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hungary" title="List of banks in Hungary">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hungary" title="List of companies of Hungary">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Forint </a> (currency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Industry" title="Economy of Hungary">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Hungary" title="Science and technology in Hungary">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Stock_Exchange" title="Budapest Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hungary" title="Taxation in Hungary">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hungary" title="Tourism in Hungary">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_Hungary" title="Category:Trade unions in Hungary">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hungary" title="Transport in Hungary">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Hungary" title="Unemployment in Hungary">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Hungary" title="Category:Society of Hungary">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Anti-Hungarian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hungary" title="Crime in Hungary">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary" title="List of universities and colleges in Hungary">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary" title="Family policy in Hungary">Family policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hungary" title="Health in Hungary">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hungary" title="Healthcare in Hungary">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Hungary" title="Human trafficking in Hungary">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Hungary" title="International rankings of Hungary">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hungary">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hungary" title="Prostitution in Hungary">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hungary" title="Public holidays in Hungary">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hungary" title="Women in Hungary">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hungary" title="Architecture of Hungary">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Hungary" title="List of castles in Hungary">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of palaces in Hungary">Palaces and mansions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_art" title="Hungarian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Hungary" title="Beer in Hungary">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_dishes" title="List of Hungarian dishes">Dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_sausages" title="Hungarian sausages">Sausages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Fashion_Week" title="Budapest Fashion Week">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Hungary" title="Category:Festivals in Hungary">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_folklore" title="Category:Hungarian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_inventions" title="Category:Hungarian inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Hungary">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary#Spa_culture" title="Culture of Hungary">Spa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics" title="Hungary at the Olympics">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Hungary" title="National symbols of Hungary">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hungary" title="Television in Hungary">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hungary" title="List of theatres in Hungary">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Hungary" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hungary" title="Outline of Hungary">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungary" title="Category:Hungary">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peoples_speaking_Uralic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finno-Ugric_peoples" title="Template:Finno-Ugric peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finno-Ugric_peoples" title="Template talk:Finno-Ugric peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finno-Ugric_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finno-Ugric peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peoples_speaking_Uralic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Peoples speaking <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Baltic Finns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bjarmians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjarmians">Bjarmians</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Setos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ros" title="Võros">Võros</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Finns" title="Forest Finns">Forest Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_Finns" title="Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_people" title="Kven people">Kvens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornedalians" title="Tornedalians">Tornedalians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhorians" title="Izhorians">Izhorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tver_Karelians" title="Tver Karelians">Tver Karelians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians">Livonians</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vepsians" title="Vepsians">Vepsians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votians" title="Votians">Votes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kreevins" title="Kreevins">Kreevins</a> †</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chuds</a> † <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkhov_Chudes" title="Volkhov Chudes">Volkhov Chudes</a> †</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_peoples" title="Sámi peoples">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Inari Sámi people">Inari Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" title="Pite Sámi">Pite Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolts" title="Skolts">Skolt Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volga_Finns" title="Volga Finns">Volga Finns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a> <ul><li>Meadow Mari</li> <li>Hill Mari</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Mari_people" title="Northwestern Mari people">Northwestern Mari</a></li> <li>Eastern Mari</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzyas" title="Erzyas">Erzyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokshas" title="Mokshas">Mokshas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryans" title="Meryans">Meryans</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshchera">Meshchera</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromians">Muroma</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permians" title="Permians">Permians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izhma_Komi" title="Izhma Komi">Izhma Komi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurts" title="Udmurts">Udmurts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob-Ugrians">Ob-Ugrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1ng%C3%B3s" title="Csángós">Csángós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyarabs">Magyarabs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_peoples" title="Samoyedic peoples">Samoyeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enets people">Enets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_people" title="Nganasan people">Nganasans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasins" title="Kamasins">Kamasins</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurats" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurats">Yurats</a> †</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mators (page does not exist)">Mators</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Маторцы">ru</a>] †</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133032#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4100008-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85063016">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117838&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1203922&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531554105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640869">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&oldid=1259488550">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarians&oldid=1259488550</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_people" title="Category:Hungarian people">Hungarian people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Hungarians" title="Category:History of the Hungarians">History of the Hungarians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Hungary" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Hungary">Ethnic groups in Hungary</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFNeparáczkiJuhászPamjavFehér2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeparáczkiMarótiKalmárKocsy2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNeparáczkiMarótiKalmárMaár2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNeparáczki_et_al.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNora_BerendPrzemysław_UrbańczykPrzemysław_Wiszewski2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNégyesiVeszprémy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObrusánszky2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPamjavDudásKrizsánGalambos2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPamjavFóthiFehérFóthi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeltolaMajanderMakarovDobrovolskaya2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_F._Sugar1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_F._Sugar1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiotr_Eberhardt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostNémethKlimaFlores2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuiles2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRévész2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRóna-Tas1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSaagStaniuk2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavelyevJeong2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrbija2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Wyley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSudárPetek2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzabados2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzabados2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzabados2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzeifertGerberCsákyLangó2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzéchely2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzőke2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzűcs1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTambetsYunusbayevHudjashovIlumäe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTriskaChekanovStepanovKhusnutdinova2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTóth1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTörök2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVargaKristófMaárKis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeronika_Gulyas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidaković2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVukovich2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangPosthFurtwänglerSümegi2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWangYuRadzevičiūtėKiryushin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZhangNingScottFu2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŐriKocsisFaragóTóth2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"AUT\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 8,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CCBYSASource\"] = 1,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite bioRxiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 35,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section begin\"] = 4,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section end\"] = 4,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Creative Commons text attribution notice\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Hungarian People\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Disputed map\"] = 1,\n [\"FR\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 30,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"GBR\"] = 1,\n [\"GER\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hungary topics\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-hu\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnonym\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Legend\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"No wrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"ROU\"] = 1,\n [\"RUS\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"SRB\"] = 1,\n [\"SVK\"] = 1,\n [\"SWE\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"UKR\"] = 1,\n [\"Uralic peoples\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","19.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","16.1"],["dataWrapper 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hungarians","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hungarians","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q133032","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q133032","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-25T17:46:40Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T13:09:49Z","headline":"ethnic group native to Rom\u00e2nia"}</script> </body> </html>