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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Before 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Indochina_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Indochina_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>French Indochina War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Indochina_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1975–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1975–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1975–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1975–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_deployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_deployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern deployment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_deployment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern deployment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_deployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_presence_&_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_presence_&_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>International presence & operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_presence_&_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_Vietnamese_assistance_for_overseas_leftist_insurgencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_Vietnamese_assistance_for_overseas_leftist_insurgencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Allegations of Vietnamese assistance for overseas leftist insurgencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_Vietnamese_assistance_for_overseas_leftist_insurgencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_Vietnamese_intervention_in_Lao_security_crises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_Vietnamese_intervention_in_Lao_security_crises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Allegations of Vietnamese intervention in Lao security crises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_Vietnamese_intervention_in_Lao_security_crises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern-era_peacekeeping_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern-era_peacekeeping_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Modern-era peacekeeping operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-era_peacekeeping_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Turkish-Syrian_earthquake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Turkish-Syrian_earthquake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>2023 Turkish-Syrian earthquake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Turkish-Syrian_earthquake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Service branches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Service_branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Service branches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Service_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vietnam_People's_Ground_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_People's_Ground_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vietnam People's Ground Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_People's_Ground_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arm_badges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arm_badges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Arm badges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arm_badges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Military regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Main forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Local forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_People's_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_People's_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vietnam People's Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_People's_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_People's_Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_People's_Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vietnam People's Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_People's_Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_Border_Guard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_Border_Guard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Vietnam Border Guard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_Border_Guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_Coast_Guard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_Coast_Guard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Vietnam Coast Guard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_Coast_Guard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranks_and_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks_and_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ranks and insignia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ranks_and_insignia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ranks and insignia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ranks_and_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commissioned_officer_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commissioned_officer_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Commissioned officer ranks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commissioned_officer_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other ranks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">People's Army of Vietnam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="الجيش الشعبي الفيتنامي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجيش الشعبي الفيتنامي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam_Xalq_Ordusu" title="Vyetnam Xalq Ordusu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vyetnam Xalq Ordusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="В’етнамская народная армія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="В’етнамская народная армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Виетнамска народна армия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виетнамска народна армия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam%C3%A4sische_Voiksam%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Vietnamäsische Voiksamää – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vietnamäsische Voiksamää" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arme_Pobl_Vietnam" title="Arme Pobl Vietnam – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arme Pobl Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byddin_Pobl_Fietnam" title="Byddin Pobl Fietnam – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Byddin Pobl Fietnam" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamesische_Volksarmee" title="Vietnamesische Volksarmee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vietnamesische Volksarmee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Popular_de_Vietnam" title="Ejército Popular de Vietnam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército Popular de Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popola_Armeo_de_Vjetnamio" title="Popola Armeo de Vjetnamio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Popola Armeo de Vjetnamio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ارتش خلق ویتنام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتش خلق ویتنام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_populaire_vietnamienne" title="Armée populaire vietnamienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée populaire vietnamienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8_%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%B0" title="베트남 인민군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베트남 인민군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Rakyat_Vietnam" title="Tentara Rakyat Vietnam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tentara Rakyat Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99i_Nh%C3%A2n_D%C3%A2n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" title="Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1" title="ກອງທັບປະຊາຊົນຫວຽດນາມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກອງທັບປະຊາຊົນຫວຽດນາມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamo_liaudies_armija" title="Vietnamo liaudies armija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vietnamo liaudies armija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietn%C3%A1m_hadereje" title="Vietnám hadereje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vietnám hadereje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_Rakyat_Vietnam" title="Tentera Rakyat Vietnam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera Rakyat Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%82_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вьетнам Улсын Зэвсэгт хүчин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вьетнам Улсын Зэвсэгт хүчин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%BB%8D" title="ベトナム人民軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベトナム人民軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnams_folkeh%C3%A6r" title="Vietnams folkehær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vietnams folkehær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetnam_xalq_armiyasi" title="Vetnam xalq armiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vetnam xalq armiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_do_Povo_do_Vietn%C3%A3" title="Exército do Povo do Vietnã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exército do Povo do Vietnã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Вьетнамская народная армия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вьетнамская народная армия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="People's Army of Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamin_asevoimat" title="Vietnamin asevoimat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vietnamin asevoimat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnams_folkarm%C3%A9" title="Vietnams folkarmé – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vietnams folkarmé" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="กองทัพประชาชนเวียดนาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กองทัพประชาชนเวียดนาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Halk_Ordusu" title="Vietnam Halk Ordusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vietnam Halk Ordusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%92%27%D1%94%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Народна Армія В'єтнаму – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Народна Армія В'єтнаму" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A2n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99i_nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" title="Quân đội nhân dân Việt Nam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quân đội nhân dân Việt Nam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%86%9B" title="越南人民军 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="越南人民军" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3936506#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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href="/w/index.php?title=North_Vietnamese_Army&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnamese Army">North Vietnamese Army</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Combined military forces of Vietnam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">combined military force</a> of Vietnam. For "armed forces" of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> which consist of the Military (Army), <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Public Security (Police)</a>, and the Self-Defence Militia, see <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Vietnam People's Armed Forces">Vietnam People's Armed Forces</a>. For similarly-named newspaper of this military force, see <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_Newspaper" title="People's Army Newspaper">People's Army Newspaper</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/People's Army of Vietnam">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22People%27s+Army+of+Vietnam%22">"People's Army of Vietnam"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22People%27s+Army+of+Vietnam%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22People%27s+Army+of+Vietnam%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22People%27s+Army+of+Vietnam%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22People%27s+Army+of+Vietnam%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22People%27s+Army+of+Vietnam%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Vietnam People's Army</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Quân đội nhân dân Việt Nam</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_VPA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emblem_VPA.svg/180px-Emblem_VPA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emblem_VPA.svg/270px-Emblem_VPA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emblem_VPA.svg/360px-Emblem_VPA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="593" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Determined to win" military flag</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Quyết thắng</i></span> ("Determined to win")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">22 December 1944<span class="noprint">; 80 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1944-12-22</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current form</th><td class="infobox-data">July 7, 1976<span class="noprint">; 48 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1976-07-07</span>)</span> (formal unification of the NVA and the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_South_Vietnam" title="Liberation Army of South Vietnam">LASV</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Ground_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam People's Ground Force">Combined Arms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>de facto</i> ground force; not a formally separated service branch)</span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy_flag.svg/25px-Vietnam_People%27s_Navy_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy_flag.svg/38px-Vietnam_People%27s_Navy_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy_flag.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Navy_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="Vietnam People's Navy">Naval Service</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Air Defence - Air Force Service</a><hr /></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Vietnam_Border_Defense_Force_flag.svg/25px-Vietnam_Border_Defense_Force_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Vietnam_Border_Defense_Force_flag.svg/38px-Vietnam_Border_Defense_Force_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Vietnam_Border_Defense_Force_flag.svg/50px-Vietnam_Border_Defense_Force_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Border_Guard" title="Vietnam Border Guard">Border Guard Command</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vietnam_Coast_Guard_flag.svg/25px-Vietnam_Coast_Guard_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vietnam_Coast_Guard_flag.svg/38px-Vietnam_Coast_Guard_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vietnam_Coast_Guard_flag.svg/50px-Vietnam_Coast_Guard_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Coast_Guard" title="Vietnam Coast Guard">Coast Guard Command</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(structurally under <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> administration of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Government">Vietnamese Government</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyberspace_Operations_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyberspace Operations Command (page does not exist)">Cyberspace Operations Command</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="President Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum Defence Force">HCM Mausoleum Protection Command</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters#Military" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Defence (Vietnam)">Ministry of National Defence</a>, Number 7 Nguyễn Tri Phương road, Điện Biên <a href="/wiki/Ba_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_district" title="Ba Đình district">Ba Đình</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hà Nội</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mod.gov.vn/en/vpa">Official website</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_leadership" title="Category:Military leadership">Leadership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">Commander-in-Chief</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/25px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/38px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/50px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">President</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Lương Cường">Lương Cường</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Secretary of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Secretary of the Central Military Commission</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4_L%C3%A2m" title="Tô Lâm">Tô Lâm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Vietnam)" title="Minister of Defence (Vietnam)">Minister of National Defence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg/25px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg/38px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="776" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Army_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Army General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Phan_V%C4%83n_Giang" title="Phan Văn Giang">Phan Văn Giang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Vietnam)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Vietnam)">Chief of the General Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg/25px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg/38px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="776" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T%C3%A2n_C%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nguyễn Tân Cương">Nguyễn Tân Cương</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Department_of_Political_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Department of Political Affairs (page does not exist)">Director of the General Department of Political Affairs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg/25px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg/38px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="776" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Sr. Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_V%C4%83n_Quy%E1%BA%BFt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trịnh Văn Quyết (page does not exist)">Trịnh Văn Quyết</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_V%C4%83n_Quy%E1%BA%BFt_(qu%C3%A2n_nh%C3%A2n)" class="extiw" title="vi:Trịnh Văn Quyết (quân nhân)">vi</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Personnel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military age</th><td class="infobox-data">18–25 years old (18–27 for those who attend colleges or universities)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 year 7 month</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active personnel</th><td class="infobox-data">600,000<sup id="cite_ref-IISSSRV08_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISSSRV08-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">ranked 7th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">Reserve personnel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-IISSSRV08_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISSSRV08-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Expenditure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 7.8 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-National_Assembly's_2023_state_budget_projection_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Assembly's_2023_state_budget_projection-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Percent of GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~1.6% (2023; <i>projected</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-National_Assembly's_2023_state_budget_projection_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Assembly's_2023_state_budget_projection-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">Industry</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viettel" title="Viettel">Viettel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z111_Factory" title="Z111 Factory">Z111 Factory</a></li> <li>Z113 Factory</li> <li>Z153 Factory<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_Industry_Corporation" title="Shipbuilding Industry Corporation">Shipbuilding Industry Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z173_Shipyard" title="Z173 Shipyard">Hong Ha Shipbuilding Company (Z173 Factory)</a></li> <li>Z176 Factory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z189_Shipyard" title="Z189 Shipyard">Z189 Shipyard</a></li> <li>Ba Son Corporation</li> <li>Song Thu Shipyard<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Helicopter_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam Helicopter Corporation">Vietnam Helicopter Corporation</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Vietnam Aerospace Association (VASA)<sup id="cite_ref-kobus_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kobus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A32 Factory<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foreign suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Historical:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania_%281952%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></i></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Modern:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Vietnam" title="Military history of Vietnam">Military history of Vietnam</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de"><i>List of engagements</i></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (Anti-Japanese Campaign 1944–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> (Against France, 1946–1954)</li> <li>Second Indochina War (<a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>) (Against the United States and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnamese</a> forces, 1954–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a> (Against the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>, 1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a> (Against China, 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_1979%E2%80%9390" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979–90">Sino-Vietnamese border conflicts</a> (border clashes with China, 1979–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_border_raids_in_Thailand" title="Vietnamese border raids in Thailand">Vietnamese border raids in Thailand</a> (Against the Khmer Rouge insurgents and Thailand, 1979–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai%E2%80%93Laotian_Border_War" title="Thai–Laotian Border War">Thai–Laotian Border War</a> (Against Thailand to defend its ally, Laos, 1987–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_clashes_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 clashes in Cambodia">Clashes in Cambodia</a> (Against the co-premier <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Ranariddh" title="Norodom Ranariddh">Norodom Ranariddh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>, 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Insurgency in Laos</a> (secret war in Laos against <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> separatists, 1975–2022)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FULRO_insurgency_against_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="FULRO insurgency against Vietnam">War against rebellions 1975–1992</a> (against <a href="/wiki/FULRO" class="mw-redirect" title="FULRO">FULRO</a> and several insurgent groups)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINUSCA" title="MINUSCA">United Nations peacekeeping mission in Central African Republic</a> (2015-now)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">United Nations Mission in South Sudan</a> (2015-now)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_military_ranks_and_insignia" title="Vietnamese military ranks and insignia">Military ranks of Vietnam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>People's Army of Vietnam</b> (<b>PAVN</b>), officially the <b>Vietnam People's Army</b> (<b>VPA</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Quân đội nhân dân Việt Nam</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="vi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[kwən˧˧<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔɗoj˧˨ʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲən˧˧<span class="wrap"> </span>zən˧˧<span class="wrap"> </span>viət̚˧˨ʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>naːm˧˧]</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Military of and for the <a href="/wiki/People" title="People">people</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">of Vietnam</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also recognized as the <b>Vietnamese Army</b> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Quân đội Việt Nam</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Military of Vietnam'), the <b>People's Army</b> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Quân đội Nhân dân</i>) or colloquially <b>the Troops</b> (<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Bộ đội</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="vi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[ʔɓo˧˨ʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔɗoj˧˨ʔ]</a></span>), is the national <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military force</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> and the armed wing of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV)</a>. The PAVN is the backbone component of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Vietnam People's Armed Forces">Vietnam People's Armed Forces</a> and includes: Ground Force, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="Vietnam People's Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Border_Guard" title="Vietnam Border Guard">Border Guard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Coast_Guard" title="Vietnam Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a>. Vietnam does not have a separate and formally-structured Ground Force or <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a> service. Instead, all ground troops, army corps, military districts and <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a> are designated under the umbrella term <b><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">binh chủng hợp thành</i>) and are belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Defence (Vietnam)">Ministry of National Defence</a>, directly under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Military Commission (Vietnam)">CPV Central Military Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Vietnam)" title="Minister of Defence (Vietnam)">Minister of National Defence</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Army" title="General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army">General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army</a>. The military flag of the PAVN is the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vietnam" title="Flag of Vietnam">National flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> defaced with the motto <i>Quyết thắng (Determination to win)</i> added in yellow at the top left (or by the side of the <a href="/wiki/Flagpole" title="Flagpole">flagpole</a>). </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">French Indochina War</a> (1946–1954), the PAVN was often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a>. In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> (1955–1975), the army was referred to by its opposition forces as the <b>North Vietnamese Army</b> (NVA; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Quân đội Bắc Việt</i>), serving as the military force of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Viet_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Viet Nam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a>. This allowed writers, the U.S. military, and the general public, to distinguish northern communists from the southern communists, called <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> (VC), or more formally the National Liberation Front. However, both groups ultimately worked under the same command structure. The Viet Cong had its own military forces called the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_South_Vietnam" title="Liberation Army of South Vietnam">Liberation Army of South Vietnam</a> (LASV). It was practically considered a branch of the PAVN by the North Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-Victory68_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victory68-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, following the political reunification of Vietnam, LASV was officially disbanded and merged into the so-called NVA to form the existing incarnation of PAVN, serving as the national military of the unified state of Socialist Republic of Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1945">Before 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Vietnam" title="Military history of Vietnam">Military history of Vietnam</a></div> <p>The first historical record of Vietnamese military history dates back to the era of <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Hồng Bàng">Hồng Bàng</a>, the first recorded state in ancient Vietnam to have assembled military force. Since then, military plays a crucial role in developing Vietnamese history due to its turbulent history of wars against China, <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Southern expansion</a> of Vietnam resulted in the destruction of Champa as an independent nation to a level that it did not exist anymore; total destruction of <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a>; the decline of Cambodia which resulted in Vietnam's annexation of <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> and wars against Siam. In most of its history, the Royal Vietnamese Armed Forces was often regarded to be one of the most professional, battle-hardened and heavily trained armies in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> in a large extent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_date_establishment.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_date_establishment.gif/220px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_date_establishment.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_date_establishment.gif/330px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_date_establishment.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_date_establishment.gif 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a> on the date of the PAVN's establishment in 1944. Chief of General Staff <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A1i" title="Hoàng Văn Thái">Hoàng Văn Thái</a> wearing a <a href="/wiki/Pith_helmet" title="Pith helmet">pith helmet</a> and holding the flag.</figcaption></figure> <p>The PAVN was first conceived in September 1944 at the first Revolutionary Party Military Conference as the <b>Propaganda Unit of the Liberation Army</b> (alternatively translated as the <b>Vietnam Propaganda Liberation Army</b>, <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Việt Nam Tuyên truyền Giải phóng Quân</i></span>) to educate, recruit and mobilise the Vietnamese to create a main force to drive the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Colonization" title="History of Vietnam">French colonial</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Japanese occupiers</a> from Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the guidelines of <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a> was given the task of establishing the brigades and the Propaganda Unit of the Liberation Army came into existence on 22 December 1944. The first formation was made up of thirty-one men and three women, armed with two revolvers, seventeen rifles, one light machine gun, and fourteen breech-loading flintlocks.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It fought the PAVN's first ever engagement at the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khai_Phat_and_Na_Ngan" title="Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan">Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan</a> against French soldiers in late 1944. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</a> agents, led by <a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Patti" title="Archimedes Patti">Archimedes Patti</a> – who was sometimes referred as the first instructor of the PAVN due to his role - had provided ammunitions as well as logistic intelligence and equipment. They also helped train these soldiers, who formed the backbone of the Vietnamese military to successfully fight the Japanese and other opponents. For instance, the PAVN's July 19, 1945 attack at Tam Dao internment camp in <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a> saw 500 soldiers kill fifty Japanese soldiers and officials, freeing French civilian captives and escorting them to the Chinese border. The PAVN also fought the <a href="/wiki/21st_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="21st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">Japanese 21st Division</a> in Thai Nguyen that year, and regularly raided rice storehouses to alleviate an <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">ongoing famine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was another separate communist army called the <b>National Salvation Army</b> (<i>Cứu quốc quân</i>) which was founded and commanded by <a href="/wiki/Chu_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BA%A5n" title="Chu Văn Tấn">Chu Văn Tấn</a> on 23/2/1941. </p><p>On 15/5/1945 the Propaganda Liberation Army merged with the National Salvation Army into the <b>Vietnam Liberation Army</b> (<i>Việt Nam Giải phóng Quân</i>) on 15 May 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-EarlyDays_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EarlyDays-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> was proclaimed in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietminh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietminh">Vietminh</a> on 2 September 1945. Then in September, the army was renamed the Vietnam <b>National Defence Force</b> (<i>Việt Nam Vệ quốc Đoàn</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EarlyDays_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EarlyDays-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, it had about 1,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-EarlyDays_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EarlyDays-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 May 1946, the army was called the <b>National Army of Vietnam</b> (<i>Quân đội Quốc gia Việt Nam</i>, not to be confused with the opposite <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army" title="Vietnamese National Army">Vietnamese National Army</a> of the France-associated <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> which had a synonymous English name and exactly the same Vietnamese name). Lastly, in 1950, it officially became the <b>People's Army of Vietnam</b> (or <b>Vietnam People's Army</b>, <i>Quân đội Nhân dân Việt Nam</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Võ Nguyên Giáp went on to become the first full general of the PAVN on 28 May 1948, and famous for leading the PAVN in victory over French forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a> in 1954 and being in overall command against U.S. backed <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a> on 30 April 1975. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Indochina_War">French Indochina War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French Indochina War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></div> <p>On 7 January 1947, its first regiment, the 102nd 'Capital' Regiment, was created for operations around <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next two years, the first division, the <a href="/wiki/308_Division_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="308 Division (Vietnam)">308th Division</a>, later well known as the Pioneer Division, was formed from the 88th Tu Vu Regiment and the 102nd Capital Regiment. By late 1950 the 308th Division had a full three infantry regiments, when it was supplemented by the 36th Regiment. At that time, the 308th Division was also backed by the 11th Battalion that later became the main force of the <a href="/wiki/312th_Division_(Vietnam)" title="312th Division (Vietnam)">312th Division</a>. In late 1951, after launching three campaigns against three French strongpoints in the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a>, the PAVN refocused on building up its ground forces further, with five new divisions, each of 10–15,000 men, created: the <a href="/wiki/304th_Division_(Vietnam)" title="304th Division (Vietnam)">304th Glory Division</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a" title="Thanh Hóa">Thanh Hóa</a>, the 312th Victory Division in Vinh Phuc, the <a href="/wiki/316th_Division_(Vietnam)" title="316th Division (Vietnam)">316th Bong Lau Division</a> in the northwest border region, the <a href="/wiki/320th_Division_(Vietnam)" title="320th Division (Vietnam)">320th Delta Division</a> in the north Red River Delta, the <a href="/wiki/325th_Division_(Vietnam)" title="325th Division (Vietnam)">325th Binh Tri Thien Division</a> in Binh Tri Thien province. Also in 1951, the first artillery Division, the <a href="/wiki/351st_Artillery-Engineer_Division_(Vietnam)" title="351st Artillery-Engineer Division (Vietnam)">351st Division</a> was formed, and later, before <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a> in 1954, for the first time in history, it was equipped with 24 captured 105mm US howitzers supplied by the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>. The first six divisions (308th, 304th, 312th, 316th, 320th, 325th) became known as the original PAVN 'Steel and Iron' divisions. In 1954, four of these divisions (the 308th, 304th, 312nd, 316th, supported by the 351st Division's captured US howitzers) defeated the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> forces at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, ending 83 years of French rule in Indochina. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a> had been deployed to combat the Vietnamese insurgency during the First Indochina War. However, some of the legionnaires, such as <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Kubiak" title="Stefan Kubiak">Stefan Kubiak</a>, deserted after witnessing torture of Vietnamese peasants at the hands of French troops and began fighting for the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Việt Minh</a>, volunteering to join the PAVN.<sup id="cite_ref-dantri_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dantri-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naszahistoria_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naszahistoria-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wp_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavnattack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pavnattack.jpg/220px-Pavnattack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pavnattack.jpg/330px-Pavnattack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Pavnattack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>North Vietnamese troops in Vietnam War, 1967</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nvamarch2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Nvamarch2.jpg/220px-Nvamarch2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Nvamarch2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_tactics" title="Infiltration tactics">Infiltrators</a> on the move in Laos down the Ho Chi Minh trail.</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after the <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Accords</a>, the 330th and 338th Divisions were formed by southern Viet Minh members who had moved north in conformity with that agreement, and by 1955, six more divisions were formed: the 328th, 332nd and 350th in the north of the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, the 305th and the <a href="/wiki/324th_Division_(Vietnam)" title="324th Division (Vietnam)">324th</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone">DMZ</a>, and the 335 Division of soldiers repatriated from <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>. In 1957, the theatres of the war with the French were reorganised as the first five military regions, and in the next two years, several divisions were reduced to brigade size to meet the manpower requirements of collective farms. </p><p>By 1958, it was becoming increasingly clear that the <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnamese government</a> was solidifying its position as an independent republic under <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>, who staunchly opposed the terms of the Geneva Accords, which required a national referendum on unification of north and south Vietnam under a single national government. North Vietnam prepared to settle the issue of unification by force. </p><p>In May 1959, the first major steps to prepare infiltration routes into <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> were taken; <a href="/wiki/Group_559" title="Group 559">Group 559</a> was established, a logistical unit charged with establishing routes into the south via Laos and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, which later became famous as the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a>. At about the same time, Group 579 was created as its maritime counterpart to transport supplies into the South by sea. Most of the early infiltrators were members of the 338th Division, former southerners who had been settled at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuan_Mai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuan Mai (page does not exist)">Xuan Mai</a> from 1954 onwards. </p><p>Regular formations were sent to South Vietnam from 1965 onwards; the 325th Division's 101B Regiment and the 66th Regiment of the 304th Division met U.S. forces on a large scale, a first for the PAVN, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ia_Drang" title="Battle of Ia Drang">Battle of Ia Drang</a> in November 1965. The 308th Division's 88A Regiment, the 312th Division's 141A, 141B, 165A, 209A, the 316th Division's 174A, the 325th Division's 95A, 95B, the 320A Division also faced the U.S. forces which included the <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Cavalry Division (United States)">1st Cavalry Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/173rd_Airborne_Brigade" title="173rd Airborne Brigade">173rd Airborne Brigade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Division (United States)">4th Infantry Division</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st Infantry Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="25th Infantry Division (United States)">25th Infantry Division</a>. Many of those formations later became main forces of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(Vietnam)" title="3rd Division (Vietnam)">3rd Division</a> (Yellow Star Division) in Binh Dinh (1965), the <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(Vietnam)" title="5th Infantry Division (Vietnam)">5th Division</a> (1966) of 7th Military Zone (Capital Tactical Area of ARVN), the <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Division (Vietnam)">7th</a> (created by 141st and 209th Regiments originated in the 312th Division in 1966) and <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Vietnam)" title="9th Division (Vietnam)">9th Divisions</a> (first Division of National Liberation Front of Vietnam in 1965 in Mekong Delta), the 10th Dakto Division in Dakto – <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a> in 1972. </p><p>On 20 December 1960, anti-government forces in South Vietnam joined to form a united front called <a href="/wiki/Vietcong" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietcong">National Liberation Front of South Vietnam</a> (<i>Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng Miền Nam Việt Nam</i>) or simply known as the Vietcong in the United States. On 15 December 1961, the NLF established its own military called <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_South_Vietnam" title="Liberation Army of South Vietnam">Liberation Army of South Vietnam</a> (LASV) to fight against the American supported <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</a>. The LASV was controlled and equipped by the PAVN. </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Tr%C3%A0" title="Trần Văn Trà">Trần Văn Trà</a>, one-time commander of the <a href="/wiki/COSVN" class="mw-redirect" title="COSVN">B2</a> Front (Saigon) HQ confirms that even though the PAVN and the LASV were confident in their ability to defeat the regular ARVN forces, U.S. intervention in Vietnam forced them to reconsider their operations. The decision was made to continue to pursue "main force" engagements even though "there were others in the South – they were not military people – who wanted to go back to guerrilla war," but the strategic aims were adjusted to meet the new reality. </p> <blockquote><p>We had to change our plan and make it different from when we fought the Saigon regime, because we now had to fight two adversaries — the United States and South Vietnam. We understood that the U.S. Army was superior to our own logistically, in weapons and in all things. So strategically we did not hope to defeat the U.S. Army completely. Our intentions were to fight a long time and cause heavy casualties to the United States, so the United States would see that the war was unwinnable and would leave.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>During the Vietnamese Lunar New Year <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tết">Tết holiday</a> starting on 30 January 1968, the PAVN/VC launched a general offensive in more than 60 cities and towns throughout south of Vietnam against the US Army and <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</a> (ARVN), beginning with operations in the border region to try and draw US forces and ARVN troops out of the major cities. In coordinated attacks, the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attack_on_US_Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tet Offensive attack on US Embassy">U.S Embassy in Saigon</a>, Presidential Palace, <a href="/wiki/Tet_offensive_attack_on_Joint_General_Staff_Compound" title="Tet offensive attack on Joint General Staff Compound">Headquarters of the Joint General Staff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Navy" title="Republic of Vietnam Navy">Republic of Vietnam Navy</a>, TV and Radio Stations, <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attack_on_Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Tet Offensive attack on Tan Son Nhut Air Base">Tan Son Nhat Air Base</a> in Saigon were attacked by commando forces known as "đặc công". This offensive became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a>". The PAVN sustained heavy losses of its main forces in southern military zones. Some of its regular forces and command structure had to escape to Laos and Cambodia to avoid counterattacks from US forces and ARVN, while local guerrillas forces and political organisations in South Vietnam were exposed and had a hard time remaining within the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> area due to the extensive use of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Program" title="Phoenix Program">Phoenix Program</a>. </p><p>Although the PAVN lost militarily to the US forces and ARVN in the south, the political impact of the war in the United States was strong.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public demonstrations increased in ferocity and quantity after the Tet Offensive. During 1970, the 5th, 7th and 9th Divisions <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_ca%E2%80%93mpaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambodian ca–mpaign (page does not exist)">fought in Cambodia</a> against U.S., ARVN, and Cambodian <a href="/wiki/Khmer_National_Armed_Forces" title="Khmer National Armed Forces">Khmer National Armed Forces</a> but they had gained new allies: the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> and guerrilla fighters supporting deposed Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Sihanouk</a>. In 1975 the PAVN were successful in aiding the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> in toppling <a href="/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol">Lon Nol</a>'s U.S.-backed regime, despite heavy US bombing. </p><p>After the withdrawal of most U.S. combat forces from <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> because of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a> strategy, the PAVN launched the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Easter_Offensive" title="Easter Offensive">Easter Offensive</a> in 1972. Although successful at the beginning, the South Vietnamese repulsed the main assaults with U.S. air support. Still North Vietnam retained some South Vietnamese territory. </p><p>Nearly two years after the full U.S. withdrawal from Indochina in accordance with the terms of the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a>, the PAVN launched a <a href="/wiki/1975_spring_offensive" title="1975 spring offensive">Spring offensive</a> aimed at overthrowing the South Vietnamese government and uniting Vietnam under communist rule. Without direct support of the U.S., and suffering from stresses caused by dwindling aid, the ARVN was ill-prepared to confront the highly motivated PAVN, and despite the on paper superiority of the ARVN, the PAVN quickly secured victory within two months and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">captured Saigon</a> on 30 April 1975, ending the 20 year Vietnam war. </p><p>After national reunification, the LASV was officially merged into PAVN on 2 July 1976. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1975–1991)"><span id="Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_.281975.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1975–1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1975–1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1979%E2%80%931991)" title="Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)">Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)</a></div> <p>Towards the second half of the 20th century the armed forces of Vietnam would participate in organised incursions to protect its citizens and allies against aggressive military factions in the neighbouring Indochinese countries of Laos and Cambodia, and the defensive border wars with China. </p> <ul><li>The PAVN had forces in Laos to secure the Ho Chi Minh trail and to militarily support the <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a>. In 1975 the Pathet Lao and PAVN forces succeeded in toppling the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Royal Laotian regime</a> and installing a new, and pro-Hanoi government, the Lao People's Democratic Republic,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that rules Laos to this day.</li> <li>Parts of Sihanouk's neutral Cambodia were occupied by troops as well. A pro US coup led by <a href="/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol">Lon Nol</a> in 1970 led to the foundation pro-US <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> state. This marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a>. The PAVN aided <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> forces in toppling Lon Nol's government in 1975. In 1978, along with the <a href="/wiki/FUNSK" class="mw-redirect" title="FUNSK">FUNSK</a> Cambodian Salvation Front, the Vietnamese and Ex-Khmer Rouge forces succeeded in toppling <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> regime and installing a new government, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_conflicts_(1979%E2%80%931991)" title="Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)">Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991)</a>, Vietnamese forces would conduct cross-border raids into Chinese territory to destroy artillery ammunition. This greatly contributed to the outcome of the Sino-Vietnamese War, as the Chinese forces ran out of ammunition already at an early stage and had to call in reinforcements.</li> <li>While occupying Cambodia, Vietnam launched <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_border_raids_in_Thailand" title="Vietnamese border raids in Thailand">several armed incursions into Thailand</a> in pursuit of Cambodian guerrillas that had taken refuge on the Thai side of the border.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_deployment">Modern deployment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PAVN has been actively involved in Vietnam's workforce to develop the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">economy of Vietnam</a> by co-ordinating national defence. It has regularly sent troops to aid with natural disasters such as flooding, landslides etc. The PAVN is also involved in such areas as industry, agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> and telecommunications. The PAVN has numerous small firms which have become quite profitable in recent years. However, recent decrees have effectively prohibited the commercialisation of the military. <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> is in place for theoretically every male, age 18 to 25 years old, with the exception of the disabled and men who attended universities right after high school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_presence_&_operations"><span id="International_presence_.26_operations"></span>International presence & operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: International presence & operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Foreign Relations Department of the Ministry of National Defence organises international operations of the PAVN. </p><p>Apart from its occupation of half of the disputed <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a>, which have been claimed as Vietnamese territory since the 17th century, Vietnam has not officially had forces stationed internationally since its withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/State_of_Cambodia_(1989%E2%80%931993)" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Cambodia (1989–1993)">Cambodia</a> and Laos in early 1990. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allegations_of_Vietnamese_assistance_for_overseas_leftist_insurgencies">Allegations of Vietnamese assistance for overseas leftist insurgencies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Allegations of Vietnamese assistance for overseas leftist insurgencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effectiveness of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_Special_Forces" title="People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces">People's Army of Vietnam Special Operation Forces</a> during the Vietnam War saw them instruct various other countries and <a href="/wiki/Marxist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist revolution">Marxist</a> rebel groups. From the 1970s to 1990s, they covertly provided training at the PAVN Sapper Training School in via Vietnamese sapper advisors assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Army" title="Cuban Revolutionary Army">Cuban Army</a>'s Sapper School in Cuba, and, during the 1980s, by a secret Vietnamese sapper training team stationed in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>. In addition to training <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">Cambodian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laotian</a>, Soviet, and Cuban military personnel, their publications revealed that among the foreign revolutionary forces that received training in sapper tactics, bomb-making, and the use of weapons and explosives, were members of the Marxist El Salvadoran FMLN (<a href="/wiki/Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_National_Liberation_Front" title="Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front">Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front</a>), the Chilean MIR (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_(Chile)" title="Revolutionary Left Movement (Chile)">Movement of the Revolutionary Left</a>) fighting against the dictatorial regime of <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>, as well as the Colombian FARC (<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a>) movement, a Marxist guerilla group.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allegations_of_Vietnamese_intervention_in_Lao_security_crises">Allegations of Vietnamese intervention in Lao security crises</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Allegations of Vietnamese intervention in Lao security crises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Insurgency in Laos</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Center_for_Public_Policy_Analysis" title="The Center for Public Policy Analysis">The Center for Public Policy Analysis</a> and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) as well as Laotian and Hmong <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> organisations, including the <a href="/wiki/Lao_Human_Rights_Council" title="Lao Human Rights Council">Lao Human Rights Council</a>, Inc. and the <a href="/wiki/United_League_for_Democracy_in_Laos" title="United League for Democracy in Laos">United League for Democracy in Laos</a>, Inc., have provided evidence that since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, significant numbers of Vietnamese military and security forces continue to be sent to Laos, on a repeated basis, to quell and suppress Laotian political and religious <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissident</a> and opposition groups including the peaceful 1999 Lao Students for Democracy protest in Vientiane in 1999 and the <a href="/wiki/Hmong_Insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong Insurgency">Hmong rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late November 2009, shortly before the start of the <a href="/wiki/2009_Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Southeast Asian Games">2009 Southeast Asian Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>, the PAVN undertook a major troop surge in key rural and mountainous provinces in Laos where Lao and Hmong civilians and religious believers, including Christians, have sought sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern-era_peacekeeping_operations">Modern-era peacekeeping operations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern-era peacekeeping operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">United Nations peacekeeping</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">United Nations Mission in South Sudan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Security_Force_for_Abyei" title="United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei">United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei</a></div> <p>In 2014, Vietnam had requested to join the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">United Nations peacekeeping force</a>, which was later approved.<sup id="cite_ref-VPKO_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VPKO-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Vietnamese UN peacekeeping officers were sent to <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, marked the first involvement of Vietnam into a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' mission abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-VPKO_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VPKO-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnamese peacekeepers were also sent to the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2022, Vietnam has deployed its first <a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">military engineer</a> unit to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Security_Force_for_Abyei" title="United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei">peacekeeping missions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023_Turkish-Syrian_earthquake">2023 Turkish-Syrian earthquake</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2023 Turkish-Syrian earthquake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquakes#International_humanitarian_efforts" title="2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes">2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes § International humanitarian efforts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_response_to_the_2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquake#Vietnam" title="Humanitarian response to the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake">Humanitarian response to the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake § Vietnam</a></div> <p>As an effort to help <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> overcome the consequences of the 2023 earthquake, PAVN has sent 76 servicemen of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Border_Guard" title="Vietnam Border Guard">Border Guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Army Medic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineering Corps</a> (alongside personnel from <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Public Security</a>) to participate in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief including <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search-and-rescue</a> missions.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is the first time ever that Vietnam has officially deployed and engaged in an overseas search and rescue campaign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Ministry_of_National_Defence_structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Vietnam_Ministry_of_National_Defence_structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="690" height="361" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>PAVN's structure</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the Armed Forces is the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">President of Vietnam</a>, though this position is virtually nominal and a majority of political power over the military is assumed by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Military Commission (Vietnam)">Central Military Commission</a> of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Secretary of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">secretary of Central Military Commission</a> (usually the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam</a>) is the de facto commander and now is <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4_L%C3%A2m" title="Tô Lâm">Tô Lâm</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Vietnam)" title="Minister of Defence (Vietnam)">Minister of National Defence</a> oversees operations of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Defence (Vietnam)">Ministry of Defence</a>, and the PAVN. He also oversees such agencies as the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff">General Staff</a> and the General Department of Logistics. However, military policy is ultimately directed by the Central Military Commission of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a>. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Defence (Vietnam)">Ministry of National Defence</a></b>: is the lead organisation, highest command and management of the Vietnam People's Army.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff (Vietnam People's Army)">General Staff</a></b>: is leading agency all levels of the Vietnam People's Army, command all of the armed forces, which functions to ensure combat readiness of the armed forces and manage all military activities in peace and war.</li> <li><b>General Political Department</b>: is the agency in charge of Communist Party affairs – political work within PAVN, which operates under the direct leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam</a> and the Central Military Party Committee.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Military_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="General Department of Military Intelligence">General Department of Defence Intelligence</a></b>: is an intelligence agency of the Vietnamese government and military.</li> <li><b>General Department of Logistics</b>: is the agency in charge to ensure logistical support to units of the People's Army.</li> <li><b>General Department of Technology</b>: is the agency in charge to ensure equipped technical means of war for the army and each unit.</li> <li><b>General Department of Defence Industry</b> (commercially branded as the <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_Defence_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vietnam Defence Industry (page does not exist)">Vietnam Defence Industry</a></b>): is the agency responsible for the development of the Vietnamese national <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">defense industry</a> in support of the missions of the PAVN.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_K20_camo_uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_K20_camo_uniform.jpg/220px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_K20_camo_uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_K20_camo_uniform.jpg/330px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_K20_camo_uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_K20_camo_uniform.jpg/440px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_K20_camo_uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">Combat uniforms</a> of the Vietnamese Army with their corresponding color schemes: Ground Force (combined arms), <a href="/wiki/Air_Defense_-_Air_Force_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Defense - Air Force Service">Air Defence - Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="Vietnam People's Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Border_Guard" title="Vietnam Border Guard">Border Guard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Coast_Guard" title="Vietnam Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_branches">Service branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Service branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vietnamese People's Army is subdivided into the following service branches: </p> <ul><li><b>Vietnam People's Ground Force</b> (unofficial)</li></ul> <p>(Lục quân Nhân dân Việt Nam) </p> <ul><li><b>Vietnam People's Air Force</b></li></ul> <p>(Không quân Nhân dân Việt Nam) </p> <ul><li><b>Vietnam People's Navy</b></li></ul> <p>(Hải quân Nhân dân Việt Nam) </p> <ul><li><b>Vietnam Border Guard</b></li></ul> <p>(Bộ đội Biên phòng Việt Nam) </p> <ul><li><b>Vietnam Coast Guard</b></li></ul> <p>(Cảnh sát biển Việt Nam) </p> <ul><li><b>Cyberspace Operations Command</b></li></ul> <p>(Bộ Tư lệnh Tác chiến không gian mạng) </p> <ul><li><b>President Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum Defence Force</b></li></ul> <p>(Bộ Tư lệnh Bảo vệ Lăng Chủ tịch Hồ Chí Minh) </p><p>The People's Army of Vietnam composes of the standing (or regular) forces and the reserve forces. The standing forces include the main forces and the local forces. During peacetime, the standing forces are minimised in number, and kept combat-ready by regular physical and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a> training, and stock maintenance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_People's_Ground_Force"><span id="Vietnam_People.27s_Ground_Force"></span>Vietnam People's Ground Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vietnam People's Ground Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within PAVN the Ground Force have not been established as a separate full Service Command, thus <i>all of the ground troops, army corps, military districts and the specialised arms</i> are under the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Defence (Vietnam)">Ministry of Defence</a>, under the direct command of the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Army" title="General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army">General Staff</a>, who serves as its <i>de facto</i> commander. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arm_badges">Arm badges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Arm badges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Infantry </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Armor - Tank </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Artillery </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_Special_Forces" title="People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces">Special Forces</a> </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Ammunition </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Mechanized Infantry </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Engineering </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Medical </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Signals </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Vector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Vector.png/55px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Vector.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Vector.png/83px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Vector.png/110px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Vector.png 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Tank_Vector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Tank_Vector.png/55px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Tank_Vector.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Tank_Vector.png/83px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Tank_Vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Tank_Vector.png/110px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Tank_Vector.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Artillery_Vector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Artillery_Vector.png/55px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Artillery_Vector.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Artillery_Vector.png/83px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Artillery_Vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Artillery_Vector.png/110px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Artillery_Vector.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Commando_Vector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Commando_Vector.png/55px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Commando_Vector.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Commando_Vector.png/83px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Commando_Vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Commando_Vector.png/110px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Commando_Vector.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ammunition_Vector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ammunition_Vector.png/55px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ammunition_Vector.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ammunition_Vector.png/83px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ammunition_Vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ammunition_Vector.png/110px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ammunition_Vector.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Motorized_Infantry_Vector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Motorized_Infantry_Vector.png/55px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Motorized_Infantry_Vector.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Motorized_Infantry_Vector.png/83px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Motorized_Infantry_Vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Motorized_Infantry_Vector.png/110px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_Motorized_Infantry_Vector.png 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineer_Vector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineer_Vector.png/55px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineer_Vector.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineer_Vector.png/83px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineer_Vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineer_Vector.png/110px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineer_Vector.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Military_Medical.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Military_Medical.png/55px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Military_Medical.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Military_Medical.png/83px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Military_Medical.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Military_Medical.png/110px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Military_Medical.png 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Communications.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Communications.png/55px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Communications.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Communications.png/83px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Communications.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Communications.png/110px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Communications.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Transportation </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Technical </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Chemical </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Ordnance </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Intelligence </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Military Court </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Ensemble </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Military Athletes </th> <th width="100" align="center" style="color:yellow; background-color:red;">Military Musical Bands </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Motorcycle_Vector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Motorcycle_Vector.png/55px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Motorcycle_Vector.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Motorcycle_Vector.png/83px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Motorcycle_Vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Motorcycle_Vector.png/110px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Motorcycle_Vector.png 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineering_Vector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineering_Vector.png/55px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineering_Vector.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineering_Vector.png/83px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineering_Vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineering_Vector.png/110px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Engineering_Vector.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Chemistry_Vector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Chemistry_Vector.png/55px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Chemistry_Vector.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Chemistry_Vector.png/83px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Chemistry_Vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Chemistry_Vector.png/110px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Chemistry_Vector.png 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ordnance_Vector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ordnance_Vector.png/55px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ordnance_Vector.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ordnance_Vector.png/83px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ordnance_Vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ordnance_Vector.png/110px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Ordnance_Vector.png 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Intelligence_Vector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Intelligence_Vector.png/55px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Intelligence_Vector.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Intelligence_Vector.png/83px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Intelligence_Vector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Intelligence_Vector.png/110px-Vietnamese_People%27s_Army_Intelligence_Vector.png 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiemsoat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kiemsoat.png/34px-Kiemsoat.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kiemsoat.png/52px-Kiemsoat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kiemsoat.png/68px-Kiemsoat.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quannhac.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Quannhac.png/53px-Quannhac.png" decoding="async" width="53" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Quannhac.png/80px-Quannhac.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Quannhac.png/106px-Quannhac.png 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thecong.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Thecong.png/55px-Thecong.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Thecong.png/83px-Thecong.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Thecong.png/110px-Thecong.png 2x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="133" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vancong.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vancong.png/50px-Vancong.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vancong.png/76px-Vancong.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vancong.png/100px-Vancong.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_regions">Military regions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Military regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following military regions are under the direct control of the General Staff and the Ministry of Defence: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Military_Regions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vietnam_Military_Regions.jpg/220px-Vietnam_Military_Regions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vietnam_Military_Regions.jpg/330px-Vietnam_Military_Regions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vietnam_Military_Regions.jpg/440px-Vietnam_Military_Regions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>Vietnam Map with eight Military Districts and four Corps</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/High_Command_of_Capital_Hanoi" title="High Command of Capital Hanoi">Hanoi Capital City Special High Command</a></b> (Bộ Tư lệnh Thủ đô Hà Nội): special command tasked for the defense of the Hanoi Capital Region. Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1st_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" title="1st Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">1st Military Region</a></b> (Quân khu 1): responsible for the North East of Vietnam. Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Thái Nguyên">Thái Nguyên</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" title="2nd Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">2nd Military Region</a></b> (Quân khu 2): responsible for the North West of Vietnam. Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Tr%C3%AC" title="Việt Trì">Việt Trì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Phú Thọ">Phú Thọ</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" title="3rd Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">3rd Military Region</a></b> (Quân khu 3): responsible for the defense of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> (except Hanoi Capital Region). Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Hai_Phong" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Phong">Hai Phong</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/4th_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">4th Military Region</a></b> (Quân khu 4): responsible for North Central Vietnam. Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Vinh" title="Vinh">Vinh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_An_province" title="Nghệ An province">Nghệ An province</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/5th_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" title="5th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">5th Military Region</a></b> (Quân khu 5): responsible for South Central Vietnam including the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a> and Southern Central coastal provinces. Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/7th_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" title="7th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">7th Military Region</a></b> (Quân khu 7): responsible for Southeast Vietnam. Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/9th_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" title="9th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">9th Military Region</a></b> (Quân khu 9): responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>. Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C6%A1" title="Cần Thơ">Cần Thơ</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Main_forces">Main forces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Main forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam People's Army">Vietnam People's Army</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/480px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Defence (Vietnam)">Ministry of National Defence</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Command</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Army" title="General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army">General Staff</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Services</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Air Defence - Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="Vietnam People's Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Border_Guard" title="Vietnam Border Guard">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Coast_Guard" title="Vietnam Coast Guard"><i>Coast Guard</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ranks and history</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_military_ranks_and_insignia" title="Vietnamese military ranks and insignia">Vietnamese military ranks and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_military_ranks" title="History of Vietnamese military ranks">History of Vietnamese military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Vietnam" title="Military history of Vietnam">Military history of Vietnam</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_military_vehicles_roundel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_military_vehicles_roundel.svg/220px-People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_military_vehicles_roundel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_military_vehicles_roundel.svg/330px-People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_military_vehicles_roundel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_military_vehicles_roundel.svg/440px-People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_military_vehicles_roundel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>PAVN military vehicles roundel.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duyet_binh-012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Duyet_binh-012.jpg/220px-Duyet_binh-012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Duyet_binh-012.jpg/330px-Duyet_binh-012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Duyet_binh-012.jpg/440px-Duyet_binh-012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>PAVN reconnaissance troops in 2015.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Main Force of the PAVN and its People's Ground Forces consists of combat ready troops, as well as support units such as educational institutions for logistics, officer training, and technical training. In 1991, Conboy et al. stated that the PAVN Ground Force had four 'Strategic Army Corps' in the early 1990s, numbering 1–4, from north to south.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1st_Corps_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Corps (Vietnam People's Army)">1st Corps</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> region, consisted of the 308th (one of the six original 'Steel and Iron' divisions) and 312th Divisions, and the 309th Infantry Regiment. The other three corps, 2 SAC, 3 SAC, and 4 SAC, were further south, with <a href="/wiki/4th_Corps_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Corps (Vietnam People's Army)">4th Corps</a>, in Southern Vietnam, consisting of two former <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Army_of_South_Vietnam" title="Liberation Army of South Vietnam">LASV</a> divisions, the 7th and 9th. </p><p>From 2014 to 2016, the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">IISS</a> Military Balance attributed the Vietnamese ground forces with an estimated 412,000 personnel. <a href="/wiki/Formation_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (military)">Formations</a>, according to the IISS, include 8 military regions, 4 corps headquarters, 1 special forces airborne brigade, 6 armoured brigades and 3 armoured regiments, two mechanised infantry divisions, and 23 active infantry divisions plus another 9 reserve ones. </p><p>Combat support formations include 13 artillery brigades and one artillery regiment, 11 air defence brigades, 10 engineers brigades, 1 electronic warfare unit, 3 signals brigades and 2 signals regiment. </p><p>Combat service support formations include 9 economic construction divisions, 1 logistical regiment, 1 medical unit and 1 training regiment. Ross wrote in 1984 that economic construction division "are composed of regular troops that are fully trained and armed, and reportedly they are subordinate to their own directorate in the Ministry of Defense. They have specific military missions; however, they are also entrusted with economic tasks such as food production or construction work. They are composed partially of older veterans."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198417_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198417-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross also cited 1980s sources saying that economic construction divisions each had a strength of about 3,500. </p><p>In 2017, the listing was amended, with the addition of a single <a href="/wiki/Short-range_ballistic_missile" title="Short-range ballistic missile">Short-range ballistic missile</a> brigade. The ground forces according to the IISS, hold Scud-B/C SRBMs.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_VPA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emblem_VPA.svg/25px-Emblem_VPA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emblem_VPA.svg/38px-Emblem_VPA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emblem_VPA.svg/50px-Emblem_VPA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="593" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/12th_Corps_(Vietnam)" title="12th Corps (Vietnam)">12th Corps</a></b> </p><p>First organised on 21 November 2023, the 12th Corps was created by merging all of the units from the former <a href="/wiki/1st_Corps_(Vietnam)" title="1st Corps (Vietnam)">1st Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Corps_(Vietnam)" title="2nd Corps (Vietnam)">2nd Corps</a>. It is stationed in <a href="/wiki/Tam_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87p_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam Điệp District">Tam Điệp District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninh_B%C3%ACnh_province" title="Ninh Bình province">Ninh Bình</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_VPA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emblem_VPA.svg/25px-Emblem_VPA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emblem_VPA.svg/38px-Emblem_VPA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emblem_VPA.svg/50px-Emblem_VPA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="593" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/34th_Corps_(Vietnam)" title="34th Corps (Vietnam)">34th Corps</a></b> </p><p>First organised on 10 December 2024, the 34th Corps was created by merging all of the units from the former <a href="/wiki/3rd_Corps_(Vietnam)" title="3rd Corps (Vietnam)">3rd Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/4th_Corps_(Vietnam)" title="4th Corps (Vietnam)">4th Corps</a>. Stationed in <a href="/wiki/Pleiku" title="Pleiku">Pleiku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gia_Lai_province" title="Gia Lai province">Gia Lai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local_forces">Local forces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Local forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local forces are an entity of the PAVN that, together with the <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> and "self-defence forces", act on the local level in protection of people and local authorities. While the local forces are regular VPA forces, the people's militia consists of rural civilians, and the people's self-defence forces consist of civilians who live in urban areas and/or work in large groups, such as at construction sites or farms. The current number stands at 3–4 million reservists and militia personnel combined. They serve as force multipliers to the PAVN and Public Security during wartime and peacetime contingencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_People's_Navy"><span id="Vietnam_People.27s_Navy"></span>Vietnam People's Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vietnam People's Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="Vietnam People's Navy">Vietnam People's Navy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_People's_Air_Force"><span id="Vietnam_People.27s_Air_Force"></span>Vietnam People's Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vietnam People's Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Vietnam People's Air Force</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_Border_Guard">Vietnam Border Guard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vietnam Border Guard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Border_Guard" title="Vietnam Border Guard">Vietnam Border Guard</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_Coast_Guard">Vietnam Coast Guard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vietnam Coast Guard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Coast_Guard" title="Vietnam Coast Guard">Vietnam Coast Guard</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranks_and_insignia">Ranks and insignia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ranks and insignia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_military_ranks_and_insignia" title="Vietnamese military ranks and insignia">Vietnamese military ranks and insignia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commissioned_officer_ranks">Commissioned officer ranks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Commissioned officer ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rank insignia of <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commissioned officers</a>. </p> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC; width: 100%"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="10">General / flag officers </th> <th colspan="6">Senior officers </th> <th colspan="8">Junior officers </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg/75px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg/100px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="776" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg/75px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg/100px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="776" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-8.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-8.svg/75px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-8.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-6.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-6.svg/75px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-6.svg/100px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="776" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-5.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-5.svg/75px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-5.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-3.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-3.svg/75px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-3.svg/100px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="776" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-2.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-2.svg/75px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-2.svg/100px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="776" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1C.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1C.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1C.svg/75px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1C.svg/100px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="776" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1B.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1B.svg/75px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1B.svg/100px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="776" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1A.svg/50px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1A.svg/75px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1A.svg/100px-Vietnam_People%27s_Army_OF-1A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="776" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Army_general_(Vietnam)" title="Army general (Vietnam)">Đại tướng</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Jiang (rank)">Thượng tướng</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Jiang (rank)">Trung tướng</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Jiang (rank)">Thiếu tướng</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="1"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Sa_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Sa (rank)">Đại tá</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="1"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Sa_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Sa (rank)">Thượng tá</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Sa_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Sa (rank)">Trung tá</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Sa_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Sa (rank)">Thiếu tá</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Wei (rank)">Đại úy</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Wei (rank)">Thượng úy</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Wei (rank)">Trung úy</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Wei_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Wei (rank)">Thiếu úy</a></i></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ranks">Other ranks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rank insignia of <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">enlisted personnel</a>. </p> <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC; color:inherit; text-align:center; width: 100%"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="22">Senior NCOs </th> <th colspan="6">Junior NCOs </th> <th colspan="8">Enlisted </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Ground_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam People's Ground Force">Vietnam People's Ground Force</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Vietnam_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vietnam-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul class="navbar-brackets"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Armies/OR/Vietnam" title="Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Armies/OR/Vietnam" title="Template talk:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Armies/OR/Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam-Army-OR-9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vietnam-Army-OR-9.svg/50px-Vietnam-Army-OR-9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vietnam-Army-OR-9.svg/75px-Vietnam-Army-OR-9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vietnam-Army-OR-9.svg/100px-Vietnam-Army-OR-9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="579" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="6"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam-Army-OR-5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vietnam-Army-OR-5.svg/50px-Vietnam-Army-OR-5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vietnam-Army-OR-5.svg/75px-Vietnam-Army-OR-5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vietnam-Army-OR-5.svg/100px-Vietnam-Army-OR-5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="579" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="6" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam-Army-OR-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vietnam-Army-OR-4.svg/50px-Vietnam-Army-OR-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vietnam-Army-OR-4.svg/75px-Vietnam-Army-OR-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vietnam-Army-OR-4.svg/100px-Vietnam-Army-OR-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="579" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="6"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam-Army-OR-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vietnam-Army-OR-2.svg/50px-Vietnam-Army-OR-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vietnam-Army-OR-2.svg/75px-Vietnam-Army-OR-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vietnam-Army-OR-2.svg/100px-Vietnam-Army-OR-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="579" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam-Army-OR-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vietnam-Army-OR-1.svg/50px-Vietnam-Army-OR-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vietnam-Army-OR-1.svg/75px-Vietnam-Army-OR-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Vietnam-Army-OR-1.svg/100px-Vietnam-Army-OR-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="579" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Shi (rank)">Thượng sĩ</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="6"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Shi (rank)">Trung sĩ</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="4"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Shi_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Shi (rank)">Hạ sĩ</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="6"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Bing_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Bing (rank)">Binh nhất</a></i></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Bing_(rank)#Vietnam" title="Bing (rank)">Binh nhì</a></i></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Ground_Forces" title="List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Ground Forces">List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Ground Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duyet_binh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Duyet_binh.jpg/220px-Duyet_binh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Duyet_binh.jpg/330px-Duyet_binh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Duyet_binh.jpg/440px-Duyet_binh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_Special_Forces" title="People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces">People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces</a> parading in 2015 with Israeli-license <a href="/wiki/IWI_Galil_ACE" title="IWI Galil ACE">ACE 31</a> rifles.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 1960s to 1975 the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, along with some smaller <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries, was the main supplier of military hardware to North Vietnam. After the latter's victory in the war, it remained the main supplier of equipment to Vietnam. The United States had been the primary supplier of equipment to South Vietnam; much of the equipment left by the U.S. Army and the ARVN came under control of the re-unified Vietnamese government. The PAVN captured large numbers of ARVN weapons on 30 April 1975 after Saigon was captured. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_T-6C_Texan_II_(601-605)_for_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Five_T-6C_Texan_II_%28601-605%29_for_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force.jpg/220px-Five_T-6C_Texan_II_%28601-605%29_for_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Five_T-6C_Texan_II_%28601-605%29_for_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force.jpg/330px-Five_T-6C_Texan_II_%28601-605%29_for_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Five_T-6C_Texan_II_%28601-605%29_for_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force.jpg/440px-Five_T-6C_Texan_II_%28601-605%29_for_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_T-6_Texan_II" title="Beechcraft T-6 Texan II">T-6C Texan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Trainer_aircraft" title="Trainer aircraft">trainer aircraft</a> are one of the first major assets that PAVN has procured from its former enemy <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the modern era.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> remains the largest arms-supplier for Vietnam; even after 1986, there were also increasing arms sales from other nations, notably from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In 2016, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> announced the lifting of the lethal weapons embargo on Vietnam, which has increased Vietnamese military equipment choices from other countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and other Western countries, which could enable a faster modernization of the Vietnamese military. Since 2018, the United States has begun to provide warships for Vietnam Coast Guard as part of the military cooperation between two states, the first of these ships arrived in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Russia remaining Vietnam's largest weapon supplier, increasing cooperation with Israel has resulted in the development of Vietnamese weaponry with a strong mixture of Russian and Israeli weapons. For examples, the <a href="/wiki/STV_rifle" title="STV rifle">STV rifles</a> are three Vietnam-made indigenous service rifles modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Galil_ACE" class="mw-redirect" title="Galil ACE">Galil ACE</a> of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-soha_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soha-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many new Vietnamese weapons, armor, and equipment are also greatly influenced by Israeli military doctrines, due to Vietnam's long and problematic relations with most of its neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-soha_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soha-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VietnamPlus&rft.atitle=Preparations+completed+for+Vietnam%27s+first+military+engineer+unit+to+a+UN+peacekeeping+mission+%7C+Politics+%7C+Vietnam%2B+%28VietnamPlus%29&rft.date=2022-04-03&rft.au=VNA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.vietnamplus.vn%2Fpreparations-completed-for-vietnams-first-military-engineer-unit-to-a-un-peacekeeping-mission%2F224489.vnp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Army+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.qdnd.vn/military/intl-relations-and-cooperation/vietnam-people-s-army-sends-76-servicemen-to-participate-in-humanitarian-assistance-and-disaster-relief-in-turkey-549281">"Vietnam People's Army sends 76 servicemen to participate in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief in Turkey"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_Newspaper" title="People's Army Newspaper">People's Army Newspaper</a> Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Army+Newspaper+Online&rft.atitle=Vietnam+People%27s+Army+sends+76+servicemen+to+participate+in+humanitarian+assistance+and+disaster+relief+in+Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.qdnd.vn%2Fmilitary%2Fintl-relations-and-cooperation%2Fvietnam-people-s-army-sends-76-servicemen-to-participate-in-humanitarian-assistance-and-disaster-relief-in-turkey-549281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Army+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencetalk.com/forums/showthread.php?t=6367">"Modern Military of Vietnam"</a>. <i>Defence Talk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429094558/http://www.defencetalk.com/forums/showthread.php?t=6367">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defence+Talk&rft.atitle=Modern+Military+of+Vietnam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defencetalk.com%2Fforums%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D6367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Army+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss198417-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss198417_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1984">Ross 1984</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IISS Military Balance 2017, 338–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xaydungchinhsach.chinhphu.vn/thanh-lap-quan-doan-12-tien-len-hien-dai-119231017130934823.htm">"Thành lập Quân đoàn 12, tiến lên hiện đại"</a>. <i>Vietnamese Government</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022104058/https://xaydungchinhsach.chinhphu.vn/thanh-lap-quan-doan-12-tien-len-hien-dai-119231017130934823.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vietnamese+Government&rft.atitle=Th%C3%A0nh+l%E1%BA%ADp+Qu%C3%A2n+%C4%91o%C3%A0n+12%2C+ti%E1%BA%BFn+l%C3%AAn+hi%E1%BB%87n+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxaydungchinhsach.chinhphu.vn%2Fthanh-lap-quan-doan-12-tien-len-hien-dai-119231017130934823.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Army+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdnd.vn/quoc-phong-an-ninh/tin-tuc/lanh-dao-quan-uy-trung-uong-bo-quoc-phong-du-le-cong-bo-quyet-dinh-thanh-lap-quan-doan-12-753866">"Lãnh đạo Quân ủy Trung ương, Bộ Quốc phòng dự lễ công bố Quyết định thành lập Quân đoàn 12"</a>. <i>People's Army Newspaper</i>. Vietnam. 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Army+Newspaper&rft.atitle=L%C3%A3nh+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o+Qu%C3%A2n+%E1%BB%A7y+Trung+%C6%B0%C6%A1ng%2C+B%E1%BB%99+Qu%E1%BB%91c+ph%C3%B2ng+d%E1%BB%B1+l%E1%BB%85+c%C3%B4ng+b%E1%BB%91+Quy%E1%BA%BFt+%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh+th%C3%A0nh+l%E1%BA%ADp+Qu%C3%A2n+%C4%91o%C3%A0n+12&rft.date=2023-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdnd.vn%2Fquoc-phong-an-ninh%2Ftin-tuc%2Flanh-dao-quan-uy-trung-uong-bo-quoc-phong-du-le-cong-bo-quyet-dinh-thanh-lap-quan-doan-12-753866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Army+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241215050058/https://www.qdnd.vn/quoc-phong-an-ninh/tin-tuc/lanh-dao-quan-uy-trung-uong-bo-quoc-phong-du-le-cong-bo-quyet-dinh-thanh-lap-quan-doan-34-807061">"Lãnh đạo Quân ủy Trung ương, Bộ Quốc phòng dự Lễ công bố Quyết định thành lập Quân đoàn 34"</a>. <i>People's Army Newspaper (Vietnam)</i> (in Vietnamese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdnd.vn/quoc-phong-an-ninh/tin-tuc/lanh-dao-quan-uy-trung-uong-bo-quoc-phong-du-le-cong-bo-quyet-dinh-thanh-lap-quan-doan-34-807061">the original</a> on 15 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Army+Newspaper+%28Vietnam%29&rft.atitle=L%C3%A3nh+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o+Qu%C3%A2n+%E1%BB%A7y+Trung+%C6%B0%C6%A1ng%2C+B%E1%BB%99+Qu%E1%BB%91c+ph%C3%B2ng+d%E1%BB%B1+L%E1%BB%85+c%C3%B4ng+b%E1%BB%91+Quy%E1%BA%BFt+%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh+th%C3%A0nh+l%E1%BA%ADp+Qu%C3%A2n+%C4%91o%C3%A0n+34&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdnd.vn%2Fquoc-phong-an-ninh%2Ftin-tuc%2Flanh-dao-quan-uy-trung-uong-bo-quoc-phong-du-le-cong-bo-quyet-dinh-thanh-lap-quan-doan-34-807061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Army+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vietnam-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vietnam_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vietnam_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202031836/http://www.mod.gov.vn/wps/portal/!ut/p/b1/vZTbcqJAEIafJQ9gMcOZSxiOg6AcBW4sEVSECEEU5OmXbLJbm9RuvMk6fdVVf9fX_c_0EAkREclpcy32m66oT5vqNU_YtSraLi9BEQDgMcCgRDOYC1MicpMgngRIE3WamwPAz7VJIOqBKzgUBUTqY_2C0_mpHiGGCikIJECsiOgY0wM6W70i-ruynFfb1fYQX7ZNdtn5qHA8c6zP5WWtN7JZeulq7Id0jm6zQejicQQsiZnxbA4Q57NTs-r7sKUaVLQlv5USsiPHDjJShYe9dkQvriL39cy8OujA12x08P2QCfHIXDr1KPJw3aZRs1ueQ_tk1k_vs4F_HBHcm-2t_gvBHW9XRPJRoomhCgzsARFxDIlo7l3wlf0_BV_MEE8C7o8mfZ6bujBCgZZpCESW8IkI0GvveGuMsRzdI-iBPzrQBh0GXGhZnB7YQYXtbAE9ObRgG_RWig3Lx5Y3BqQn6MssdANJlOTL3r_eA3KPBjL_G6gt9Ndb8zHjLRwS0NSDJ3TobwdiItlXdTp9EGESU5JcG72ieOtDsFh6TK4Vy7piTSpNvZtbVTG5P_HXbTEfbE3I8eGUsfDs3MJcRU1WvTi52SWXoj-uFptwE0eD1SaoWy27ss1UyzsBf5fBgyr07TEdcUpK82dnN-SoyGZNv0CIXxou1HKc-HzKIoVLcXNBNuhNeNhYAPdT3oc2ZexMrbAYdqf6oTq-bBF5fiJsvX7OP9v3aRGdvz2QwVb6wR-xAUswWEHr2r5yswTJ9mXlBgJoW21meWUNvbIxz538yz4v4oToDpClHwx0uP8N_LwC4NGWst8ObJ6DqzlnXX2MfkeuXZ_fYv_0AytYOeM!/dl4/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/">"Quy định quân hiệu, cấp hiệu, phù hiệu và lễ phục của Quân đội nhân dân Việt Nam"</a>. <i>mod.gov.vn</i> (in Vietnamese). Ministry of Defence (Vietnam). 26 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.gov.vn/wps/portal/!ut/p/b1/vZTbcqJAEIafJQ9gMcOZSxiOg6AcBW4sEVSECEEU5OmXbLJbm9RuvMk6fdVVf9fX_c_0EAkREclpcy32m66oT5vqNU_YtSraLi9BEQDgMcCgRDOYC1MicpMgngRIE3WamwPAz7VJIOqBKzgUBUTqY_2C0_mpHiGGCikIJECsiOgY0wM6W70i-ruynFfb1fYQX7ZNdtn5qHA8c6zP5WWtN7JZeulq7Id0jm6zQejicQQsiZnxbA4Q57NTs-r7sKUaVLQlv5USsiPHDjJShYe9dkQvriL39cy8OujA12x08P2QCfHIXDr1KPJw3aZRs1ueQ_tk1k_vs4F_HBHcm-2t_gvBHW9XRPJRoomhCgzsARFxDIlo7l3wlf0_BV_MEE8C7o8mfZ6bujBCgZZpCESW8IkI0GvveGuMsRzdI-iBPzrQBh0GXGhZnB7YQYXtbAE9ObRgG_RWig3Lx5Y3BqQn6MssdANJlOTL3r_eA3KPBjL_G6gt9Ndb8zHjLRwS0NSDJ3TobwdiItlXdTp9EGESU5JcG72ieOtDsFh6TK4Vy7piTSpNvZtbVTG5P_HXbTEfbE3I8eGUsfDs3MJcRU1WvTi52SWXoj-uFptwE0eD1SaoWy27ss1UyzsBf5fBgyr07TEdcUpK82dnN-SoyGZNv0CIXxou1HKc-HzKIoVLcXNBNuhNeNhYAPdT3oc2ZexMrbAYdqf6oTq-bBF5fiJsvX7OP9v3aRGdvz2QwVb6wR-xAUswWEHr2r5yswTJ9mXlBgJoW21meWUNvbIxz538yz4v4oToDpClHwx0uP8N_LwC4NGWst8ObJ6DqzlnXX2MfkeuXZ_fYv_0AytYOeM!/dl4/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/">the original</a> on 2 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mod.gov.vn&rft.atitle=Quy+%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh+qu%C3%A2n+hi%E1%BB%87u%2C+c%E1%BA%A5p+hi%E1%BB%87u%2C+ph%C3%B9+hi%E1%BB%87u+v%C3%A0+l%E1%BB%85+ph%E1%BB%A5c+c%E1%BB%A7a+Qu%C3%A2n+%C4%91%E1%BB%99i+nh%C3%A2n+d%C3%A2n+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.date=2009-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mod.gov.vn%2Fwps%2Fportal%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fb1%2FvZTbcqJAEIafJQ9gMcOZSxiOg6AcBW4sEVSECEEU5OmXbLJbm9RuvMk6fdVVf9fX_c_0EAkREclpcy32m66oT5vqNU_YtSraLi9BEQDgMcCgRDOYC1MicpMgngRIE3WamwPAz7VJIOqBKzgUBUTqY_2C0_mpHiGGCikIJECsiOgY0wM6W70i-ruynFfb1fYQX7ZNdtn5qHA8c6zP5WWtN7JZeulq7Id0jm6zQejicQQsiZnxbA4Q57NTs-r7sKUaVLQlv5USsiPHDjJShYe9dkQvriL39cy8OujA12x08P2QCfHIXDr1KPJw3aZRs1ueQ_tk1k_vs4F_HBHcm-2t_gvBHW9XRPJRoomhCgzsARFxDIlo7l3wlf0_BV_MEE8C7o8mfZ6bujBCgZZpCESW8IkI0GvveGuMsRzdI-iBPzrQBh0GXGhZnB7YQYXtbAE9ObRgG_RWig3Lx5Y3BqQn6MssdANJlOTL3r_eA3KPBjL_G6gt9Ndb8zHjLRwS0NSDJ3TobwdiItlXdTp9EGESU5JcG72ieOtDsFh6TK4Vy7piTSpNvZtbVTG5P_HXbTEfbE3I8eGUsfDs3MJcRU1WvTi52SWXoj-uFptwE0eD1SaoWy27ss1UyzsBf5fBgyr07TEdcUpK82dnN-SoyGZNv0CIXxou1HKc-HzKIoVLcXNBNuhNeNhYAPdT3oc2ZexMrbAYdqf6oTq-bBF5fiJsvX7OP9v3aRGdvz2QwVb6wR-xAUswWEHr2r5yswTJ9mXlBgJoW21meWUNvbIxz538yz4v4oToDpClHwx0uP8N_LwC4NGWst8ObJ6DqzlnXX2MfkeuXZ_fYv_0AytYOeM%21%2Fdl4%2Fd5%2FL2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Army+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipdefenseforum.com/2021/08/u-s-donates-patrol-vessel-to-boost-vietnams-maritime-security/#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20government%20transferred%20ownership,to%20Hanoi%20under%20the%20program.">"U.S. Donates patrol vessel to boost Vietnam's maritime security | Indo-Pacific Defense Forum"</a>. 11 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Donates+patrol+vessel+to+boost+Vietnam%27s+maritime+security+%26%23124%3B+Indo-Pacific+Defense+Forum&rft.date=2021-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipdefenseforum.com%2F2021%2F08%2Fu-s-donates-patrol-vessel-to-boost-vietnams-maritime-security%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520U.S.%2520government%2520transferred%2520ownership%2Cto%2520Hanoi%2520under%2520the%2520program.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Army+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soha-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soha_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soha_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soha.vn/che-tuyet-tac-vu-khi-cong-nghiep-quoc-phong-vn-dung-tren-vai-nguoi-khong-lo-israel-20191105152557032.htm">"Chế tuyệt tác vũ khí, Công nghiệp quốc phòng VN 'đứng trên vai người khổng lồ" Israel"</a>. <i>soha.vn</i>. 9 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=soha.vn&rft.atitle=Ch%E1%BA%BF+tuy%E1%BB%87t+t%C3%A1c+v%C5%A9+kh%C3%AD%2C+C%C3%B4ng+nghi%E1%BB%87p+qu%E1%BB%91c+ph%C3%B2ng+VN+%27%C4%91%E1%BB%A9ng+tr%C3%AAn+vai+ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+kh%E1%BB%95ng+l%E1%BB%93%22+Israel&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoha.vn%2Fche-tuyet-tac-vu-khi-cong-nghiep-quoc-phong-vn-dung-tren-vai-nguoi-khong-lo-israel-20191105152557032.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Army+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Conboy, Bowra, and McCouaig, 'The NVA and Vietcong', Osprey Publishing, 1991.</li> <li>Gabriel, Richard A. "Nonaligned, Third World, and Other Ground Armies: A Combat Assessment," Greenwood Press, 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WLodAAAAMAAJ">Nonaligned, Third World, and Other Ground Armies: A Combat Assessment</a> (further reading)</li> <li>Military History Institute of Vietnam,(2002) <i>Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975,</i> translated by Merle L. Pribbenow. University Press of Kansas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1175-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1175-4">0-7006-1175-4</a>.</li> <li>Morris, Virginia and Hills, Clive. 'Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution: In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives', McFarland & Co Inc, 2018.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1984" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Russell R. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA313467.pdf">"Military Force Development in Vietnam: A Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+Force+Development+in+Vietnam%3A+A+Report&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Russell+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA313467.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Army+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Thayer, Carl A. (1997). "Force Modernization: The Case of the Vietnam People's Army". <i>Contemporary Southeast Asia; Singapore</i>. <b>19</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Southeast+Asia%3B+Singapore&rft.atitle=Force+Modernization%3A+The+Case+of+the+Vietnam+People%27s+Army&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=Carl+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Army+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2012" class="citation book cs1">Tran, Doan Lam (2012). <i>How the Vietnamese People's Army was Founded</i>. Hanoi: World Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-604-7705-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-604-7705-13-9"><bdi>978-604-7705-13-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Vietnamese+People%27s+Army+was+Founded&rft.place=Hanoi&rft.pub=World+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-604-7705-13-9&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Doan+Lam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople%27s+Army+of+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vietnam_People%27s_Army" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vietnam People's Army">Vietnam People's Army</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103014018/http://bqp.gov.vn/">Ministry of Defence Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160706102842/http://www.qdnd.vn/qdndsite/en-US/72/72/Default.aspx">People's Army of Vietnam English Edition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080406154059/http://www.centerforpublicpolicyanalysis.org/">Center for Public Policy Analysis, Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="Template talk:People's Army of Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People's Army of Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Vietnam&#124;link=Vietnam_Vietnam_People&#039;s_Army_21px258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam People's Army">Vietnam People's Army</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_badge_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Head_badge_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Army.svg/21px-Head_badge_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Head_badge_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Army.svg/32px-Head_badge_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Head_badge_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Army.svg/42px-Head_badge_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="808" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Defence (Vietnam)">Ministry of National Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Vietnam)" title="Minister of Defence (Vietnam)">Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam People's Army">Vietnam People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Army" title="General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army">General Staff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Vietnam)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Vietnam)">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Political_Department_(Vietnam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Political Department (Vietnam) (page does not exist)">General Political Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services & Arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Ground_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam People's Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="Vietnam People's Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Air Defence - Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Border_Guard" title="Vietnam Border Guard">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Coast_Guard" title="Vietnam Coast Guard"><i>Coast Guard</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam_Special_Forces" title="People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces">Special Operation Force</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engineer (Vietnam People's Army) (page does not exist)">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_Warfare_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical Warfare (Vietnam People's Army) (page does not exist)">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armor_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armor (Vietnam People's Army) (page does not exist)">Amour - Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signal_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Signal (Vietnam People's Army) (page does not exist)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artillery_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artillery (Vietnam People's Army) (page does not exist)">Artillery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;background-color: #d3d3d3;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" title="1st Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" title="2nd Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" title="3rd Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" title="5th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" title="7th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)" title="9th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army)">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Command_of_Capital_Hanoi" title="High Command of Capital Hanoi">High Command of Capital Hanoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;background-color: #d3d3d3;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army) (page does not exist)">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People%27s_Army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Military Region (Vietnam People's Army) (page does not exist)">8th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;background-color: #d3d3d3;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_Corps_(Vietnam)" title="12th Corps (Vietnam)">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34th_Corps_(Vietnam)" title="34th Corps (Vietnam)">34th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;background-color: #d3d3d3;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Corps_(Vietnam)" title="1st Corps (Vietnam)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Corps_(Vietnam)" title="2nd Corps (Vietnam)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Corps_(Vietnam)" title="3rd Corps (Vietnam)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Corps_(Vietnam)" title="4th Corps (Vietnam)">4th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Engineering_Department_(Vietnam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Engineering Department (Vietnam) (page does not exist)">General Engineering Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Logistis_Department_(Vietnam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Logistis Department (Vietnam) (page does not exist)">General Logistics Department</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_Defence_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vietnam Defence Industry (page does not exist)">General Department of Defence Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Department_of_Defence_Intelligence" title="General Department of Defence Intelligence">General Department of Defence Intelligence</a></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Ground_Forces" title="List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militaries_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations1722" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Association of Southeast Asian Nations Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militaries_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations1722" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Militaries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Brunei Armed Forces">Royal Brunei Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Land_Force" title="Royal Brunei Land Force">Royal Brunei Land Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Air_Force" title="Royal Brunei Air Force">Royal Brunei Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Navy" title="Royal Brunei Navy">Royal Brunei Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South-East Asia highlighted in green"><img alt="South-East Asia highlighted in green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Southeast_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>South-East Asia highlighted in green</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Cambodian Armed Forces">Royal Cambodian Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Army" title="Royal Cambodian Army">Royal Cambodian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Air_Force" title="Royal Cambodian Air Force">Royal Cambodian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Navy" title="Royal Cambodian Navy">Royal Cambodian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gendarmerie_(Cambodia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Gendarmerie (Cambodia)">Royal Gendarmerie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian National Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army" title="Indonesian Army">Indonesian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Navy" title="Indonesian Navy">Indonesian Navy</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Marine_Corps" title="Indonesian Marine Corps">Indonesian Marine Corps</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force" title="Indonesian Air Force">Indonesian Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Lao People's Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao People's Army">Lao People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force">Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Navy" title="Lao People's Navy">Lao People's Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Malaysian Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Army" title="Malaysian Army">Malaysian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Air_Force" title="Royal Malaysian Air Force">Royal Malaysian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Navy" title="Royal Malaysian Navy">Royal Malaysian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Maritime_Enforcement_Agency" title="Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency">Malaysia Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Myanmar Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Army" title="Myanmar Army">Myanmar Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Air_Force" title="Myanmar Air Force">Myanmar Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Navy" title="Myanmar Navy">Myanmar Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Coast_Guard" title="Myanmar Coast Guard">Myanmar Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Police_Force" title="Myanmar Police Force">Myanmar Police Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Philippine Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Philippine Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Philippine Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Philippine Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Philippine Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Army" title="Singapore Army">Singapore Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Air_Force" title="Republic of Singapore Air Force">Republic of Singapore Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Navy" title="Republic of Singapore Navy">Republic of Singapore Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_and_Intelligence_Service" title="Digital and Intelligence Service">Digital and Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Coast_Guard" title="Police Coast Guard">Police Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Royal Thai Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army" title="Royal Thai Army">Royal Thai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Royal Thai Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Royal Thai Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Marine_Corps" title="Royal Thai Marine Corps">Royal Thai Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Army of Vietnam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Main_force">Vietnam People's Ground Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Vietnam People's Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="Vietnam People's Navy">Vietnam People's Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Coast_Guard" title="Vietnam Coast Guard">Vietnam Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Border_Guard" title="Vietnam Border Guard">Vietnam Border Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states</a><br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><img alt="Brunei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><img alt="Cambodia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos"><img alt="Laos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><img alt="Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militaries_of_Asia196" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_Asia" title="Template:Military of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Military of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militaries_of_Asia196" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Militaries of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Armed_Forces" title="Afghan Armed Forces">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Armed_Forces" title="Azerbaijani Armed Forces">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Defence_Force" title="Bahrain Defence Force">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bhutan" title="Military of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Brunei_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Brunei Armed Forces">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Cambodian_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Cambodian Armed Forces">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Forces_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Forces of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Armed_Forces" title="Jordanian Armed Forces">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Military_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwait Military Forces">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Kyrgyz_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Armed_Forces" title="Lebanese Armed Forces">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Armed_Forces" title="Malaysian Armed Forces">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives_National_Defence_Force" title="Maldives National Defence Force">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Armed_Forces" title="Mongolian Armed Forces">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Armed_Forces" title="Qatar Armed Forces">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor Leste Defence Force">Timor Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Turkmenistan" title="Armed Forces of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces" title="United Arab Emirates Armed Forces">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Uzbekistan" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yemen_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Yemen Armed Forces">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Armed_Forces" title="Abkhazian Armed Forces">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_South_Ossetia" title="Armed Forces of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Forces_Command" title="Security Forces Command">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces" title="Palestinian National Security Forces">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies and other territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison" title="Hong Kong Garrison">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Garrison" title="Macao Garrison">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vietnam_articles574" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vietnam_topics" title="Template:Vietnam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vietnam_topics" title="Template talk:Vietnam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vietnam_articles574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vietnam-related_articles" title="Index of Vietnam-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Vietnam" title="List of historical capitals of Vietnam">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Vietnam" title="Economic history of Vietnam">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Vietnam" title="Military history of Vietnam">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Vietnam" title="Naval history of Vietnam">Naval</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Timeline43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Vietnamese_history" title="Timeline of Vietnamese history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Prehistoric_period" title="History of Vietnam">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Ancient_period_(2879–111_BC)" title="History of Vietnam">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Chinese_domination_(111_BC–938_AD)" title="History of Vietnam">Chinese dominated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Monarchical_period_(938–1858)" title="History of Vietnam">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Modern_period_(1858–present)" title="History of Vietnam">French colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Vietnam (1945–present)">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam" title="Geography of Vietnam">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Vietnam" title="Template:Borders of Vietnam">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Vietnam" title="Climate of Vietnam">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Vietnam" title="Climate change in Vietnam">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Vietnam" title="List of ecoregions in Vietnam">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Vietnam" title="Environmental issues in Vietnam">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Vietnam" title="Protected areas of Vietnam">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Vietnam" title="List of national parks of Vietnam">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Vietnam" title="Wildlife of Vietnam">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Vietnam" title="List of mammals of Vietnam">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Vietnam" title="List of birds of Vietnam">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Vietnam" title="List of non-marine molluscs of Vietnam">Molluscs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_species_in_Vietnam" title="List of endangered species in Vietnam">Endangered species</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Vietnam" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Vietnam">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Vietnam" title="Subdivisions of Vietnam">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnam" title="Provinces of Vietnam">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Vietnam" title="Municipalities of Vietnam">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam" title="List of cities in Vietnam">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district-level_subdivisions_in_Vietnam" title="List of district-level subdivisions in Vietnam">District-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune-level_subdivisions_(Vietnam)" title="Commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)">Commune-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_divisions_of_Vietnam" title="Electoral divisions of Vietnam">Electoral units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Vietnam" title="List of regions of Vietnam">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Hong (Red) River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_(Vietnam)" title="Northeast (Vietnam)">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_(Vietnam)" title="Northwest (Vietnam)">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vietnam" title="Central Vietnam">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Coast" title="North Central Coast">North Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Coast" title="South Central Coast">South Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_(Vietnam)" title="Southeast (Vietnam)">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Censorship in Vietnam">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam" title="Constitution of Vietnam">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vietnam" title="Foreign relations of Vietnam">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Vietnam" title="Human rights in Vietnam">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Vietnam">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vietnam" title="Law of Vietnam">Law</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Member_of_the_Secretariat" title="Permanent Member of the Secretariat">Permanent Member of the Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_officeholders_in_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="List of central officeholders in the Communist Party of Vietnam">History of central officeholders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Inspection Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Inspection Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Military Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Vietnam" title="Vice President of Vietnam">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam">Deputy Prime Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Ministers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam" title="National Assembly of Vietnam">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_Assembly" title="Standing Committee of the National Assembly">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Vietnam" title="Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vietnam" title="Elections in Vietnam">Elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Vietnam" title="Judicial system of Vietnam">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Court of Vietnam">Supreme People's Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Court of Vietnam">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuracy_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam">Supreme People's Procuracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuracy_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam">Procurator-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Courts_of_Vietnam" title="Military Courts of Vietnam">Military Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Vietnam">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_and_Security_Council" title="National Defense and Security Council">National Defense and Security Council</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Armed forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Army</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Main_force">Ground Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Border_Guard" title="Vietnam Border Guard">Border Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="Vietnam People's Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Coast_Guard" title="Vietnam Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Public Security</a> <br /> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Armed_Forces#Vietnam_Civil_Defense_Force" title="Vietnam People's Armed Forces">Militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Armed_Forces#Vietnam_Self-Defence_Militia" title="Vietnam People's Armed Forces">Self-Defence Militia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Vietnam" title="Agriculture in Vietnam">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Vietnam" title="Banking in Vietnam">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới"><i>Doi Moi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">("Renovation")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">Đồng <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Vietnam" title="Energy in Vietnam">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Vietnam" title="Nuclear power in Vietnam">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Vietnam" title="List of power stations in Vietnam">Power stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Vietnam" title="Foreign aid to Vietnam">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Vietnam" title="Foreign trade of Vietnam">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Vietnam" title="Five-Year Plans of Vietnam">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Vietnam" title="Manufacturing in Vietnam">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Standards" title="Vietnam Standards">Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Vietnam" title="Automotive industry in Vietnam">Automotive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Vietnam" title="Poverty in Vietnam">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Vietnam" title="Science and technology in Vietnam">Science and Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_units_of_measurement" title="Vietnamese units of measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Vietnamese inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vietnam" title="Telecommunications in Vietnam">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Vietnam" title="Internet in Vietnam">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Internet censorship in Vietnam">Censorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vietnam" title="Tourism in Vietnam">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Vietnam" title="Visa policy of Vietnam">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Vietnam" title="Water supply and sanitation in Vietnam">Water supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vietnam" title="Transport in Vietnam">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_Vietnam" title="Air transport in Vietnam">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Vietnam" title="List of airports in Vietnam">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Vietnam" title="Rail transport in Vietnam">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_Vietnam" title="Expressways of Vietnam">Expressways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Vietnam" title="Category:Society of Vietnam">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Vietnam" title="List of universities in Vietnam">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Vietnam" title="Health in Vietnam">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Vietnam" title="HIV/AIDS in Vietnam">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam">COVID-19</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vietnam" title="Crime in Vietnam">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Vietnam" title="Gambling in Vietnam">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Vietnam" title="Prostitution in Vietnam">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Vietnam" title="Sex trafficking in Vietnam">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Vietnam" title="Human trafficking in Vietnam">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Vietnam" title="Corruption in Vietnam">Corruption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vietnam" title="Public holidays in Vietnam">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Vietnam" title="Time in Vietnam">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vietnam" title="Demographics of Vietnam">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_Vietnam" title="Eunuchs in Vietnam">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Vietnamese" title="Overseas Vietnamese">Overseas community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_and_computers" title="Vietnamese language and computers">Language and computers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="List of ethnic groups in Vietnam">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Folk religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Vietnam" title="Taoism in Vietnam">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFn_Qu%C3%A2n_Ca" title="Tiến Quân Ca">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_architecture" title="Vietnamese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_art" title="Vietnamese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Vietnam" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Vietnam">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_animation" title="Vietnamese animation">Animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing" title="Vietnamese clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dishes" title="List of Vietnamese dishes">Dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_ingredients" title="List of Vietnamese ingredients">Ingredients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Vietnam" title="Dance in Vietnam">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Vietnam" title="Emblem of Vietnam">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_festivals_in_Vietnam" title="List of traditional festivals in Vietnam">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vietnam" title="Flag of Vietnam">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_literature" title="Vietnamese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_poetry" title="Vietnamese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_and_mass_media_in_Vietnam" title="Television and mass media in Vietnam">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Television" title="Vietnam Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_News_Agency" title="Vietnam News Agency">News Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Vietnam" title="Voice of Vietnam">Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Vietnam" title="List of newspapers in Vietnam">Newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V-pop" title="V-pop">V-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Vietnamese musical instruments">Traditional musical instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_Vietnam" title="Trotskyism in Vietnam">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Vietnam" title="Sport in Vietnam">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_traditional_games" title="List of Vietnamese traditional games">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Vietnam" title="National symbols of Vietnam">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Vietnam" title="Theatre of Vietnam">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_studies" title="Vietnamese studies">Vietnamese studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vietnam" title="Outline of Vietnam">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vietnam-related_articles" title="Index of Vietnam-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vietnam" title="Category:Vietnam">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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