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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflict_and_division,_1941-1955" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_and_division,_1941-1955"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Conflict and division, 1941-1955 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_and_division,_1941-1955-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Ngô_Đình_Diệm:_1955–1963" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Ngô_Đình_Diệm:_1955–1963"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Republic of Ngô Đình Diệm: 1955–1963 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Ngô_Đình_Diệm:_1955–1963-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1963–1973" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1963–1973"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1963–1973 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1963–1973-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1973–1975" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1973–1975"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1973–1975 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1973–1975-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Saigon:_30_April_1975" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Saigon:_30_April_1975"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Fall of Saigon: 30 April 1975 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Saigon:_30_April_1975-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_rule_and_reunification,_1975-1976" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_rule_and_reunification,_1975-1976"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Communist rule and reunification, 1975-1976 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_rule_and_reunification,_1975-1976-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Leaders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ministries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Provinces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Relationship with the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organisations_and_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organisations_and_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 International organisations and treaties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organisations_and_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Radio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">South Vietnam</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suid-Vi%C3%ABtnam" title="Suid-Viëtnam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suid-Viëtnam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فيتنام الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيتنام الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_del_Sur" title="Vietnam del Sur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vietnam del Sur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emby_Vien%C3%A3" title="Ñemby Vienã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemby Vienã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nubi_Vyetnam" title="Cənubi Vyetnam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənubi Vyetnam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جنوبی ویئتنام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جنوبی ویئتنام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oa%CC%8Dt-l%C3%A2m_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Oa̍t-lâm Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oa̍t-lâm Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%92%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Паўднёвы В’етнам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвы В’етнам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Южен Виетнам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южен Виетнам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidvietnam" title="Sidvietnam – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sidvietnam" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam" title="Republik Viêt Nam – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Viêt Nam" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_del_Sud" title="Vietnam del Sud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vietnam del Sud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamsk%C3%A1_republika" title="Vietnamská republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vietnamská republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Fietnam" title="De Fietnam – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De Fietnam" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydvietnam" title="Sydvietnam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydvietnam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdvietnam" title="Südvietnam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südvietnam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-Vietnam" title="Lõuna-Vietnam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BC" title="Νότιο Βιετνάμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νότιο Βιετνάμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_del_Sur" title="Vietnam del Sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vietnam del Sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Vjetnamio" title="Sud-Vjetnamio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sud-Vjetnamio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hego_Vietnam" title="Hego Vietnam – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hego Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ویتنام جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویتنام جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_du_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam" title="République du Viêt Nam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République du Viêt Nam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAd-Fjetnam" title="Súd-Fjetnam – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súd-Fjetnam" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_do_Sur" title="Vietnam do Sur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vietnam do Sur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نسايي ويتنام – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="نسايي ويتنام" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%CC%8Dt-n%C3%A0m_Khiung-f%C3%B2-koet" title="Ye̍t-nàm Khiung-fò-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ye̍t-nàm Khiung-fò-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="베트남 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베트남 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Հարավային Վիետնամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային Վիետնամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="दक्षिणी वियतनाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिणी वियतनाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudal_Vietnam" title="Sudal Vietnam – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sudal Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Selatan" title="Vietnam Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vietnam Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_del_Sud" title="Vietnam del Sud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vietnam del Sud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9D" title="דרום וייטנאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרום וייטנאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Kidul" title="Vietnam Kidul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vietnam Kidul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სამხრეთი ვიეტნამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთი ვიეტნამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Kusini" title="Vietnam Kusini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vietnam Kusini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%89" title="ປະເທດຫວຽດນາມໃຕ້ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຫວຽດນາມໃຕ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamia_Meridionalis" title="Vietnamia Meridionalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vietnamia Meridionalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidvjetnama" title="Dienvidvjetnama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidvjetnama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Vietnamas" title="Pietų Vietnamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų Vietnamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietn%C3%A1mi_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Vietnámi Köztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vietnámi Köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Јужен Виетнам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужен Виетнам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="दक्षिण व्हियेतनाम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिण व्हियेतनाम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="فييتنام الجنوبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فييتنام الجنوبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Selatan" title="Vietnam Selatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vietnam Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%8Fk-n%C3%A0ng_G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-hu%C3%B2-gu%C3%B3k" title="Uŏk-nàng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Uŏk-nàng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Өмнөд Вьетнам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өмнөд Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceva_Vietnam" title="Ceva Vietnam – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ceva Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Vietnam" title="Zuid-Vietnam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuid-Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="दक्षिण भियतनाम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दक्षिण भियतनाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="ベトナム共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベトナム共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Vietnam" title="Sør-Vietnam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sør-Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetnam_Respublikasi" title="Vyetnam Respublikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vyetnam Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سوېلي ويتنام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سوېلي ويتنام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%84" title="វៀតណាមខាងត្បូង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វៀតណាមខាងត្បូង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wietnam_Po%C5%82udniowy" title="Wietnam Południowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wietnam Południowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietname_do_Sul" title="Vietname do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vietname do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamul_de_Sud" title="Vietnamul de Sud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vietnamul de Sud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Южный Вьетнам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южный Вьетнам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooth_Vietnam" title="Sooth Vietnam – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sooth Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnami_Jugor" title="Vietnami Jugor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vietnami Jugor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamsk%C3%A1_republika" title="Vietnamská republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vietnamská republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_Vietnam" title="Južni Vietnam – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Južni Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8E%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ڤێتنامی باشووری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤێتنامی باشووری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Јужни Вијетнам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужни Вијетнам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_Vijetnam" title="Južni Vijetnam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južni Vijetnam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamin_tasavalta" title="Vietnamin tasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vietnamin tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydvietnam" title="Sydvietnam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydvietnam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தென் வியட்நாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென் வியட்நாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="ประเทศเวียดนามใต้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเวียดนามใต้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Vietnam" title="Güney Vietnam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%27%D1%94%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Південний В'єтнам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південний В'єтнам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جنوبی ویت نام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوبی ویت نام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiednamz_Gunghozgoz" title="Yiednamz Gunghozgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yiednamz Gunghozgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_del_Sud" title="Vietnam del Sud – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Vietnam&params=10.78_N_106.70_E_type:country">10°47′N 106°42′E / 10.78°N 106.70°E / 10.78; 106.70</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former country in Southeast Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the former country. For a geographical region of Vietnam, see <a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern Vietnam</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Republic of Vietnam" redirects here. For the successor <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a>. For unified communist state in Vietnam after 1976, see <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Vietnam</div><div class="ib-country-names">Việt Nam Cộng hòa (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>) République du Viêt Nam (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1955–1975 (1949–1955: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Vietnam"><img alt="Flag of South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/125px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/188px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/250px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Vietnam" title="Flag of South Vietnam">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_(1967%E2%80%931975).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (1963–1975) of South Vietnam"><img alt="Coat of arms (1963–1975) of South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281967%E2%80%931975%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281967%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281967%E2%80%931975%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281967%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281967%E2%80%931975%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281967%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="616" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Vietnam#List" title="Emblem of Vietnam"> Coat of arms (1963–1975)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: Tổ Quốc – Danh Dự – Trách Nhiệm "Fatherland – Honor – Duty"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_G%E1%BB%8Di_C%C3%B4ng_D%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiếng Gọi Công Dân">Tiếng Gọi Công Dân</a> "Call to the Citizens"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="67" data-mwtitle="Call_to_the_Citizens-South_Vietnamese_Republic_of_Vietnam_National_Anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Call_to_the_Citizens-South_Vietnamese_Republic_of_Vietnam_National_Anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/Call_to_the_Citizens-South_Vietnamese_Republic_of_Vietnam_National_Anthem.ogg/Call_to_the_Citizens-South_Vietnamese_Republic_of_Vietnam_National_Anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACall_to_the_Citizens-South_Vietnamese_Republic_of_Vietnam_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACall_to_the_Citizens-South_Vietnamese_Republic_of_Vietnam_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACall_to_the_Citizens-South_Vietnamese_Republic_of_Vietnam_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACall_to_the_Citizens-South_Vietnamese_Republic_of_Vietnam_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)#Government_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Presidential seal</a>:<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_(1955%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931963%29.svg/85px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931963%29.svg/128px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931963%29.svg/170px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>(1955–1963)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_(1963%E2%80%931975).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281963%E2%80%931975%29.svg/85px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281963%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281963%E2%80%931975%29.svg/128px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281963%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281963%E2%80%931975%29.svg/170px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281963%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>(1963–1975)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Vietnam_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The administrative territory of South Vietnam according to the 1954 Geneva Accord (dark green); territory claimed but not controlled (light green)."><img alt="The administrative territory of South Vietnam according to the 1954 Geneva Accord (dark green); territory claimed but not controlled (light green)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/South_Vietnam_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-South_Vietnam_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/South_Vietnam_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-South_Vietnam_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/South_Vietnam_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-South_Vietnam_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="1460" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The administrative territory of South Vietnam according to the <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Accord</a> (dark green); <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">territory claimed</a> but not controlled (light green).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Vietnam&params=10_46_37_N_106_41_43_E_type:city">10°46′37″N 106°41′43″E / 10.77694°N 106.69528°E / 10.77694; 106.69528</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Vietnam&params=10.78_N_106.70_E_type:country">10°47′N 106°42′E / 10.78°N 106.70°E / 10.78; 106.70</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised national languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Vietnam" title="Taoism in Vietnam">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Folk religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>South Vietnamese</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> (1955–1956)<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a><hr />Unitary presidential constitutional republic under a dictatorship</li><li>(1956–1963)<hr />Republic under <a href="/wiki/Military_government" title="Military government">military governments</a></li><li>(1963–1967)<hr />Unitary presidential constitutional republic</li><li>(1967–1975)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Heads_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1955–1963 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[d]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1963–1967 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Vacant (<a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Heads_of_state_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">Military junta</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1967–1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Heads_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1963–1964 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1975 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/V%C5%A9_V%C4%83n_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Vũ Văn Mẫu">Vũ Văn Mẫu</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1956–1963 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%C6%A1" title="Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ">Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1963–1967 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Vacant</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1967–1971 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1971–1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1975 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Huy%E1%BB%81n" title="Nguyễn Văn Huyền">Nguyễn Văn Huyền</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Vietnam">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam#Senate" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Vietnam">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam#House_of_Representatives" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Vietnam">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Accords" title="Élysée Accords">Establishment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 March 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Complete independence Accords<a href="#cite_note-12">[e]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 June 1954</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">Geneva Accords</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 July 1954</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• First Republic established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 October 1955</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Start of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 1955</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Promulgation of the constitution </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 October 1956</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">1963 coup</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 November 1963</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Republic of Vietnam">Second Republic</a> established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 1967</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 January 1973</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Collapse</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 April 1975</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Reunification </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 July 1976</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">173,809 km2 (67,108 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1955 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 12 million</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1968 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16,258,334</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1974 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19,582,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">93.55<a href="#cite_note-13">[f]</a>/km2 (242.3/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="South Vietnamese đồng">đồng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+8 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Vietnam" title="Time in Vietnam">Saigon Standard Time</a> (SST))</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:VN" title="ISO 3166-2:VN">VN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/20px-FNL_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/30px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/40px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Republic of Vietnam</td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Việt Nam Cộng hòa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data">越南共和國</td></tr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Vietnam" title="Category:History of Vietnam">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History of Vietnam</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichsuvietnammoi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lichsuvietnammoi.png/150px-Lichsuvietnammoi.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lichsuvietnammoi.png/225px-Lichsuvietnammoi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lichsuvietnammoi.png/300px-Lichsuvietnammoi.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="800" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Prehistoric_period" title="History of Vietnam">Prehistoric</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/S%C6%A1n_Vi_culture" title="Sơn Vi culture">Sơn Vi culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 20,000 BC–12,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoabinhian" title="Hoabinhian">Hoabinhian</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12,000 BC–10,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_S%C6%A1n_culture" title="Bắc Sơn culture">Bắc Sơn culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10,000 BC–8,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%B3nh_V%C4%83n_culture" title="Quỳnh Văn culture">Quỳnh Văn culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 8,000 BC–6,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90a_B%C3%BAt_culture" title="Đa Bút culture">Đa Bút culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 4,000 BC–3,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Ages</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B9ng_Nguy%C3%AAn_culture" title="Phùng Nguyên culture">Phùng Nguyên culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2,000 BC–1,500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%ADu_culture" title="Đồng Đậu culture">Đồng Đậu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1,500 BC–1,000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B2_Mun_culture" title="Gò Mun culture">Gò Mun culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1,000–800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1,000 BC–100 AD)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1,000 BC–200 AD)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Óc Eo culture">Óc Eo culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1–630 AD)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Ancient_period_(2879–111_BC)" title="History of Vietnam">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_B%C3%A0ng_dynasty" title="Hồng Bàng dynasty">Hồng Bàng dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="mythological">2879 BC</abbr>–258 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Thục dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 257 BC–179 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tri%E1%BB%87u_dynasty" title="Triệu dynasty">Triệu dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 204 BC–111 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese domination of Vietnam">Dominated</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chinese domination of Vietnam">1st Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 111 BC–40 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Trung_sisters%27_rebellion" title="Trung sisters' rebellion">Trung sisters' rebellion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 40–43</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chinese domination of Vietnam">2nd Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 43–544</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Early Lý dynasty">Early Lý dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">544–602</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Chinese domination of Vietnam">3rd Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">602–938</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Monarchical_period_(938–1858)" title="History of Vietnam">Dynastic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_dynasty" title="Ngô dynasty">Ngô dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 939–965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_the_12_Warlords" title="Anarchy of the 12 Warlords">Anarchy of the 12 Warlords</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 965–968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Đinh dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 968–980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Lê dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 980–1009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Later Lý dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1009–1225</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1225–1400</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Hồ dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1400–1407</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Era_of_Northern_Domination" title="Fourth Era of Northern Domination">4th Chinese domination</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1407–1428</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Lê dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1428–1527</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1527–1592</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Later Lê Restoration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1533–1789</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tây Sơn dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1778–1802</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1802–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#French_colonial_era_(1858–1945)" title="History of Vietnam">Colonial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">French Cochinchina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1862–1945 / 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French Annam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1883–1945 / 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">French Tonkin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1883–1945 / 1946–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1887–1946/1954</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Vietnam (1945–present)">Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> </td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1976</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1975–1976 <hr /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Vietnam</a> </td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1955–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1949–1955 <hr /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1976-now</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam#History" title="Vietnam">Non-Vietnamese history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 68–627</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 192–1832</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1t_Ti%C3%AAn_archaeological_site" title="Cát Tiên archaeological site">Cát Tiên archaeological site</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 300–800</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 550–781</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 738–902</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 802–1431</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 937–1253</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhigao_rebellions" title="Nong Zhigao rebellions">Nung-Zhuang kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1042–1052</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C6%B0u_H%E1%BB%91ng" title="Ngưu Hống">Ngưu Hống</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1061–1432</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_X%C3%A1_and_H%E1%BB%8Fa_X%C3%A1" title="Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá">Jarai kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1100–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1600–1954</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Principality of Hà Tiên">Principality of Hà Tiên</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1707–1832</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Vietnam">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Vietnam" title="Economic history of Vietnam">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Vietnam" title="List of historical capitals of Vietnam">Historical capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of immigration to Vietnam">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Vietnam" title="Military history of Vietnam">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Vietnam" title="Naval history of Vietnam">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Vietnam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_Wars" title="Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Vietnam" title="Template:History of Vietnam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Vietnam" title="Template talk:History of Vietnam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Vietnam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Vietnam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Việt Nam Cộng hòa; VNCH, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: République du Viêt Nam), was a country<a href="#cite_note-14">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[11]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> from 1955 to 1975, with first <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Accords" title="Élysée Accords">international recognition</a> in 1949 as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[g]</a> Its capital was located in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, a city in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern Vietnam</a>. It was a member of the anti-communist and capitalist <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">division of Vietnam</a> on 21 July 1954, South Vietnam was bordered by <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) to the north, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> to the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a> to the southwest. In 1975, it was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a>, which was de facto controlled by the communist North.<a href="#cite_note-Tảng_pp._188-189-25">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tảng_p._186-26">[19]</a> On 2 July 1976, South Vietnam and North Vietnam merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a>. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a> of <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hồ Chí Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a>, started the <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a> of different political organizations against the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">puppet state</a> on 16 August 1945. On August 19, the Việt Minh took control of <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a>). On August 25, the Nguyễn dynasty collapsed. The Revolution ended when the Việt Minh <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">formed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> (DRV), known as "North Vietnam", in Hanoi on 2 September 1945.<a href="#cite_note-27">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> returned to <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> (including Vietnam) to re-establish their <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial rule</a> here on 23 September 1945. French army later <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanoi_(1946)" title="Battle of Hanoi (1946)">clashed</a> with the Việt Minh in Hanoi on 19 December 1946, leading to the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>. The Viet Minh government then had to withdraw to the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_B%E1%BA%AFc" title="Việt Bắc">North</a>. On 8 March 1949, the French formed the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> with the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Accords" title="Élysée Accords">Élysée Accords</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[h]</a> it was a rival state of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> Vietnamese politicians in Saigon, led by former Nguyễn <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vietnamese monarchs">emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a>. With this event, the French abolished the old-style <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">colonial regime</a> in Vietnam, France recognized the independence and unification of the State of Vietnam within the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>. However, this state still depended on France as an <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">associated state</a> like other two countries within Indochina.<a href="#cite_note-duiker-29">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Franchini-30">[22]</a> The state was proclaimed on 2 July 1949. The formation of the State of Vietnam on 8 March 1949 made this French colonial war part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (US) and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, culminating in the American recognition of Saigon regime in February 1950 and subsequent aid to the French in the war against the communist Việt Minh.<a href="#cite_note-bragg-31">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-indian-32">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-duiker-29">[21]</a> The French government agreed to give the State of Vietnam complete independence with the Matignon Accords on 4 June 1954, however they were never completed legally. After the Việt Minh with the aid of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> defeated the French Union in the First Indochina War, an armistice and an accompanying declaration were made in the <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">Geneva Conference</a> on 21 July 1954 (taking effect at 24:00 on July 22<a href="#cite_note-33">[25]</a>), the State of Vietnam was forced to abandon its claims to the North while the Việt Minh's state was recognized by the French and took power in the North. With the American support, a <a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">1955 referendum</a> on the state's future form of government was widely marred by electoral fraud and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (politics)">deposal</a> of Bảo Đại by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of South Vietnam">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>, who proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="President of South Vietnam">president</a> of the new republic on 26 October 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Bühler2001p71-34">[26]</a> South Vietnam also withdrew from the French Union on 9 December 1955.<a href="#cite_note-35">[27]</a> South Vietnam then held <a href="/wiki/1956_South_Vietnamese_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="1956 South Vietnamese Constitutional Assembly election">parliamentary elections</a> and subsequently promulgated a constitution on 26 October 1956.<a href="#cite_note-N-36">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[29]</a> After a <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état">1963 coup</a>, Diệm was killed and his <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> was overthrown in a <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>-backed <a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem">military rebellion</a> on November 2, and a series of short-lived military governments followed. General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a> then led the country after <a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_presidential_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese presidential election">a civilian presidential election</a> from 1967 until 1975. During 1949-1975, both Saigon and communist governments coexisted, both claimed to be the representative of Vietnam; the communists accused Saigon of being <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet government</a> (ngụy quyền) of France then the US to disguise foreign rule, while Saigon accused its enemy of being anti-free and spreading <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> guise.<a href="#cite_note-38">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> military conflict between North and South Vietnam, started on 1 November 1955 and escalated in March 1959 when North Vietnam accepted the use of force in the South.<a href="#cite_note-X-42">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-HistPlace-43">[35]</a> North Vietnam de facto established the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_for_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation Front for South Vietnam">National Liberation Front for South Vietnam</a> (Việt Cộng) the next year. North Vietnam was aided mainly from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> while South Vietnam was aided mainly from the US. Larger escalation of the insurgency occurred in 1965 with <a href="/wiki/Free_World_Military_Assistance_Forces" title="Free World Military Assistance Forces">foreign intervention</a> to help South Vietnam (<a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">mostly the U.S.</a>) and the introduction of regular forces of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> units to supplement the cadre of military advisors guiding the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Military_Forces" title="Republic of Vietnam Military Forces">Southern armed forces</a>. North Vietnam was also helped by foreign armies, mostly Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-Toledo_Blade_320,000_Chinese_troops-44">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roy-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Womack-46">[38]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">regular bombing campaign</a> over North Vietnam was conducted by offshore <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> airplanes, warships, and aircraft carriers joined by the South Vietnamese and American Air Force squadrons from 1965 to 1968. Fighting peaked up to that point during the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> of February 1968, when there were over a million South Vietnamese soldiers and 500,000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">US soldiers</a> in South Vietnam. In 1969, the North Vietnam-controlled Việt Cộng established the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam</a> (PRG) to challenge the legitimacy of the South Vietnamese government. What started as a guerrilla war eventually turned into a more conventional fight as the balance of power became equalized. An even larger, armored attack from the North commenced during the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Offensive" title="Easter Offensive">Easter Offensive</a> following US ground-forces <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">withdrawal</a>. Under the support of the US air force, the South Vietnamese army successfully stopped the communist attack. In the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Second Battle of Quảng Trị">Second Battle of Quảng Trị</a>, the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) successfully recaptured part of Quang Tri territory from the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-Melson-47">[39]</a>: 106 <a href="#cite_note-Andrade-48">[40]</a> However, the Saigon government still lost about 10% of its territory to the communists.<a href="#cite_note-graham-49">[41]</a> Despite a truce agreement under the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a>, signed on 27 January 1973 and taking effect at 7:00 on January 28<a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a> after five years of on-and-off negotiations, fighting continued almost immediately afterwards. The regular <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">North Vietnamese army</a> (PAVN) and Viet Cong auxiliaries launched a major <a href="/wiki/1975_spring_offensive" title="1975 spring offensive">second combined-arms conventional offensive in 1975</a>. Communist forces <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">overran Saigon</a> and South Vietnamese president <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditionally surrendered</a> on the radio on 30 April 1975, marking the end of capitalist South Vietnam and the Vietnam War. In 1976, the North Vietnam-controlled <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a> (PRG) and North Vietnam merged to form the communist <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names of Vietnam</a></div> The official name of the South Vietnamese state was the "Republic of Vietnam" (Vietnamese: Việt Nam Cộng hòa; French: République du Viêt Nam). The "State of Vietnam" (Vietnamese: Quốc gia Việt Nam; French: État du Viêt Nam) was the official name of its predecessor state from 1949 to 1955. The North was known as the "<a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a>". Việt Nam (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Vietnamese pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[vjə̀tnam]</a>) was the name adopted by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> in 1804.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated38-51">[43]</a> It is a variation of "<a href="/wiki/Nam_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam Việt">Nam Việt</a>" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:南">南</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:越">越</a>, Southern <a href="/wiki/Yue_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Yue peoples">Việt</a>), a name used in ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated38-51">[43]</a> In 1839, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> renamed the country Đại Nam ("Great South").<a href="#cite_note-52">[44]</a> In 1945, the nation's official name was changed back to "Vietnam" by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">government</a> of <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a>. The name is also sometimes rendered as "Viet Nam" in English.<a href="#cite_note-53">[45]</a> The term "South Vietnam" became common usage in 1954, when the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">Geneva Conference</a> provisionally partitioned Vietnam into <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> parts, one year before the republic was proclaimed in the southern part. Other names of this state were commonly used during its existence such as "Free Vietnam", "Free South", "Republican South", "National Government", "National side", the "Government of Vietnam", or simply "Vietnam". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_and_division,_1941-1955">Conflict and division, 1941-1955</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conflict and division, 1941-1955">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Accords" title="Élysée Accords">Élysée Accords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">Geneva Conference (1954)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Operation Passage to Freedom</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FR_ANOM_31Fi70-491_Visite_de_Sa_Majest%C3%A9_Bao_Dai_%C3%A0_Ban_Yen_Nhan._Le_chef_de_l%27%C3%A9tat_vietnamien_s%27adressant_%C3%A0_la_population._A_sa_gauche_on_reconna%C3%AEt_le_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Xuan,_vice-pr%C3%A9sident_du_gouvernement_central_du_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FR_ANOM_31Fi70-491_Visite_de_Sa_Majest%C3%A9_Bao_Dai_%C3%A0_Ban_Yen_Nhan._Le_chef_de_l%27%C3%A9tat_vietnamien_s%27adressant_%C3%A0_la_population._A_sa_gauche_on_reconna%C3%AEt_le_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Xuan%2C_vice-pr%C3%A9sident_du_gouvernement_central_du_Vietnam.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FR_ANOM_31Fi70-491_Visite_de_Sa_Majest%C3%A9_Bao_Dai_%C3%A0_Ban_Yen_Nhan._Le_chef_de_l%27%C3%A9tat_vietnamien_s%27adressant_%C3%A0_la_population._A_sa_gauche_on_reconna%C3%AEt_le_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Xuan%2C_vice-pr%C3%A9sident_du_gouvernement_central_du_Vietnam.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FR_ANOM_31Fi70-491_Visite_de_Sa_Majest%C3%A9_Bao_Dai_%C3%A0_Ban_Yen_Nhan._Le_chef_de_l%27%C3%A9tat_vietnamien_s%27adressant_%C3%A0_la_population._A_sa_gauche_on_reconna%C3%AEt_le_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_Xuan%2C_vice-pr%C3%A9sident_du_gouvernement_central_du_Vietnam.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnamese leader <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> spoke in Bần Yên Nhân, <a href="/wiki/H%C6%B0ng_Y%C3%AAn_province" title="Hưng Yên province">Hưng Yên</a>, 20 September 1949</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:This_is_your_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/This_is_your_flag.jpg/250px-This_is_your_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/This_is_your_flag.jpg/375px-This_is_your_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/This_is_your_flag.jpg/500px-This_is_your_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2837" data-file-height="1797" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communist</a> propaganda poster of State of Vietnam "This is our true national flag", 27 March 1951.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_d%27un_bataillon_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_nationale_vietnamienne_(ANV)_%C3%A0_Hano%C3%AF_lors_du_14_juillet_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_d%27un_bataillon_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_nationale_vietnamienne_%28ANV%29_%C3%A0_Hano%C3%AF_lors_du_14_juillet_1951.jpg/220px-D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_d%27un_bataillon_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_nationale_vietnamienne_%28ANV%29_%C3%A0_Hano%C3%AF_lors_du_14_juillet_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_d%27un_bataillon_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_nationale_vietnamienne_%28ANV%29_%C3%A0_Hano%C3%AF_lors_du_14_juillet_1951.jpg/330px-D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_d%27un_bataillon_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_nationale_vietnamienne_%28ANV%29_%C3%A0_Hano%C3%AF_lors_du_14_juillet_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_d%27un_bataillon_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_nationale_vietnamienne_%28ANV%29_%C3%A0_Hano%C3%AF_lors_du_14_juillet_1951.jpg/440px-D%C3%A9fil%C3%A9_d%27un_bataillon_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_nationale_vietnamienne_%28ANV%29_%C3%A0_Hano%C3%AF_lors_du_14_juillet_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A parade of the State of Vietnam <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army" title="Vietnamese National Army">army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_Lake" title="Hoàn Kiếm Lake">Hoàn Kiếm Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, 14 July 1951.</figcaption></figure> Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the southern part of present-day Vietnam (Nam Kỳ) had been taken over and administered as a complete <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1862)">Treaty of Saigon (1862)</a> between France and the Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>, it was <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a>. It had been directly ruled by France and a French governor (thống đốc) and even elected a deputy to the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">French National Assembly</a>; but unlike <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a>, it was not part of France. The northern part of Vietnam or <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a> (Bắc Kỳ) was under a French resident general (thống sứ). Between Tonkin in the north and Cochinchina in the south was <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a> (Trung Kỳ), under a French resident superior (khâm sứ). The Nguyễn dynasty emperors of Vietnam, residing in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>, since the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">Treaty of Huế (1883)</a> had been the nominal rulers of Annam and Tonkin <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorates</a>, which were French colonies like Cochinchina but had parallel French and Vietnamese systems of administration. French political power in Tonkin was stronger than in Annam. A French governor-general (toàn quyền) administered all the five parts of French Indochina (Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchina, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>). Under French rule, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> movements and armed uprisings of Vietnamese people (both communists and non-communists) emerged. After the 1930 <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Yên Bái mutiny</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%C3%A1i_H%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyễn Thái Học">Nguyễn Thái Học</a> failed; in the long run, it allowed the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">communists</a> of <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hồ Chí Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a> to inherit the status of this organization as the leading anti-colonial revolutionary movement.<a href="#cite_note-54">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a> Communist rebellions against the French colonialists also failed in the 1930-1931 <a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87-T%C4%A9nh_Soviets" title="Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets">uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1940_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1940 Cochinchina uprising">1940 Cochinchina uprising</a>. <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">During World War II</a>, French Indochina was administered by <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> and occupied by Japan in September 1940. The communist <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a> was formed as one of nationalist groups of Vietnam in 1941. After Japanese troops <a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">overthrew the Vichy administration</a> on 9 March 1945, Nguyễn Emperor Bảo Đại proclaimed his Vietnam independent and to regain Cochinchina to establish the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> on 11 March 1945. However, it was a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of Japan within the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese emperor claimed to surrender to the Allies on the radio</a> on August 15, with the <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a> led by communists, Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated on 25 August 1945 and Việt Minh leader <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> (DRV) in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a>) on September 2. While the people celebrated their victory in the north, the communist Việt Minh faced various problems in the south, which was politically more diverse than the north. The communist Việt Minh had been unable to establish the same degree of control in the south as in the north. There were serious divisions in the independence movement in the south, where the Việt Minh, <a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Cao Đài</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a>, other nationalist groups and the <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_Vietnam" title="Trotskyism in Vietnam">Trotskyists</a> competed for control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker1981113-57">[49]</a> Since its establishment, the Viet Minh had never publicized it as a communist organization but as a neutral and nationalist one to attract or cooperate with non-communists and receive support from the people,<a href="#cite_note-58">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[51]</a> however the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">communists</a> sought to suppress politicians and political organizations who did not submit to them with the goal of establishing a future <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a> for Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-60">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr2013383–441-63">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a> The communists even oppressed the <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_Vietnam" title="Trotskyism in Vietnam">Trotskyists</a>, who shared their <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> ideological background.<a href="#cite_note-66">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng</a> was considered biggest enemy by the communists.<a href="#cite_note-David_G._Marr_1946_page_415-69">[61]</a> On 11 November 1945, the communists issued a communique to dissolve their party, but only in name.<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a> In Paris 1946, asked by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guerin</a> about the fate of Trotskyist leader <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%A1_Thu_Th%C3%A2u" title="Tạ Thu Thâu">Tạ Thu Thâu</a> (executed in September),<a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a> Hồ Chí Minh, while allowing that "Thâu was a great patriot", replied: "All those who do not follow the line which I have laid down will be broken."<a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> At his direction, the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Việt Minh</a> broke or substantially weakened all rival anti-colonial forces.<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a> A <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">Chinese Kuomintang army</a> arrived to occupy Vietnam's north of the <a href="/wiki/16th_parallel_north" title="16th parallel north">16th parallel north</a>, while a British-led force occupied the south in September. The British-led force facilitated the return of French forces who started to <a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">fight the Viet Minh</a> for control of the south on 23 September 1945,<a href="#cite_note-Ziegler-76">[68]</a> because French sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> (including Vietnam) got a legal recognition of the victorious <a href="/wiki/Allies_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies in World War II">Allies</a> that France was their member.<a href="#cite_note-Buttinger-77">[69]</a> The young Vietnamese state itself was not recognized by any country. While the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">Chinese</a> soldiers occupied northern part of Vietnam, the Việt Minh tried to appease the Chinese soldiers with welcome parades in Hanoi and Haiphong, while reassuring the Vietnamese people that China supported Vietnam's independence.<a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> The Chinese occupation forces allowed the Viet Minh's state more influence than the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> occupation authorities in the south, but the Chinese also put pressure to prevent the Viet Minh from monopolizing the new Vietnamese state.<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> The French army then moved north to replace the Chinese army. The Việt Minh also tried to make peace with France and France recognized the Việt Minh's state as a "<a href="/wiki/Free_state_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free state (government)">Free State</a>" within the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Ho%E2%80%93Sainteny_agreement" title="Ho–Sainteny agreement">agreement</a> on 6 March 1946.<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> In June 1946, France declared Cochinchina an autonomous republic, separate from the northern and central parts.<a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_War" class="mw-redirect" title="French Indochina War">French Indochina War</a> began on 19 December 1946, the French <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanoi_(1946)" title="Battle of Hanoi (1946)">defeated</a> the Việt Minh in Hanoi on 18 February 1947. The Viet Minh government had to withdraw to the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_B%E1%BA%AFc" title="Việt Bắc">North</a>. As part of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>, France returned to Vietnam (Tonkin and Annam) but no longer recognized this place as normal colonies but the territories having a high autonomy and democracy.<a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a> In 1947, under a pressure of the domestic <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a>, the French government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Paul Ramadier</a> agreed that it would give a non-communist Vietnam independence and unification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchimedes_L.A_Patti2008644-83">[75]</a> With co-operation between indigenous <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communists</a> and France, two preliminary treaties at <a href="/wiki/Ha_Long_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha Long Bay">Ha Long Bay</a> recognizing Vietnam's independence and unity were signed between ex-emperor Bao Dai (representative of the anti-communist faction) and France on 7 December 1947 and 5 June 1948,<a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-pent5-85">[77]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam" title="Provisional Central Government of Vietnam">Provisional Central Government of Vietnam</a> was established on 27 May 1948 as a transitional government partly replacing the French protectorates of Tonkin (Northern Vietnam) and Annam (Central Vietnam), until French Cochinchina (Southern Vietnam) could be reunited with the rest of the country under a unified French-associated administration. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viet_Poster_-1_-_NARA_-_5730140.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Viet_Poster_-1_-_NARA_-_5730140.jpg/220px-Viet_Poster_-1_-_NARA_-_5730140.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Viet_Poster_-1_-_NARA_-_5730140.jpg/330px-Viet_Poster_-1_-_NARA_-_5730140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Viet_Poster_-1_-_NARA_-_5730140.jpg/440px-Viet_Poster_-1_-_NARA_-_5730140.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>Anti-<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> propaganda poster of the State of Vietnam, 20 March 1952. In the poster, the State of Vietnam denounced the communist <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> as lackeys of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese communists</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> was created as a unified and independent country within the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Accords" title="Élysée Accords">Élysée Accords</a> signed at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a> by Bảo Đại (under the name of Vietnamese emperor) and French President <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Vincent Auriol</a> on 8 March 1949. Its capital was in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern Vietnam</a>. On 23 April 1949, the Cochinchinese assembly approved the merger with Vietnam (State of Vietnam), and its decision was in turn approved by the French National Assembly on 20 May 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Franchini-30">[22]</a> On 4 June 1949, Cochinchina and Vietnam were formally merged.<a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a> The Élysée Accords took effect when Bao Dai and the French High Commissioner in Indochina <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Pignon" title="Léon Pignon">Léon Pignon</a> exchanged letters at City Hall in Saigon on 14 June 1949. The Accords were completed when they received final ratification by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">French National Assembly</a> on 29 January 1950 and were signed by French President Vincent Auriol on 2 February 1950. The State of Vietnam was not completely a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> but an <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">associated state</a> of France. However, in theory, the autonomy of the State of Vietnam within the French Union was still higher than that of <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya</a> within the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> from 1948 to 1957.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Malaya_announced-87">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> Former emperor Bảo Đại temporarily accepted the position of chief of state (quốc trưởng) before it could become a complete republic. In its <a href="/wiki/Domain_of_the_Crown" title="Domain of the Crown">Domain of the Crown</a>, he was still officially titled as the "Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty".<a href="#cite_note-Lê-Đình-Chi-89">[81]</a> This was known as the "Bảo Đại Solution". The colonial war of France in Vietnam became part of the global <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> with the communist Việt Minh (DRV) being part of the communist <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and the State of Vietnam being part of the anti-communist and capitalist <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a>. This state was proclaimed on 2 July 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Dalloz-90">[82]</a> France itself was also part of the Western Bloc. In 1950; <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, Hungary, Mongolia, Albania, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Bulgaria recognised the Việt Minh's state (DRV).<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> Because France recognized Vietnam's independence, Bao Dai's state had the right to establish diplomatic relations with other independent countries. As of early 1950, there were 35 countries recognizing the State of Vietnam; among them were the United States, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, Thailand, Iran, Belgium, New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, Spain, and countries in South America.<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a> The First Indochina War of France itself was also similar to the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948-1960) of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Siver,_Christi_L_2009._p.36-94">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger2013217-95">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> Although the State of Vietnam gained independence; France still controlled all foreign policy, every defense issue and would have a French Union army stationed in the country with complete freedom of movement.<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a> The French army remained to fight in the ongoing war. In 1950 Bảo Đại attended a series of conferences in <a href="/wiki/Pau,_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pau, France</a> where he pressed the French for further independence. The French granted some minor concessions to the Vietnamese, which caused a mixed reaction on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-:0-98">[90]</a> According to the Élysée Accords, France gradually transferred management functions to Bao Dai's government. On 8 December 1950, the State of Vietnam and France signed a military agreement to establish the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army" title="Vietnamese National Army">Vietnamese National Army</a> by placing a number of Vietnamese military units established by France under the command of the State of Vietnam. It was expected that this army would include 120,000 soldiers and 4,000 officers. All officers had to be Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-rvnaf-99">[91]</a> In 1953, Bảo Đại responded to the communist Việt Minh program of land redistribution and rent reduction with a decree declaring that rents for land should not exceed 15 percent of the crop. The decree was unenforceable and rendered null by a failing colonial government and, in any case, contained loopholes that could have been exploited by landlords.<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> Under the pressure of war, on 3 July 1953, French government issued a declaration of its intention to complete the independence of three Indochinese countries (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia).<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> After the decisive defeat of the French Union in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Điện Biên Phủ">Điện Biên Phủ</a>, on 4 June 1954, the French government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Laniel" title="Joseph Laniel">Joseph Laniel</a> signed the Matignon Accords with the State of Vietnam government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_B%E1%BB%ADu_L%E1%BB%99c" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lộc">Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lộc</a> in the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Matignon" title="Hôtel Matignon">Hôtel Matignon</a> to recognize the complete independence of Vietnam within the French Union. However, the Accords had not yet been ratified by the heads of both countries.<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-indo-103">[95]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_refugees_board_LST_516_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom,_October_1954_(030630-N-0000X-001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Vietnamese_refugees_board_LST_516_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom%2C_October_1954_%28030630-N-0000X-001%29.jpg/250px-Vietnamese_refugees_board_LST_516_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom%2C_October_1954_%28030630-N-0000X-001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Vietnamese_refugees_board_LST_516_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom%2C_October_1954_%28030630-N-0000X-001%29.jpg/375px-Vietnamese_refugees_board_LST_516_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom%2C_October_1954_%28030630-N-0000X-001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Vietnamese_refugees_board_LST_516_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom%2C_October_1954_%28030630-N-0000X-001%29.jpg/500px-Vietnamese_refugees_board_LST_516_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom%2C_October_1954_%28030630-N-0000X-001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption>About 1.2 million North Vietnamese refugees left the newly created communist North Vietnam during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Operation Passage to Freedom</a> (1954-1955). <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_Ph%C3%B2ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Hải Phòng">Hải Phòng</a>, October 1954.</figcaption></figure> While the US provided aid to the State of Vietnam and France, China provided massive and abundant aid to the Viet Minh and this was the main factor leading to France's defeat in Indochina.<a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> On 21 July 1954, the war ended, France and the Việt Minh (DRV) agreed at the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">Geneva Conference</a> with an armistice effective at 24:00 on July 22 accompanied by a declaration that the Viet Minh army withdrew all to the North and the French Union army withdrew all to the South, and Vietnam would be temporarily divided at <a href="/wiki/17th_parallel_north" title="17th parallel north">17th parallel north</a> and State of Vietnam would rule the territory south of the 17th parallel, pending unification on the basis of supervised elections in 1956. France also re-recognised complete independence of Vietnam with these agreements. At the time of the conference, it was expected that the South would continue to be a French dependency. However, South Vietnamese Premier <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>, who preferred American sponsorship to French, rejected the agreement. North Vietnam of the Việt Minh itself was also forced to sign the agreement under Chinese pressure.<a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a> When Vietnam was divided, about 1.2 million North Vietnamese went to the South<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Operation Passage to Freedom</a>. About 90,000 Việt Minh were evacuated to the North while 5,000 to 10,000 cadre remained in the South, most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation.<a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-108">[100]</a> The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first communist front, was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group.<a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-108">[100]</a> Operation Passage to Freedom was marked by an American <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA)-backed propaganda campaign on behalf of South Vietnam's <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a>. The campaign was usually viewed to exhort Catholics to flee "impending religious persecution" under communism,<a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> and around 60% of the north's 1.14 million Catholics immigrated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrân2005431-110">[102]</a> However, the communist <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> also tried to forcefully prevent would-be refugees from leaving, especially in rural areas where there were no French or American military forces.<a href="#cite_note-f159-111">[103]</a> About the communist Việt Minh, on 7 March 1951, it and the communist National United League of Vietnam (Hội Liên Việt) merged to form the communist Vietnamese United Front (Mặt trận Liên Việt).<a href="#cite_note-112">[104]</a> Nonetheless, people continued to call the new front as the Việt Minh. Later, after communists took power in North Vietnam, the United Front (Việt Minh) changed into the current communist <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Fatherland_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam Fatherland Front">Vietnam Fatherland Front</a> (Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam) on 10 September 1955.<a href="#cite_note-113">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Ngô_Đình_Diệm:_1955–1963">Republic of Ngô Đình Diệm: 1955–1963</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Republic of Ngô Đình Diệm: 1955–1963">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">1955 State of Vietnam referendum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saigon_(1955)" title="Battle of Saigon (1955)">Battle of Saigon (1955)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1956_South_Vietnamese_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="1956 South Vietnamese Constitutional Assembly election">1956 South Vietnamese Constitutional Assembly election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ngo_dinh_Diem_taking_the_oath_as_First_President_of_the_Republic_of_Viet_Nam_on_Constitution_Promulgation_Day_(26_October_1956).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/President_Ngo_dinh_Diem_taking_the_oath_as_First_President_of_the_Republic_of_Viet_Nam_on_Constitution_Promulgation_Day_%2826_October_1956%29.jpg/220px-President_Ngo_dinh_Diem_taking_the_oath_as_First_President_of_the_Republic_of_Viet_Nam_on_Constitution_Promulgation_Day_%2826_October_1956%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/President_Ngo_dinh_Diem_taking_the_oath_as_First_President_of_the_Republic_of_Viet_Nam_on_Constitution_Promulgation_Day_%2826_October_1956%29.jpg/330px-President_Ngo_dinh_Diem_taking_the_oath_as_First_President_of_the_Republic_of_Viet_Nam_on_Constitution_Promulgation_Day_%2826_October_1956%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/President_Ngo_dinh_Diem_taking_the_oath_as_First_President_of_the_Republic_of_Viet_Nam_on_Constitution_Promulgation_Day_%2826_October_1956%29.jpg/440px-President_Ngo_dinh_Diem_taking_the_oath_as_First_President_of_the_Republic_of_Viet_Nam_on_Constitution_Promulgation_Day_%2826_October_1956%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2264" /></a><figcaption>President Ngô Đình Diệm taking the oath as First President of the Republic of Vietnam on Constitution Promulgation Day (26 October 1956).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngo_Dinh_Diem_at_Washington_-_ARC_542189.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ngo_Dinh_Diem_at_Washington_-_ARC_542189.jpg/220px-Ngo_Dinh_Diem_at_Washington_-_ARC_542189.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ngo_Dinh_Diem_at_Washington_-_ARC_542189.jpg/330px-Ngo_Dinh_Diem_at_Washington_-_ARC_542189.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ngo_Dinh_Diem_at_Washington_-_ARC_542189.jpg/440px-Ngo_Dinh_Diem_at_Washington_-_ARC_542189.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2961" data-file-height="2356" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> greeting President <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> of South Vietnam in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, 8 May 1957</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Ngo_Dinh_Diem_in_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Ngo_Dinh_Diem_in_1957.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Ngo_Dinh_Diem_in_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Ngo_Dinh_Diem_in_1957.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Ngo_Dinh_Diem_in_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Ngo_Dinh_Diem_in_1957.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Ngo_Dinh_Diem_in_1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnamese President Ngô Đình Diệm meeting with Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> during a <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> on 8 November 1957. India was a neutral country during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and adopted a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> economic system.<a href="#cite_note-AtIndependence-114">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a></figcaption></figure> In July 1955, Diệm announced in a broadcast that South Vietnam would not participate in the elections specified in the Geneva Accords.<a href="#cite_note-Cheng1997p11-116">[108]</a> As Saigon's delegation did not sign the Geneva Accords, it was not bound by it,<a href="#cite_note-Cheng1997p11-116">[108]</a> despite having been an <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">associated state</a> but not <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> which was itself bound by the Accords because the Matignon Accords that made Saigon gain complete independence from France never took effect legally.<a href="#cite_note-118">[110]</a> He also claimed the communist government in the North created conditions that made a fair election impossible in that region.<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_J._Duncanson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis J. Duncanson (page does not exist)">Dennis J. Duncanson</a> described the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 as "anarchy among sects and of the retiring Việt Minh in the South, the 1956 campaign of terror from Hanoi's land reform and resultant <a href="/wiki/Quynh_Luu_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Quynh Luu Uprising">peasant uprising</a> around <a href="/wiki/Vinh" title="Vinh">Vinh</a> in the North".<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a> Diệm held a <a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">referendum</a> on 23 October 1955 to determine the future of the country. He asked voters to approve a republic, thus removing Bảo Đại as head of state. The poll was supervised by his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Nhu" title="Ngô Đình Nhu">Ngô Đình Nhu</a>. Diệm was credited with 98 percent of the votes. In many districts, there were more votes to remove Bảo Đại than there were registered voters (e.g., in Saigon, 133% of the registered population reportedly voted to remove Bảo Đại). His American advisors had recommended a more modest winning margin of "60 to 70 percent". Diệm, however, viewed the election as a test of authority.<a href="#cite_note-Karnow-121">[113]</a>: 239  On 26 October 1955, Diệm declared himself the president of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-historyplace-122">[114]</a> South Vietnam withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> on 9 December 1955.<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a> The French, who needed troops to fight in <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algeria</a> (then French <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">internal part</a>) and were increasingly sidelined by the United States, completely withdrew from Vietnam by April 1956.<a href="#cite_note-historyplace-122">[114]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a>, the State of Vietnam planned to organize parliamentary elections and promulgate a constitution to establish a republic, but not in time due to the progress of the war. However, South Vietnam under Diệm held <a href="/wiki/1956_South_Vietnamese_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="1956 South Vietnamese Constitutional Assembly election">parliamentary elections</a> and subsequently promulgated a constitution on 26 October 1956.<a href="#cite_note-N-36">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. In 1957, independent observers from India, Poland, and Canada representing the <a href="/wiki/International_Control_Commission" title="International Control Commission">International Control Commission</a> (ICC) stated that fair, unbiased elections were not possible, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement:<a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a> "The elections were not held. South Vietnam, which had not signed the Geneva Accords, did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election. In January 1957, the ICC agreed with this perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. With the French gone, a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again." In October 1956, Diệm, with US prodding, launched a <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_South_Vietnam" title="Land reform in South Vietnam">land reform program</a> restricting rice farm sizes to a maximum of 247 acres per landowner with the excess land to be sold to landless peasants. More than 1.8m acres of farm land would become available for purchase, the US would pay the landowners and receive payment from the purchasers over a six-year period. Land reform was regarded by the US as a crucial step to build support for the nascent South Vietnamese government and undermine communist propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Collision-126">[118]</a>: 14  The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March.<a href="#cite_note-historyplace-122">[114]</a> In May 1959, <a href="/wiki/Group_559" title="Group 559">Group 559</a> was established to maintain and upgrade the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Chi Minh Trail">Ho Chi Minh Trail</a>, at this time a six-month mountain trek through Laos. About 500 of the "regroupees" of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation.<a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a> Regarding the relations with communist North Vietnam, Diệm maintained total hostility and never made a serious effort to establish any relations with it.<a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a> Diệm attempted to stabilise South Vietnam with defending against communist activities by both propaganda and force (Tố Cộng diệt Cộng). He also launched military campaigns against three powerful group – the <a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Xuy%C3%AAn" title="Bình Xuyên">Bình Xuyên</a> organised crime syndicate whose military strength combined amounted to approximately 350,000 fighters (see also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saigon_(1955)" title="Battle of Saigon (1955)">Battle of Saigon (1955)</a>). By 1960 the land reform process had stalled. Diệm had never truly supported reform because many of his biggest supporters were the country's largest landowners. While the US threatened to cut aid unless land reform and other changes were made, Diệm correctly assessed that the US was bluffing.<a href="#cite_note-Collision-126">[118]</a>: 16  Like <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a>, the Saigon regime under <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> but not a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>; although Diệm overthrew Bảo Đại to establish a nominal republic and he was an ally of the US. Based on mass-organizations and secret networks as effective instruments, the <a href="/wiki/Personalist_Labor_Revolutionary_Party" title="Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party">Cần Lao Party</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a> played a considerable role in creating a political groundwork for the power of Diệm's family and helped them to control all political activities in South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-:0-98">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BienhoaHighway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BienhoaHighway.jpg/220px-BienhoaHighway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BienhoaHighway.jpg/330px-BienhoaHighway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/BienhoaHighway.jpg/440px-BienhoaHighway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2678" data-file-height="3034" /></a><figcaption>Opening of the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Highway" title="Hanoi Highway">Bien-hoa Highway</a> in South Vietnam by President <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a>, 28 April 1961</figcaption></figure> Throughout this period, the level of US aid and political support increased. In spite of this, a 1961 <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Estimate" title="National Intelligence Estimate">US intelligence estimate</a> reported that "one-half of the entire rural region south and southwest of Saigon, as well as some areas to the north, are under considerable Communist control. Some of these areas are in effect <a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">denied to all government authority</a> not immediately backed by substantial armed force. The Việt Cộng's strength encircles Saigon and has recently begun to move closer in the city."<a href="#cite_note-auto-129">[121]</a> The report, later excerpted in <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon_Papers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pentagon Papers">The Pentagon Papers</a>, continued: <dl><dd><dl><dd>Many feel that [Diem] is unable to rally the people in the fight against the Communists because of his reliance on virtual one-man rule, his tolerance of corruption extending even to his immediate entourage, and his refusal to relax a rigid system of public controls.<a href="#cite_note-auto-129">[121]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1963–1973">1963–1973</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1963–1973">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROKArmyVietnamWarMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ROKArmyVietnamWarMap.jpg/220px-ROKArmyVietnamWarMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ROKArmyVietnamWarMap.jpg/330px-ROKArmyVietnamWarMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ROKArmyVietnamWarMap.jpg/440px-ROKArmyVietnamWarMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>The areas of responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean Armed Forces">South Korean army</a> in Vietnam, December 1966</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propaganda_Poster_South_Vietnam_(1967).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Propaganda_Poster_South_Vietnam_%281967%29.png/170px-Propaganda_Poster_South_Vietnam_%281967%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Propaganda_Poster_South_Vietnam_%281967%29.png/255px-Propaganda_Poster_South_Vietnam_%281967%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Propaganda_Poster_South_Vietnam_%281967%29.png/340px-Propaganda_Poster_South_Vietnam_%281967%29.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>Propaganda poster for <a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_presidential_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese presidential election">South Vietnamese elections</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a>, 1967</figcaption></figure> Support for the North Vietnam-controlled Viet Cong (NLF/VC) was driven by resentment of Diem's reversal of Viet Minh land reforms in the countryside. The Viet Minh had confiscated large private landholdings, reduced rents and debts, and leased communal lands, mostly to poorer peasants. Diem brought the landlords back, people who had been farming land for years had to return it to landlords and pay years of back rent. <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_B._Young" title="Marilyn B. Young">Marilyn B. Young</a> wrote that "The divisions within villages reproduced those that had existed against the French: 75% support for the NLF, 20% trying to remain neutral and only 5% firmly pro-Saigon government".<a href="#cite_note-Young-130">[122]</a>: 73  The Diệm government lost support among the populace, and from the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#President_(1961–1963)" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy administration</a>, due to its repression of Buddhists and military defeats by the Việt Cộng. Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> of 8 May 1963 led to the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a>, provoking widespread protests and <a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a>. The situation came to a head when the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Special Forces</a> were sent to <a href="/wiki/Xa_Loi_Pagoda_raids" class="mw-redirect" title="Xa Loi Pagoda raids">raid Buddhist temples across the country</a>, leaving a death toll estimated to be in the hundreds. However, the people who support Diem's regime claim he sponsored and supported many Buddhist organizations, and Buddhism flourished under his regime.<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> Before Diệm was overthrown, on 3 September 1963, South Vietnamese army (ARVN) also <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Go_Cong" title="Battle of Go Cong">defeated</a> communists in a small battle at <a href="/wiki/Go_Cong" class="mw-redirect" title="Go Cong">Go Cong</a>. Diệm feared the escalation of American military personnel in South Vietnam, which threatened his nationalist credentials and the independence of his government.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor,_p.3-132">[124]</a> In 1963, Diệm's government secretly discussed with North Vietnam on the issue of peace and reunification between the two sides and reached an important consensus with the communists.<a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> Diệm's removal and assassination set off a period of political instability and declining legitimacy of the Saigon government. Saigon's ability to fight communism as well as build and govern the country was seriously weakened after the fall of his dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-moyarp286-136">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[129]</a> General <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a> became president, but he was <a href="/wiki/January_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="January 1964 South Vietnamese coup">ousted in January 1964</a> by General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Khánh">Nguyễn Khánh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phan_Kh%E1%BA%AFc_S%E1%BB%ADu" title="Phan Khắc Sửu">Phan Khắc Sửu</a> was named head of state, but power remained with a junta of generals led by Khánh, which soon fell to infighting. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident" title="Gulf of Tonkin incident">Gulf of Tonkin incident</a> of 2 August 1964 led to a dramatic increase in direct <a href="/wiki/Free_World_Military_Assistance_Forces" title="Free World Military Assistance Forces">US-allied participation</a> in the war in South Vietnam, with nearly 200,000 American troops deployed by the end of the year. North Vietnam was also helped by foreign armies, mostly Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-Toledo_Blade_320,000_Chinese_troops-44">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roy-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Womack-46">[38]</a> Khánh sought to capitalize on the crisis with the <a href="/wiki/V%C5%A9ng_T%C3%A0u_Charter" title="Vũng Tàu Charter">Vũng Tàu Charter</a>, a new constitution that would have curtailed civil liberties and concentrated his power, but was forced to back down in the face of widespread protests and strikes. Coup attempts followed <a href="/wiki/September_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt" title="September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt">in September</a> and <a href="/wiki/1965_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="1965 South Vietnamese coup">February 1965</a>, the latter resulting in Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a> becoming prime minister and General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a> becoming nominal head of state. A <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">regular bombing campaign</a> over North Vietnam was conducted by offshore <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> airplanes, warships, and aircraft carriers joined by the South Vietnamese and American Air Force squadrons from 1965 to 1968. Kỳ and Thiệu functioned in those roles until 1967, bringing much-desired stability to the government. They imposed censorship and suspended civil liberties, and intensified anticommunist efforts. Under pressure from the US, they held elections for president and the legislature in 1967. The <a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_Senate_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese Senate election">Senate election</a> took place on 2 September 1967. The <a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_presidential_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese presidential election">Presidential election</a> took place on 3 September 1967, Thiệu was elected president with 34% of the vote in a widely criticised poll. Like Diệm, Thiệu was among the hardline <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communists</a> and did not accept a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political alliance</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">South Vietnamese communists</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> controlled by the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North</a>); however, despite the South Vietnamese constitution considering Vietnam a unified country, he advocated a two-state solution with North Vietnam to join the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> together and <a href="/wiki/Coexistence" title="Coexistence">co-exist</a> peacefully to wait for the day of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">democratic</a> unification.<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_parliamentary_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese parliamentary election">Parliamentary election</a> took place on 22 October 1967. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marines_Fire_From_a_House_Window,_February_1968_(16242259837)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Marines_Fire_From_a_House_Window%2C_February_1968_%2816242259837%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Marines_Fire_From_a_House_Window%2C_February_1968_%2816242259837%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Marines_Fire_From_a_House_Window%2C_February_1968_%2816242259837%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Marines_Fire_From_a_House_Window%2C_February_1968_%2816242259837%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Marines_Fire_From_a_House_Window%2C_February_1968_%2816242259837%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Marines_Fire_From_a_House_Window%2C_February_1968_%2816242259837%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>US Marines from <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_1st_Marines" title="1st Battalion, 1st Marines">A Company, 1st Battalion, 1st Marines</a>, engaged in house-to-house combat in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Battle of Huế">Huế</a> in February 1968</figcaption></figure> On 31 January 1968, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a> (PAVN) of North Vietnam and its Việt Cộng broke the traditional truce accompanying the <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tết">Tết</a> (Lunar New Year) holiday. The <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> failed to spark a national uprising and was militarily disastrous. By bringing the war to South Vietnam's cities, however, and by demonstrating the continued strength of communist forces, it marked a turning point in US support for the government in South Vietnam. The new administration of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> introduced a policy of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a> to reduce US combat involvement and began negotiations with the North Vietnamese to end the war. Thiệu used the aftermath of the Tet Offensive to sideline Kỳ, his chief rival. The Land to the Tiller project carried out in South Vietnam from 1970 to 1973 was based on a proposal by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Prosterman" title="Roy Prosterman">Roy Prosterman</a>, a prominent American "land-rights activist", who the US government of the time recruited within its efforts against communists.<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a> Drawing on experiences in other countries (particularly in Latin America), Prosterman proposed a "land-to-the-tiller" program to compete with the communists for the allegiance of the peasants. The plan mimicked the communists' land <a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">expropriation</a> strategy, coupled with monetary compensation to the former landowners.<a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a> On 26 March 1970, with the war still underway, the government of South Vietnam began implementation of the Land-to-the-Tiller program following Prosterman's model. In total, the United States financed 339 million US dollars of the reform's 441 million dollars of expenses.<a href="#cite_note-141">[133]</a> Individual holdings were limited to 15 hectares. Legal titles were extended to peasants in areas under control of the Republic of Vietnam government to whom land had previously been distributed by the communists.<a href="#cite_note-142">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARVN_in_Cambodia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ARVN_in_Cambodia.jpg/220px-ARVN_in_Cambodia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ARVN_in_Cambodia.jpg/330px-ARVN_in_Cambodia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ARVN_in_Cambodia.jpg/440px-ARVN_in_Cambodia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1887" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier" title="M113 armored personnel carrier">M113</a> APC on a road in Cambodia, 1970</figcaption></figure> US and South Vietnamese forces launched a series of <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">attacks on PAVN/VC bases</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> in April–July 1970. South Vietnam launched an <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719" title="Operation Lam Son 719">invasion</a> of North Vietnamese bases in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> in February/March 1971 and were defeated by the PAVN in what was widely regarded as a setback for Vietnamization. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm/220px-seek%3D673.951-1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="675" data-mwtitle="1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm/1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm/1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm/1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm/1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm/1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/1040VI0799_Inauguration_of_President_Thieu.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="853" data-height="480" /></video><figcaption>Inauguration of South Vietnamese President <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Thieu</a>, 1971.</figcaption></figure> Thiệu was reelected unopposed in the <a href="/wiki/1971_South_Vietnamese_presidential_election" title="1971 South Vietnamese presidential election">Presidential election</a> on 2 October 1971. North Vietnam launched a <a href="/wiki/Easter_Offensive" title="Easter Offensive">Easter Offensive</a> in South Vietnam in late March 1972 which was only finally repulsed by October with massive U.S air support. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1973–1975">1973–1975</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1973–1975">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Peace_Accords_Approximate_Cease_Fire_Lines.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Paris_Peace_Accords_Approximate_Cease_Fire_Lines.png/180px-Paris_Peace_Accords_Approximate_Cease_Fire_Lines.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Paris_Peace_Accords_Approximate_Cease_Fire_Lines.png/270px-Paris_Peace_Accords_Approximate_Cease_Fire_Lines.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Paris_Peace_Accords_Approximate_Cease_Fire_Lines.png/360px-Paris_Peace_Accords_Approximate_Cease_Fire_Lines.png 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The approximate areas of control in South Vietnam at the time of the signing of the Paris Accords, 27 January 1973.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Non_repatriates,_Bien_Hoa_Air_Base,_25_March_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Non_repatriates%2C_Bien_Hoa_Air_Base%2C_25_March_1973.jpg/220px-Non_repatriates%2C_Bien_Hoa_Air_Base%2C_25_March_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Non_repatriates%2C_Bien_Hoa_Air_Base%2C_25_March_1973.jpg/330px-Non_repatriates%2C_Bien_Hoa_Air_Base%2C_25_March_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Non_repatriates%2C_Bien_Hoa_Air_Base%2C_25_March_1973.jpg/440px-Non_repatriates%2C_Bien_Hoa_Air_Base%2C_25_March_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1847" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>210 North Vietnamese prisoners from the <a href="/wiki/Bien_Hoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bien Hoa">Bien Hoa</a> POW Camp refuse repatriation and want to remain in South Vietnam sit with signs at <a href="/wiki/Bien_Hoa_Air_Base" title="Bien Hoa Air Base">Bien Hoa Air Base</a>, 25 March 1973</figcaption></figure> In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a> signed on 27 January 1973 (taking effect January 28), US military forces withdrew from South Vietnam at the end of March 1973 while PAVN forces in the South were permitted to remain in place. North Vietnamese leaders had expected that the ceasefire terms would favour their side. As Saigon began to roll back the Việt Cộng, they found it necessary to adopt a new strategy, hammered out at a series of meetings in Hanoi in March 1973, according to the memoirs of <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Tr%C3%A0" title="Trần Văn Trà">Trần Văn Trà</a>. As the Việt Cộng's top commander, Trà participated in several of these meetings. A plan to improve logistics was prepared so that the PAVN would be able to launch a massive invasion of the South, projected for 1976. A gas pipeline would be built from North Vietnam to the Việt Cộng provisional capital in <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%99c_Ninh,_B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" class="mw-redirect" title="Lộc Ninh, Bình Phước">Lộc Ninh</a>, about 60 mi (97 km) north of Saigon. On 15 March 1973, US President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> implied that the US would intervene militarily if the communist side violated the ceasefire. Public reaction was unfavorable, and on 4 June 1973 the <a href="/wiki/US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">US Senate</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93Church_Amendment" title="Case–Church Amendment">Case–Church Amendment</a> to prohibit such intervention. The <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil price shock of October 1973</a> caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy. A spokesman for Thiệu admitted in a TV interview that the government was being "overwhelmed" by the inflation caused by the oil shock, while an American businessman living in Saigon stated after the oil shock that attempting to make money in South Vietnam was "like making love to a corpse".<a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> One consequence of the inflation was the South Vietnamese government had increasing difficulty in paying its soldiers and imposed restrictions on fuel and munition usage. After two clashes that left 55 South Vietnamese soldiers dead, President Thiệu announced on 4 January 1974 that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect. There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period.<a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a> The same month, China attacked South Vietnamese forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Paracel_Islands" title="Battle of the Paracel Islands">Paracel Islands</a> on the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, taking control of the islands. Saigon later objected diplomatically. North Vietnam recognized Chinese territorial claims in the South China Sea because China was one of two main allies in the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-:Wang-145">[137]</a>: 98 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorleyNishihara1997126–127-146">[138]</a> The "Operation Tran Hung Dao 48" was a campaign conducted by the South Vietnamese Navy in February 1974 to station troops on unoccupied islands to assert Vietnam's sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Spratly_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Spratly archipelago">Spratly archipelago</a> after the Battle of the Paracel Islands.<a href="#cite_note-:2-71">[63]</a> After communist reunification in 1976, Hanoi started to carefully praised the South Vietnamese forces that took part in the battle, while trying to avoid praising the Saigon regime as always to keep the image of their regime.<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a> After the battle, the US refused Saigon's requests for assistance because the US signed the Paris Peace Accords and the US and South Vietnam had no mutual defense treaty.<a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a> In August 1974, Nixon was forced to resign as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> voted to reduce assistance to South Vietnam from $1 billion a year to $700 million. By this time, the Ho Chi Minh trail, once an arduous mountain trek, had been upgraded into a drivable highway with gasoline stations. On 10 December 1974, South Vietnam did recapture a series of hills from communist North Vietnam in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C3%BA_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Battle of Phú Lộc">Battle of Phú Lộc</a>, but this was the army's last victory before suffering repeated defeats and collapse. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_used_samples_of_South_Vietnamese_off-shore_oil_to_light_a_flame_commemorating_his_country%27s_war_dead_at_the_military_cemetry_in_Thu_Duc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/President_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_used_samples_of_South_Vietnamese_off-shore_oil_to_light_a_flame_commemorating_his_country%27s_war_dead_at_the_military_cemetry_in_Thu_Duc.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/President_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_used_samples_of_South_Vietnamese_off-shore_oil_to_light_a_flame_commemorating_his_country%27s_war_dead_at_the_military_cemetry_in_Thu_Duc.jpg/270px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/President_Nguyen_Van_Thieu_used_samples_of_South_Vietnamese_off-shore_oil_to_light_a_flame_commemorating_his_country%27s_war_dead_at_the_military_cemetry_in_Thu_Duc.jpg/360px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2459" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu used samples of South Vietnamese off-shore oil to light a flame commemorating his country's war dead at the military cemetry in <a href="/wiki/Thu_Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Thu Duc">Thu Duc</a>, 1 February 1975.</figcaption></figure> On 12 December 1974, the PAVN <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long" title="Battle of Phước Long">attacked at Phuoc Long</a> as the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/1975_spring_offensive" title="1975 spring offensive">1975 spring offensive</a> to test the South Vietnamese combat strength and political will and whether the US would respond militarily. With no US military assistance forthcoming, the ARVN were unable to hold and the PAVN successfully captured many of the districts around the provincial capital of Phuoc Long, weakening ARVN resistance in stronghold areas. President Thiệu later abandoned Phuoc Long in early January 1975. As a result, Phuoc Long was the first provincial capital to fall to the PAVN.<a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a> In 1975, the PAVN launched an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Me_Thuot" title="Battle of Ban Me Thuot">offensive at Ban Me Thuot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a>. The South Vietnamese unsuccessfully attempted a defence and counterattack but had few reserve forces, as well as a shortage of spare parts and ammunition. As a consequence, Thiệu ordered a withdrawal of key army units from the Central Highlands, which exacerbated an already perilous military situation and undermined the confidence of the ARVN soldiers in their leadership. The retreat became a rout exacerbated by poor planning and conflicting orders from Thiệu. PAVN forces also attacked south and from sanctuaries in Laos and Cambodia <a href="/wiki/Hue%E2%80%93Da_Nang_Campaign" title="Hue–Da Nang Campaign">capturing Huế and Da Nang</a> and advanced southwards. As the military situation deteriorated, ARVN troops began deserting. By early April, the PAVN had overrun almost 3/5th of the South. Thiệu requested aid from US President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, but the US Senate would not release extra money to provide aid to South Vietnam, and had already passed laws to prevent further involvement in Vietnam. In desperation, Thiệu recalled Kỳ from retirement as a military commander, but resisted calls to name his old rival prime minister. On 17 April 1975, Cambodia <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">fell</a> to the communist <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>, an ally of North Vietnam. South Vietnam's <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">ally</a> here collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Saigon:_30_April_1975">Fall of Saigon: 30 April 1975</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fall of Saigon: 30 April 1975">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">Operation Babylift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind" title="Operation Frequent Wind">Operation Frequent Wind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18thARVNsoldiersatxuanloc_by_Dirck_Halstead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/18thARVNsoldiersatxuanloc_by_Dirck_Halstead.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>Two South Vietnamese soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xu%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Battle of Xuân Lộc">Battle of Xuân Lộc</a>, April 1975.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FB_IMG_1684862942441_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FB_IMG_1684862942441_03.jpg/220px-FB_IMG_1684862942441_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FB_IMG_1684862942441_03.jpg/330px-FB_IMG_1684862942441_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/FB_IMG_1684862942441_03.jpg/440px-FB_IMG_1684862942441_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The president of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Khi%C3%AAm" title="Trần Thiện Khiêm">Trần Thiện Khiêm</a> as his envoys to visit the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (Taiwan) and other countries, 25 April 1975</figcaption></figure> With <a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">Operation Babylift</a> from 3 April to 26 April 1945; over 3,300 South Vietnamese infants and children had been airlifted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and other Western countries (including <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>), although the actual number has been variously reported.<a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBS-154">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a> Morale was low in South Vietnam as the PAVN advanced. A last-ditch defense was made mostly by the ARVN <a href="/wiki/18th_Division_(South_Vietnam)" title="18th Division (South Vietnam)">18th Division</a> led by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Minh_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o" title="Lê Minh Đảo">Lê Minh Đảo</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xu%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Battle of Xuân Lộc">Battle of Xuân Lộc</a> from 9–21 April. The North Vietnamese communists demanded that Thieu resign so peace negotiations could take place; under pressure from within the country, Thiệu was forced to resign on 21 April 1975, and fled to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> under the name of an envoy of the South Vietnamese president.<a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a> He nominated his Vice President <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a> as his successor. After only one week in office, the South Vietnamese national assembly voted to hand over the presidency to General <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a>. Minh was seen as a more conciliatory figure toward the North, and it was hoped he might be able to negotiate a more favourable settlement to end the war. After that, on 28 April 1975, South Vietnamese president Minh immediately asked the US defense attaché to leave South Vietnam to create conditions for negotiations with Hanoi.<a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> The communist North, however, was not interested in negotiations to create a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> in the South with anti-communists and neutrals, and its forces <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">attacked Saigon</a>. Minh did not want to evacuate the Saigon government to the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a> to continue military resistance against the communist faction.<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a> Minh <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditionally surrendered</a> to North Vietnam on the radio at 10:24 on 30 April 1975, leading to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and more than 26 years of existence of the Saigon regime.<a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-lat-160">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[i]</a> During the hours leading up to the surrender, the United States undertook a massive <a href="/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind" title="Operation Frequent Wind">evacuation</a> of US government personnel as well as high-ranking members of the ARVN and other South Vietnamese who were seen as potential targets for persecution by the Communists. Many of the evacuees were taken directly by helicopter to multiple <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> waiting off the coast. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_rule_and_reunification,_1975-1976">Communist rule and reunification, 1975-1976</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Communist rule and reunification, 1975-1976">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Vietnam" title="Flag of South Vietnam">Flag of South Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_democracy_movement" title="Vietnamese democracy movement">Vietnamese democracy movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg/220px-Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg/330px-Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg/440px-Hamburg.Gedenkstein.Cap_Anamur.wmt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Bronze plaque in the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>) dedicated by Vietnamese refugees giving thanks to <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Neudeck" title="Rupert Neudeck">Rupert Neudeck</a> and the rescue ship Cap Anamur</figcaption></figure> Following the surrender of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces on 30 April 1975; South Vietnam was de facto overthrown, while the communists took power throughout Vietnam and there was no place for neutrals and anti-communists. The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam</a> (PRG) of the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_C%E1%BB%99ng" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Cộng">Việt Cộng</a> (de facto controlled by the North) officially became the government of South Vietnam, which merged with North Vietnam to create the communist <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> on 2 July 1976.<a href="#cite_note-162">[153]</a> The North's flag, national anthem, capital, and constitution were still chosen. Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City to honor <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>, the Vietnamese communist leader who died 7 years earlier in Hanoi. After reunification, Hanoi abandoned the policy of neutrality in its relations with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to choose to be pro-Soviet, leading to escalating <a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">tensions</a> in Indochina.<a href="#cite_note-:Wang-145">[137]</a>: 93 <a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> The North Vietnam-controlled Việt Cộng was merged with the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Vietnamese Fatherland Front</a> of the North on 4 February 1977. Non-<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">communist party</a> members of the Việt Cộng became dissatisfied with Hanoi after the fall of Saigon due to its conservative and harsh policies in managing the country and treating those who had worked for the old regime.<a href="#cite_note-Porter_&_Roberts_1988-166">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Loneliness-167">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people" title="Vietnamese boat people">South Vietnamese</a> had to leave the country by boat because they could not stand the harsh conditions of Vietnam under the new regimes, especially since September 1978. With the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">1989-1991 revolutions</a> leading to the fall of most communist states and a good relationship with the US, Vietnamese communist government became opener when talking about the old regime.<a href="#cite_note-169">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[161]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">fall of Saigon</a> on 30 April 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Vietnam" title="Flag of South Vietnam">yellow flag</a> of the old regime was started to be banned by the communist regimes in Vietnam but was started to be used in anti-communist Vietnamese overseas communities (but not all Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_democracy_movement" title="Vietnamese democracy movement">dissidents</a>) and started to be recognized by many places in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-vpac-172">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quoc-Ky-Vietnam-173">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-VATV-174">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam" title="Geography of Vietnam">Geography of Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Vietnam" title="Climate of Vietnam">Climate of Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_and_south_vietnam_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/North_and_south_vietnam_map.jpg/170px-North_and_south_vietnam_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/North_and_south_vietnam_map.jpg/255px-North_and_south_vietnam_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/North_and_south_vietnam_map.jpg/340px-North_and_south_vietnam_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>North and South Vietnam (1954–1976). A 1964 map</figcaption></figure> The South was divided into coastal lowlands, the mountainous Central Highlands (Cao-nguyen Trung-phan) and the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>. South Vietnam's time zone was one hour ahead of North Vietnam, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8">UTC+8</a> time zone with the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and Western <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Vietnam_(1967)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of South Vietnam (1967)">Constitution of South Vietnam (1967)</a></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_(1963%E2%80%931975)_(Gold).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281963%E2%80%931975%29_%28Gold%29.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281963%E2%80%931975%29_%28Gold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281963%E2%80%931975%29_%28Gold%29.svg/375px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281963%E2%80%931975%29_%28Gold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281963%E2%80%931975%29_%28Gold%29.svg/500px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281963%E2%80%931975%29_%28Gold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the President of South Vietnam (1963–1975).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Assembly,_Saigon_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/National_Assembly%2C_Saigon_1967.jpg/300px-National_Assembly%2C_Saigon_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/National_Assembly%2C_Saigon_1967.jpg/450px-National_Assembly%2C_Saigon_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/National_Assembly%2C_Saigon_1967.jpg/600px-National_Assembly%2C_Saigon_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnam's <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives" title="House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, Saigon, May 1967.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_nine_justices_of_South_Vietnam%27s_Supreme_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_nine_justices_of_South_Vietnam%27s_Supreme_Court.jpg/300px-The_nine_justices_of_South_Vietnam%27s_Supreme_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_nine_justices_of_South_Vietnam%27s_Supreme_Court.jpg/450px-The_nine_justices_of_South_Vietnam%27s_Supreme_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_nine_justices_of_South_Vietnam%27s_Supreme_Court.jpg/600px-The_nine_justices_of_South_Vietnam%27s_Supreme_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption>The nine justices of South Vietnam's Supreme Court, 1971.</figcaption></figure> South Vietnam went through many political changes during its short life. Initially, former Emperor <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> and Emperor of its <a href="/wiki/Domain_of_the_Crown" title="Domain of the Crown">Domain of the Crown</a>. He was unpopular however, largely because monarchical leaders were considered collaborators during French rule and because he had spent his reign absent in France. In 1955, Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm held a <a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">referendum</a> to decide whether the State of Vietnam would remain a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> or become a republic. This referendum was blatantly rigged in favor of a republic. Not only did an implausible 98% vote in favor of deposing Bảo Đại, but over 380,000 more votes were cast than the total number of registered voters; in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, for instance, Diệm was credited with 133% of the vote. Diệm proclaimed himself the president of the newly formed Republic of Vietnam. Despite successes in politics, economics and social change in the first 5 years, Diệm quickly became a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictatorial leader</a>. With the support of the United States government and the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>, ARVN officers led by General Dương Văn Minh staged a coup and killed him in 1963. The military held a brief interim military government until General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Khánh">Nguyễn Khánh</a> <a href="/wiki/January_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup" title="January 1964 South Vietnamese coup">deposed Minh</a> in a January 1964 coup. Until late 1965, multiple coups and changes of government occurred, with some civilians being allowed to give a semblance of civil rule overseen by a military junta. In 1965, the feuding civilian government voluntarily resigned and handed power back to the nation's military, in the hope this would bring stability and unity to the nation. An elected constituent assembly including representatives of all the branches of the military decided to switch the nation's system of government to a semi-presidential system. Military rule initially failed to provide much stability however, as internal conflicts and political inexperience caused various factions of the army to launch coups and counter-coups against one another, making leadership very tumultuous. The situation within the ranks of the military stabilised in mid-1965 when the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam Air Force">Republic of Vietnam Air Force</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a> became Prime Minister, with General <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a> as the figurehead chief of state. As Prime Minister, Kỳ consolidated control of the South Vietnamese government and ruled the country with an iron fist.<a href="#cite_note-Farber-175">[166]</a>: 273  In June 1965, Kỳ's influence over the ruling military government was solidified when he forced civilian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Phan_Huy_Qu%C3%A1t" title="Phan Huy Quát">Phan Huy Quát</a> from power.<a href="#cite_note-Farber-175">[166]</a>: 232  Often praising aspects of Western culture in public,<a href="#cite_note-Farber-175">[166]</a>: 264  Ky was supported by the United States and its allied nations,<a href="#cite_note-Farber-175">[166]</a>: 264  though doubts began to circulate among Western officials by 1966 on whether or not Ky could maintain stability in South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-Farber-175">[166]</a>: 264  A repressive leader, Ky was greatly despised by his fellow countrymen.<a href="#cite_note-Farber-175">[166]</a>: 273  In early 1966, protesters influenced by popular <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monk">Buddhist monk</a> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Quang" title="Thích Trí Quang">Thích Trí Quang</a> attempted an <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising" title="Buddhist Uprising">uprising</a> in Quang's hometown of Da Nang.<a href="#cite_note-Farber-175">[166]</a>: 273  The uprising was unsuccessful and Ky's repressive stance towards the nation's Buddhist population continued.<a href="#cite_note-Farber-175">[166]</a>: 273  In 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/1956_South_Vietnamese_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="1956 South Vietnamese Constitutional Assembly election">National Assembly</a> was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> system consisting of a <a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_parliamentary_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese parliamentary election">House of Representatives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> (Hạ Nghị Viện) and a <a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_Senate_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese Senate election">Senate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Upper_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper House">upper House</a> (Thượng Nghị Viện) and South Vietnam held its first elections under the new system. The military nominated Nguyễn Văn Thiệu as their candidate, and he was <a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_presidential_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese presidential election">elected</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> of the popular vote. Thieu quickly consolidated power much to the dismay of those who hoped for an era of more political openness. He was <a href="/wiki/1971_South_Vietnamese_presidential_election" title="1971 South Vietnamese presidential election">re-elected</a> unopposed in 1971, receiving a suspiciously high 94% of the vote on an 87% turn-out. Thieu ruled until the final days of the war, resigning on 21 April 1975. Vice-president Trần Văn Hương assumed power for a week, but on 27 April the Parliament and Senate voted to transfer power to <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a> who was the nation's last president and who unconditionally surrendered to the Communist forces on 30 April 1975. The National Assembly/House of Representatives was located in the Saigon Opera House, now the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Theatre,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Theatre, Ho Chi Minh City">Municipal Theatre, Ho Chi Minh City</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Doling-176">[167]</a>: 100  while the Senate was located at 45-47 Bến Chương Dương Street (đường Bến Chương Dương), District 1, originally the Chamber of Commerce, and now the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Stock_Exchange" title="Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange">Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doling-176">[167]</a>: 218  The South Vietnamese government was regularly accused of holding a large number of political prisoners, the exact number of which was a source of contention. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, in a report in 1973, estimated the number of South Vietnam's civilian prisoners ranging from 35,257 (as confirmed by Saigon) to 200,000 or more. Among them, approximately 22,000–41,000 were accounted "communist" political prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-177">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaders">Leaders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leaders">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">Leaders of South Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bao_Dai_(1948-1955).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Bao_Dai_%281948-1955%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Bao_Dai_%281948-1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Bao_Dai_%281948-1955%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Bao_Dai_%281948-1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Bao_Dai_%281948-1955%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Bao_Dai_%281948-1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Flag of <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> as the Head of State of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> (1949-1955)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1946–1947 Autonomous Republic of <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a> (Chính phủ Cộng hoà Nam Kỳ tự trị). The creation of this republic, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> (1946–1954), allowed France to evade a promise to recognise Vietnam as independent. The government was renamed in 1947 Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam, overtly stating its aim to reunite the whole country.<a href="#cite_note-178">[169]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thinh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Văn Thinh">Nguyễn Văn Thinh</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Ho%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Lê Văn Hoạch">Lê Văn Hoạch</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Xuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen Van Xuan">Nguyễn Văn Xuân</a> (1947–1948)</li></ul></li> <li>1948–1949 <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam" title="Provisional Central Government of Vietnam">Provisional Central Government of Vietnam</a> (Chính phủ lâm thời Quốc gia Việt Nam). This "pre-Vietnam" government prepared for a unified Vietnamese state, but the country's full reunification was delayed for a year because of the problems posed by Cochinchina's legal status. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Xu%C3%A2n" title="Nguyễn Văn Xuân">Nguyễn Văn Xuân</a> (1948–1949)</li></ul></li> <li>1949–1955 <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> (Quốc gia Việt Nam). Internationally recognized in 1950. Roughly 60 percent of Vietnamese territory was actually physically controlled by the communist <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a> in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-179">[170]</a> Vietnam was partitioned at the <a href="/wiki/17th_parallel_north" title="17th parallel north">17th parallel</a> in 1954. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> (1949–1955). Abdicated as emperor in 1945 following surrender of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japanese</a> occupying forces at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, later serving as head of state to 1955.</li></ul></li> <li>1955–1975 Republic of Vietnam (Việt Nam Cộng hòa). Fought in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> (or Second Indochina War; 1959–1975) against the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> (1955–1963). Once highly lauded by America, he was ousted and assassinated in a US-backed coup in November 1963.</li> <li>In 1963–1965, there were numerous coups and short-lived governments, several of which were headed by <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Nguyễn Khánh">Nguyễn Khánh</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a> (1965–1975). Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_Cao_Ky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen Cao Ky">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a> was the top leader of the last of the military regimes in 1965–1967 before a US-backed civilian government was instituted, following a new constitution and elections in 1967, with Thieu elected president.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Trần Văn Hương">Trần Văn Hương</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a> (2nd time) (1975). Surrendered South Vietnam to North Vietnam.</li></ul></li> <li>1975–76 <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam</a> (Chính phủ Cách mạng lâm thời Cộng hoà miền Nam Việt Nam). It was de facto controlled by North Vietnamese communists.<a href="#cite_note-Tảng_pp._188-189-25">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tảng_p._186-26">[19]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_T%E1%BA%A5n_Ph%C3%A1t" title="Huỳnh Tấn Phát">Huỳnh Tấn Phát</a> (1975–1976)</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ministries">Ministries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ministries">edit</a>]</div> South Vietnam had the following Ministries: <ul><li>Ministry of Culture and Education (Bộ Văn hóa Giáo dục) at 33–5 Lê Thánh Tôn<a href="#cite_note-Doling-176">[167]</a>: 243 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(South_Vietnam)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (South Vietnam)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> (Bộ Ngoại giao) at 4–6 Rue Colombert (now 4–6 Alexandre de Rhodes)<a href="#cite_note-Doling-176">[167]</a>: 161–2 </li> <li>Ministry of Health (Bộ Y tế) at 57–9 Hong Thap Tu (now 57-9 Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai)<a href="#cite_note-Doling-176">[167]</a>: 330 </li> <li>Ministry of Justice (Bộ Tư pháp) at 47 Lê Duẩn<a href="#cite_note-Doling-176">[167]</a>: 290 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(South_Vietnam)" title="Minister of National Defense (South Vietnam)">Ministry of National Defence</a> (Bộ Quốc phòng) at 63 Lý Tự Trọng<a href="#cite_note-Doling-176">[167]</a>: 139–40 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_National_Police" title="Republic of Vietnam National Police">Ministry of Police</a> (Bộ Tư lệnh Cảnh sát Quốc gia) at 258 Nguyễn Trãi<a href="#cite_note-Doling-176">[167]</a>: 466 </li> <li>Ministry of Public Works and Communications (Bộ Công chính và Truyền thông) at 92 Nam Kỳ Khởi Nghĩa<a href="#cite_note-Doling-176">[167]</a>: 191 </li> <li>Ministry of Revolutionary Development</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Provinces">Provinces</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Provinces">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southvietmap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Southvietmap.jpg/220px-Southvietmap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Southvietmap.jpg/330px-Southvietmap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Southvietmap.jpg/440px-Southvietmap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="1393" /></a><figcaption>Administrative divisions and military regions of South Vietnam, June 1967</figcaption></figure> South Vietnam was divided into forty-four provinces: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Population (1968 est.)<a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a></th> <th>Capital </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Trị Province">Quảng Trị Province</a></td> <td>279,088</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Trị Town">Quảng Trị</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%ABa_Thi%C3%AAn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Thừa Thiên Province">Thừa Thiên Province</a></td> <td>633,799</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Nam Province">Quảng Nam Province</a></td> <td>915,123</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_An" title="Hội An">Hội An</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_T%C3%ADn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Tín Province">Quảng Tín Province</a></td> <td>306,518</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tam_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Tam Kỳ">Tam Kỳ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quảng Ngãi Province">Quảng Ngãi Province</a></td> <td>678,606</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i" title="Quảng Ngãi">Quảng Ngãi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kon_Tum_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kon Tum Province">Kon Tum Province</a></td> <td>104,241</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kontum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontum">Kontum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Định Province">Bình Định Province</a></td> <td>902,085</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qui_Nh%C6%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Qui Nhơn">Qui Nhơn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pleiku_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiku Province">Pleiku Province</a></td> <td>192,682</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pleiku" title="Pleiku">Pleiku</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_B%E1%BB%95n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phú Bổn Province">Phú Bổn Province</a></td> <td>51,313</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%ADu_B%E1%BB%95n" class="mw-redirect" title="Hậu Bổn">Hậu Bổn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phú Yên Province">Phú Yên Province</a></td> <td>329,464</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuy_H%C3%B2a" title="Tuy Hòa">Tuy Hòa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_L%E1%BA%AFk_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Đắk Lắk Province">Darlac Province</a></td> <td>293,194</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B4n_Ma_Thu%E1%BB%99t" title="Buôn Ma Thuột">Ban Me Thuot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_H%C3%B2a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khánh Hòa Province">Khánh Hòa Province</a></td> <td>403,988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nha_Trang" title="Nha Trang">Nha Trang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_N%C3%B4ng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Đắk Nông Province">Quảng Đức Province</a></td> <td>28,863</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gia_Ngh%C4%A9a" title="Gia Nghĩa">Gia Nghĩa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuy%C3%AAn_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuyên Đức Province (page does not exist)">Tuyên Đức Province</a></td> <td>93,646</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0_L%E1%BA%A1t" class="mw-redirect" title="Đà Lạt">Đà Lạt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninh Thuận Province">Ninh Thuận Province</a></td> <td>156,194</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phan_Rang" class="mw-redirect" title="Phan Rang">Phan Rang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2m_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lâm Đồng Province">Lâm Đồng Province</a></td> <td>65,561</td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Bảo Lộc">Bảo Lộc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Thuận Province">Bình Thuận Province</a></td> <td>267,306</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phan_Thi%E1%BA%BFt" title="Phan Thiết">Phan Thiết</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phước Long Province">Phước Long Province</a></td> <td>104,213</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long,_B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Phước Long, Bình Phước">Phước Bình</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Long_Kh%C3%A1nh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Khánh Province">Long Khánh Province</a></td> <td>144,227</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Long_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Long Khánh">Xuân Lộc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Tuy_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Tuy Province">Bình Tuy Province</a></td> <td>59,082</td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Gi" title="La Gi">Hàm Tân</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Long_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Long Province">Bình Long Province</a></td> <td>70,394</td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Long" title="Bình Long">An Lộc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tây Ninh Province">Tây Ninh Province</a></td> <td>235,404</td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh" title="Tây Ninh">Tây Ninh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Dương Province">Bình Dương Province</a></td> <td>235,404</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7_D%E1%BA%A7u_M%E1%BB%99t" title="Thủ Dầu Một">Phú Cường</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Biên Hòa Province">Biên Hòa Province</a></td> <td>449,468</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a" title="Biên Hòa">Biên Hòa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Tuy_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phước Tuy Province">Phước Tuy Province</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A0_R%E1%BB%8Ba" title="Bà Rịa">Phước Lễ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%ADu_Ngh%C4%A9a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hậu Nghĩa Province">Hậu Nghĩa Province</a></td> <td>279,088</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BA%ADu_Ngh%C4%A9a" title="Hậu Nghĩa">Khiêm Cường</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Định Province">Gia Định Province</a></td> <td>1,089,773</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Định">Gia Định</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Long_An_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Long An Province">Long An Province</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2n_An" title="Tân An">Tân An</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B2_C%C3%B4ng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gò Công Province">Gò Công Province</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B2_C%C3%B4ng" title="Gò Công">Gò Công</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Định Tường Province">Định Tường Province</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_Tho" title="Mỹ Tho">Mỹ Tho</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ki%E1%BA%BFn_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiến Tường Province (page does not exist)">Kiến Tường Province</a></td> <td>42,597</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Kiến Tường">Mộc Hóa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Phong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiến Phong Province">Kiến Phong Province</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cao_L%C3%A3nh_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Lãnh City">Cao Lãnh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_%C4%90%E1%BB%91c_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Châu Đốc Province">Châu Đốc Province</a></td> <td>575,916</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_%C4%90%E1%BB%91c" title="Châu Đốc">Châu Phú</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/An_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="An Giang Province">An Giang Province</a></td> <td>491,710</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Long_Xuy%C3%AAn" title="Long Xuyên">Long Xuyên</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sa_%C4%90%C3%A9c_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Đéc Province">Sa Đéc Province</a></td> <td>264,511</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sa_%C4%90%C3%A9c" title="Sa Đéc">Sa Đéc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%AAn_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiên Giang Province">Kiên Giang Province</a></td> <td>387,634</td> <td><a href="/wiki/R%E1%BA%A1ch_Gi%C3%A1" title="Rạch Giá">Rạch Giá</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phong_Dinh_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phong Dinh Province (page does not exist)">Phong Dinh Province</a></td> <td>426,090</td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C6%A1" title="Cần Thơ">Cần Thơ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Long_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Vĩnh Long Province">Vĩnh Long Province</a></td> <td>500,870</td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_Long" title="Vĩnh Long">Vĩnh Long</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_H%C3%B2a_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiến Hòa Province">Kiến Hòa Province</a></td> <td>582,099</td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%BFn_Tre" title="Bến Tre">Trúc Giang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C4%A9nh_B%C3%ACnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Vĩnh Bình Province">Vĩnh Bình Province</a></td> <td>404,118</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A0_Vinh" title="Trà Vinh">Phú Vinh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chương Thiện Province">Chương Thiện Province</a></td> <td>248,713</td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%E1%BB%8B_Thanh" title="Vị Thanh">Vị Thanh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3c_Tr%C4%83ng_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sóc Trăng Province">Ba Xuyên Province</a></td> <td>352,971</td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3c_Tr%C4%83ng" title="Sóc Trăng">Khánh Hưng</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c_Li%C3%AAu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bạc Liêu Province">Bạc Liêu Province</a></td> <td>259,891</td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c_Li%C3%AAu" title="Bạc Liêu">Vĩnh Lợi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/An_Xuy%C3%AAn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="An Xuyên Province">An Xuyên Province</a></td> <td>235,398</td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0_Mau" title="Cà Mau">Quản Long</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a></td> <td>1,622,673</td> <td>Saigon </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regions">Regions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam#Autonomous_regions" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam § Autonomous regions</a></div> Throughout its history South Vietnam had many reforms enacted that affected the organisation of its administrative divisions.<a href="#cite_note-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-181">[172]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i.jpg/220px-Bi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i.jpg/330px-Bi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i.jpg/440px-Bi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> Palace" in <a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B4n_Ma_Thu%E1%BB%99t" title="Buôn Ma Thuột">Buôn Ma Thuột</a>, one of the residences of the Head of State located in the <a href="/wiki/Domain_of_the_Crown" title="Domain of the Crown">Domain of the Crown</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Domain_of_the_Crown" title="Domain of the Crown">Domain of the Crown</a> was officially established as an administrative unit of autonomous territories within the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> on 15 April 1950. In the areas of the Domain of the Crown, the Chief of State <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> was still officially (and legally) titled as the "Emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Lê-Đình-Chi-89">[81]</a> It was established to preserve French interests in French Indochina and to limit Kinh (Vietnamese) immigration into predominantly minority areas, halting Vietnamese influence in these regions while preserving the influences of both French colonists and indigenous rulers. On 11 March 1955 Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> dissolved the Domain of the Crown reducing both the power of the Chief of State Bảo Đại and the French directly annexing these areas into the State of Vietnam as the crown regions still in South Vietnam would later become Cao nguyên Trung phần in the Republic of Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-Anh-Thái-Phượng-182">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-181">[172]</a> Following the creation of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> and the establishment of its government, the Chief of State <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> signed the two ordinances related to the administration and local governance of the State of Vietnam, namely Ordinance No. 1 ("Organisation and Operation of civil authorities in Vietnam") and Ordinance No. 2 ("Statutes of Government office").<a href="#cite_note-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-183">[174]</a> These ordinances renamed the regions to <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BA%AFc_Vi%E1%BB%87t_(State_of_Vietnam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bắc Việt (State of Vietnam) (page does not exist)">Bắc Việt</a> (北越), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trung_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trung Việt (page does not exist)">Trung Việt</a> (中越), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nam_Vi%E1%BB%87t_(State_of_Vietnam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nam Việt (State of Vietnam) (page does not exist)">Nam Việt</a> (南越).<a href="#cite_note-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-183">[174]</a> Later on 4 August 1954 the government of the State of Vietnam enacted Ordinance No. 21 which renamed the regions to Bắc Phần (北分), Trung Phần (中分), and Nam Nhần (南分).<a href="#cite_note-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-183">[174]</a> On 24 October 1956 the South Vietnamese president <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> officially abolished the three region system as the regions were divided into smaller regions in South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-181">[172]</a> At the time, President <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> enacted a reform of the administrative divisions system of the Republic of Vietnam in the form of Decree 147a/NV.<a href="#cite_note-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-181">[172]</a> This decree divided the region of <a href="/wiki/Central_Vietnam" title="Central Vietnam">Trung phần</a> into Trung nguyên Trung phần (the Central Midlands) and Cao nguyên Trung phần (the Central Highlands).<a href="#cite_note-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-181">[172]</a> The offices of appointed representative and assistant representative of the central government were created for the region of Trung phần, the main representative had an office in <a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B4n_Ma_Thu%E1%BB%99t" title="Buôn Ma Thuột">Buôn Ma Thuột</a>, while the assistant had an office in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-181">[172]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1963 South Vietnamese coup">1963 United States-backed coup d'état that outsted Diệm</a>, the Central Government's Representatives in the Trung phần region were gradually replaced by the control of the Tactical zone's Commanders (Tư lệnh Vùng Chiến thuật), which replaced a civil administration with a military one.<a href="#cite_note-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-181">[172]</a> However, following the <a href="/wiki/1967_South_Vietnamese_Senate_election" title="1967 South Vietnamese Senate election">1967 Senate election</a> the military administration was replaced back with civilian administrators.<a href="#cite_note-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-181">[172]</a> On 1 January 1969, during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a>, Act 001/69 became effective which abolished the offices of government's representative and assistant government's representative, this was later followed on 12 May 1969 with Decree 544 – NĐ/ThT/QTCS which completely abolished the civil administration in Trung nguyên Trung phần in favour of the Tư lệnh Vùng Chiến thuật.<a href="#cite_note-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-181">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_NGO_DINH_DIEM_receiving_Mr._CARLOS_GARCIA_Vice-President_of_the_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_NGO_DINH_DIEM_receiving_Mr._CARLOS_GARCIA_Vice-President_of_the_Philippines.jpg/200px-President_NGO_DINH_DIEM_receiving_Mr._CARLOS_GARCIA_Vice-President_of_the_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_NGO_DINH_DIEM_receiving_Mr._CARLOS_GARCIA_Vice-President_of_the_Philippines.jpg/300px-President_NGO_DINH_DIEM_receiving_Mr._CARLOS_GARCIA_Vice-President_of_the_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/President_NGO_DINH_DIEM_receiving_Mr._CARLOS_GARCIA_Vice-President_of_the_Philippines.jpg/400px-President_NGO_DINH_DIEM_receiving_Mr._CARLOS_GARCIA_Vice-President_of_the_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="2369" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnamese President <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> receiving Mr. <a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos Garcia</a> Vice-President of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Saigon, October 1955.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holt_and_Ky_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Holt_and_Ky_01.jpg/200px-Holt_and_Ky_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Holt_and_Ky_01.jpg/300px-Holt_and_Ky_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Holt_and_Ky_01.jpg/400px-Holt_and_Ky_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Nguyễn Cao Kỳ">Nguyễn Cao Kỳ</a> of South Vietnam on Kỳ's visit to Australia in 1967.</figcaption></figure> South Vietnam had diplomatic relations with 91 countries, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, and consular relations with 3 countries in October 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FPIP-184">[175]</a> South Vietnam and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">its predecessor</a> failed to gain admission into the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> vetoes in 1952, 1957, and 1958; however <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Vietnam">its puppet state</a> also failed to join it.<a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doyle2010-188">[179]</a> From 1952 to 1975, South Vietnam was an observer of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> while the North was not.<a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1em; margin-top:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">International Relations of the Republic of Vietnam<a href="#cite_note-FPIP-184">[175]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:lightgrey;"> <th>Region </th> <th>Nation/State </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asia (22)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">Republic of Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe (20)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Americas (25)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931973)" title="Presidential Republic (1925–1973)">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Republic of Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Africa (22)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Swaziland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Upper Volta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oceania (5)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Western Samoa</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_that_had_recognised_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_(South_Vietnam)_as_of_August_7,_1958.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Countries_that_had_recognised_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%28South_Vietnam%29_as_of_August_7%2C_1958.svg/220px-Countries_that_had_recognised_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%28South_Vietnam%29_as_of_August_7%2C_1958.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Countries_that_had_recognised_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%28South_Vietnam%29_as_of_August_7%2C_1958.svg/330px-Countries_that_had_recognised_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%28South_Vietnam%29_as_of_August_7%2C_1958.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Countries_that_had_recognised_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%28South_Vietnam%29_as_of_August_7%2C_1958.svg/440px-Countries_that_had_recognised_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%28South_Vietnam%29_as_of_August_7%2C_1958.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Countries that recognized the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) as of August 7, 1958. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Republic of Vietnam</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  North Vietnam</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  A countries that officially recognizes the Republic of Vietnam</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   Countries that have implicitly recognised the RVN de jure.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   Countries that have recognised the RVN de facto.</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_with_the_United_States">Relationship with the United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Relationship with the United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg/200px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg/300px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg/400px-Lyndon_B._Johnson_meeting_with_President_Nguyen_van_Thieu_in_Hawaii_-_1968_-_A6585-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4893" data-file-height="3262" /></a><figcaption>American President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> conferring with South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu in July 1968.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Richard_Nixon_Bidding_Farewell_to_South_Vietnam%27s_President_Nguyen_Van_Thieu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/President_Richard_Nixon_Bidding_Farewell_to_South_Vietnam%27s_President_Nguyen_Van_Thieu.jpg/200px-President_Richard_Nixon_Bidding_Farewell_to_South_Vietnam%27s_President_Nguyen_Van_Thieu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/President_Richard_Nixon_Bidding_Farewell_to_South_Vietnam%27s_President_Nguyen_Van_Thieu.jpg/300px-President_Richard_Nixon_Bidding_Farewell_to_South_Vietnam%27s_President_Nguyen_Van_Thieu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/President_Richard_Nixon_Bidding_Farewell_to_South_Vietnam%27s_President_Nguyen_Van_Thieu.jpg/400px-President_Richard_Nixon_Bidding_Farewell_to_South_Vietnam%27s_President_Nguyen_Van_Thieu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="1925" /></a><figcaption>United States President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> Bidding Farewell to South Vietnam's President Nguyen Van Thieu at the Door to the Air Force One Helicopter, Flanked by an Honor Guard on the Helipad of the Western White House, La Casa Pacifica, in <a href="/wiki/San_Clemente,_California" title="San Clemente, California">San Clemente, California</a>, 3 April 1973.</figcaption></figure> The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. With respect to the question of reunification, the non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam, but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of communist <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> delegate <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Phạm Văn Đồng</a>,<a href="#cite_note-190">[181]</a> who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".<a href="#cite_note-191">[182]</a> The United States countered with what became known as the "American Plan", with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-The_Pentagon_Papers_1971_p._140-192">[183]</a> It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, but was rejected by the Soviet delegation and North Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-The_Pentagon_Papers_1971_p._140-192">[183]</a> U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> wrote in 1954 that "I have never talked or corresponded with a person knowledgeable in Indochinese affairs who did not agree that had elections been held as of the time of the fighting, possibly eighty percent of the population would have voted for the Communist <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> as their leader rather than Chief of State Bảo Đại. Indeed, the lack of leadership and drive on the part of Bảo Đại was a factor in the feeling prevalent among Vietnamese that they had nothing to fight for."<a href="#cite_note-193">[184]</a> According to the Pentagon Papers, however, from 1954 to 1956 "Ngô Đình Diệm really did accomplish miracles" in South Vietnam:<a href="#cite_note-194">[185]</a> "It is almost certain that by 1956 the proportion which might have voted for Ho—in a free election against Diệm—would have been much smaller than eighty percent."<a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> In 1957, independent observers from India, Poland, and Canada representing the <a href="/wiki/International_Control_Commission" title="International Control Commission">International Control Commission</a> (ICC) stated that fair, unbiased elections were not possible, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement.<a href="#cite_note-196">[187]</a> Also; about 90,000 communist Việt Minh were evacuated to the North while 5,000 to 10,000 cadre remained in the South, most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation.<a href="#cite_note-Pentagon-108">[100]</a> The failure to unify the country in 1956 led in 1959 to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam">National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam</a> (abbreviated NLF but also known as the Việt Cộng) by North Vietnam, which initiated an organized and widespread guerrilla insurgency against the South Vietnamese government. Hanoi directed the insurgency, which grew in intensity. The United States, under President Eisenhower, initially sent military advisers to train the South Vietnamese Army. As historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Gibson_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Gibson (historian) (page does not exist)">James Gibson</a> summed up the situation: "Strategic hamlets had failed…. The South Vietnamese regime was incapable of winning the peasantry because of its class base among landlords. Indeed, there was no longer a 'regime' in the sense of a relatively stable political alliance and functioning bureaucracy. Instead, civil government and military operations had virtually ceased. The National Liberation Front had made great progress and was close to declaring provisional revolutionary governments in large areas."<a href="#cite_note-197">[188]</a> President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> increased the size of the advisory force fourfold and allowed the advisers to participate in combat operations, and later acquiesced in the removal of President Diệm in a military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a>. After promising not to do so during the 1964 election campaign, in 1965 President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> decided to send in much larger numbers of combat troops, and conflict steadily escalated to become what is commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In 1968, the communist <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> ceased to be an effective fighting organization after the <a href="/wiki/Tet_Offensive" title="Tet Offensive">Tet Offensive</a> and the war was largely taken over by regular army units of North Vietnam. In Paris, President Thiệu, who had not even been informed of the secret negotiations between the U.S and North Vietnam, was presented with the draft of the new agreement, he was furious with Kissinger and Nixon (who were perfectly aware of South Vietnam's negotiating position) and refused to accept it without significant changes. He then made several public radio addresses, claiming that the proposed agreement was worse than it actually was. However, Nixon ordered a halt to bombings north of the 20th parallel on 30 December 1972. With the U.S. committed to disengagement (and after threats from Nixon that South Vietnam would be abandoned if he did not agree),<a href="#cite_note-198">[189]</a> Thiệu had little choice but to accede. South Vietnam was pressurized into accepting an agreement that virtually ensured its collapse.<a href="#cite_note-199">[190]</a> Following American withdrawal from the war in 1973, the South Vietnamese government continued fighting, until, overwhelmed by a conventional attack by the North Vietnemese and Viet Cong, it finally <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">unconditionally surrendered</a> on 30 April 1975, the day of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">surrender of Saigon</a>. North Vietnam controlled South Vietnam under military <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupation</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam</a>, which had been proclaimed in June 1969 by the North-controlled <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>, became the nominal government. The unified <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> was inaugurated on 2 July 1976. The Embassy of the Republic of Vietnam in Washington donated 527 reels of South Vietnamese-produced film to the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> during the embassy's closure following the Fall of Saigon, which are in the Library to this day.<a href="#cite_note-IATH-200">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_organisations_and_treaties">International organisations and treaties</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International organisations and treaties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m_welcoming_delegates_to_the_3rd_WHO_session.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m_welcoming_delegates_to_the_3rd_WHO_session.jpg/200px-President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m_welcoming_delegates_to_the_3rd_WHO_session.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m_welcoming_delegates_to_the_3rd_WHO_session.jpg/300px-President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m_welcoming_delegates_to_the_3rd_WHO_session.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m_welcoming_delegates_to_the_3rd_WHO_session.jpg/400px-President_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m_welcoming_delegates_to_the_3rd_WHO_session.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnamese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m" title="Nguyễn Văn Tâm">Nguyễn Văn Tâm</a> welcoming delegates to The 3rd session of the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> Regional Committee in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> capital, 1952.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THE_DELEGATION_OF_SOUTH_VIETNAM_IN_ROME_OLYMPIC_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/THE_DELEGATION_OF_SOUTH_VIETNAM_IN_ROME_OLYMPIC_1960.jpg/200px-THE_DELEGATION_OF_SOUTH_VIETNAM_IN_ROME_OLYMPIC_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/THE_DELEGATION_OF_SOUTH_VIETNAM_IN_ROME_OLYMPIC_1960.jpg/300px-THE_DELEGATION_OF_SOUTH_VIETNAM_IN_ROME_OLYMPIC_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/THE_DELEGATION_OF_SOUTH_VIETNAM_IN_ROME_OLYMPIC_1960.jpg/400px-THE_DELEGATION_OF_SOUTH_VIETNAM_IN_ROME_OLYMPIC_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>The delegation of South Vietnam at the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy.</figcaption></figure> South Vietnam was a member or observer of many <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a>: the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO), <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Pacific" title="United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific">United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO), the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> (ADB), the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> (IBRD), the <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a> (IDA), the <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a> (IFC), the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">International Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a> (Intelsat), <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Police_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Criminal Police Organization">Interpol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC), the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies</a> (LORCS), <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">UNESCO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a> (UPU), <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA), the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">Southeast Asia Treaty Organization</a> (SEATO), the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[193]</a> the <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO), the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_League_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="World League for Freedom and Democracy">World League for Freedom and Democracy</a>, and much more. The Socialist Republic of Vietnam recognized at least two international treaties that South Vietnam had signed; those were the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions_of_1949" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conventions of 1949">Geneva Conventions of 1949</a> and 1973 International Telecommunication Convention, on 4 July and 16 December 1976 respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army" title="Vietnamese National Army">Vietnamese National Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Military_Forces" title="Republic of Vietnam Military Forces">Republic of Vietnam Military Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panhard_armored_car_in_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Panhard_armored_car_in_Vietnam.jpg/220px-Panhard_armored_car_in_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Panhard_armored_car_in_Vietnam.jpg/330px-Panhard_armored_car_in_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Panhard_armored_car_in_Vietnam.jpg/440px-Panhard_armored_car_in_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnamese armored reconnaissance unit stands inspection at <a href="/wiki/Thu_Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Thu Duc">Thu Duc</a> Officers School, 1952. The vehicle is a 1939 French <a href="/wiki/Panhard_178" title="Panhard 178">Panhard 178</a> B armored car.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_Airborne_Division_%27s_Insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Vietnamese_Airborne_Division_%27s_Insignia.svg/220px-Vietnamese_Airborne_Division_%27s_Insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Vietnamese_Airborne_Division_%27s_Insignia.svg/330px-Vietnamese_Airborne_Division_%27s_Insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Vietnamese_Airborne_Division_%27s_Insignia.svg/440px-Vietnamese_Airborne_Division_%27s_Insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The patch (1955-1975) of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Airborne_Division" title="Republic of Vietnam Airborne Division">South Vietnamese Airborne Division</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Heroic_Battle_of_An-L%E1%BB%99c_(Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs,_Republic_of_Viet-Nam,_1972)_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_Heroic_Battle_of_An-L%E1%BB%99c_%28Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs%2C_Republic_of_Viet-Nam%2C_1972%29_12.jpg/220px-The_Heroic_Battle_of_An-L%E1%BB%99c_%28Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs%2C_Republic_of_Viet-Nam%2C_1972%29_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_Heroic_Battle_of_An-L%E1%BB%99c_%28Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs%2C_Republic_of_Viet-Nam%2C_1972%29_12.jpg/330px-The_Heroic_Battle_of_An-L%E1%BB%99c_%28Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs%2C_Republic_of_Viet-Nam%2C_1972%29_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_Heroic_Battle_of_An-L%E1%BB%99c_%28Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs%2C_Republic_of_Viet-Nam%2C_1972%29_12.jpg/440px-The_Heroic_Battle_of_An-L%E1%BB%99c_%28Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs%2C_Republic_of_Viet-Nam%2C_1972%29_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A group of South Vietnamese troops celebrated <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_An_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Battle of An Lộc">victory</a> after repelling North Vietnamese communist <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam People's Army">troops</a> at <a href="/wiki/An_Loc" class="mw-redirect" title="An Loc">An Loc</a>, 1972.</figcaption></figure> The Republic of Vietnam Military Forces (RVNMF; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Quân lực Việt Nam Cộng hòa – QLVNCH), was formally established on 30 December 1955.<a href="#cite_note-203">[194]</a> Created out from the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army" title="Vietnamese National Army">Vietnamese National Army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> (1950-1955). The armed forces of the new state consisted in the mid-1950s of ground, air, and naval branches of service, respectively: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARVN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARVN">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</a> (ARVN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam Air Force">Republic of Vietnam Air Force</a> (RVNAF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Navy" title="Republic of Vietnam Navy">Republic of Vietnam Navy</a> (RVNN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Marine_Division" title="Republic of Vietnam Marine Division">Republic of Vietnam Marine Division</a> (RVNMD)</li></ul> Their roles were defined as follows: to protect the sovereignty of the free Vietnamese nation and that of the Republic; to maintain the political and social order and the rule of law by providing internal security; to defend the newly independent Republic of Vietnam from external (and internal) threats; and ultimately, to help reunify Vietnam. The French ceased training the QLVNCH in 1956 and training passed to American advisers who progressively restructured the military along US military lines.<a href="#cite_note-204">[195]</a>: 254–5  The country was divided from north to south into four corps tactical zones: <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="I Corps (South Vietnam)">I Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="II Corps (South Vietnam)">II Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="III Corps (South Vietnam)">III Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="IV Corps (South Vietnam)">IV Corps</a> and the Capital Military District in and around Saigon. At the time of signing of the Paris Peace Accords, the South Vietnamese government fielded the fourth largest military force in the world as a result of the American <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enhance_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Enhance Plus">Enhance and Enhance Plus</a> programs with approximately one and one-half million troops in uniform. The lack of sufficient training and dependence on the U.S. for spare parts, fuel, and ammunition caused maintenance and logistical problems. The impact of the 1973 oil crisis, a faltering economy, inflation and reduced US aid led to a steady decline in South Vietnamese military expenditure and effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-LeGro-205">[196]</a>: 28 <a href="#cite_note-Veith-206">[197]</a>: 83  The ARVN always had problems keeping men in the ranks, but during 1973–75, the problem reached epidemic proportions. During 1974, for example, only 65 percent of authorized manpower was present for duty at any time.<a href="#cite_note-207">[198]</a> The nation's officer corps still suffered from the promotion and retention of generals due to their political loyalties, not their professional abilities. Corruption and incompetence among officers was endemic, with some "raising it almost to an art form."<a href="#cite_note-208">[199]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:127-GVB-Vietnam-M-Bx7-9002071.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/127-GVB-Vietnam-M-Bx7-9002071.jpg/220px-127-GVB-Vietnam-M-Bx7-9002071.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/127-GVB-Vietnam-M-Bx7-9002071.jpg/330px-127-GVB-Vietnam-M-Bx7-9002071.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/127-GVB-Vietnam-M-Bx7-9002071.jpg/440px-127-GVB-Vietnam-M-Bx7-9002071.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Marine_Division" title="Republic of Vietnam Marine Division">South Vietnamese Marines</a> boarded <a href="/wiki/HMM-164" class="mw-redirect" title="HMM-164">HMM-164</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_CH-46_Sea_Knight" title="Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight">CH-46</a> to join the offensive in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Second Battle of Quảng Trị">Second Battle of Quảng Trị</a>, 28 June 1872.</figcaption></figure> In 1972, General <a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Creighton Abrams</a> fumed at ARVN complaints that they lacked arms and equipment. He likewise harangued President <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Thieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen Van Thieu">Nguyen Van Thieu</a> and chief of staff General <a href="/wiki/Cao_Van_Vien" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Van Vien">Cao Van Vien</a>: "Equipment is not what you need. You need men that will fight... You've got all the equipment you need... You lost most of your artillery because it was abandoned."<a href="#cite_note-209">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of the Republic of Vietnam">Economy of the Republic of Vietnam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Import_Program" title="Commercial Import Program">Commercial Import Program</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anhaopaperplant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Anhaopaperplant.jpg/220px-Anhaopaperplant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Anhaopaperplant.jpg/330px-Anhaopaperplant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Anhaopaperplant.jpg/440px-Anhaopaperplant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>Anhao Paper Factory, <a href="/wiki/Bien_Hoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bien Hoa">Bien Hoa</a>, 1961</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nha_Trang_Power_Plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nha_Trang_Power_Plant.jpg/220px-Nha_Trang_Power_Plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nha_Trang_Power_Plant.jpg/330px-Nha_Trang_Power_Plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nha_Trang_Power_Plant.jpg/440px-Nha_Trang_Power_Plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">Power plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nha_Trang" title="Nha Trang">Nha Trang</a>, 1968</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RVN-Economic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RVN-Economic.png/220px-RVN-Economic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RVN-Economic.png/330px-RVN-Economic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RVN-Economic.png/440px-RVN-Economic.png 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnam Economic Map, 1972</figcaption></figure> South Vietnam maintained a <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Free-market_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market economy">free-market economy</a> with ties to the West. It established an airline named <a href="/wiki/Air_Vietnam" title="Air Vietnam">Air Vietnam</a> in 1951. In 1953, notes (dated 1952) were introduced by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_d%27Emission_des_Etats_du_Cambodge,_du_Laos_et_du_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut d'Emission des Etats du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam (page does not exist)">Institut d'Emission des Etats du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam</a> in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 100 and 200 <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="South Vietnamese đồng">đồng</a> for South Vietnam. On 22 September 1955, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs announced that notes from the Bank of Indochina and the Institut d'Emission issues for Cambodia and Laos would be exchanged for Institut d'Emission issues for Vietnam starting 30 September until 7 November. The Institut issues for Cambodia and Laos ceased to be legal tender on 7 October, and all Bank of Indochina notes lost their legal tender status on 31 October following the 15 October introduction of the first notes from the National Bank of Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-210">[201]</a> When the republic was established in South Vietnam on 26 October 1955, there were a few industrial facilities left over from the <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French colonial period</a>, including some tobacco factories, beverages and alcohol, two sugar processing factories (Hiệp Hòa and Khánh Hội), a few machinery factories, and <a href="/wiki/Michelin" title="Michelin">Michelin</a> rubber processing plants.<a href="#cite_note-211">[202]</a> The government of <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> carried out a policy of <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">export-oriented industrialization</a> to replace imported goods and set up trade protectionism, tariff and non-tariff barriers were created to protect light industrial businesses. The result of this policy brought about the first paper factory of Vietnam, An Hao Paper Factory (1961) in <a href="/wiki/Bien_Hoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bien Hoa">Bien Hoa</a> which supplied 30-40% domestic paper demand.<a href="#cite_note-212">[203]</a> Saigon served as the financial, industrial and transport centre of the Republic of Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a> Diem also attempted to pursue a "personalist third-way" policy of mixed-state and private ownership. The timber industry and the Long Tho cement factory were nationalised, as was the only South Vietnamese coal mine at Nong Son, while the government also theoretically had the right to claim 51% ownership of critical industries. However, South Vietnam lacked the trained personnel or finances to exercise true state intervention in the economy, thus majority state ownership was only applied to a sugar mill and cotton-spinning factory.<a href="#cite_note-214">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saigon_Major_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Saigon_Major_Bridge.jpg/220px-Saigon_Major_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Saigon_Major_Bridge.jpg/330px-Saigon_Major_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Saigon_Major_Bridge.jpg/440px-Saigon_Major_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2159" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption>Major Bridge along the Saigon Bypass Highway west of <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, under construction by the American company <a href="/wiki/RMK-BRJ" title="RMK-BRJ">RMK-BRJ</a>, 31 January 1972</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Boeing_707_Volpati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Boeing_707_Volpati.jpg/220px-Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Boeing_707_Volpati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Boeing_707_Volpati.jpg/330px-Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Boeing_707_Volpati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Boeing_707_Volpati.jpg/440px-Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Boeing_707_Volpati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707-331" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 707-331">Boeing 707-331</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport" title="Kai Tak Airport">Kai Tak Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, 8 December 1974</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Douglas_C-54_Volpati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Douglas_C-54_Volpati.jpg/220px-Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Douglas_C-54_Volpati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Douglas_C-54_Volpati.jpg/330px-Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Douglas_C-54_Volpati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Douglas_C-54_Volpati.jpg/440px-Hang_Khong_Viet_Nam_Douglas_C-54_Volpati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-54D" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas C-54D">Douglas C-54D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a> <a href="/wiki/Wattay_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Wattay Airport">Wattay Airport</a>, Laos, 12 March 1975</figcaption></figure> From 1955 to 1975 the economy was greatly assisted by <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Import_Program" title="Commercial Import Program">American aid</a>, especially after the fall of Diệm. Electrical production increased fourteen-fold between 1954 and 1973 while industrial output increase by an average of 6.9 percent annually.<a href="#cite_note-Kim-215">[206]</a> South Vietnam had a small industrial sector and fell far behind other countries in the region in this respect.<a href="#cite_note-Dang283-216">[207]</a> Output increased 2.5 to 3 times over the 20 years of the country's existence, but the share in total GDP remained at only around 10%, even dropping to 6% in some years, while the economy was dominated by strong agricultural and service sectors.<a href="#cite_note-Dang283-216">[207]</a> Industrial production was highly dependent on imported inputs (some as part of aid programs) and mostly oriented towards local markets, while exports were dominated by agricultural and sea products.<a href="#cite_note-217">[208]</a> Over the 20 years of the existence of the Republic of Vietnam, the share of services in the economy grew from around 45% to 50-60%.<a href="#cite_note-Dang283-216">[207]</a> Food processing and textiles became the largest industries by 1967, both having increased their capital ten-fold and employing over 17000 workers each. Other important industries included paper, rubber, basic chemicals, and cement.<a href="#cite_note-Dang287-218">[209]</a> After 1965 industry suffered from escalating warfare and increasing inflows of American consumer goods.<a href="#cite_note-Dang287-218">[209]</a> Some industries were able to continue growing rapidly, including food processing, <a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">wood processing</a>, construction materials, and metals.<a href="#cite_note-Dang288-219">[210]</a> By 1973 food processing was by far the largest industry in terms of output (almost half of the total industrial output of 448 billion dong), followed by textiles (around 1/5 of total output, but the largest employer with 32,489 out of 111,964 workers) and chemicals (1/10) (in terms of capital, electricity was the largest industry).<a href="#cite_note-220">[211]</a> Industry was highly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a" title="Biên Hòa">Biên Hòa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Định Province">Gia Định</a>, with these three accounting for 85% of industrial companies and 90% of manufacturing output.<a href="#cite_note-221">[212]</a> During the same period, rice output increased by 203 percent and the number of students in university increased from 2,000 to 90,000.<a href="#cite_note-Kim-215">[206]</a> US aid peaked at $2.3 billion in 1973, but dropped to $1.1 billion in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Wiest-222">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> rose to 200 percent as the country suffered economic shock due to the decrease of American aid as well as the oil price shock of October 1973. A 2017 study in the journal <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a> found that South Vietnamese economic planners sought to model the South Vietnamese economy on <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, which were perceived as successful examples of how to modernize developing economies.<a href="#cite_note-223">[214]</a> However, political conflicts and unrests (armed conflicts between factions, continuous coup d'état) confined the efficiency of those policies. Economic relations between the Saigon government and the communists were restored with the 1954 Geneva Accords after the two sides were hostile to each other in the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>. At one point there were minor commercial relations between the Saigon government in the South and the communists in the North, these interactions ceased in 1959, when political ties between the two sides deteriorated because the communists decided to use force in the South.<a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a> In 1963, the Saigon government of Diệm and the communists secretly agreed that they would restore economic relations between the two sides.<a href="#cite_note-225">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RVN-Population.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="South Vietnam population density map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/RVN-Population.png/160px-RVN-Population.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/RVN-Population.png/240px-RVN-Population.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/RVN-Population.png/320px-RVN-Population.png 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="1110" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RVN-Ethnic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="South Vietnamese ethnic map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/RVN-Ethnic.png/160px-RVN-Ethnic.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/RVN-Ethnic.png/240px-RVN-Ethnic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/RVN-Ethnic.png/320px-RVN-Ethnic.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="1096" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">South Vietnam population density map (left) and South Vietnamese ethnic map (right), 1972</div></div></div></div> In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> of South Vietnam was estimated to be 16,259,334. <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> and was spoken by the majority of the population. Despite the end of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French colonial rule</a> in Vietnam (1883-1954), the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> maintained a strong presence in South Vietnam where it was used in administration, education (especially at the secondary and higher levels), trade and diplomacy as a <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>. The ruling elite of South Vietnam spoke French.<a href="#cite_note-Karnow-121">[113]</a>: 280–4  Due to its special relationship with France, South Vietnam became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a> in 1970, its membership was later inherited by unified communist Vietnam in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> With US involvement in the Vietnam War, English was also later introduced to the armed forces and became a secondary diplomatic language. Languages spoken by minority groups included <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>, and other languages spoken by Montagnard groups.<a href="#cite_note-227">[218]</a> On 30 May 1949, the French delegated the authority to manage the Central Highlands from the <a href="/wiki/Montagnard_country_of_South_Indochina" title="Montagnard country of South Indochina">Montagnard country of South Indochina</a> to the State of Vietnam. Chief of State Bảo Đại separated the Central Highlands from the central government and established a special administrative system called the <a href="/wiki/Domain_of_the_Crown" title="Domain of the Crown">Domain of the Crown</a> within the State of Vietnam as <a href="/wiki/Crownlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Crownlands">crownlands</a> of Bảo Đại through Dụ số 6/QT/TG with the Central Highlands being its part on 15 April 1950.<a href="#cite_note-Anh-Thái-Phượng-182">[173]</a> In the crown areas, Bảo Đại held both the titles of "Chief of State" (國長, Quốc trưởng) and "Emperor" (皇帝, Hoàng Đế). In Central Vietnam (Trung Việt) the Domain of the Crown was assigned 5 provinces and in Northern Vietnam (Bắc Việt) it received 11. According to the agreement between French President <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Vincent Auriol</a> and the State of Vietnam, after the French ceded control over the Montagnard country of South Indochina to the Vietnamese, the autonomous status of the ethnic minorities would be subject to separate regulations and would continue to fall under special protection (statut particulier) from the French Government.<a href="#cite_note-Lê-Đình-Chi-89">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1-228">[219]</a> Therefore, when promulgating a law, the government of the State of Vietnam must have an agreement from France in order to pass it. The crown domains in the central highlands area continued to be administered through a French special delegate and not a representative of the State of Vietnam. Bảo Đại claimed that he accepted the proposal because he believed that he could help in the ethnic minority tribes in their development and enjoy the serene environment of the territories.<a href="#cite_note-Nhân-Dân-Hoàng-triều-Cương-thổ-2020-1-228">[219]</a> Starting from 1955, the South Vietnamese government of Ngô Đình Diệm carried out an assimilation policy towards indigenous peoples (Montagnard) of the Central Highlands and the <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a> people, including banning the <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham language</a> in public schools, seizing indigenous lands and granting them to mostly Catholic Northern Kinh people who had moved to South Vietnam during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Operation Passage to Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELafont2007225-229">[220]</a> This resulted in increasing nationalism and support for independence among the Cham and other indigenous peoples. Some Cham joined the communist Viet Cong, some others joined the <a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Champa" title="Front for the Liberation of Champa">Front de Libération des Hauts Plateaux du Champa</a>. By 1964, civil rights activists and independent organizations of the indigenous peoples, including Cham organizations, had been merged into the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Oppressed_Races" title="United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races">Front Unifié de Lutte des Races Opprimées</a> (FULRO), which <a href="/wiki/FULRO_insurgency" title="FULRO insurgency">struggled</a> against both the governments of North<a href="#cite_note-Kiernan1986-230">[221]</a> and South Vietnam, as well as the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> until 1992.<a href="#cite_note-231">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a> There were some industrial businesses run by local Chinese, including textiles, food processing, while local Vietnamese people had only workshop-size industrial activities.<a href="#cite_note-Dang285-233">[224]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Chinese</a> dominated South Vietnam's economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShare1994241–242-234">[225]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> issued a series of measures between 1955 and 1956 to integrate the ethnic Chinese into South Vietnamese society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhánh_Trần199328–29-235">[226]</a> However, after Diệm's death, the war later prompted the South Vietnamese government to gradually liberalize and deregulate the economy, adopting relatively liberal market policies which caused the local Hoa business community to exploit the opportunities that materialized where it invariably allowed them to even extend their commercial dominance into Southern Vietnam's light industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChua200334-236">[227]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and direct American involvement between 1965 and 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom" title="Khmer Krom">Khmer Krom</a> (Cambodians in Vietnam) were recruited by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> to serve in <a href="/wiki/MIKE_Force" title="MIKE Force">MIKE Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[228]</a> The force fought on the side of South Vietnam against communist North Vietnam but in time the militia regrouped as the "Front for the Struggle of Kampuchea Krom" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Front de Lutte du Kampuchea Krom). Headed by a Khmer Krom <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monk">Buddhist monk</a>, Samouk Sen, the group was nicknamed the "White Scarves" (<a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: Kangsaing Sar; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: Can Sen So) and allied itself with <a href="/wiki/FULRO" class="mw-redirect" title="FULRO">FULRO</a> against South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-238">[229]</a> The majority of the population identified as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>. Approximately 10% of the population was <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a> Other religions included <a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoahaoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoahaoism">Hoahaoism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> as an ethical philosophy was a major influence on South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-240">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%90%E1%BB%99i_tuy%E1%BB%83n_VNCH.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%C4%90%E1%BB%99i_tuy%E1%BB%83n_VNCH.png/220px-%C4%90%E1%BB%99i_tuy%E1%BB%83n_VNCH.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%C4%90%E1%BB%99i_tuy%E1%BB%83n_VNCH.png/330px-%C4%90%E1%BB%99i_tuy%E1%BB%83n_VNCH.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%C4%90%E1%BB%99i_tuy%E1%BB%83n_VNCH.png/440px-%C4%90%E1%BB%99i_tuy%E1%BB%83n_VNCH.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam_national_football_team" title="South Vietnam national football team">South Vietnam</a> winning gold at the <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_1959_Southeast_Asian_Peninsular_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Football at the 1959 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games">1959 SEA Games</a>. During its existence (1949-1975), South Vietnam joined <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> (in 1952) and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">AFC</a> while the North did not. <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Football_Federation" title="Vietnam Football Federation">Vietnam</a> unifying in 1976 is classified as its successor by FIFA.<a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-eloratings-243">[234]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saigon_University.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Saigon_University.JPG/220px-Saigon_University.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Saigon_University.JPG/330px-Saigon_University.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Saigon_University.JPG/440px-Saigon_University.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Saigon University, 1961</figcaption></figure> Cultural life of Vietnam was strongly influenced by China until the French colonial period. At that time, the traditional culture began to acquire an overlay of Western characteristics. Many families had three generations living under one roof. The emerging South Vietnamese middle class and youth in the 1960s became increasingly more Westernised, and followed American cultural and social trends, especially in music, fashion and social attitudes in major cities like Saigon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Music">Yellow Music</a> (Nhạc vàng) refers to music produced in South Vietnam, especially after the country was divided; and it also refers to <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Vietnam" title="Flag of South Vietnam">South Vietnamese flag</a> being mostly yellow, named in opposition to "Red Music" (<a href="/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%A1c_%C4%91%E1%BB%8F" title="Nhạc đỏ">Nhạc đỏ</a>) endorsed by the communist government of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>. The genre contained topics and characteristics considered decadent and was banned in 1975, with those caught listening to it punished, and their music confiscated. Most Yellow Music has been associated with the <a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a> genre. After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a>, many Vietnamese artists emigrated to the United States to pursue their careers and industry there instead. The ban on Yellow Music was lightened in 1986, but by then the music industry had ceased to exist.<a href="#cite_note-diplomat-244">[235]</a> In the 1990s, Vietnam's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism promoted the "nhạc xanh" genre (literally "green music", which refers to music for young generations) to divert people from listening to yellow music, but with little success.<a href="#cite_note-245">[236]</a> At the beginning of the 21st century, various yellow music concerts were held in Vietnam. In August 2010, two singers – <a href="/wiki/H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Lan" title="Hương Lan">Hương Lan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tu%E1%BA%A5n_V%C5%A9" title="Tuấn Vũ">Tuấn Vũ</a> – performed at the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Opera_House" title="Hanoi Opera House">Hanoi Opera House</a> for half a month.<a href="#cite_note-Sơn-246">[237]</a> During the 1970s, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Music_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Young Music Festival (page does not exist)">Young Music Festival</a> was the biggest cultural event in Asia and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[241]</a> It had attracted many vocalists and bands from South Vietnam, Philippines, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and even the United States.<a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> Their purpose was an <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> exhortation and a supporting <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a> for whole world.<a href="#cite_note-252">[243]</a> On 27 April 1971, South Vietnamese television station reported <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwanese</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Teng" title="Teresa Teng">Teresa Teng</a>'s tour. She performed at Lệ Thanh Theatre, Bát Đạt Grand Hotel in the capital <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> for a month, then visited the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Western Delta</a>. Teng performed first hit No<a href="#cite_note-253">[244]</a> of composer <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh_9" title="Nguyễn Ánh 9">Nguyễn Ánh 9</a> by Japanese and Mandarin language.<a href="#cite_note-254">[245]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the consequent <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a>, and the plight of South Vietnamese refugees gave rise to a collection of musical pieces that have become "classical" anthems for Vietnamese people both in Vietnam and abroad. Notable writers including <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Duy" title="Phạm Duy">Phạm Duy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh_C%C3%B4ng_S%C6%A1n" title="Trịnh Công Sơn">Trịnh Công Sơn</a>. Singers including <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Thanh" title="Thái Thanh">Thái Thanh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1nh_Ly" title="Khánh Ly">Khánh Ly</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%87_Thu" title="Lệ Thu">Lệ Thu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio">Radio</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_VN_Broadcast_Hours_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Radio_VN_Broadcast_Hours_card.jpg/220px-Radio_VN_Broadcast_Hours_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/67/Radio_VN_Broadcast_Hours_card.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Radio Vietnam broadcast hours cards, denoting times and frequencies of radio broadcasts in 1960 and 1962. Address: 3 Phan Dinh Phung St., Saigon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="85" data-mwtitle="Radio_Vietnam_(Tiếng_nói_nước_Việt_Nam)_from_Saigon,_Republic_of_Vietnam_(VNCH)_circa_1974.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Radio_Vietnam_(Ti%E1%BA%BFng_n%C3%B3i_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam)_from_Saigon,_Republic_of_Vietnam_(VNCH)_circa_1974.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Radio_Vietnam_%28Ti%E1%BA%BFng_n%C3%B3i_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam%29_from_Saigon%2C_Republic_of_Vietnam_%28VNCH%29_circa_1974.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Radio_Vietnam_%28Ti%E1%BA%BFng_n%C3%B3i_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam%29_from_Saigon%2C_Republic_of_Vietnam_%28VNCH%29_circa_1974.ogg/Radio_Vietnam_%28Ti%E1%BA%BFng_n%C3%B3i_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam%29_from_Saigon%2C_Republic_of_Vietnam_%28VNCH%29_circa_1974.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARadio_Vietnam_%28Ti%E1%BA%BFng_n%C3%B3i_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam%29_from_Saigon%2C_Republic_of_Vietnam_%28VNCH%29_circa_1974.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption>1974 English language Voice of Vietnam (Radio Vietnam) foreign service broadcast from <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a></figcaption></figure> In 1922 the French <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphie_sans_fil" title="Compagnie générale de la télégraphie sans fil">Compagnie générale de la télégraphie sans fil</a> established the Centre Radioelectrique on the rue Richaud, <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> for government communications. In 1930 Saigon Radio began broadcasting French language news and entertainment programmes. In the Republic of Vietnam; there were four AM and one FM radio stations, all of them owned by the government (VTVN), named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Vietnam (page does not exist)">Radio Vietnam</a> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0i_V%C3%B4_tuy%E1%BA%BFn_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" class="extiw" title="vi:Đài Vô tuyến Việt Nam">vi</a>]. One of them was designated as a nationwide civilian broadcast, another was for military service and the other two stations included a French-language broadcast station and foreign language station broadcasting in Chinese, English, Khmer and Thai. Radio Vietnam started its operation in 1950 under the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> but the French still controlled it. In 1955 following South Vietnamese complete independence, the station was taken over by the government and named Đài phát thanh Sài Gòn broadcasting in Vietnamese.<a href="#cite_note-Doling-176">[167]</a>: 355–6  It ceased operation on 30 April 1975, with the broadcast of the surrender to the North Vietnamese army by South Vietnamese president <a href="/wiki/Duong_Van_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Duong Van Minh">Duong Van Minh</a> at 10:24. The radio stations across the former South were later reused by the communist regime to broadcast their state-run radio service. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> Saigon produced numerous documentary and <a href="/wiki/Public_information_film" title="Public information film">public information films</a>, as well as feature films. The most well known feature film of the late 1950s was Chúng Tôi Muốn Sống (We Want To Live), a realistic depiction of the bloody land reform campaign in North Vietnam under the Communist regime. Some mid-1960s black-and-white features dealt with war themes, with actors such as Đoàn Châu Mậu and La Thoại Tân. Some later popular color features revolved around the theme of family or personal tragedy in a war-torn society, such as Người Tình Không Chân Dung (The Faceless Lover) starring <a href="/wiki/Kieu_Chinh" title="Kieu Chinh">Kiều Chinh</a>, Xa Lộ Không Đèn (Dark Highway) starring Thanh Nga, Chiếc Bóng Bên Đường (A Silhouette by the Road) starring Kim Cương and Thành Được. Comedy movies were usually released around <a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tết">Tết</a>, the Vietnamese New Year; most notable was Triệu Phú Bất Đắc Dĩ (The Reluctant Millionaire) starring the well-loved comedian Thanh Việt. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mankiewicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mankiewicz">Joseph Mankiewicz</a>'s adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Quiet_American" title="The Quiet American">The Quiet American</a> was filmed in and around Saigon in 1957. American actor <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Thompson" title="Marshall Thompson">Marshall Thompson</a> directed and starred in <a href="/wiki/A_Yank_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="A Yank in Vietnam">A Yank in Vietnam</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Tiger_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Year of the Tiger (film)">Year of the Tiger</a> in 1964. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Economic_Minister_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Kim_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Economic_Minister_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Kim_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc.png/220px-Economic_Minister_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Kim_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Economic_Minister_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Kim_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc.png/330px-Economic_Minister_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Kim_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Economic_Minister_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Kim_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc.png/440px-Economic_Minister_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Kim_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc.png 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>South Vietnamese Economic Minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Kim_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phạm Kim Ngọc (page does not exist)">Phạm Kim Ngọc</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Television_Network" title="Vietnam Television Network">TV</a> news, 20 August 1972</figcaption></figure> Television was introduced to South Vietnam on 7 February 1966 with a black-and-white FCC system. Covering major cities in South Vietnam, started with a one-hour broadcast per day then increased to six hours in the evening during the 1970s. There were two main channels; both channels used an airborne transmission relay system from airplanes flying at high altitudes, called <a href="/wiki/Stratovision" title="Stratovision">Stratovision</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THVN" class="mw-redirect" title="THVN">THVN</a>-TV (Truyền hình Việt Nam-TV) on Channel 9, featuring Vietnamese-language shows, news, and special announcements from Saigon. This entirely Vietnamese language channel catered to the Vietnamese populace. In <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> during the 1980s, some former technicians re-established THVN9 to broadcast news and dramas by <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese language</a> for service to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-259">[250]</a> It was the first television broadcaster in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-E-info-260">[251]</a> From 1972, all important events were broadcast in color as standard.<a href="#cite_note-261">[252]</a> South Vietnamese television station sponsored the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Music_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Young Music Festival (page does not exist)">Young Music Festival</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[253]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Vietnam Film Day</a>. In 1974, it broadcast the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> final between West Germany and the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-263">[254]</a> Its final programming aired the evening of April 29, 1975.<a href="#cite_note-264">[255]</a> On 30 April 1975, the TV crew of THVN9 went to the Presidential Palace to broadcast for South Vietnamese President <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh" title="Dương Văn Minh">Dương Văn Minh</a>, but did not because around 7 am, president Minh told everyone to leave.<a href="#cite_note-THVN9-265">[256]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Forces_Network#Vietnam" title="American Forces Network">AFVN-TV</a> on Channel 11, operated by <a href="/wiki/American_Forces_Network" title="American Forces Network">Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (now American Forces Network)</a>, catered to US troops in South Vietnam. Broadcasting entirely in English, it relayed popular US-made shows like <a href="/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show" title="The Ed Sullivan Show">The Ed Sullivan Show</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson" title="The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson">The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson</a>, and various sports games like the <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a>. It also broadcast news and special announcements from the American government and military commanders. AFVN broadcast the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">landing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> in 1969 for audiences in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).<a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/48px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/64px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Vietnam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">Leaders of South Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanh_Ni%C3%AAn_H%C3%A0nh_Kh%C3%BAc" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanh Niên Hành Khúc">Thanh Niên Hành Khúc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Vietnamese" title="Overseas Vietnamese">Overseas Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_democracy_movement" title="Vietnamese democracy movement">Vietnamese democracy movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The Republic of Vietnam was self-proclaimed by <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> in 1955, however it is considered a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> after being re-organized and transformed:<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> in 1955, after the results of a separate referendum were announced, Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm deposed the Head of State <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> and became new leader of the State of Vietnam. After that, the State of Vietnam held National Assembly elections and promulgated a constitution, changing the name "State of Vietnam" to "Republic of Vietnam" with Ngô Đình Diệm as President in 1956. From the time Vietnam became divided into two countries in reality in 1954 until the establishment of the Republic of Vietnam later, South Vietnam was the State of Vietnam (in 1975 the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a> nominally became South Vietnam but as a <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor state</a> but not a continuation<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> under <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> (1949-1955) was a semi-constitutional <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> From 1955 to 1956, he was still nominally the Head of State of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> because South Vietnam at that time had not yet adopted a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, nor did it even have a <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> was the Head of State of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> from 1949 to 1955 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> They were never completed because they were never signed for ratification by the heads of both countries </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> According to 1968 data </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> The Republic of Vietnam was self-proclaimed by <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> in 1955, however it is considered a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> after being re-organized and transformed:<a href="#cite_note-18">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a> in 1955, after the results of a separate referendum were announced, Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm deposed the Head of State <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> and became new leader of the State of Vietnam. After that, the State of Vietnam held National Assembly elections and promulgated a constitution, changing the name "State of Vietnam" to "Republic of Vietnam" with Ngô Đình Diệm as President in 1956. From the time Vietnam became divided into two countries in reality in 1954 until the establishment of the Republic of Vietnam later, South Vietnam was the State of Vietnam (in 1975 the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a> nominally became South Vietnam but as a <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor state</a> but not a continuation<a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> The Élysée Accords took effect when Bao Dai and the French High Commissioner in Indochina exchanged letters in Saigon on 14 June 1949. The Accords were completed when they received final ratification by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">French National Assembly</a> on 29 January 1950 and were signed by <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">French President</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Vincent Auriol</a> on 2 February 1950. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Minh was then forced by the communists to go to the radio station to announce his surrender again. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edmoise.sites.clemson.edu/viet5.html">"VN Wars: 1954-1961"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VN+Wars%3A+1954-1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedmoise.sites.clemson.edu%2Fviet5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" 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(2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C">State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories Versus Political Pragmatism</a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA71">71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1553-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1553-9"><bdi>978-90-411-1553-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225083317/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Succession+and+Membership+in+International+Organizations%3A+Legal+Theories+Versus+Political+Pragmatism&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1553-9&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=Konrad+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTy7NAG1Jl-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405045141/http://media.nara.gov/research/pentagon-papers/Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-3.pdf">"Pentagon Papers Part IV A 3"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. 1954–1960. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.nara.gov/research/pentagon-papers/Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pentagon+Papers+Part+IV+A+3&rft.date=1954%2F1960&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nara.gov%2Fresearch%2Fpentagon-papers%2FPentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-N-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N_36-1">b</a> Nohlen et al., p334 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Dieter Nohlen</a>, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p331 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924959-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924959-8">0-19-924959-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.voatiengviet.com/a/ngo-dinh-diem-nhu-chien-tranh-viet-nam/4095349.html">https://www.voatiengviet.com/a/ngo-dinh-diem-nhu-chien-tranh-viet-nam/4095349.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/viet-netizens-argue-about-vn-wa-08142021100530.html/ampRFA">https://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/viet-netizens-argue-about-vn-wa-08142021100530.html/ampRFA</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/vietnam-57022056.amp">https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/vietnam-57022056.amp</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Chiến sĩ Cộng hòa (ngày 1 tháng 3 năm 1966), số 142, Trung tướng Chủ tịch ủy ban lãnh đạo quốc gia nói chuyện với toàn quân về kết quả Hội nghị Honolulu, tr. 8-9, xem <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=X2clAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA4&hl=vi&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false">trích xuất tại đây</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-X-42"><a href="#cite_ref-X_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history">"Vietnam War History"</a>. History.com. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved 9 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=Vietnam+War+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fvietnam-war%2Fvietnam-war-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistPlace-43"><a href="#cite_ref-HistPlace_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312070611/http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html">"The History Place — Vietnam War 1945–1960"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+Place+%E2%80%94+Vietnam+War+1945%E2%80%931960&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyplace.com%2Funitedstates%2Fvietnam%2Findex-1945.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toledo_Blade_320,000_Chinese_troops-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toledo_Blade_320,000_Chinese_troops_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toledo_Blade_320,000_Chinese_troops_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19890516&id=HkRPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769,1925460">"China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam"</a>. Toledo Blade. Reuters. 16 May 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702034430/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19890516&id=HkRPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769,1925460">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&rft.atitle=China+admits+320%2C000+troops+fought+in+Vietnam&rft.date=1989-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1350%26dat%3D19890516%26id%3DHkRPAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3769%2C1925460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1998" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Denny (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasforeignrel0000royd/page/27">China's Foreign Relations</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasforeignrel0000royd/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9013-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9013-8"><bdi>978-0-8476-9013-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Foreign+Relations&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9013-8&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Denny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinasforeignrel0000royd%2Fpage%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Womack-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Womack_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Womack_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWomack2006" class="citation book cs1">Womack, Brantly (2006). China and Vietnam. 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History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781482384055" title="Special:BookSources/9781482384055"><bdi>9781482384055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Marines+In+Vietnam%3A+The+War+That+Would+Not+End%2C+1971%E2%80%931973&rft.pub=History+and+Museums+Division%2C+Headquarters%2C+U.S.+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9781482384055&rft.aulast=Melson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheWarThatWouldNotEnd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrade-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrade_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade1995" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Dale (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trialbyfire1972e0000andr/page/211">Trial By Fire: The 1972 Easter Offensive, America's Last Vietnam Battle</a>. Hippocrene Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trialbyfire1972e0000andr/page/211">211-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781802864" title="Special:BookSources/9780781802864"><bdi>9780781802864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trial+By+Fire%3A+The+1972+Easter+Offensive%2C+America%27s+Last+Vietnam+Battle&rft.pages=211-3&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780781802864&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrialbyfire1972e0000andr%2Fpage%2F211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-graham-49"><a href="#cite_ref-graham_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosmas2007" class="citation book cs1">Cosmas, Graham A. 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Government Printing Office. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-087286-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-087286-0"><bdi>978-0-16-087286-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MACV%3A+The+Joint+Command+in+the+Years+of+Withdrawal%2C+1968-1973&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-16-087286-0&rft.aulast=Cosmas&rft.aufirst=Graham+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F091%2F91-7%2FCMH_Pub_91-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://thanhtra.thainguyen.gov.vn/thong-tin-tuyen-truyen/-/asset_publisher/zckkicw81YfZ/content/-hiep-inh-paris-ve-cham-dut-chien-tranh-lap-lai-hoa-binh-o-viet-nam-moc-son-thang-loi-tren-mat-tran-ngoai-giao-thoi-ai-ho-chi-minh-#:~:text=Th%E1%BA%A5t%20b%E1%BA%A1i%20c%E1%BB%A7a%20M%E1%BB%B9%20tr%C3%AAn,ng%C3%A0y%2028%2F1%2F1973">https://thanhtra.thainguyen.gov.vn/thong-tin-tuyen-truyen/-/asset_publisher/zckkicw81YfZ/content/-hiep-inh-paris-ve-cham-dut-chien-tranh-lap-lai-hoa-binh-o-viet-nam-moc-son-thang-loi-tren-mat-tran-ngoai-giao-thoi-ai-ho-chi-minh-#:~:text=Th%E1%BA%A5t%20b%E1%BA%A1i%20c%E1%BB%A7a%20M%E1%BB%B9%20tr%C3%AAn,ng%C3%A0y%2028%2F1%2F1973</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated38-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated38_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated38_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2002" class="citation book cs1">Woods, L. Shelton (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnamglobalstu00wood">Vietnam: A Global Studies Handbook</a>. 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Berghahn Books. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845454524" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845454524"><bdi>978-1845454524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+Colony%2C+Genocide%3A+Conquest%2C+Occupation%2C+and+Subaltern+Resistance+in+World+History&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1845454524&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=A.+Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/english_country_names_and_code_elements">"Maintenance Agency for ISO 3166 Country Codes – English Country Names and Code Elements"</a>. ISO. 6 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/68Y4byyWK?url=http://www.iso.org/iso/page_not_found.htm?errurl=%2Fenglish_country_names_and_code_elements">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maintenance+Agency+for+ISO+3166+Country+Codes+%E2%80%93+English+Country+Names+and+Code+Elements&rft.pub=ISO&rft.date=2010-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fenglish_country_names_and_code_elements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Duiker, pp. 272–273. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Maurice Rives, pages 72–73 Les Linh Tap, I.S.B.N 2-7025-0436-1 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past 2002 Page 199-200 "As for the Nationalist Party: it was wiped out in the debacle of Yên Bái in 1930, he explained, the remnants who fled to China became a 'reactionary counterrevolutionary group'" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker1981113-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuiker1981113_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuiker1981">Duiker 1981</a>, p. 113. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDuiker1981 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPV2011" class="citation web cs1">PV (17 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/mat-tran-to-quoc-viet-nam-chang-duong-80-nam-ve-vang-1290240396.htm">"Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam: Chặng đường 80 năm vẻ vang"</a>. Dân trí. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115071630/http://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/mat-tran-to-quoc-viet-nam-chang-duong-80-nam-ve-vang-1290240396.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C3%A2n+tr%C3%AD&rft.atitle=M%E1%BA%B7t+tr%E1%BA%ADn+T%E1%BB%95+qu%E1%BB%91c+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+Ch%E1%BA%B7ng+%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+80+n%C4%83m+v%E1%BA%BB+vang&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft.au=PV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdantri.com.vn%2Fxa-hoi%2Fmat-tran-to-quoc-viet-nam-chang-duong-80-nam-ve-vang-1290240396.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThương_Huyền2021" class="citation web cs1">Thương Huyền (19 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dangcongsan.vn/xay-dung-dang/mat-tran-viet-minh-bieu-tuong-cua-khoi-dai-doan-ket-toan-dan-toc-580849.html">"Mặt trận Việt Minh – biểu tượng của khối đại đoàn kết toàn dân tộc"</a>. Báo Điện tử Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809184115/https://dangcongsan.vn/xay-dung-dang/mat-tran-viet-minh-bieu-tuong-cua-khoi-dai-doan-ket-toan-dan-toc-580849.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%C3%A1o+%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n+t%E1%BB%AD+%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng+C%E1%BB%99ng+s%E1%BA%A3n+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.atitle=M%E1%BA%B7t+tr%E1%BA%ADn+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Minh+%E2%80%93+bi%E1%BB%83u+t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng+c%E1%BB%A7a+kh%E1%BB%91i+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i+%C4%91o%C3%A0n+k%E1%BA%BFt+to%C3%A0n+d%C3%A2n+t%E1%BB%99c&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft.au=Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+Huy%E1%BB%81n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdangcongsan.vn%2Fxay-dung-dang%2Fmat-tran-viet-minh-bieu-tuong-cua-khoi-dai-doan-ket-toan-dan-toc-580849.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillemot2004" class="citation book cs1">Guillemot, François (2004). "Au coeur de la fracture vietnamienne : l'élimination de l'opposition nationaliste et anticolonialiste dans le Nord du Vietnam (1945–1946)". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lesindessavantes.com/ouvrage/naissance-dun-etat-parti/">Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945</a>. Paris: Les Indes savantes. pp. 175–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782846540643" title="Special:BookSources/9782846540643"><bdi>9782846540643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Au+coeur+de+la+fracture+vietnamienne+%3A+l%27%C3%A9limination+de+l%27opposition+nationaliste+et+anticolonialiste+dans+le+Nord+du+Vietnam+%281945%E2%80%931946%29&rft.btitle=Naissance+d%27un+%C3%89tat-Parti%3A+Le+Vi%C3%AAt+Nam+depuis+1945&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=175-216&rft.pub=Les+Indes+savantes&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9782846540643&rft.aulast=Guillemot&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesindessavantes.com%2Fouvrage%2Fnaissance-dun-etat-parti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHale2004" class="citation book cs1">McHale, Shawn (2004). "Freedom, Violence, and the Struggle over the Public Arena in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1945–1958". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.). Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945. Paris: Les Indes savantes. pp. 81–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782846540643" title="Special:BookSources/9782846540643"><bdi>9782846540643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freedom%2C+Violence%2C+and+the+Struggle+over+the+Public+Arena+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+Vietnam%2C+1945%E2%80%931958&rft.btitle=Naissance+d%27un+%C3%89tat-Parti%3A+Le+Vi%C3%AAt+Nam+depuis+1945&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=81-99&rft.pub=Les+Indes+savantes&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9782846540643&rft.aulast=McHale&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoang2009" class="citation book cs1">Hoang, Tuan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230101999_2">"The Early South Vietnamese Critique of Communism"</a>. In Vu, Tuong; Wongsurawat, Wasana (eds.). Dynamics of the Cold War in Asia: Ideology, Identity, and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 17–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230101999_2">10.1057/9780230101999_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230101999" title="Special:BookSources/9780230101999"><bdi>9780230101999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+South+Vietnamese+Critique+of+Communism&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+the+Cold+War+in+Asia%3A+Ideology%2C+Identity%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=17-32&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230101999_2&rft.isbn=9780230101999&rft.aulast=Hoang&rft.aufirst=Tuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9780230101999_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarr2013383–441-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarr2013383–441_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarr2013">Marr (2013)</a>, pp. 383–441. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKort2017" class="citation book cs1">Kort, Michael G. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/vietnam-war-reexamined/038E514896A0745CBF02F4A1CE848939">The Vietnam War Reexamined</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–63, 81–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107110199" title="Special:BookSources/9781107110199"><bdi>9781107110199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+War+Reexamined&rft.pages=62-63%2C+81-85&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781107110199&rft.aulast=Kort&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fvietnam-war-reexamined%2F038E514896A0745CBF02F4A1CE848939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2022" class="citation book cs1">Tran, Nu-Anh (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/disunion-anticommunist-nationalism-and-the-making-of-the-republic-of-vietnam/">Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam</a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 24–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824887865" title="Special:BookSources/9780824887865"><bdi>9780824887865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disunion%3A+Anticommunist+Nationalism+and+the+Making+of+the+Republic+of+Vietnam&rft.pages=24-30&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780824887865&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Nu-Anh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuhpress.hawaii.edu%2Ftitle%2Fdisunion-anticommunist-nationalism-and-the-making-of-the-republic-of-vietnam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Guérin, Daniel. (1954) Aux services des colonises, 1930–1953, Paris: Editions Minuit, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Văn (2010), p. 162, pp. 178-179 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr2013" class="citation book cs1">Marr, David G. (2013). Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946). University of California Press. pp. 409–410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520274150" title="Special:BookSources/9780520274150"><bdi>9780520274150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+State%2C+War%2C+and+Revolution+%281945%E2%80%931946%29&rft.pages=409-410&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780520274150&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_G._Marr_1946_page_415-69"><a href="#cite_ref-David_G._Marr_1946_page_415_69-0">^</a> David G. Marr, Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946), page 415, California: University of California Press, 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.danluan.org/tin-tuc/20130902/thong-cao-dang-cong-san-dong-duong-tu-y-giai-tan-ngay-11-11-1945">"Thông báo Đảng Cộng sản Đông Dương tự ý giải tán, ngày 11-11-1945"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐức1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Đức, Tấn (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nghiencuulichsu.com/2015/09/07/tim-hieu-vu-am-sat-ta-thu-thau/">"Tìm hiểu vụ ám sát Tạ Thu Thâu"</a>. Nghiên Cứu Lịch Sử (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 5 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nghi%C3%AAn+C%E1%BB%A9u+L%E1%BB%8Bch+S%E1%BB%AD&rft.atitle=T%C3%ACm+hi%E1%BB%83u+v%E1%BB%A5+%C3%A1m+s%C3%A1t+T%E1%BA%A1+Thu+Th%C3%A2u&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&rft.aufirst=T%E1%BA%A5n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnghiencuulichsu.com%2F2015%2F09%2F07%2Ftim-hieu-vu-am-sat-ta-thu-thau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> Cite error: The named reference ":2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2020" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Patrick (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/09/28/viet-s28.html">"Seventy-five years since the Stalinist murder of Vietnamese Trotskyist leader Ta Thu Thau"</a>. World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Socialist+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Seventy-five+years+since+the+Stalinist+murder+of+Vietnamese+Trotskyist+leader+Ta+Thu+Thau&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2020%2F09%2F28%2Fviet-s28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Guerin, Daniel (1954), Aux services des colonises, 1930-1953,. Paris: Editions Minuit, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDommen2001" class="citation book cs1">Dommen, Arthur J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGduAAAAMAAJ">The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 153–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33854-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33854-9"><bdi>978-0-253-33854-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indochinese+Experience+of+the+French+and+the+Americans%3A+Nationalism+and+Communism+in+Cambodia%2C+Laos%2C+and+Vietnam&rft.pages=153-154&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33854-9&rft.aulast=Dommen&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfGduAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1972" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Robert F. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-U4LGQAACAAJ">Myths of the Vietnam War: The Pentagon Papers Reconsidered</a>. American Friends of Vietnam. pp. 14–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+of+the+Vietnam+War%3A+The+Pentagon+Papers+Reconsidered&rft.pages=14-18&rft.pub=American+Friends+of+Vietnam&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-U4LGQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziegler-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Ziegler_76-0">^</a> Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten (New York: Knopf, 1985), p. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-Buttinger-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Buttinger_77-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Buttinger" title="Joseph Buttinger">Joseph Buttinger</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt/mode/2up">Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled</a> (New York: Praeger, 1967, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9999238014" title="Special:BookSources/978-9999238014">978-9999238014</a>), p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuiker2018" class="citation book cs1">Duiker, William J (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QVJPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT119">The Communist Road To Power In Vietnam: Second Edition</a> (2 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97254-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97254-6"><bdi>978-0-429-97254-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Road+To+Power+In+Vietnam%3A+Second+Edition&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97254-6&rft.aulast=Duiker&rft.aufirst=William+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQVJPDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2010" class="citation cs2">Bradley, Mark Philip (31 December 2010), Anderson, David L. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/ande13480-003/html">"1. Setting the Stage: Vietnamese Revolutionary Nationalism and the First Vietnam War"</a>, The Columbia History of the Vietnam War, Columbia University Press, pp. 93–119, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fande13480-003">10.7312/ande13480-003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13480-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13480-4"><bdi>978-0-231-13480-4</bdi></a>, retrieved 9 November 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Columbia+History+of+the+Vietnam+War&rft.atitle=1.+Setting+the+Stage%3A+Vietnamese+Revolutionary+Nationalism+and+the+First+Vietnam+War&rft.pages=93-119&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fande13480-003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13480-4&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Mark+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.7312%2Fande13480-003%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Howard Zinn, ed., "Accord Between France and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on 6 March 1946," in The Pentagon Papers, by Mike Gravel, Gravel, vol. 1 (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1971), 18–19, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/int2.htm">www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/int2.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125093817/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/int2.htm">Archived</a> 2021-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Frederick Logevall <a href="/wiki/Embers_of_War" title="Embers of War">Embers of War</a> Random House 2012 p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2004" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Alfred William Brian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wITHtDxnUI8C&pg=PA285">Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199267898" title="Special:BookSources/0199267898"><bdi>0199267898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+and+the+End+of+Empire%3A+Britain+and+the+Genesis+of+the+European+Convention&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0199267898&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Alfred+William+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwITHtDxnUI8C%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchimedes_L.A_Patti2008644-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchimedes_L.A_Patti2008644_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArchimedes_L.A_Patti2008">Archimedes L.A Patti 2008</a>, p. 644. sfn error: no target: CITEREFArchimedes_L.A_Patti2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> William Duiker, Ho Chi Minh: A Life, Hyperion, 2000, tr.411. </li> <li id="cite_note-pent5-85"><a href="#cite_ref-pent5_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806004651/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent5.htm">"The Pentagon Papers, Chapter 2, "U.S. Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War, 1950-1954", U.S. POLICY AND THE BAO DAI REGIME"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent5.htm">the original</a> on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pentagon+Papers%2C+Chapter+2%2C+%22U.S.+Involvement+in+the+Franco-Viet+Minh+War%2C+1950-1954%22%2C+U.S.+POLICY+AND+THE+BAO+DAI+REGIME&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fpentagon%2Fpent5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jo_pdf.do?id=JORFTEXT000000692906">ORGANISATION DES POUVOIRS PUBLICS EN COCHINCHINE</a>, Légifrance, June 5, 1949 </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_of_Malaya_announced-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Malaya_announced_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913092838/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perlembagaan-persekutuan-tanah-melayu-diumumkan/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"Constitution Of The Federation Of Malaya Announced"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 23 December 1946. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perlembagaan-persekutuan-tanah-melayu-diumumkan/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">the original</a> on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+Of+The+Federation+Of+Malaya+Announced&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1946-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fperlembagaan-persekutuan-tanah-melayu-diumumkan%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913093335/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/persekutuan-tanah-melayu-ditubuhkan/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">"Formation of The Federation of Malaya"</a>. National Archives of Malaysia. 1 February 1948. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/persekutuan-tanah-melayu-ditubuhkan/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print">the original</a> on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Formation+of+The+Federation+of+Malaya&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Malaysia&rft.date=1948-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhids.arkib.gov.my%2Fperistiwa%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FWAhqbCYR9ww2%2Fcontent%2Fpersekutuan-tanah-melayu-ditubuhkan%2Fpop_up%3F_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lê-Đình-Chi-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lê-Đình-Chi_89-2">c</a> Lê Đình Chi. Người Thượng Miền Nam Việt Nam. <a href="/wiki/Gardena,_California" title="Gardena, California">Gardena</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>: Văn Mới, 2006. pp. 401–449 (in Vietnamese). </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalloz-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Dalloz_90-0">^</a> Jacques Dalloz, La Guerre d'Indochine 1945–1954, Seuil, Paris, 1987, pp. 123-126 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tuyengiao.vn/chien-dich-bien-gioi-1950-trong-boi-canh-chung-cua-cuoc-khang-chien-chong-thuc-dan-phap-135603#:~:text=%5B6%5D%20Sau%20Trung%20Qu%E1%BB%91c%20v%C3%A0,13%2D2%2D1950)%20v%C3%A0">https://tuyengiao.vn/chien-dich-bien-gioi-1950-trong-boi-canh-chung-cua-cuoc-khang-chien-chong-thuc-dan-phap-135603#:~:text=%5B6%5D%20Sau%20Trung%20Qu%E1%BB%91c%20v%C3%A0,13%2D2%2D1950)%20v%C3%A0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Nouvelles Éditions Latines. Indochina, A French Point of View. Paris: Bibliotheque de l'union française, 1950. Tr 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Deery, Phillip. "Malaya, 1948: Britain's Asian Cold War?" Journal of Cold War Studies 9, no. 1 (2007): 29–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-Siver,_Christi_L_2009._p.36-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Siver,_Christi_L_2009._p.36_94-0">^</a> Siver, Christi L. "The other forgotten war: understanding atrocities during the Malayan Emergency." In APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper. 2009., p.36 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewsinger2013217-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewsinger2013217_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewsinger2013">Newsinger 2013</a>, p. 217. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNewsinger2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleigh2013" class="citation book cs1">Burleigh, Michael (2013). Small Wars, Faraway Places: Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World 1945–1965. New York: Viking – Penguin Group. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02545-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02545-9"><bdi>978-0-670-02545-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Wars%2C+Faraway+Places%3A+Global+Insurrection+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World+1945%E2%80%931965&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Viking+%E2%80%93+Penguin+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02545-9&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer1950" class="citation journal cs1">Hammer, Ellen J. (March 1950). "The Bao Dai Experiment". <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Affairs" title="Pacific Affairs">Pacific Affairs</a>. 23 (1): 57–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2753754">10.2307/2753754</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2753754">2753754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Bao+Dai+Experiment&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-58&rft.date=1950-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2753754&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2753754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Ellen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Department_of_Defense1971" class="citation book cs1">United States. Department of Defense (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/643945604">The Pentagon papers : the Defense Department history of United States decisionmaking on Vietnam / 1</a>. Vol. 1. Mike Gravel. Boston: Beacon Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-0527-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-0527-4"><bdi>0-8070-0527-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643945604">643945604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentagon+papers+%3A+the+Defense+Department+history+of+United+States+decisionmaking+on+Vietnam+%2F+1.&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Beacon+Pr&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643945604&rft.isbn=0-8070-0527-4&rft.au=United+States.+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F643945604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-rvnaf-99"><a href="#cite_ref-rvnaf_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143217/http://www.buttondepress.com/secretstuff/ttu2006/rvnaf.htm">"A Brief Overview of the Vietnam National Army and the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces (1952-1975), PERSPECTIVES ON RVNAF FROM FRUS, Stephen Sherman and Bill Laurie"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buttondepress.com/secretstuff/ttu2006/rvnaf.htm">the original</a> on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Overview+of+the+Vietnam+National+Army+and+the+Republic+of+Vietnam+Armed+Forces+%281952-1975%29%2C+PERSPECTIVES+ON+RVNAF+FROM+FRUS%2C+Stephen+Sherman+and+Bill+Laurie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buttondepress.com%2Fsecretstuff%2Fttu2006%2Frvnaf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Prosterman (1967), p. 27-29 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.vietnamgear.com/Indochina1953.aspx">http://www.vietnamgear.com/Indochina1953.aspx</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726175311/http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/aerospace/entertainment/Photos/996953/story.html">"A picture taken on ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 1954 shows Vietnamese Prime Minister Buu Loc and French council president Joseph Laniel (R) preparing to sign two Franco-Vietnamese treaties by which France recognised Vietnam as an independent state at the Hotel Matignon in Paris. These signatures took place one month after the defeat of Dien Bien Phu and a few days before the fall of Laniel's government"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/aerospace/entertainment/Photos/996953/story.html">the original</a> on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+picture+taken+on+ng%C3%A0y+4+th%C3%A1ng+6+n%C4%83m+1954+shows+Vietnamese+Prime+Minister+Buu+Loc+and+French+council+president+Joseph+Laniel+%28R%29+preparing+to+sign+two+Franco-Vietnamese+treaties+by+which+France+recognised+Vietnam+as+an+independent+state+at+the+Hotel+Matignon+in+Paris.+These+signatures+took+place+one+month+after+the+defeat+of+Dien+Bien+Phu+and+a+few+days+before+the+fall+of+Laniel%27s+government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.montrealgazette.com%2Fbusiness%2Faerospace%2Fentertainment%2FPhotos%2F996953%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indo-103"><a href="#cite_ref-indo_103-0">^</a> The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Arthur J. Dommen. Indiana University Press, 20-02-2002. P 240. Trích: The question remains of why the treaties of independence and association were simply initialed by Laniel and Buu Loc and not signed by Coty and Bao Dai… Many writers place the blame for the non-signature of the treaties on the Vietnamese. But there exists no logical explanation why it should have been the Vietnamese, rather than French, who refused their signature to the treaties which had been negotiated. Bao Dai had arrived in French in April believing the treaty-signing was only a matter of two or three weeks away. However, a quite satisfactory explanation in what was happening in Geneva, where the negotiations were moving ahead with suprising rapidity.… After Geneva, Bao Dai’s treaties was never completed </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.qdnd.vn/ho-so-su-kien/dai-tuong-vo-nguyen-giap/vien-tro-cua-trung-quoc-doi-voi-cuoc-khang-chien-chong-phap-cua-viet-nam-260871#:~:text=C%C5%A9ng%20theo%20cu%E1%BB%91n%20s%C3%A1ch%20n%C3%A0y,ph%E1%BA%A9m%20ph%E1%BB%A5%2C%20h%C6%A1n%2026.000%20t%E1%BA%A5n">https://www.qdnd.vn/ho-so-su-kien/dai-tuong-vo-nguyen-giap/vien-tro-cua-trung-quoc-doi-voi-cuoc-khang-chien-chong-phap-cua-viet-nam-260871#:~:text=C%C5%A9ng%20theo%20cu%E1%BB%91n%20s%C3%A1ch%20n%C3%A0y,ph%E1%BA%A9m%20ph%E1%BB%A5%2C%20h%C6%A1n%2026.000%20t%E1%BA%A5n</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.qdnd.vn/ho-so-su-kien/dai-tuong-vo-nguyen-giap/trung-quoc-giup-do-viet-nam-trong-cuoc-khang-chien-chong-phap-tiep-theo-va-het-260879">https://www.qdnd.vn/ho-so-su-kien/dai-tuong-vo-nguyen-giap/trung-quoc-giup-do-viet-nam-trong-cuoc-khang-chien-chong-phap-tiep-theo-va-het-260879</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.baogiaothong.vn/vai-tro-den-toi-cua-trung-quoc-tai-hoi-nghi-geneva-1954-19279158.htm">https://www.baogiaothong.vn/vai-tro-den-toi-cua-trung-quoc-tai-hoi-nghi-geneva-1954-19279158.htm</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://his.ussh.vnu.edu.vn/vi/news/nguyen-thu-ha/su-kien-di-cu-nam-1954-1955-trong-lich-su-viet-nam-va-the-gioi-pgs-ts-nguyen-dinh-le-5744.html">https://his.ussh.vnu.edu.vn/vi/news/nguyen-thu-ha/su-kien-di-cu-nam-1954-1955-trong-lich-su-viet-nam-va-the-gioi-pgs-ts-nguyen-dinh-le-5744.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pentagon-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pentagon_108-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm">"Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960"</a>. The Pentagon Papers. 1971. pp. 242–314. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100514013220/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pentagon+Papers&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Insurgency+in+South+Vietnam%2C+1954%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=242-314&rft.date=1971&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fpentagon%2Fpent14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Jacobs (2006), p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrân2005431-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrân2005431_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrân2005">Trân (2005)</a>, p. 431. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFTrân2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-f159-111"><a href="#cite_ref-f159_111-0">^</a> Frankum, pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mttq.tuyenquang.gov.vn/DetailView/24800/2/Hoi-thao-khoa-hoc-%E2%80%9CMat-tran-Lien-Viet-voi-cach-mang-Viet-Nam---bai-hoc-ve-phat-huy-suc-manh-dai-doan-ket-toan-dan-toc-trong-giai-doan-hien-nay%E2%80%9D..html">"Hội thảo khoa học "Mặt trận Liên Việt với cách mạng Việt Nam – bài học về phát huy sức mạnh đại đoàn kết toàn dân tộc trong giai đoạn hiện nay""</a>. mttq.tuyenquang.gov.vn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808072946/http://mttq.tuyenquang.gov.vn/DetailView/24800/2/Hoi-thao-khoa-hoc-%E2%80%9CMat-tran-Lien-Viet-voi-cach-mang-Viet-Nam---bai-hoc-ve-phat-huy-suc-manh-dai-doan-ket-toan-dan-toc-trong-giai-doan-hien-nay%E2%80%9D..html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 8 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mttq.tuyenquang.gov.vn&rft.atitle=H%E1%BB%99i+th%E1%BA%A3o+khoa+h%E1%BB%8Dc+%22M%E1%BA%B7t+tr%E1%BA%ADn+Li%C3%AAn+Vi%E1%BB%87t+v%E1%BB%9Bi+c%C3%A1ch+m%E1%BA%A1ng+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+%E2%80%93+b%C3%A0i+h%E1%BB%8Dc+v%E1%BB%81+ph%C3%A1t+huy+s%E1%BB%A9c+m%E1%BA%A1nh+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i+%C4%91o%C3%A0n+k%E1%BA%BFt+to%C3%A0n+d%C3%A2n+t%E1%BB%99c+trong+giai+%C4%91o%E1%BA%A1n+hi%E1%BB%87n+nay%22.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmttq.tuyenquang.gov.vn%2FDetailView%2F24800%2F2%2FHoi-thao-khoa-hoc-%25E2%2580%259CMat-tran-Lien-Viet-voi-cach-mang-Viet-Nam---bai-hoc-ve-phat-huy-suc-manh-dai-doan-ket-toan-dan-toc-trong-giai-doan-hien-nay%25E2%2580%259D..html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Trang, Dr Hoang Thi (9 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org//a/bcp/journl/v6y2022i3p612-616.html">"Building the Vietnam Fatherland Front according to Ho Chi Minhâ€™s thought in the current period"</a>. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. 6 (3): 612–616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47772%2FIJRISS.2022.6329">10.47772/IJRISS.2022.6329</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808073340/https://ideas.repec.org//a/bcp/journl/v6y2022i3p612-616.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024 – via ideas.repec.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Research+and+Innovation+in+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Building+the+Vietnam+Fatherland+Front+according+to+Ho+Chi+Minh%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2s+thought+in+the+current+period&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=612-616&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47772%2FIJRISS.2022.6329&rft.aulast=Trang&rft.aufirst=Dr+Hoang+Thi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fideas.repec.org%2F%2Fa%2Fbcp%2Fjournl%2Fv6y2022i3p612-616.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AtIndependence-114"><a href="#cite_ref-AtIndependence_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDattSundharam2009">Datt & Sundharam 2009</a>, p. 179 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDattSundharam2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanagariya2008">Panagariya 2008</a>, pp. 31–32 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPanagariya2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheng1997p11-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheng1997p11_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheng1997p11_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAng_Cheng_Guan1997" class="citation book cs1">Ang Cheng Guan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ONOHIXGnrEC">Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62)</a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ONOHIXGnrEC&pg=PA11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0404-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0404-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-0404-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713153945/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ONOHIXGnrEC">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamese+Communists%27+Relations+with+China+and+the+Second+Indochina+War+%281956%E2%80%9362%29&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0404-9&rft.au=Ang+Cheng+Guan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ONOHIXGnrEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Hammer, Ellen J. "The Bao Dai Experiment." Pacific Affairs, vol. 23, no. 1, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, 1950, p. 55, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2753754">10.2307/2753754</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> "Geneva Agreements 20–21 July 1954" (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 1954. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KaootJV5BR4C&dq=Unheralded+victory+Poland&pg=PA8">Unheralded Victory: The Defeat Of The Viet Cong And The North Vietnamese ... – Mark William Woodruff – Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624064844/https://books.google.com/books?id=KaootJV5BR4C&pg=PA8&dq=Unheralded+victory+Poland&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bnPET6WADZSo8AS086WeCw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA">Archived</a> 24 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Duncanson, Dennis J. Government and Revolution in Vietnam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1968. tr 223: "In the circumstances prevailing in 1955 and 1956 – anarchy of the Sects and of the retiring Việt Minh in the South, terror campaign of the land reform and resultant peasant uprising round Vinh in the North – it was only to be expected that voters would vote, out of fear of reprisals, in favour of the authorities under whom they found themselves; that the ICC had no hope of ensuring a truly free election at that time has been admitted since by the chief sponsor of the Final Declaration, Lord Avon." </li> <li id="cite_note-Karnow-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karnow_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karnow_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnow1997" class="citation book cs1">Karnow, Stanley (1997). Vietnam: A History. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4"><bdi>0-670-84218-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-670-84218-4&rft.aulast=Karnow&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyplace-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyplace_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyplace_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyplace_122-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html">"The Vietnam War: Seeds of Conflict: 1945–1960"</a>. historyplace.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217062228/http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historyplace.com&rft.atitle=The+Vietnam+War%3A+Seeds+of+Conflict%3A+1945%E2%80%931960&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyplace.com%2Funitedstates%2Fvietnam%2Findex-1945.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405045141/http://media.nara.gov/research/pentagon-papers/Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-3.pdf">"Pentagon Papers Part IV A 3"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. 1954–1960. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.nara.gov/research/pentagon-papers/Pentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pentagon+Papers+Part+IV+A+3&rft.date=1954%2F1960&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nara.gov%2Fresearch%2Fpentagon-papers%2FPentagon-Papers-Part-IV-A-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Dieter Nohlen</a>, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p331 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924959-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924959-8">0-19-924959-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodruff2005" class="citation book cs1">Woodruff, Mark (2005). Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of The Viet Cong and The North Vietnamese. Presidio Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8914-1866-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8914-1866-0"><bdi>0-8914-1866-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unheralded+Victory%3A+The+Defeat+of+The+Viet+Cong+and+The+North+Vietnamese&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8914-1866-0&rft.aulast=Woodruff&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collision-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collision_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collision_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyleWeiss1984" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Edward; Weiss, Stephen (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collisionofcultu00doyl">The Vietnam Experience, a Collision of Cultures</a>. Boston Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0939526123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0939526123"><bdi>978-0939526123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+Experience%2C+a+Collision+of+Cultures&rft.pub=Boston+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0939526123&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollisionofcultu00doyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPribbenow2002" class="citation book cs1">Pribbenow, Merle (2002). Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam. University Press of Kansas. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1175-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1175-4"><bdi>0-7006-1175-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+in+Vietnam%3A+The+Official+History+of+the+People%27s+Army+of+Vietnam&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7006-1175-4&rft.aulast=Pribbenow&rft.aufirst=Merle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Henderson and Fishel, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehanSmithKenworthyButterfield2017" class="citation book cs1">Sheehan, Neil; Smith, Hedrick; Kenworthy, E. W.; Butterfield, Fox (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YjM5DwAAQBAJ&q=one-half+of+the+entire+rural+region+south+and+southwest+of+Saigon&pg=PT135">The Pentagon Papers: The Secret History of the Vietnam War</a>. Skyhorse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781631582936" title="Special:BookSources/9781631582936"><bdi>9781631582936</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220316070621/https://books.google.com/books?id=YjM5DwAAQBAJ&q=one-half+of+the+entire+rural+region+south+and+southwest+of+Saigon&pg=PT135">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentagon+Papers%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781631582936&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Smith%2C+Hedrick&rft.au=Kenworthy%2C+E.+W.&rft.au=Butterfield%2C+Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYjM5DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Done-half%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bentire%2Brural%2Bregion%2Bsouth%2Band%2Bsouthwest%2Bof%2BSaigon%26pg%3DPT135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Young_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1991" class="citation book cs1">Young, Marilyn (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnamwars194510000youn">The Vietnam Wars: 1945–1990</a>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092107-1"><bdi>978-0-06-092107-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+Wars%3A+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092107-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvietnamwars194510000youn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLữ_Giang2009" class="citation book cs1">Lữ Giang (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.hpu.edu.vn/handle/123456789/9471">Những bí ẩn đằng sau các cuộc thánh chiến tại Việt Nam</a>. pp. 47–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nh%E1%BB%AFng+b%C3%AD+%E1%BA%A9n+%C4%91%E1%BA%B1ng+sau+c%C3%A1c+cu%E1%BB%99c+th%C3%A1nh+chi%E1%BA%BFn+t%E1%BA%A1i+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.pages=47-50&rft.date=2009&rft.au=L%E1%BB%AF+Giang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.hpu.edu.vn%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F9471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor,_p.3-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor,_p.3_132-0">^</a> Taylor, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/27/archives/vietnam-63-and-now.html">Vietnam, ‘63 and Now</a>, By MIECZYSLAW MANELIJAN. 27, 1975, The New York Times </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/forum-37815829">""Năm năm vàng son 1955-60" của Việt Nam Cộng Hòa"</a>. BBC News Tiếng Việt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Ti%E1%BA%BFng+Vi%E1%BB%87t&rft.atitle=%22N%C4%83m+n%C4%83m+v%C3%A0ng+son+1955-60%22+c%E1%BB%A7a+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+C%E1%BB%99ng+H%C3%B2a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fvietnamese%2Fforum-37815829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voatiengviet.com/amp/ong-diem-va-nen-de-nhat-cong-hoa-bi-lat-do-la-mon-qua-cho-cong-san-/7339062.html">"Ông Diệm và nền Đệ nhất Cộng hòa bị lật đổ là 'món quà cho cộng sản'"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%94ng+Di%E1%BB%87m+v%C3%A0+n%E1%BB%81n+%C4%90%E1%BB%87+nh%E1%BA%A5t+C%E1%BB%99ng+h%C3%B2a+b%E1%BB%8B+l%E1%BA%ADt+%C4%91%E1%BB%95+l%C3%A0+%27m%C3%B3n+qu%C3%A0+cho+c%E1%BB%99ng+s%E1%BA%A3n%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voatiengviet.com%2Famp%2Fong-diem-va-nen-de-nhat-cong-hoa-bi-lat-do-la-mon-qua-cho-cong-san-%2F7339062.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moyarp286-136"><a href="#cite_ref-moyarp286_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyar2006" class="citation book cs1">Moyar, Mark (28 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=phJrZ87RwuAC&pg=PA286">Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139459211" title="Special:BookSources/9781139459211"><bdi>9781139459211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+Forsaken%3A+The+Vietnam+War%2C+1954%E2%80%931965&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-08-28&rft.isbn=9781139459211&rft.aulast=Moyar&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DphJrZ87RwuAC%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Moyar, pp. 287–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184617/http://beta.motthegioi.vn/thoi-su-c-66/xa-hoi-c-94/ky-34-dien-van-tu-chuc-cua-tong-thong-thieu-qua-ho-so-so-3791-font-pttg--30693.html">"Ká»³ 34: Diá»…n vÄƒn tá»« chá»©c cá»§a tá»•ng thá»'ng Thiá»‡u qua há»" sÆ¡ sá»' 3791-FONT PTTG :: Má»™t tháº¿ giá»›i - ThÃ´ng tin trong táº§m tay"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.motthegioi.vn/thoi-su-c-66/xa-hoi-c-94/ky-34-dien-van-tu-chuc-cua-tong-thong-thieu-qua-ho-so-so-3791-font-pttg--30693.html">the original</a> on 15 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%A1%C2%BB%C2%B3+34%3A+Di%C3%A1%C2%BB%E2%80%A6n+v%C3%84%C6%92n+t%C3%A1%C2%BB%C2%AB+ch%C3%A1%C2%BB%C2%A9c+c%C3%A1%C2%BB%C2%A7a+t%C3%A1%C2%BB%E2%80%A2ng+th%C3%A1%C2%BB%27ng+Thi%C3%A1%C2%BB%E2%80%A1u+qua+h%C3%A1%C2%BB%22+s%C3%86%C2%A1+s%C3%A1%C2%BB%27+3791-FONT+PTTG+%3A%3A+M%C3%A1%C2%BB%E2%84%A2t+th%C3%A1%C2%BA%C2%BF+gi%C3%A1%C2%BB%E2%80%BAi+-+Th%C3%83%C2%B4ng+tin+trong+t%C3%A1%C2%BA%C2%A7m+tay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.motthegioi.vn%2Fthoi-su-c-66%2Fxa-hoi-c-94%2Fky-34-dien-van-tu-chuc-cua-tong-thong-thieu-qua-ho-so-so-3791-font-pttg--30693.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Vora, Shivani. "A Conversation With: Landesa Founder Roy Prosterman" date published SEPTEMBER 25, 2012 - New York Times </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Prosterman, Roy L. Land reform in Latin America: how to have a revolution without a revolution. Seattle: Washington Law Review Association, 1966. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Prosterman, Roy L. "Land Reform in South Vietnam A Proposal for Turning the Tables on the Viet Cong". Cornell Law Review. Volume 53 Issue 1 November 1967. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Prosterman, Roy L. "Land-to-the-Tiller in South Vietnam : The Tables Turn". Asian Survey. 10 (8): 751-764. August 1970. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2011" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Andrew Scott (2011). The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oil+Kings%3A+How+the+U.S.%2C+Iran%2C+and+Saudi+Arabia+Changed+the+Balance+of+Power+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225151920/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=1592">"This Day in History 1974: Thieu announces war has resumed"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=1592">the original</a> on 25 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Day+in+History+1974%3A+Thieu+announces+war+has+resumed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history.do%3Faction%3DArticle%26id%3D1592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Wang-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Wang_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Wang_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2024" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Frances Yaping (2024). The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197757505.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197757505.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197757512" title="Special:BookSources/9780197757512"><bdi>9780197757512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+State+Persuasion%3A+China%27s+Strategic+Use+of+Media+in+Interstate+Disputes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197757505.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780197757512&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Frances+Yaping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> Cite error: The named reference ":Wang" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorleyNishihara1997126–127-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorleyNishihara1997126–127_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorleyNishihara1997">Morley & Nishihara 1997</a>, pp. 126–127. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorleyNishihara1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> For an overview of Hanoi's reactions to the Chinese occupation of the Paracels in 1974–1975, see also Chi-kin Lo, China's Policy toward Territorial Disputes. The Case of the South China Sea Islands (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), pp. 86–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1974/01/22/97464621.html?pageNumber=3">"U.S. Cautioned 7th Fleet to Shun Paracels Clash"</a>. The New York Times. Reuters. 22 January 1974. Retrieved 22 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Cautioned+7th+Fleet+to+Shun+Paracels+Clash&rft.date=1974-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1974%2F01%2F22%2F97464621.html%3FpageNumber%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5952220//">"Chinese, Viet Rift Shunned by U.S."</a> Albuquerque Journal. Albuquerque, NM. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a>. 21 January 1974. Retrieved 22 December 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albuquerque+Journal&rft.atitle=Chinese%2C+Viet+Rift+Shunned+by+U.S.&rft.date=1974-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F5952220%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConboy2012" class="citation book cs1">Conboy, Kenneth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cyvDCwAAQBAJ&q=Phuoc+Long+and+PAVN&pg=PT49">The NVA and Viet Cong</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-766-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-766-0"><bdi>978-1-78096-766-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612055546/https://books.google.com/books?id=cyvDCwAAQBAJ&q=Phuoc+Long+and+PAVN&pg=PT49">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+NVA+and+Viet+Cong&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-766-0&rft.aulast=Conboy&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcyvDCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPhuoc%2BLong%2Band%2BPAVN%26pg%3DPT49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Ponchaud, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Martin, Allison, The Legacy of Operation Babylift, Adoption Today journal, Volume 2, Number 4 March 2000. "On April 3rd, a combination of private and military transport planes began to fly more children out of Vietnam as part of the operation. Numbers vary, but it appears that at least 2,000 children were flown to the United States and approximately 1,300 children were flown to Canada, Europe and Australia." </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/daughter-operation-babylift-1975/">"People & Events: Operation Babylift (1975)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625122117/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/daughter-operation-babylift-1975/">Archived</a> 2022-06-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a>. "During the final days of the Vietnam War, the U.S. government began boarding Vietnamese children onto military transport planes bound for adoption by American, Canadian, European and Australian families. Over the next several weeks, Operation Babylift brought more than 3300 children out of Vietnam." </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-154"><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_154-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/itvs/preciouscargo/babylift.html">Operation Babylift</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511234820/http://www.pbs.org/itvs/preciouscargo/babylift.html">Archived</a> 2015-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>, Precious Cargo documentary. "At least 2,700 children were flown to the United States and approximately 1,300 children were flown to Canada, Europe and Australia. Service organizations such as Holt International Children's Services, Friends of Children of Viet Nam and Catholic Relief Service coordinated the flights." </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uoregon.edu/~adoption/archive/AIDOBR.htm">Operation Babylift Report (Emergency Movement of Vietnamese and Cambodian Orphans for Intercountry Adoption, April – June 1975)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206143958/http://www.uoregon.edu/~adoption/archive/AIDOBR.htm">Archived</a> 2008-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Washington, DC, pp. 1-2, 5, 6, 9-10, 11-12, 13-14. "Orphans Processed: Information obtained from the adoption agencies or processing centers indicates that a total of 2,547 orphans were processed under Operation Babylift. Of this total, 602 went on to other countries, leaving a total of 1,945 in the United States." </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/vietnam-59266079.amp">"Frank Snepp: Ngày cuối cùng của Tổng thống Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ở Việt Nam"</a>. 14 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frank+Snepp%3A+Ng%C3%A0y+cu%E1%BB%91i+c%C3%B9ng+c%E1%BB%A7a+T%E1%BB%95ng+th%E1%BB%91ng+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+V%C4%83n+Thi%E1%BB%87u+%E1%BB%9F+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.date=2021-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fvietnamese%2Fvietnam-59266079.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/forum-52471319.amp">"30/04: Tổng thống Minh và văn thư yêu cầu Mỹ rút khỏi Việt Nam"</a>. 29 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=30%2F04%3A+T%E1%BB%95ng+th%E1%BB%91ng+Minh+v%C3%A0+v%C4%83n+th%C6%B0+y%C3%AAu+c%E1%BA%A7u+M%E1%BB%B9+r%C3%BAt+kh%E1%BB%8Fi+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fvietnamese%2Fforum-52471319.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4491193.stm">"The day the Vietnam War ended"</a>. 28 April 2005. Retrieved 26 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+day+the+Vietnam+War+ended&rft.date=2005-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F4491193.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Associated Press, "Minh Surrenders, Vietcong In Saigon". </li> <li id="cite_note-lat-160"><a href="#cite_ref-lat_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2001" class="citation web cs1">Oliver, Myrna (8 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-aug-08-me-31712-story.html">"Duong Van Minh; Last President of S. Vietnam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121004163738/http://articles.latimes.com/2001/aug/08/local/me-31712">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Duong+Van+Minh%3B+Last+President+of+S.+Vietnam&rft.date=2001-08-08&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Myrna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2001-aug-08-me-31712-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217215154/http://www.vietnam.gov.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/AboutVietnamDetail?categoryId=10000103&articleId=10001012">"About Vietnam"</a>. vietnam.gov.vn/portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnam.gov.vn/portal/page/portal/English/TheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam/AboutVietnam/AboutVietnamDetail?categoryId=10000103&articleId=10001012">the original</a> on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vietnam.gov.vn%2Fportal&rft.atitle=About+Vietnam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietnam.gov.vn%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2FEnglish%2FTheSocialistRepublicOfVietnam%2FAboutVietnam%2FAboutVietnamDetail%3FcategoryId%3D10000103%26articleId%3D10001012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dantri.com.vn/the-gioi/lien-xo-chia-lua-voi-viet-nam-trong-chien-tranh-bien-gioi-the-nao-1368336169.htm">"Liên Xô "chia lửa" với Việt Nam trong chiến tranh biên giới thế nào?"</a>. dantri.com.vn. 7 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705210313/http://dantri.com.vn/the-gioi/lien-xo-chia-lua-voi-viet-nam-trong-chien-tranh-bien-gioi-the-nao-727510.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dantri.com.vn&rft.atitle=Li%C3%AAn+X%C3%B4+%22chia+l%E1%BB%ADa%22+v%E1%BB%9Bi+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+trong+chi%E1%BA%BFn+tranh+bi%C3%AAn+gi%E1%BB%9Bi+th%E1%BA%BF+n%C3%A0o%3F&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdantri.com.vn%2Fthe-gioi%2Flien-xo-chia-lua-voi-viet-nam-trong-chien-tranh-bien-gioi-the-nao-1368336169.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/events/1996_Symposium/96papers/elleviet.php">"Sino-Soviet Relations and the February 1979 Sino-Vietnamese Conflict"</a>. ttu.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428210200/http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/events/1996_Symposium/96papers/elleviet.php">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ttu.edu&rft.atitle=Sino-Soviet+Relations+and+the+February+1979+Sino-Vietnamese+Conflict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietnam.ttu.edu%2Fevents%2F1996_Symposium%2F96papers%2Felleviet.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelemen1984" class="citation journal cs1">Kelemen, Paul (March 1984). "Soviet Strategy in Southeast Asia: The Vietnam Factor". <a href="/wiki/Asian_Survey" title="Asian Survey">Asian Survey</a>. 24 (3). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: 342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644070">10.2307/2644070</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644070">2644070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Soviet+Strategy+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+The+Vietnam+Factor&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=342&rft.date=1984-03&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2644070%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2644070&rft.aulast=Kelemen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter_&_Roberts_1988-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Porter_&_Roberts_1988_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorterRoberts1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Porter" title="Gareth Porter">Porter, Gareth</a>; Roberts, James (Summer 1988). "Creating a Bloodbath by Statistical Manipulation: A Review of A Methodology for Estimating Political Executions in Vietnam, 1975–1983, Jacqueline Desbarats; Karl D. Jackson". <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Affairs" title="Pacific Affairs">Pacific Affairs</a>. 61 (2): 303–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2759306">10.2307/2759306</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2759306">2759306</a>. <q>At this point, Desbarats and Jackson make a major factual error which makes it even more difficult to make sense of their methodology. They assert that there were one million Vietnamese who experienced incarceration in reeducation camps, based primarily on an alleged admission by then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Pham Van Dong</a>, quoted in their unpublished preliminary draft as 'in over three years, I released over a million prisoners from the camps.' But what Dong actually said was rather different, as Desbarats and Jackson confirm in a different version of the article: 'In over three years, we returned to civilian life and to their families more than a million persons who in one way or another had collaborated with the enemy.' The difference between the two translations is important, because Dong was clearly referring to those who were released after only a few days of reeducation in their own home towns—not released from longterm reeducation in distant camps. The actual number of reeducation camp internees, according to both official communist sources and former officials of the regime who later fled to the West, was between 200,000 and 300,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=Creating+a+Bloodbath+by+Statistical+Manipulation%3A+A+Review+of+A+Methodology+for+Estimating+Political+Executions+in+Vietnam%2C+1975%E2%80%931983%2C+Jacqueline+Desbarats%3B+Karl+D.+Jackson.&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=303-310&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2759306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2759306%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft.au=Roberts%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loneliness-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Loneliness_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaganDenney1982" class="citation web cs1">Sagan, Ginetta; Denney, Stephen (October–November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~sdenney/Vietnam-Reeducation-Camps-1982">"Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam: Loneliness, Suffering and Death"</a>. The Indochina Newsletter. Retrieved 1 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indochina+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Re-education+in+Unliberated+Vietnam%3A+Loneliness%2C+Suffering+and+Death&rft.date=1982-10%2F1982-11&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Ginetta&rft.au=Denney%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocf.berkeley.edu%2F~sdenney%2FVietnam-Reeducation-Camps-1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/who-r-3rd-par-in-vn-war-04202015113739.html">Thành phần thứ ba là ai trong chiến tranh Việt Nam?</a>, RFA, 2015-04-20 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://amp.cand.com.vn/Nhan-dam/22GITHANG-Nguoi-Viet-tinh-Viet-i462474/">https://amp.cand.com.vn/Nhan-dam/22GITHANG-Nguoi-Viet-tinh-Viet-i462474/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bqllang.gov.vn/tin-tuc/tin-tong-hop/4744-su-tiep-noi-chu-quyen-viet-nam-doi-voi-hai-quan-dao-hoang-sa-va-truong-sa.html">https://www.bqllang.gov.vn/tin-tuc/tin-tong-hop/4744-su-tiep-noi-chu-quyen-viet-nam-doi-voi-hai-quan-dao-hoang-sa-va-truong-sa.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDo2014" class="citation web cs1">Do, Anh Do, By Anh (28 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ff-south-vietnamese-flag-20141228-story.html">"Nearly 40 years after war's end, flag of South Vietnam endures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Nearly+40+years+after+war%27s+end%2C+flag+of+South+Vietnam+endures&rft.date=2014-12-28&rft.aulast=Do&rft.aufirst=Anh+Do%2C+By+Anh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fcalifornia%2Fla-me-ff-south-vietnamese-flag-20141228-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-vpac-172"><a href="#cite_ref-vpac_172-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vpac-usa.org/flag/flag_recognition.htm">States and Localities Recognizing the Vietnamese Freedom and Heritage Flag</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529162958/http://www.vpac-usa.org/flag/flag_recognition.htm">Archived</a> 29 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quoc-Ky-Vietnam-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Quoc-Ky-Vietnam_173-0">^</a> Quoc Ky Vietnam: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quockyvietnam.tripod.com">A Map and List of state and city legislation recognizing the Freedom and Heritage Flag</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200513132722/http://quockyvietnam.tripod.com/">Archived</a> 13 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 7 August 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-VATV-174"><a href="#cite_ref-VATV_174-0">^</a> Vietnamese American Television: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatv.org/tv/article.php?op=Print&sid=465&PHPSESSID=">List of states and cities that recognize the Vietnam Freedom and Heritage Flag</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018055733/http://www.vatv.org/tv/article.php?op=Print&sid=465&PHPSESSID=">Archived</a> 18 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 7 August 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farber-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farber_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farber_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farber_175-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farber_175-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farber_175-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farber_175-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farber_175-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farber_175-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Farber2004" class="citation book cs1">David Farber (2004). The Sixties Chronicle. Legacy Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412710091" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412710091"><bdi>978-1412710091</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sixties+Chronicle&rft.pub=Legacy+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1412710091&rft.au=David+Farber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doling-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doling_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doling_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doling_176-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doling_176-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doling_176-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doling_176-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doling_176-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doling_176-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doling_176-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doling_176-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoling2019" class="citation book cs1">Doling, Tim (2019). Exploring Saigon-Cholon – Vanishing Heritage of Ho Cho Minh City. Thế Giới Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786047761388" title="Special:BookSources/9786047761388"><bdi>9786047761388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Saigon-Cholon+%E2%80%93+Vanishing+Heritage+of+Ho+Cho+Minh+City&rft.pub=Th%E1%BA%BF+Gi%E1%BB%9Bi+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9786047761388&rft.aulast=Doling&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> Cite error: The named reference "Doling" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Report No. ASA 41/001/1973, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/204000/asa410011973en.pdf">"Political Prisoners in South Vietnam"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117190403/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/204000/asa410011973en.pdf">Archived</a> 17 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Amnesty International, 1 January 1973, p. 6-8. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevillers1952" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Devillers, Philippe (1952). Histoire du Viêt-Nam de 1940 à 1952 (in French). Paris: Éditions du Seuil. pp. 418–419.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Vi%C3%AAt-Nam+de+1940+%C3%A0+1952.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=418-419&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Seuil&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Devillers&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Pierre Montagnon, L'Indochine française, Tallandier, 2016, p. 325 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/reports/images.php?img=/images/1310/13100201002.pdf">"Pacific Stars and Stripes MACV Orientation Edition"</a> (PDF). Pacific Stars and Stripes. 1 July 1968. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308144921/https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/reports/images.php?img=%2Fimages%2F1310%2F13100201002.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pacific+Stars+and+Stripes+MACV+Orientation+Edition&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Pacific+Stars+and+Stripes&rft.date=1968-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietnam.ttu.edu%2Freports%2Fimages.php%3Fimg%3D%2Fimages%2F1310%2F13100201002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_181-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_181-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_181-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_181-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_181-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_181-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_181-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_181-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mocban.vn/en/about-us/significant-collections/#2ed77c7ea1169d011b4e6674590c3125">"Significant Collections > Fonds of the Tòa Đại Biểu Chánh Phủ Tại Trung Nguyên Trung Phần or the Office of the Government's Representative in Central Midlands"</a>. Royal Woodblocks of Nguyễn Dynasty – World Documentary Heritage. The National Archives Center No. 4 (State Records and Archives Department of Vietnam). 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412140547/https://mocban.vn/en/about-us/significant-collections/#2ed77c7ea1169d011b4e6674590c3125">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Woodblocks+of+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Dynasty+%E2%80%93+World+Documentary+Heritage&rft.atitle=Significant+Collections+%3E+Fonds+of+the+T%C3%B2a+%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Bi%E1%BB%83u+Ch%C3%A1nh+Ph%E1%BB%A7+T%E1%BA%A1i+Trung+Nguy%C3%AAn+Trung+Ph%E1%BA%A7n+or+the+Office+of+the+Government%27s+Representative+in+Central+Midlands&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmocban.vn%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fsignificant-collections%2F%232ed77c7ea1169d011b4e6674590c3125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> Cite error: The named reference "Mocban-South-Vietnam-administrative-divisions" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Anh-Thái-Phượng-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anh-Thái-Phượng_182-1">b</a> Anh Thái Phượng. Trăm núi ngàn sông: Tập I. Gretna, LA: Đường Việt Hải ngoại, 2003. p. 99 (in Vietnamese). </li> <li id="cite_note-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mocban-State-of-Vietnam-administrative-divisions_183-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Woodblocks_of_Nguyễn_Dynasty_–_World_documentary_heritage2021" class="citation web cs1">Royal Woodblocks of Nguyễn Dynasty – World documentary heritage (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mocban.vn/en/about-us/significant-collections/#3f94314fe34b3f4cda490461e78419e8">"Significant collections § Fonds of the Phủ Thủ hiến Trung Việt or Office of the Governor of Trung Viet"</a>. mocban.vn. The National Archives Center No. 4 (State Records and Archives Department of Vietnam). Retrieved 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mocban.vn&rft.atitle=Significant+collections+%C2%A7+Fonds+of+the+Ph%E1%BB%A7+Th%E1%BB%A7+hi%E1%BA%BFn+Trung+Vi%E1%BB%87t+or+Office+of+the+Governor+of+Trung+Viet.&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Royal+Woodblocks+of+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Dynasty+%E2%80%93+World+documentary+heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmocban.vn%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fsignificant-collections%2F%233f94314fe34b3f4cda490461e78419e8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FPIP-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FPIP_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FPIP_184-1">b</a> "A Foreign Policy of Independence and Peace". Vietnam Bulletin. Vol XI No 1 November 1974. pp 4–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bqllang.gov.vn/tin-tuc/tin-tong-hop/4744-su-tiep-noi-chu-quyen-viet-nam-doi-voi-hai-quan-dao-hoang-sa-va-truong-sa.html">https://www.bqllang.gov.vn/tin-tuc/tin-tong-hop/4744-su-tiep-noi-chu-quyen-viet-nam-doi-voi-hai-quan-dao-hoang-sa-va-truong-sa.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iuscogens-vie.org/2017/12/23/53/">"[53] Điểm qua các lần xin gia nhập Liên hợp quốc của Việt Nam"</a>. 23 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26%2391%3B53%26%2393%3B+%C4%90i%E1%BB%83m+qua+c%C3%A1c+l%E1%BA%A7n+xin+gia+nh%E1%BA%ADp+Li%C3%AAn+h%E1%BB%A3p+qu%E1%BB%91c+c%E1%BB%A7a+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.date=2017-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiuscogens-vie.org%2F2017%2F12%2F23%2F53%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrugh1991" class="citation book cs1">Prugh, George S. (1991) [first printed 1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-14/CMH_Pub_90-14.pdf">Law at War: Vietnam 1964–1973</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army. pp. 61–63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101232725/https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-14/CMH_Pub_90-14.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+at+War%3A+Vietnam+1964%E2%80%931973&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=61-63&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Prugh&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F090%2F90-14%2FCMH_Pub_90-14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doyle2010-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Doyle2010_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2010" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Robert C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBryc3ANF6IC">The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Enemy Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror</a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enemyinourhandsa0000doyl/page/269">269</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2589-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2589-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-2589-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225083324/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBryc3ANF6IC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enemy+in+Our+Hands%3A+America%27s+Treatment+of+Enemy+Prisoners+of+War+from+the+Revolution+to+the+War+on+Terror&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2589-3&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZBryc3ANF6IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/32/2&Lang=E&Area=RESOLUTION">"United Nations Official Document"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228154753/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FRES%2F32%2F2&Lang=E&Area=RESOLUTION">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Official+Document&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fga%2Fsearch%2Fview_doc.asp%3Fsymbol%3DA%2FRES%2F32%2F2%26Lang%3DE%26Area%3DRESOLUTION&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> The Pentagon Papers (1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> The Pentagon Papers (1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pentagon_Papers_1971_p._140-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pentagon_Papers_1971_p._140_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pentagon_Papers_1971_p._140_192-1">b</a> The Pentagon Papers (1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. 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With the French gone, a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again." </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> James Gibson, The Perfect War: Technowar in Vietnam (Boston/New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986), p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/vietnam/2009/06/090624_nixon_tapes_vn.shtml">"Việt Nam - Nixon ép Sài Gòn ký hòa đàm 1973"</a>. BBC. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+-+Nixon+%C3%A9p+S%C3%A0i+G%C3%B2n+k%C3%BD+h%C3%B2a+%C4%91%C3%A0m+1973&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fvietnamese%2Fvietnam%2F2009%2F06%2F090624_nixon_tapes_vn.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanhimäki2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hanhimäki, Jussi (2003). "Selling the 'Decent interval': Kissinger, triangular diplomacy, and the end of the Vietnam war, 1971-73". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 14 (1): 159–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592290412331308771">10.1080/09592290412331308771</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218523033">218523033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=Selling+the+%27Decent+interval%27%3A+Kissinger%2C+triangular+diplomacy%2C+and+the+end+of+the+Vietnam+war%2C+1971-73&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=159-194&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592290412331308771&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218523033%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hanhim%C3%A4ki&rft.aufirst=Jussi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IATH-200"><a href="#cite_ref-IATH_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Victoria E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Bibliographies/VN_on_TV/VN_on_TV_09.html">"Vietnam on Film and Television: Documentaries in the Library of Congress"</a>. University of Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215071425/http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Bibliographies/VN_on_TV/VN_on_TV_09.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2015. 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Osprey Publishing Ltd. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-182-5"><bdi>978-1-84908-182-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+of+the+Republic+of+Vietnam+1955%E2%80%9375%2C+Men-at-arms+series+458&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-182-5&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Bujeiro%2C+Ramiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpector1985" class="citation book cs1">Spector, Ronald (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/091/91-1/CMH_Pub_91-1-B.pdf">United States Army in Vietnam Advice and Support: The Early Years 1941–1960</a> (PDF). United States Army Center of Military History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780029303702" title="Special:BookSources/9780029303702"><bdi>9780029303702</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116221027/https://history.army.mil/html/books/091/91-1/CMH_Pub_91-1-B.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Army+in+Vietnam+Advice+and+Support%3A+The+Early+Years+1941%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780029303702&rft.aulast=Spector&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F091%2F91-1%2FCMH_Pub_91-1-B.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeGro-205"><a href="#cite_ref-LeGro_205-0">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Gro1985" class="citation book cs1">Le Gro, William (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-29/CMH_Pub_90-29.pdf">Vietnam from Cease Fire to Capitulation</a> (PDF). United States Army Center of Military History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781410225429" title="Special:BookSources/9781410225429"><bdi>9781410225429</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417132414/https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-29/CMH_Pub_90-29.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+from+Cease+Fire+to+Capitulation&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9781410225429&rft.aulast=Le+Gro&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F090%2F90-29%2FCMH_Pub_90-29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veith-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Veith_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeith2012" class="citation book cs1">Veith, George (2012). Black April The Fall of South Vietnam 1973–75. Encounter Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594035722" title="Special:BookSources/9781594035722"><bdi>9781594035722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+April+The+Fall+of+South+Vietnam+1973%E2%80%9375&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781594035722&rft.aulast=Veith&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Lipsman and Weiss, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Willbanks, p. 205. To mollify his critics, President Thiệu sacked the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(South_Vietnam)" title="II Corps (South Vietnam)">II</a> and IV Corps commanders, Generals <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_To%C3%A0n_(general)" title="Nguyễn Văn Toàn (general)">Nguyễn Văn Toàn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%A9nh_Nghi" title="Nguyễn Vĩnh Nghi">Nguyễn Vĩnh Nghi</a>, both Thiệu loyalists notorious for corruption. Unfortunately, both men were also proven leaders, popular with their troops, and versatile on the battlefield. Dougan and Fulghum, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnam-an-epic-tragedy-1945-1975-max-hastings/page/n525/mode/2up">Vietnam; An Epic Tragedy, 1945-1975. Max Hastings, 2018. P 524-525</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinzmayer2012" class="citation book cs1">Linzmayer, Owen (2012). "South Vietnam". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.banknotebook.com">The Banknote Book</a>. San Francisco, CA: www.BanknoteNews.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Vietnam&rft.btitle=The+Banknote+Book&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=www.BanknoteNews.com&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Linzmayer&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.banknotebook.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Dang (2004): 284 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> "Nhà Máy Giấy An Hảo", Thế Giới Tự Do, số 3 Tập X, trang 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBogle1972">Bogle 1972</a>, p. 14 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBogle1972 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Walker, Michael M. America and Vietnam, 1954-1963: The Road to War. McFarland, 2022, pgs 85-86 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_215-1">b</a> Kim, Youngmin, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/sp/0708/ym/ym1.html">The South Vietnamese Economy During the Vietnam War, 1954–1975</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513042801/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/sp/0708/ym/ym1.html">Archived</a> 13 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-Dang283-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dang283_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dang283_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dang283_216-2">c</a> Cite error: The named reference <code>Dang283</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Dang (2004): 298-302 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dang287-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dang287_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dang287_218-1">b</a> Dang (2004): 287 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dang288-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Dang288_219-0">^</a> Dang (2004): 288 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Dang (2004): 295 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Dang (2004): 299 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiest-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiest_222-0">^</a> Wiest, Andrew A., The Vietnam War, 1956–1975, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToner2017" class="citation journal cs1">Toner, Simon (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/115839/7/Simon%20Toner_Imagining_Taiwan_Accepted%20Manuscript.pdf">"Imagining Taiwan: The Nixon Administration, the Developmental States, and South Vietnam's Search for Economic Viability, 1969–1975"</a> (PDF). 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Trang 474-7. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/mobile/vietnam/2012/12/121220_phong_van_nam_loc.shtml">Nam Lộc và Sàigòn ơi vĩnh-biệt</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nguoi-viet.com/giai-tri/phong-trao-nhac-tre-viet-nam-truoc-nam-1975">Nhớ về phong trào Nhạc Trẻ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/news/programs/MusicForWeekend/50-years-of-nhac-tre-08302015062555.html">50 năm phong trào Nhạc Trẻ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voatiengviet.com/a/ban-nhac-rock-viet-cbc-van-bieu-dien-tai-my-sau-40-nam/1783983.html">Ban nhạc rock Việt vẫn biểu diễn tại Mỹ sau 40 năm</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Hình xưa Nhạc Trẻ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://namrom64.blogspot.com/2012/09/hinh-anh-xua-nhac-tre-sai-gon-truoc-75.html">1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hinhanhvietnam.com/tan-man-ve-nhac-tre-mien-nam-viet-nam-truoc-75/nhac-tre-sai-gon-xua-1975-23">2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzuuamRkP7c">Rock concert at the Saigon Zoo 29 May 1971</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sj_acZcesqU">你/Nii/Anata - Teresa Teng</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nhacxua.vn/cau-chuyen-ve-bai-hat-khong-cua-nguyen-anh-9-va-giong-hat-diva-dai-loan-dang-le-quan/">Chuyện về bài “Không” của Nguyễn Ánh 9 qua giọng ca diva Đặng Lệ Quân</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> John Shepherd Continuum encyclopedia of popular music of the world: Volumes 3–7 - 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Phạm Duy. 1975. Musics of Vietnam </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Olsen </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leonardo.info/reviews/sept2010/zilberg_olsen.php">Popular Music of Vietnam</a> 5 Sep 2010 – Popular Music of Vietnam: The Politics of Remembering, the Economics of Forgetting by Dale A.Olsen Routledge, New York, London, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aq9J_bSYYqs">Truyền Hình Việt Nam THVN 48, 30 April 1986</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-E-info-260"><a href="#cite_ref-E-info_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTấn_Đức2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tấn Đức (15 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502000756/http://e-info.vn/vn/index.php/truyen-hinh/32464-bu%E1%BB%95i-ph%C3%A1t-s%C3%B3ng-truy%E1%BB%81n-h%C3%ACnh-%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u-ti%C3%AAn-%E1%BB%9F-vi%E1%BB%87t-nam.html">"Buổi phát sóng truyền hình đầu tiên ở Việt Nam"</a> [The first television broadcast in Vietnam]. E-info (in Vietnamese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-info.vn/vn/index.php/truyen-hinh/32464-buổi-phát-sóng-truyền-hình-đầu-tiên-ở-việt-nam.html">the original</a> on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-info&rft.atitle=Bu%E1%BB%95i+ph%C3%A1t+s%C3%B3ng+truy%E1%BB%81n+h%C3%ACnh+%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u+ti%C3%AAn+%E1%BB%9F+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.date=2008-12-15&rft.au=T%E1%BA%A5n+%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-info.vn%2Fvn%2Findex.php%2Ftruyen-hinh%2F32464-bu%E1%BB%95i-ph%C3%A1t-s%C3%B3ng-truy%E1%BB%81n-h%C3%ACnh-%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u-ti%C3%AAn-%E1%BB%9F-vi%E1%BB%87t-nam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> South Vietnamese Armed Forces Day <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX9srEBoVb4">1971</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71TqGqyl7jM">1973</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dongnhacxua.com/be-phong-hoc-duong-va-phong-trao-nhac-tre-sai-gon">Bệ phóng học đường và phong trào Nhạc Trẻ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tuoitre.vn/world-cup-1974-nguoi-viet-tiep-can-bong-da-the-gioi-20180606234756197.htm">https://tuoitre.vn/world-cup-1974-nguoi-viet-tiep-can-bong-da-the-gioi-20180606234756197.htm</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JSE7ynPkaw">Băng ghi âm lời tuyên bố đầu hàng của tướng Dương Văn Minh ngày 30/4/1975 của TS Nguyễn Nhã</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-THVN9-265"><a href="#cite_ref-THVN9_265-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130413221343/http://www.vnra.net/THVN9.htm">THVN9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130221163211/http://www.msfc.nasa.gov/news/news/releases/2002/02-189.html">Vietnamese youth with bleak future now holds key to a brighter energy future with NASA invention</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Academic articles and chapters</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/secular-state-for-a-religious-nation-the-republic-of-vietnam-and-religious-nationalism-19461963/6686A381A12183648E76430BC646BC85">"A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963"</a>. The Journal of Asian Studies. 77 (3): 741–771. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911818000505">10.1017/S0021911818000505</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1993%2F34017">1993/34017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165729774">165729774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Secular+State+for+a+Religious+Nation%3A+The+Republic+of+Vietnam+and+Religious+Nationalism%2C+1946%E2%80%931963&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=741-771&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1993%2F34017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165729774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911818000505&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Phi-V%C3%A2n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fsecular-state-for-a-religious-nation-the-republic-of-vietnam-and-religious-nationalism-19461963%2F6686A381A12183648E76430BC646BC85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2023" class="citation journal cs1">Tran, Nu-Anh (2023). "Denouncing the 'Việt Cộng': Tales of revolution and betrayal in the Republic of Vietnam". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 53 (4): 686–708. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463422000790">10.1017/S0022463422000790</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256739269">256739269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Denouncing+the+%27Vi%E1%BB%87t+C%E1%BB%99ng%27%3A+Tales+of+revolution+and+betrayal+in+the+Republic+of+Vietnam&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=686-708&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463422000790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256739269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Nu-Anh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, K. W. (2015). "Voices from the South". In Taylor, K. W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780877277958/voices-from-the-second-republic-of-south-vietnam-19671975/">Voices from the Second Republic of South Vietnam (1967–1975)</a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877277958" title="Special:BookSources/9780877277958"><bdi>9780877277958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Voices+from+the+South&rft.btitle=Voices+from+the+Second+Republic+of+South+Vietnam+%281967%E2%80%931975%29&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780877277958&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=K.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellpress.cornell.edu%2Fbook%2F9780877277958%2Fvoices-from-the-second-republic-of-south-vietnam-19671975%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadkar-Wilcox2023" class="citation book cs1">Gadkar-Wilcox, Wynn (2023). "Universities and Intellectual Culture in the Republic of Vietnam". In Ho Peché, Linda; Vo, Alex-Thai Dinh; Vu, Tuong (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tupress.temple.edu/books/toward-a-framework-for-vietnamese-american-studies">Toward a Framework for Vietnamese American Studies: History, Community, and Memory</a>. Temple University Press. pp. 57–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439922880" title="Special:BookSources/9781439922880"><bdi>9781439922880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Universities+and+Intellectual+Culture+in+the+Republic+of+Vietnam&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Framework+for+Vietnamese+American+Studies%3A+History%2C+Community%2C+and+Memory&rft.pages=57-75&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781439922880&rft.aulast=Gadkar-Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Wynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftupress.temple.edu%2Fbooks%2Ftoward-a-framework-for-vietnamese-american-studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoang2023" class="citation book cs1">Hoang, Tuan (2023). "The August Revolution, the Fall of Saigon, and Postwar Reeducation Camps: Understanding Vietnamese Diasporic Anticommunism". In Ho Peché, Linda; Vo, Alex-Thai Dinh; Vu, Tuong (eds.). Toward a Framework for Vietnamese American Studies: History, Community, and Memory. Temple University Press. pp. 76–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439922880" title="Special:BookSources/9781439922880"><bdi>9781439922880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+August+Revolution%2C+the+Fall+of+Saigon%2C+and+Postwar+Reeducation+Camps%3A+Understanding+Vietnamese+Diasporic+Anticommunism&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Framework+for+Vietnamese+American+Studies%3A+History%2C+Community%2C+and+Memory&rft.pages=76-94&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781439922880&rft.aulast=Hoang&rft.aufirst=Tuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Monographs and edited volumes</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Edward (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674072985">Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674072985" title="Special:BookSources/9780674072985"><bdi>9780674072985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misalliance%3A+Ngo+Dinh+Diem%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+the+Fate+of+South+Vietnam&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780674072985&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674072985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2013" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Jessica M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9780801450617/cauldron-of-resistance/">Cauldron of Resistance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and 1950s Southern Vietnam</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801450617" title="Special:BookSources/9780801450617"><bdi>9780801450617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cauldron+of+Resistance%3A+Ngo+Dinh+Diem%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+1950s+Southern+Vietnam&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780801450617&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Jessica+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellpress.cornell.edu%2Fbook%2F9780801450617%2Fcauldron-of-resistance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVuFear2020" class="citation book cs1">Vu, Tuong; Fear, Sean, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501745126/the-republic-of-vietnam-19551975/">The Republic of Vietnam, 1955–1975: Vietnamese Perspectives on Nation Building</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501745126" title="Special:BookSources/9781501745126"><bdi>9781501745126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Vietnam%2C+1955%E2%80%931975%3A+Vietnamese+Perspectives+on+Nation+Building&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781501745126&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellpress.cornell.edu%2Fbook%2F9781501745126%2Fthe-republic-of-vietnam-19551975%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStur2020" class="citation book cs1">Stur, Heather Marie (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/saigon-at-war/EB311133B08D56E148BDDFB86923B6B5">Saigon at War: South Vietnam and the Global Sixties</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316676752" title="Special:BookSources/9781316676752"><bdi>9781316676752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saigon+at+War%3A+South+Vietnam+and+the+Global+Sixties&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781316676752&rft.aulast=Stur&rft.aufirst=Heather+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fsaigon-at-war%2FEB311133B08D56E148BDDFB86923B6B5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran2022" class="citation book cs1">Tran, Nu-Anh (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/disunion-anticommunist-nationalism-and-the-making-of-the-republic-of-vietnam/">Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam</a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824887865" title="Special:BookSources/9780824887865"><bdi>9780824887865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disunion%3A+Anticommunist+Nationalism+and+the+Making+of+the+Republic+of+Vietnam&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780824887865&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Nu-Anh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuhpress.hawaii.edu%2Ftitle%2Fdisunion-anticommunist-nationalism-and-the-making-of-the-republic-of-vietnam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTranVu2022" class="citation book cs1">Tran, Nu-Anh; Vu, Tuong, eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/building-a-republican-nation-in-vietnam-1920-1963/">Building a Republican Nation in Vietnam, 1920–1963</a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824892111" title="Special:BookSources/9780824892111"><bdi>9780824892111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+a+Republican+Nation+in+Vietnam%2C+1920%E2%80%931963&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780824892111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuhpress.hawaii.edu%2Ftitle%2Fbuilding-a-republican-nation-in-vietnam-1920-1963%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuuVu2023" class="citation book cs1">Luu, Trinh M.; Vu, Tuong, eds. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/republican-vietnam-1963-1975-war-society-diaspora/">Republican Vietnam, 1963–1975: War, Society, Diaspora</a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824895181" title="Special:BookSources/9780824895181"><bdi>9780824895181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republican+Vietnam%2C+1963%E2%80%931975%3A+War%2C+Society%2C+Diaspora&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780824895181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuhpress.hawaii.edu%2Ftitle%2Frepublican-vietnam-1963-1975-war-society-diaspora%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen-Marshall2023" class="citation book cs1">Nguyen-Marshall, Van (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501770579/between-war-and-the-state/">Between War and the State: Civil Society in South Vietnam, 1954–1975</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501770579" title="Special:BookSources/9781501770579"><bdi>9781501770579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+War+and+the+State%3A+Civil+Society+in+South+Vietnam%2C+1954%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781501770579&rft.aulast=Nguyen-Marshall&rft.aufirst=Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellpress.cornell.edu%2Fbook%2F9781501770579%2Fbetween-war-and-the-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Vietnam" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Vietnam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Vietnam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/South_Vietnam" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>(in English) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325135755/http://archive.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/239/2390309002.pdf">The Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam 1956</a> (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/239/2390309002.pdf">the original</a> on 2009-03-25).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadx591.pdf">The Constitution of the Republic of Vietnam 1967</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605140525/http://hqvnch.net/default.asp?id=267&lstid=178">HIẾN PHÁP VIỆT NAM CỘNG HOÀ 1967</a> (in Vietnamese) (archived 5 June 2020)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ichiban1.org/html/history/1975_present_postwar/nvn_invasion_1975.htm">Timeline of NVA invasion of South Vietnam</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Republic of Vietnam 1955–1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Republic of South Vietnam</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vietnam_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vietnam_topics" title="Template:Vietnam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vietnam_topics" title="Template talk:Vietnam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vietnam_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vietnam-related_articles" title="Index of Vietnam-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Vietnam" title="List of historical capitals of Vietnam">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dynasties" title="List of Vietnamese dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Vietnam" title="Economic history of Vietnam">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Vietnam" title="Military history of Vietnam">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Vietnam" title="Naval history of Vietnam">Naval</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Timeline" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Vietnamese_history" title="Timeline of Vietnamese history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Prehistoric_period" title="History of Vietnam">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Ancient_period_(2879–111_BC)" title="History of Vietnam">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Chinese_domination_(111_BC–938_AD)" title="History of Vietnam">Chinese dominated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Monarchical_period_(938–1858)" title="History of Vietnam">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam#Modern_period_(1858–present)" title="History of Vietnam">French colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Vietnam (1945–present)">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vietnam" title="Geography of Vietnam">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Vietnam" title="Template:Borders of Vietnam">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Vietnam" title="Climate of Vietnam">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Vietnam" title="Climate change in Vietnam">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Vietnam" title="List of ecoregions in Vietnam">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Vietnam" title="Environmental issues in Vietnam">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Vietnam" title="Protected areas of Vietnam">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Vietnam" title="List of national parks of Vietnam">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Vietnam" title="Wildlife of Vietnam">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Vietnam" title="List of mammals of Vietnam">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Vietnam" title="List of birds of Vietnam">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Vietnam" title="List of non-marine molluscs of Vietnam">Molluscs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_species_in_Vietnam" title="List of endangered species in Vietnam">Endangered species</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Vietnam" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Vietnam">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Vietnam" title="Subdivisions of Vietnam">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnam" title="Provinces of Vietnam">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Vietnam" title="Municipalities of Vietnam">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Vietnam" title="List of cities in Vietnam">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district-level_subdivisions_in_Vietnam" title="List of district-level subdivisions in Vietnam">District-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune-level_subdivisions_(Vietnam)" title="Commune-level subdivisions (Vietnam)">Commune-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_divisions_of_Vietnam" title="Electoral divisions of Vietnam">Electoral units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Vietnam" title="List of regions of Vietnam">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Hong (Red) River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_(Vietnam)" title="Northeast (Vietnam)">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_(Vietnam)" title="Northwest (Vietnam)">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vietnam" title="Central Vietnam">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Coast" title="North Central Coast">North Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Coast" title="South Central Coast">South Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Central Highlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_(Vietnam)" title="Southeast (Vietnam)">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Censorship in Vietnam">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam" title="Constitution of Vietnam">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Vietnam" title="Foreign relations of Vietnam">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Vietnam" title="Human rights in Vietnam">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Vietnam">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vietnam" title="Law of Vietnam">Law</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Member_of_the_Secretariat" title="Permanent Member of the Secretariat">Permanent Member of the Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_officeholders_in_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="List of central officeholders in the Communist Party of Vietnam">History of central officeholders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Inspection_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Inspection Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Inspection Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Military Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Vietnam" title="Vice President of Vietnam">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam">Deputy Prime Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Ministers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Vietnam" title="National Assembly of Vietnam">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_Assembly" title="Standing Committee of the National Assembly">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Vietnam" title="Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vietnam" title="Elections in Vietnam">Elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Vietnam" title="Judicial system of Vietnam">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Court of Vietnam">Supreme People's Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Court of Vietnam">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuracy_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam">Supreme People's Procuracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuracy_of_Vietnam" title="Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam">Procurator-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Courts_of_Vietnam" title="Military Courts of Vietnam">Military Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Vietnam">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_and_Security_Council" title="National Defense and Security Council">National Defense and Security Council</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Armed forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam#Main_force" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Ground Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Border_Guard" title="Vietnam Border Guard">Border Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="Vietnam People's Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Coast_Guard" title="Vietnam Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Public Security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Armed_Forces#Vietnam_Civil_Defense_Force" title="Vietnam People's Armed Forces">Militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Armed_Forces#Vietnam_Self-Defence_Militia" title="Vietnam People's Armed Forces">Self-Defence Militia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Vietnam" title="Agriculture in Vietnam">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Vietnam" title="Banking in Vietnam">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Doi Moi ("Renovation")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Vietnamese đồng">Đồng (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Vietnam" title="Energy in Vietnam">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Vietnam" title="Nuclear power in Vietnam">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Vietnam" title="List of power stations in Vietnam">Power stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Vietnam" title="Foreign aid to Vietnam">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Vietnam" title="Foreign trade of Vietnam">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Vietnam" title="Five-Year Plans of Vietnam">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Vietnam" title="Manufacturing in Vietnam">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Standards" title="Vietnam Standards">Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Vietnam" title="Automotive industry in Vietnam">Automotive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Vietnam" title="Poverty in Vietnam">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Vietnam" title="Science and technology in Vietnam">Science and Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_units_of_measurement" title="Vietnamese units of measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Vietnamese inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vietnam" title="Telecommunications in Vietnam">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Vietnam" title="Internet in Vietnam">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Vietnam" title="Internet censorship in Vietnam">Censorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vietnam" title="Tourism in Vietnam">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Vietnam" title="Visa policy of Vietnam">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vietnam" title="Transport in Vietnam">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_Vietnam" title="Expressways of Vietnam">Expressways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Vietnam" title="Rail transport in Vietnam">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Vietnam" title="List of airports in Vietnam">Airports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Vietnam" title="Water supply and sanitation in Vietnam">Water supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vietnam" title="Transport in Vietnam">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_Vietnam" title="Air transport in Vietnam">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Vietnam" title="Rail transport in Vietnam">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Vietnam" title="Category:Society of Vietnam">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Vietnam" title="List of universities in Vietnam">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Vietnam" title="Health in Vietnam">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Vietnam" title="HIV/AIDS in Vietnam">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam">COVID-19</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vietnam" title="Crime in Vietnam">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Vietnam" title="Gambling in Vietnam">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Vietnam" title="Prostitution in Vietnam">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Vietnam" title="Sex trafficking in Vietnam">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Vietnam" title="Human trafficking in Vietnam">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Vietnam" title="Corruption in Vietnam">Corruption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vietnam" title="Public holidays in Vietnam">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Vietnam" title="Time in Vietnam">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Vietnam" title="Demographics of Vietnam">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_Vietnam" title="Eunuchs in Vietnam">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Vietnamese" title="Overseas Vietnamese">Overseas community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_and_computers" title="Vietnamese language and computers">Language and computers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Vietnam" title="List of ethnic groups in Vietnam">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Vietnam" title="Racism in Vietnam">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Folk religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Vietnam" title="Taoism in Vietnam">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam" title="Islam in Vietnam">Islam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFn_Qu%C3%A2n_Ca" title="Tiến Quân Ca">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_architecture" title="Vietnamese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_art" title="Vietnamese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Vietnam" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Vietnam">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_animation" title="Vietnamese animation">Animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing" title="Vietnamese clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_dishes" title="List of Vietnamese dishes">Dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_ingredients" title="List of Vietnamese ingredients">Ingredients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Vietnam" title="Dance in Vietnam">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Vietnam" title="Emblem of Vietnam">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_festivals_in_Vietnam" title="List of traditional festivals in Vietnam">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vietnam" title="Flag of Vietnam">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_literature" title="Vietnamese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_poetry" title="Vietnamese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_and_mass_media_in_Vietnam" title="Television and mass media in Vietnam">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Television" title="Vietnam Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_News_Agency" title="Vietnam News Agency">News Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Vietnam" title="Voice of Vietnam">Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Vietnam" title="List of newspapers in Vietnam">Newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V-pop" title="V-pop">V-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Vietnamese musical instruments">Traditional musical instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_Vietnam" title="Trotskyism in Vietnam">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Vietnam" title="Sport in Vietnam">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_traditional_games" title="List of Vietnamese traditional games">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Vietnam" title="National symbols of Vietnam">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Vietnam" title="Theatre of Vietnam">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_studies" title="Vietnamese studies">Vietnamese studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vietnam" title="Outline of Vietnam">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vietnam-related_articles" title="Index of Vietnam-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vietnam" title="Category:Vietnam">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vietnam" title="Portal:Vietnam">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125172283">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/167527562">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1274298/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwhvGpckXpRcxPk38G8md">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4078050-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96003700">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12100851q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12100851q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560638">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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