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<li id="toc-Alum_found_at_archaeological_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alum_found_at_archaeological_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Alum found at archaeological sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alum_found_at_archaeological_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alumen_in_Pliny_and_Dioscorides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alumen_in_Pliny_and_Dioscorides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Alumen in Pliny and Dioscorides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alumen_in_Pliny_and_Dioscorides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alum_described_in_medieval_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alum_described_in_medieval_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Alum described in medieval texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alum_described_in_medieval_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_understanding_of_the_alums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_understanding_of_the_alums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern understanding of the alums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_understanding_of_the_alums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chemical properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemical properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crystal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Crystal structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solubility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solubility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Solubility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solubility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industrial_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Industrial processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_stop_bleeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_stop_bleeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>To stop bleeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_stop_bleeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewellery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewellery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Jewellery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewellery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related compounds</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related compounds subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selenate-containing_alums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selenate-containing_alums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Selenate-containing alums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selenate-containing_alums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed_alums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_alums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mixed alums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_alums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_hydrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_hydrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other hydrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_hydrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_double_sulfates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_double_sulfates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Other double sulfates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_double_sulfates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluin" title="Aluin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aluin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8" title="شب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum" title="Alum – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alum" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allume" title="Allume – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Allume" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum" title="Alum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="زر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Стипца – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стипца" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_de_l%27alum" title="Grup de l'alum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup de l'alum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Ачăлташ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ачăлташ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenec" title="Kamenec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kamenec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun" title="Alun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaune" title="Alaune – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alaune" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumiiniumkaaliumsulfaatdodekah%C3%BCdraat" title="Alumiiniumkaaliumsulfaatdodekahüdraat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alumiiniumkaaliumsulfaatdodekahüdraat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%BB%CF%8C_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Διπλό θειικό άλας αργιλίου και καλίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διπλό θειικό άλας αργιλίου και καλίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumbre" title="Alumbre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alumbre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluno" title="Aluno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aluno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alunbre" title="Alunbre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alunbre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="زاج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زاج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun" title="Alun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BAm" title="Alúm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alúm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alume" title="Alume – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alume" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EB%B0%98_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="백반 (화학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백반 (화학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պաղլեղներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պաղլեղներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="फिटकरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फिटकरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauni" title="Alauni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alauni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluno" title="Aluno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aluno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawas" title="Tawas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tawas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allume" title="Allume – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allume" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אלום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ಪಟಿಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಟಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ашудастар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ашудастар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabu" title="Shabu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauns" title="Alauns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alauns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tims%C3%B3" title="Timsó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Timsó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="फिट्कीरी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फिट्कीरी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ആലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawas" title="Tawas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tawas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="ကျောက်ချဉ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်ချဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluin" title="Aluin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aluin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="फिट्कीरी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फिट्कीरी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3" title="ミョウバン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミョウバン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun" title="Alun – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun" title="Alun – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum" title="Alum – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alum" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਫਟਕੜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਟਕੜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%B9%DA%A9%DA%91%DB%8C" title="پھٹکڑی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پھٹکڑی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alume" title="Alume – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alume" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaun" title="Alaun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alaun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Квасцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квасцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum" title="Alum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galun" title="Galun – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Galun" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum" title="Alum – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Alum" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluna" title="Aluna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aluna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun" title="Alun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawas" title="Tawas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tawas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="படிகாரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="படிகாரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="పటిక – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పటిక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1" title="สารส้ม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารส้ม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eap_(bile%C5%9Fik)" title="Şap (bileşik) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şap (bileşik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Галуни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Галуни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="زاج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زاج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alum" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190527" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of double sulfate salts of aluminium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the class of double sulfates of aluminium. For the specific representative compound, see <a href="/wiki/Potassium_alum" title="Potassium alum">potassium alum</a>. For the chromium analogs, see <a href="/wiki/Chrome_alum" title="Chrome alum">chrome alum</a>. For papermakers' alum, see <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">aluminium sulfate</a>. For a graduate or former student of an educational institution, see <a href="/wiki/Alumni" title="Alumni">alumni</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alum (disambiguation)">Alum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaaliumi_maarjase_monikristallid2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kaaliumi_maarjase_monikristallid2.JPG/330px-Kaaliumi_maarjase_monikristallid2.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kaaliumi_maarjase_monikristallid2.JPG/500px-Kaaliumi_maarjase_monikristallid2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kaaliumi_maarjase_monikristallid2.JPG/960px-Kaaliumi_maarjase_monikristallid2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Crystal of potassium alum, <span class="chemf nowrap">KAl(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>·12H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>alum</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a>, usually a <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrated</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_salt" title="Double salt">double</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> with the general <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">formula</a> <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X</span>Al(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>·12 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, such that <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">monovalent</a> <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Austin-1984-Shreves_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-1984-Shreves-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By itself, "alum" often refers to <a href="/wiki/Potassium_alum" title="Potassium alum">potassium alum</a>, with the formula <span class="chemf nowrap">KAl(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>·12 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>. Other alums are named after the monovalent ion, such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_alum" title="Sodium alum">sodium alum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_alum" title="Ammonium alum">ammonium alum</a>. </p><p>The name "alum" is also used, more generally, for salts with the same formula and structure, except that aluminium is replaced by another <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">trivalent</a> metal ion like <a href="/wiki/Chromium#Chromium(III)" title="Chromium">chromium<sup>III</sup></a>, or sulfur is replaced by another <a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogen</a> like <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Austin-1984-Shreves_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-1984-Shreves-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common of these analogs is <a href="/wiki/Chrome_alum" title="Chrome alum">chrome alum</a> <span class="chemf nowrap">KCr(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>·12 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>. </p><p>In most industries, the name "alum" (or "papermaker's alum") is used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">aluminium sulfate</a>, <span class="chemf nowrap">Al<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span> (SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>·<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span></span>, which is used for most industrial <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">flocculation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Austin-1984-Shreves_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-1984-Shreves-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 766">: 766 </span></sup> (the variable <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> is an integer whose size depends on the amount of water absorbed into the alum). For <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, the word "alum" may also refer to <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">aluminium hydroxide</a> gel used as a <a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">vaccine adjuvant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-InvivoGen-Alum-adjvt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InvivoGen-Alum-adjvt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alum_found_at_archaeological_sites">Alum found at archaeological sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alum found at archaeological sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The western desert of Egypt was a major source of alum substitutes in antiquity. These <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</a> were mainly <span class="chemf nowrap">FeAl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>·22 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, <span class="chemf nowrap">MgAl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>·22 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, <span class="chemf nowrap">NaAl(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>·6 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, <span class="chemf nowrap">MgSO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>·7H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span> and <span class="chemf nowrap">Al<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>·17 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Picon-etal-2005-lAlun_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picon-etal-2005-lAlun-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Borgard-Brun-Picon-2005-06-07-alunMedit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borgard-Brun-Picon-2005-06-07-alunMedit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> mentions Egyptian alum as a valuable commodity in <i>The Histories</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herodotus-c430ʙᴄᴇ-Hists_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus-c430ʙᴄᴇ-Hists-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production of potassium alum from <a href="/wiki/Alunite" title="Alunite">alunite</a> is archaeologically attested on the island <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Archontidou-2005-alunMedit_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archontidou-2005-alunMedit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site was abandoned during the 7th century CE, but dates back at least to the 2nd century CE. Native <i>alumen</i> from the island of <a href="/wiki/Melos" class="mw-redirect" title="Melos">Melos</a> appears to have been a mixture mainly of alunogen (<span class="chemf nowrap">Al<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>·17 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>) with potassium alum and other minor sulfates.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall-Jones-2005-alunMedit_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-Jones-2005-alunMedit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alumen_in_Pliny_and_Dioscorides">Alumen in Pliny and Dioscorides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alumen in Pliny and Dioscorides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A detailed description of a substance termed <i>alumen</i> occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PlinySr-NatHist_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlinySr-NatHist-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By comparing Pliny's description with the account of <i>stypteria</i> (στυπτηρία) given by <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dioscor-MatMed_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dioscor-MatMed-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is obvious the two are identical. Pliny informs us that a form of <i>alumen</i> was found naturally in the earth, and terms it <i>salsugoterrae</i>. </p><p>Pliny wrote that different substances were distinguished by the name of <i>alumen</i>, but they were all characterised by a certain degree of <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringency</a>, and were all employed for dyeing and medicine. Pliny wrote that there is another kind of alum that the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> term <i>schiston</i>, and which "splits into filaments of a whitish colour".<sup id="cite_ref-PlinySr-NatHist_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlinySr-NatHist-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the name <i>schiston</i> and the mode of formation, it seems that this kind was the salt that forms spontaneously on certain salty minerals, as alum <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> and bituminous <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>, and consists mainly of sulfates of iron and aluminium.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One kind of <i>alumen</i> was a liquid, which was apt to be adulterated; but when pure it had the property of blackening when added to <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> juice. This property seems to characterize a <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">iron<sup>II</sup> sulfate</a> in water; a solution of ordinary (potassium) alum would possess no such property. Contamination with iron sulfate was greatly disliked as this darkened and dulled dye colours. In some places the iron sulfate may have been lacking, so the salt would be white and would be suitable, according to Pliny, for dyeing bright colors. </p><p>Pliny describes several other types of alumen but it is not clear as to what these minerals are. The <i>alumen</i> of the ancients, then, was not always potassium alum, not even an alkali aluminum sulfate.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm-1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages:  766–767">:  766–767 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alum_described_in_medieval_texts">Alum described in medieval texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alum described in medieval texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alum and <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">green vitriol</a> (iron sulfate) both have sweetish and astringent taste, and they had overlapping uses. Therefore, through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, alchemists and other writers do not seem to have distinguished the two salts accurately. In the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a> we find the words <i>misy</i>, <i>sory</i>, and <i>chalcanthum</i> applied to either compound; and the name <i>atramentum sutorium</i>, which one might expect to belong exclusively to green vitriol, applied indiscriminately to both.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alum was the most common <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a> (substance used to set dyes on fabrics) used by the dye industry, especially in Islamic countries, during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">middle ages</a>. It was the main export of the <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> region, from where it was transported to the markets of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and then to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Less significant sources were found in Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goitein-Sanders-1967_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goitein-Sanders-1967-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_understanding_of_the_alums">Modern understanding of the alums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern understanding of the alums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early 1700s, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl" title="Georg Ernst Stahl">G. E. Stahl</a> claimed that reacting sulfuric acid with limestone produced a sort of alum.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl-1703_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl-1703-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stahl-1723_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl-1723-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The error was soon corrected by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pott" title="Johann Heinrich Pott">Johann Heinrich Pott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Sigismund_Marggraf" title="Andreas Sigismund Marggraf">Andreas Sigismund Marggraf</a>, who showed that the <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitate</a> obtained when an alkali is poured into a solution of alum, namely <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>, is quite different from <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, and is one of the ingredients in common <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pott-1746-Chym-Untrs_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pott-1746-Chym-Untrs-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marggraf-1754_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marggraf-1754-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 41–66">: 41–66 </span></sup> </p><p>Marggraf also showed that perfect crystals with properties of alum can be obtained by dissolving alumina in <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and adding <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> to the concentrated solution.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm-1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 766">: 766 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marggraf-1754_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marggraf-1754-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 31–40">: 31–40 </span></sup> In 1767, <a href="/wiki/Torbern_Bergman" title="Torbern Bergman">Torbern Bergman</a> observed the need for potassium or ammonium sulfates to convert <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">aluminium sulfate</a> into alum, while sodium or calcium would not work.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergman-1767_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergman-1767-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm-1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 766">: 766 </span></sup> </p><p>The composition of common alum was determined finally by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin">Louis Vauquelin</a> in 1797. As soon as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Klaproth</a> discovered the presence of potassium in <a href="/wiki/Leucite" title="Leucite">leucite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepidolite" title="Lepidolite">lepidolite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Klaproth-1797_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaproth-1797-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klaproth-1801_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaproth-1801-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin">Vauquelin</a> demonstrated that common alum is a <a href="/wiki/Double_salt" title="Double salt">double salt</a>, composed of sulfuric acid, alumina, and potash.<sup id="cite_ref-Vauquelin-1797_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vauquelin-1797-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same journal volume, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal">Chaptal</a> published the analysis of four different kinds of alum, namely, Roman alum, Levant alum, British alum, and an alum manufactured by himself,<sup id="cite_ref-Chaptal-1797_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaptal-1797-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confirming <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin">Vauquelin</a>'s result.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm-1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some alums occur as minerals, the most important being <a href="/wiki/Alunite" title="Alunite">alunite</a>. </p><p>The most important alums – potassium, sodium, and ammonium – are produced industrially. Typical recipes involve combining <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">aluminium sulfate</a> and the sulfate monovalent cation.<sup id="cite_ref-Helmboldt-Hudson-Misra-etal-2007-UllmannEncyc_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helmboldt-Hudson-Misra-etal-2007-UllmannEncyc-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aluminium sulfate is usually obtained by treating minerals like alum <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryolite" title="Cryolite">cryolite</a> with sulfuric acid.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm-1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 767">: 767 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potassium_alum_octahedral_like_crystal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Potassium_alum_octahedral_like_crystal.jpg/220px-Potassium_alum_octahedral_like_crystal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Potassium_alum_octahedral_like_crystal.jpg/330px-Potassium_alum_octahedral_like_crystal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Potassium_alum_octahedral_like_crystal.jpg/440px-Potassium_alum_octahedral_like_crystal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Crystal of potassium alum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aluminium-based alums are named by the monovalent cation. Unlike the other <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> does not form alums; a fact attributed to the small size of its ion. </p><p>The most important alums are </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_alum" title="Potassium alum">Potassium alum</a>, <span class="chemf nowrap">KAl(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>·12 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, also called "potash alum" or simply "alum"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminium_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium aluminium sulfate">Sodium alum</a>, <span class="chemf nowrap">NaAl(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>·12 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, also called "soda alum" or "SAS"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_aluminium_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium aluminium sulfate">Ammonium alum</a>, <span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>Al(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>·12 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chemical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aluminium-based alums have a number of common chemical properties. They are soluble in <a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">water</a>, have a sweetish taste, react as <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> by turning blue <a href="/wiki/Litmus" title="Litmus">litmus</a> to red, and <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystallize</a> in regular <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedra</a>. In alums each metal ion is surrounded by six water molecules. When heated, they liquefy, and if the heating is continued, the <a href="/wiki/Water_of_crystallization" title="Water of crystallization">water of crystallization</a> is driven off, the salt froths and swells, and at last an amorphous powder remains.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm-1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 766">: 766 </span></sup> They are <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringent</a> and acidic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystal_structure">Crystal structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crystal structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alums crystallize in one of three different crystal structures. These classes are called α-, β- and γ-alums. The first X-ray crystal structures of alums were reported in 1927 by <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cork" title="James M. Cork">James M. Cork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a>, and were used to develop the <a href="/wiki/Phase_retrieval" title="Phase retrieval">phase retrieval</a> technique <a href="/wiki/Isomorphous_replacement" title="Isomorphous replacement">isomorphous replacement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cork-1927-10-LED-Phil-Mag_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cork-1927-10-LED-Phil-Mag-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solubility">Solubility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Solubility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The solubility of the various alums in water varies greatly, sodium alum being soluble readily in water, while <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> alums are only slightly soluble. The various solubilities are shown in the following table.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm-1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 767">: 767 </span></sup> </p><p>At temperature <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span>, 100 parts water dissolve: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">T</span></th> <th>Ammonium <span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />alum</span></th> <th>Potassium <span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />alum</span></th> <th>Rubidium <span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />alum</span></th> <th>Caesium <span style="font-size: 85%;"><br />alum</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 °C</td> <td>2.62</td> <td>3.90</td> <td>0.71</td> <td>0.19<span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 °C</td> <td>4.50</td> <td>9.52</td> <td>1.09</td> <td>0.29<span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 °C</td> <td>15.9<span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span></td> <td>44.11</td> <td>4.98</td> <td>1.235 </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 °C</td> <td>35.20</td> <td>134.47</td> <td>21.60</td> <td>5.29<span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 °C</td> <td>70.83</td> <td>357.48</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_processes">Industrial processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Industrial processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aluminium-based alums have been used since antiquity, and are still important for many industrial processes. The most widely used alum is <a href="/wiki/Potassium_alum" title="Potassium alum">potassium alum</a>. It has been used since antiquity as a <a href="/wiki/Clarifying_agent" title="Clarifying agent">flocculant</a> to clarify cloudy liquids, as a <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a> (or binder) in <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyeing</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a>. It is still widely used in <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a>, for medicine, for cosmetics (in <a href="/wiki/Deodorant" title="Deodorant">deodorant</a>), for food preparation (in <a href="/wiki/Baking_powder" title="Baking powder">baking powder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickling</a>), and to fire-proof paper and cloth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_stop_bleeding">To stop bleeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: To stop bleeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alum is used as a <a href="/wiki/Styptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Styptic">styptic</a> (to stop bleeding) in styptic pencils available from pharmacists. Alum blocks, available from barber shops and gentlemen's outfitters, are used to stem bleeding from shaving nicks;<sup id="cite_ref-Blake-Blade-2020-01-11-shaving-Alum_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blake-Blade-2020-01-11-shaving-Alum-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as an <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringent</a>. An alum block can be used directly as a perfume-free deodorant (antiperspirant), and unprocessed mineral alum is sold in Indian bazaars for that purpose. Throughout <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, potassium alum is most widely known as <i>tawas</i> and has numerous uses. It is used as a traditional antiperspirant and deodorant, and in traditional medicine for open wounds and sores. The crystals are usually ground into a fine powder before use.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhury-Rafei-2001_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhury-Rafei-2001-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emocling-c2018_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emocling-c2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The cited sources are insufficient: '"`UNIQ--ref-00000035-QINU`"' is a WHO report on alternative medicines that only tangentially mentions tawas as a body odor reliever, and '"`UNIQ--ref-00000036-QINU`"' is a blog post that itself states alum or tawas "doesn't stop us from sweating." Medically backed sources on its effectiveness and safety as an antiperspirant and/or deodorant should be provided here. (September 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bread">Bread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Britain alum has been used as a way of preserving <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> and bleaching it. Bakers used small amounts to make the fine white <a href="/wiki/Manchet" title="Manchet">manchet</a> bread produced for the rich. In times of poor harvest, more alum was added. In 1758 the British government banned the use of alum in bread, although some bakers continued to use it and many people continued to demand white bread adulterated with alum.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, alum was used along with other substances like <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster of Paris</a> to adulterate certain food products, particularly bread. It was used to make lower-grade flour appear whiter, allowing the producers to spend less on whiter flour. Because it retains water, it would make the bread heavier, meaning that merchants could charge more for it in their shops. The amount of alum present in each loaf of bread could reach concentrations that would be toxic to humans and cause chronic <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhoea</a>, which could result in the death of young children.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles">Textiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alum is used as a mordant in traditional textiles;<sup id="cite_ref-Crawfurd-1856_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawfurd-1856-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, solutions of <i>tawas</i>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a>, and organic pigments were used to change the color of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> ornaments.<sup id="cite_ref-Villegas-2004_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villegas-2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Philippines, alum crystals were also burned and allowed to drip into a basin of water by <i><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">babaylan</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>. It is also used in other rituals in the <a href="/wiki/Animistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animistic">animistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">anito</a> religions of the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyrness-1992_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyrness-1992-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hornedo-2000_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornedo-2000-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mercado-1997_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercado-1997-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Starr-1930_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr-1930-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For traditional <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese art</a>, alum and <a href="/wiki/Animal_glue" title="Animal glue">animal glue</a> were dissolved in water, forming a liquid known as <i>dousa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%AC%E6%B0%B4" class="extiw" title="ja:礬水">礬水</a></span>), and used as an undercoat for paper <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">sizing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewellery">Jewellery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jewellery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alum in the form of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_aluminium_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium aluminium sulphate">potassium aluminium sulphate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_aluminium_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium aluminium sulfate">ammonium aluminium sulfate</a> in a concentrated bath of hot water is regularly used by jewelers and machinists to dissolve hardened steel drill bits that have broken off in items made of aluminum, copper, brass, gold (any karat), silver (both sterling and fine) and stainless steel. This is because alum does not react chemically to any significant degree with any of these metals, but will corrode carbon steel. When heat is applied to an alum mixture holding a piece of work that has a drill bit stuck in it, if the lost bit is small enough, it can sometimes be dissolved / removed within hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee-2013_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2013-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_compounds">Related compounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Related compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristall_med.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kristall_med.jpg/220px-Kristall_med.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kristall_med.jpg/330px-Kristall_med.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kristall_med.jpg/440px-Kristall_med.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Chrome alum crystal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many trivalent metals are capable of forming alums. The general form of an alum is <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">XY</span>(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>·<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X</span> is an <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Y</span> is a trivalent metal, and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> often is 12. The most important example is <a href="/wiki/Chrome_alum" title="Chrome alum">chrome alum</a>, <span class="chemf nowrap">KCr(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>·12 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, a dark violet crystalline double sulfate of chromium and potassium, was used in <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a>. </p><p>In general, alums are formed more easily when the alkali metal atom is larger. This rule was first stated by Locke in 1902,<sup id="cite_ref-Locke-1902_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Locke-1902-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who found that if a trivalent metal does not form a caesium alum, it neither will form an alum with any other alkali metal or with ammonium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selenate-containing_alums">Selenate-containing alums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Selenate-containing alums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Selenium</i> or <i>selenate alums</i> are also known that contain <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> in place of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> anion, making <a href="/wiki/Selenate" title="Selenate">selenate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">SeO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>) instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell-Fabre-1887_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-Fabre-1887-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are strong <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agents</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_alums">Mixed alums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mixed alums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromium_Alum_-_top_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chromium_Alum_-_top_view.jpg/250px-Chromium_Alum_-_top_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chromium_Alum_-_top_view.jpg/330px-Chromium_Alum_-_top_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chromium_Alum_-_top_view.jpg/500px-Chromium_Alum_-_top_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>Alum crystal with small amount of <a href="/wiki/Chrome_alum" title="Chrome alum">chrome alum</a> to give a slight <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a> color.</figcaption></figure> <p>In some cases, <a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">solid solutions</a> of alums with different monovalent and trivalent cations may occur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_hydrates">Other hydrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other hydrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the alums, which are dodecahydrates, double <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selenate" title="Selenate">selenates</a> of univalent and trivalent cations occur with other degrees of hydration. These materials may also be referred to as alums, including the undecahydrates such as <a href="/wiki/Mendozite" title="Mendozite">mendozite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalinite" title="Kalinite">kalinite</a>, hexahydrates such as <a href="/wiki/Guanidine" title="Guanidine">guanidinium</a> <span style="font-size:120%">[</span><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span><span style="font-size:120%">]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Dimethylamine" title="Dimethylamine">dimethylammonium</a> <span style="font-size:120%">[</span><span class="chemf nowrap">(CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>)2NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span><span style="font-size:120%">]</span> "alums", tetrahydrates such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldichite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldichite (page does not exist)">goldichite</a>, monohydrates such as thallium plutonium sulfate and anhydrous alums (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yavapaiite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yavapaiite (page does not exist)">yavapaiites</a>). These classes include differing, but overlapping, combinations of ions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_double_sulfates">Other double sulfates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other double sulfates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pseudo alum is a double sulfate of the typical formula <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X</span>SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>·<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Y</span><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>·22 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, such that </p> <dl><dd><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X</span> is a divalent metal ion, such as <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wupatkiite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wupatkiite (page does not exist)">wupatkiite</a>), <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apjohnite" title="Apjohnite">apjohnite</a>), <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickingerite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pickingerite (page does not exist)">pickingerite</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Halotrichite" title="Halotrichite">halotrichite</a> or feather alum), and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Y</span> is a trivalent metal ion.<sup id="cite_ref-Mindat-Halotrichite_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindat-Halotrichite-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Double <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a> with the general formula <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X</span><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>·<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Y</span><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>(SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>·24 H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span> are also known, where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X</span> is a monovalent <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium<sup>I</sup></a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a>, or (<span class="chemf nowrap">NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">methylammonium</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>NH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">hydroxylammonium</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">HONH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>) or <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine#Hydrazinium_salts" title="Hydrazine">hydrazinium</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span></span>) and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Y</span> is a trivalent metal ion, such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron<sup>III</sup></a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood-Earnshaw-1997_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-Earnshaw-1997-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analogous <a href="/wiki/Selenate" title="Selenate">selenates</a> also occur. The possible combinations of univalent cation, trivalent cation, and <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a> depends on the sizes of the <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Tutton%27s_salt" title="Tutton's salt">Tutton salt</a> is a double sulfate of the typical formula <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X</span><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">·</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Y</span>SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>·6H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X</span> is a monovalent cation, and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Y</span> a <a href="/wiki/Divalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Divalent">divalent</a> metal ion. </p><p>Double sulfates of the composition <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X</span><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>·2<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Y</span>SO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>, such that <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">X</span> is a monovalent cation and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">Y</span> is a divalent metal ion are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Langbeinite" title="Langbeinite">langbeinites</a>, after the prototypical potassium magnesium sulfate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alunite" title="Alunite">Alunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minerals" title="List of minerals">List of minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_bichromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum bichromate">Gum bichromate</a> – photo prints and other similar processes use alums, sometimes as <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloid</a> (gelatin, albumen) hardeners</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> CVII. <i>Vitriolum, </i>Creta<i> præcipitari potest, ut omissa metallica sua substantia, </i>aluminosum<i> evadat.</i> <dl><dd></dd> <dd>[107. Sulfuric acid <span style="color:gray">[and]</span> <i>chalk</i> can <span style="color:gray">[form a]</span> precipitate, as its liberated metallic substance, <i>alum</i>, escapes.]</dd> <dd></dd></dl> <i>Ausführliche Betrachtung und zulänglicher Beweiss von den Saltzen, daß diesselbe aus einer zarten Erde, mit Wasser innig verbunden, bestehen</i> <dl><dd></dd> <dd>[Detailed treatment and adequate proof of salts, that they consist of a subtile earth intimately bound with water] <dl><dd><dl><dd>— G. E. Stahl (1703)<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl-1703_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl-1703-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wäysenhaus, <a href="/wiki/Halle_(region)" title="Halle (region)">Halle</a> <i>... wie aus Kreide und Vitriole-Spiritu, ein rechter Alaun erwächset: ...</i> <dl><dd></dd> <dd>[... as from chalk and sulfuric acid, a real alum arises ...] <dl><dd><dl><dd>— G. E. Stahl (1723)<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl-1723_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl-1723-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Concentrirt man hingegen diese solution gelinde, und läßt sie crystallisiren, so schiessen harte und mercklich adstringente und hinter her etwas süßliche crystallen an, die allen Umständen nach in der Haupt-Sach nichts anders sind als ein formaler Alaun. Diese Entdeckung ist in der physicalischen Chymie von Wichtigkeit. Man hat bishero geglaubt, die Grund-Erde des Alauns sey eine in acido Vitrioli solvirte kalckige ... Erde, ...</i> <dl><dd></dd> <dd>[On the other hand, if one gently concentrates this solution, and lets it crystallize, then there precipitate hard, noticeably astringent crystals with a somewhat sweet aftertaste, which in all circumstances are mainly nothing other than a form of alum. This discovery is of importance to chemistry. One had hitherto believed <span style="color:gray">[that]</span> the fundamental earth of alum is a calcareous ... earth dissolved in sulfuric <span class="nowrap">acid, ...]</span> <dl><dd><dl><dd>— J. H. Pott (1746)<sup id="cite_ref-Pott-1746-Chym-Untrs_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pott-1746-Chym-Untrs-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> After acknowledging that Marggraf had noticed that potash caused alum to crystallize from a solution of alumina and sulfuric acid, Bergman adds <dl><dd><i>"Notatu quoque dignum est, quod hoc cristallisationis obstaculum alcali volatili aeque tollatur, non vero alkali minerali et calce."</i> <dl><dd>[It is significant as well that by <span style="color:gray">[use of]</span> the volatile alkali (<i>i.e., ammonia</i>) this obstacle to crystallization is similarly removed, but not <span style="color:gray">[in the cases of]</span> mineral alkali]</dd> <dd>(<i>i.e., sodium carbonate and lime</i>). <dl><dd>— Bergman (1767)<sup id="cite_ref-Bergman-1767_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergman-1767-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On the contrary, I was surprised in an unexpected manner, by discovering in it another constituent part, consisting of a substance, the existence of which, certainly, no one person would have conjectured within the limits of the mineral kingdom ... This constituent part of leucite ... is no other than <i>pot-ash</i>, which, hitherto, has been thought <i>exclusively</i> to belong to the <i>vegetable kingdom</i>, and has, on this account, been called <i>vegetable alkali</i>. <dl><dd></dd></dl> This discovery, which I think of great importance, cannot fail to occasion considerable changes in the systems of natural <span class="nowrap">history, ... ." — <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">M. H. Klaproth</a> (1801)<sup id="cite_ref-Klaproth-1801_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaproth-1801-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Austin-1984-Shreves-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Austin-1984-Shreves_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austin-1984-Shreves_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austin-1984-Shreves_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAustin1984" class="citation book cs1">Austin, George T. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=12ahTF69BAEC&q=alums&pg=PA357"><i>Shreve's Chemical process industries</i></a> (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070571471" title="Special:BookSources/9780070571471"><bdi>9780070571471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shreve%27s+Chemical+process+industries&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=357&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780070571471&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D12ahTF69BAEC%26q%3Dalums%26pg%3DPA357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InvivoGen-Alum-adjvt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InvivoGen-Alum-adjvt_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invivogen.com/alhydrogel">"Alhydrogel"</a>. <i>InvivoGen</i>. Alum vaccine adjuvant for research. 25 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InvivoGen&rft.atitle=Alhydrogel&rft.date=2016-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.invivogen.com%2Falhydrogel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Picon-etal-2005-lAlun-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Picon-etal-2005-lAlun_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPicon,_M.2005" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Picon" title="Maurice Picon">Picon, M.</a>; et al. (2005). <i>L'alun des oasis occidentales d'Egypte: Researches sur terrain et recherches en laboratoire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=L%27alun+des+oasis+occidentales+d%27Egypte%3A+Researches+sur+terrain+et+recherches+en+laboratoire&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Picon%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borgard-Brun-Picon-2005-06-07-alunMedit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borgard-Brun-Picon-2005-06-07-alunMedit_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borgard-Brun-Picon-2005-06-07-alunMedit_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borgard-Brun-Picon-2005-06-07-alunMedit_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorgard,_PhilippeBrun,_Jean-PierrePicon,_Maurice2005" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-location-test cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borgard, Philippe; Brun, Jean-Pierre; Picon, Maurice, eds. (7–8 June 2005). Written at Centre Jean Bérard, Naples, Aix-en-Provence. <i>L'alun de Mediterranée</i>. Colloque International, Naples, Lipari. Collection du Centre Jean Bérard (in French, English, Italian, Ancient Greek, Mycenaean Greek, and Spanish). Vol. 23. Naples, IT: Publications du Centre Jean Bérard (published 2015). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-918887-37-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-918887-37-9"><bdi>978-2-918887-37-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/492478586">492478586</a>. <q>Histoire et archéologie des Mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux" (UMR 5648 du CNRS). Textes des communications en français, anglais, italien, citations en grec ancien, mycénien, espagnol.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=L%27alun+de+Mediterran%C3%A9e&rft.place=Naples%2C+IT&rft.series=Collection+du+Centre+Jean+B%C3%A9rard&rft.pub=Publications+du+Centre+Jean+B%C3%A9rard&rft.date=2005-06-07%2F2005-06-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F492478586&rft.isbn=978-2-918887-37-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2903189846" title="Special:BookSources/2903189846">2903189846</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-903189-84-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-903189-84-6">978-2-903189-84-6</a> — ISBNs may be muddled with a 2003 conf., same name, and 2015 publ. date is suspect.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herodotus-c430ʙᴄᴇ-Hists-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus-c430ʙᴄᴇ-Hists_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerodotusn.d." class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (n.d.) [c. 430 BCE]. <i>Historíai̯</i> <bdi lang="el">Ἱστορίαι</bdi> [<i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">The Histories</a></i>]. 2.180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histor%C3%ADai%CC%AF+%E1%BC%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%B9&rft.pages=2.180&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archontidou-2005-alunMedit-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archontidou-2005-alunMedit_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArchontidou2005" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Archontidou, A. (2005). <i>Un atelier de preparation de l'alun a partir de l'alunite dans l'isle de Lesbos</i> (in French and Ancient Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Un+atelier+de+preparation+de+l%27alun+a+partir+de+l%27alunite+dans+l%27isle+de+Lesbos&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Archontidou&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span> <sup id="cite_ref-Borgard-Brun-Picon-2005-06-07-alunMedit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borgard-Brun-Picon-2005-06-07-alunMedit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall-Jones-2005-alunMedit-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall-Jones-2005-alunMedit_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallPhotos-Jones2005" class="citation conference cs1">Hall, A. J.; Photos-Jones, E. (2005). <i>The nature of Melian alumen and its potential for exploitation in Antiquity</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+nature+of+Melian+alumen+and+its+potential+for+exploitation+in+Antiquity&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Photos-Jones%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span> <sup id="cite_ref-Borgard-Brun-Picon-2005-06-07-alunMedit_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borgard-Brun-Picon-2005-06-07-alunMedit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlinySr-NatHist-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PlinySr-NatHist_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlinySr-NatHist_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaius_Plinius_Secundusn.d." class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Gaius Plinius Secundus</a> (n.d.) [c. 79]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D35%3Achapter%3D52">"Alumen, and the several varieties of it; Thirty-eight remedies"</a>. <i>Naturalis Historia</i> [<i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural History">Natural History</a></i>]. Perseus Digital Library (in Latin and English). <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>. book 35, chapter 52<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alumen%2C+and+the+several+varieties+of+it%3B+Thirty-eight+remedies&rft.btitle=Naturalis+Historia&rft.pages=book-35%2C+chapter-52&rft.pub=Tufts+University&rft.au=Gaius+Plinius+Secundus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0137%253Abook%253D35%253Achapter%253D52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dioscor-MatMed-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dioscor-MatMed_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDioscorides" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides, Pedanius</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i> [<i>On Medical Materials</i>] (in Greek and Latin). book 5, chapter 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Materia+Medica&rft.pages=book-5%2C+chapter-123&rft.aulast=Dioscorides&rft.aufirst=Pedanius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chisholm-1911-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm-1911_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alum" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alum">Alum</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">766–</span>767.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alum&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E766-%3C%2Fspan%3E767&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goitein-Sanders-1967-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goitein-Sanders-1967_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoiteinSanders1967" class="citation book cs1">Goitein, Shelomo Dov; Sanders, Paula (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzOvJHFTTeUC"><i>A Mediterranean Society: Daily life</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520048695" title="Special:BookSources/0520048695"><bdi>0520048695</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mediterranean+Society%3A+Daily+life&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0520048695&rft.aulast=Goitein&rft.aufirst=Shelomo+Dov&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUzOvJHFTTeUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stahl-1703-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stahl-1703_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahl-1703_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStahl1703" class="citation book cs1">Stahl, G. E. (1703). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/pageview/4572022"><i>Specimen Beccherianum</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, DE: Johann Ludwig Gleditsch. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specimen+Beccherianum&rft.place=Leipzig%2C+DE&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Johann+Ludwig+Gleditsch&rft.date=1703&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-rara.ch%2Fzut%2Fcontent%2Fpageview%2F4572022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stahl-1723-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stahl-1723_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stahl-1723_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStahl1723" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stahl, George Ernst (1723). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvVlAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA305">"XXXII"</a>. <i>Ausführliche Betrachtung und zulänglicher Beweiß von den Talken daß dieselbe aus einer zarten Erde mit Wasser innig verbunden bestehen</i> (in German). p. 305 ff. <q>In Berlegung des Wänsenhauses</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXXII&rft.btitle=Ausf%C3%BChrliche+Betrachtung+und+zul%C3%A4nglicher+Bewei%C3%9F+von+den+Talken+da%C3%9F+dieselbe+aus+einer+zarten+Erde+mit+Wasser+innig+verbunden+bestehen&rft.pages=305-ff&rft.date=1723&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=George+Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvVlAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pott-1746-Chym-Untrs-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pott-1746-Chym-Untrs_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pott-1746-Chym-Untrs_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPott1746" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pott, Johann Heinrich (1746). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxZAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA32"><i>Chymische Untersuchungen, welche fürnehmlich von der Lithogeognosia oder Erkäntniß und Bearbeitung der gemeinen einfacheren Steine und Erden ingleichen von Feuer und Licht handeln</i></a> [<i>Chemical investigations which primarily concern lithogeognosia or knowledge and processing of common simple rocks and earths as well as fire and light</i>] (in German). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a>: Christian Friedrich Voss. p. 32 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chymische+Untersuchungen%2C+welche+f%C3%BCrnehmlich+von+der+Lithogeognosia+oder+Erk%C3%A4ntni%C3%9F+und+Bearbeitung+der+gemeinen+einfacheren+Steine+und+Erden+ingleichen+von+Feuer+und+Licht+handeln&rft.place=Potsdam%2C+DE&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Christian+Friedrich+Voss&rft.date=1746&rft.aulast=Pott&rft.aufirst=Johann+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuxZAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marggraf-1754-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marggraf-1754_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marggraf-1754_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarggraf1754" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund (1754). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433009864186;view=1up;seq=41">"Expériences qui concernent la régénération de l'alun de sa propre terre, l'après avoir séparé par l'acide vitriolique; avec quelques compositions artificielles de l'alun par moyen d'autres terres, et dudit acide"</a> [Experiments that concern the regeneration of alum from its own earth, after having separating it by sulfuric acid; with some artificial compounds of alum by means of other earths and the aforesaid acid]. <i>Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences et belles-lettres de Berlin</i> (in French). Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>66 – via Hathi Trust Digital Library (hathitrust.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+sciences+et+belles-lettres+de+Berlin&rft.atitle=Exp%C3%A9riences+qui+concernent+la+r%C3%A9g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration+de+l%27alun+de+sa+propre+terre%2C+l%27apr%C3%A8s+avoir+s%C3%A9par%C3%A9+par+l%27acide+vitriolique%3B+avec+quelques+compositions+artificielles+de+l%27alun+par+moyen+d%27autres+terres%2C+et+dudit+acide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1754&rft.aulast=Marggraf&rft.aufirst=Andreas+Sigismund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433009864186%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergman-1767-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergman-1767_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergman-1767_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBergman1767" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Torbern_Bergman" title="Torbern Bergman">Bergman, T. O.</a> (1767). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HcuNbkfxYQMC&pg=PA307">"IX. De confectione Aluminis"</a>. <i>Opuscula Physica et Chemica</i> (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lipsiae (Leipzig): Bibliopolio I.G. Mülleriano (I.G. Müller) (published 1788). pp. <span class="nowrap">306–</span>307 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IX.+De+confectione+Aluminis&rft.btitle=Opuscula+Physica+et+Chemica&rft.place=Lipsiae+%28Leipzig%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.pub=Bibliopolio+I.G.+M%C3%BClleriano+%28I.G.+M%C3%BCller%29&rft.date=1767&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=T.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHcuNbkfxYQMC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klaproth-1797-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klaproth-1797_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlaproth1797" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Klaproth, M. H.</a> (1797). <i>Beiträge zur Chemischen Kenntniss Der Mineralkörper</i> [<i>Contributions to our Chemical Knowledge of Minerals</i>] (in German). Decker and Co., <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Posen</a>; Heinrich August Rottmann, Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Chemischen+Kenntniss+Der+Mineralk%C3%B6rper&rft.pub=Decker+and+Co.%2C+Posen%3B+Heinrich+August+Rottmann%2C+Berlin&rft.date=1797&rft.aulast=Klaproth&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066422746;view=1up;seq=65"><i>pp. 45–46</i></a>. Bei Decker ... ; Bei Heinrich August Rottmann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=pp.+45%E2%80%9346&rft.pub=Bei+Decker+...+%3B+Bei+Heinrich+August+Rottmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433066422746%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span> & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433066422746;view=1up;seq=213"><i>p. 193</i></a>. Bei Decker ... ; Bei Heinrich August Rottmann – via Hathi Trust Digital Library (hathitrust.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=p.+193&rft.pub=Bei+Decker+...+%3B+Bei+Heinrich+August+Rottmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433066422746%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klaproth-1801-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klaproth-1801_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klaproth-1801_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlaproth1801" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Klaproth, M. H.</a> (1801). <i>Analytical Essays Towards Promoting the Chemical Knowledge of Mineral Substances</i>. London, UK: T. Cadell, Jr. & W. Davies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analytical+Essays+Towards+Promoting+the+Chemical+Knowledge+of+Mineral+Substances&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=T.+Cadell%2C+Jr.+%26+W.+Davies&rft.date=1801&rft.aulast=Klaproth&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/analyticalessay01klapgoog#page/n374/mode/2up">"pp. 353–354"</a>. 1801.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pp.+353%E2%80%93354&rft.date=1801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fanalyticalessay01klapgoog%23page%2Fn374%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span> & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/analyticalessay01klapgoog#page/n494/mode/2up">"p. 472"</a>. 1801 – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=p.+472&rft.date=1801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fanalyticalessay01klapgoog%23page%2Fn494%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vauquelin-1797-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vauquelin-1797_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVauquelin1797" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin" title="Louis Nicolas Vauquelin">Vauquelin, L. N.</a> (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015065209101;view=1up;seq=266">"Sur la nature de l'Alun du commerce, sur l'existence de la potasse dans ce sel, et sur diverses combinaisons simples ou triples de l'alumine avec l'acide sulfurique"</a>. <i>Annales de Chimie et de Physique</i>. 1st series (in French). <b>22</b>: <span class="nowrap">258–</span>279 – via Hathi Trust Digital Library (hathitrust.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Chimie+et+de+Physique&rft.atitle=Sur+la+nature+de+l%27Alun+du+commerce%2C+sur+l%27existence+de+la+potasse+dans+ce+sel%2C+et+sur+diverses+combinaisons+simples+ou+triples+de+l%27alumine+avec+l%27acide+sulfurique&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.date=1797&rft.aulast=Vauquelin&rft.aufirst=L.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015065209101%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaptal-1797-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chaptal-1797_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaptal1797" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Chaptal" title="Jean-Antoine Chaptal">Chaptal, J.-A.</a> (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015065209101;view=1up;seq=288">"Comparée des quatre principales sortes d'Alun connues dans le commerce; et Observations sur leur nature et leur usage"</a>. <i>Annales de Chimie et de Physique</i>. 1st series (in French). <b>22</b>: <span class="nowrap">280–</span>296 – via Hathi Trust Digital Library (hathitrust.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Chimie+et+de+Physique&rft.atitle=Compar%C3%A9e+des+quatre+principales+sortes+d%27Alun+connues+dans+le+commerce%3B+et+Observations+sur+leur+nature+et+leur+usage&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E280-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=1797&rft.aulast=Chaptal&rft.aufirst=J.-A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015065209101%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helmboldt-Hudson-Misra-etal-2007-UllmannEncyc-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Helmboldt-Hudson-Misra-etal-2007-UllmannEncyc_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelmboldtHudsonMisraWefers2007" class="citation book cs1">Helmboldt, Otto; Hudson, L. Keith; Misra, Chanakya; Wefers, Karl; Heck, Wolfgang; Stark, Hans; Danner, Max; Rösch, Norbert (2007). "Aluminum compounds, inorganic". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epdf.pub/ullmanns-encyclopedia-of-industrial-chemistry-electronic-release-2007.html"><i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i></a> (electronic ed.). Weinheim, DE: Wiley-VCH. pp. a01_527.pub2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a01_527.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a01_527.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783527306732" title="Special:BookSources/9783527306732"><bdi>9783527306732</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-29</span></span>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aluminum+compounds%2C+inorganic&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim%2C+DE&rft.pages=a01_527.pub2&rft.edition=electronic&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a01_527.pub2&rft.isbn=9783527306732&rft.aulast=Helmboldt&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft.au=Hudson%2C+L.+Keith&rft.au=Misra%2C+Chanakya&rft.au=Wefers%2C+Karl&rft.au=Heck%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Stark%2C+Hans&rft.au=Danner%2C+Max&rft.au=R%C3%B6sch%2C+Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepdf.pub%2Fullmanns-encyclopedia-of-industrial-chemistry-electronic-release-2007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-352730385-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-352730385-4">978-352730385-4</a> (print), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-352730673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-352730673-2">978-352730673-2</a> (online).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cork-1927-10-LED-Phil-Mag-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cork-1927-10-LED-Phil-Mag_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCork1927" class="citation journal cs1">Cork, J. M. (1927-10-01). "LX. The crystal structure of some of the alums". <i>The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science</i>. <b>4</b> (23): <span class="nowrap">688–</span>698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786441008564371">10.1080/14786441008564371</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-5982">1941-5982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=LX.+The+crystal+structure+of+some+of+the+alums&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E688-%3C%2Fspan%3E698&rft.date=1927-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786441008564371&rft.issn=1941-5982&rft.aulast=Cork&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blake-Blade-2020-01-11-shaving-Alum-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blake-Blade-2020-01-11-shaving-Alum_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blakenblade.com/alum-block-for-shaving-how-to-guide">"Alum block for shaving – when and how to use one"</a>. <i>Blake'n Blade shave shop (blakenblade.com)</i>. 11 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blake%27n+Blade+shave+shop+%28blakenblade.com%29&rft.atitle=Alum+block+for+shaving+%E2%80%93+when+and+how+to+use+one&rft.date=2020-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblakenblade.com%2Falum-block-for-shaving-how-to-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaudhury-Rafei-2001-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhury-Rafei-2001_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhury-Rafei-2001_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuryRafei2001" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhury, Ranjit Roy; Rafei, Uton Muchtar (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/206025/B0104.pdf?sequence"><i>Traditional Medicine in Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New Delhi: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9290222247" title="Special:BookSources/9290222247"><bdi>9290222247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Medicine+in+Asia&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9290222247&rft.aulast=Chaudhury&rft.aufirst=Ranjit+Roy&rft.au=Rafei%2C+Uton+Muchtar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F206025%2FB0104.pdf%3Fsequence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emocling-c2018-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emocling-c2018_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emocling-c2018_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmoclingc._2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Emocling, Oliver (c. 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scoutmag.ph/style/beauty/tawas-natural-deodorant-brands-olivere-20190205">"Tawas might be the best natural deodorant, but give these brands a try"</a>. <i>Scout Magazine</i>. Manila, Philippines: Hinge Inquirer Publications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scout+Magazine&rft.atitle=Tawas+might+be+the+best+natural+deodorant%2C+but+give+these+brands+a+try&rft.aulast=Emocling&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoutmag.ph%2Fstyle%2Fbeauty%2Ftawas-natural-deodorant-brands-olivere-20190205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorman2024" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Jill (2024). <i>The English Table - Our Food Through the Ages</i>. London: Reaktion Books Ltd. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_1_78914_933_3" title="Special:BookSources/978 1 78914 933 3"><bdi>978 1 78914 933 3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Table+-+Our+Food+Through+the+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781789149333&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, Suzanne, director. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9gv5528JZQ"><i>The Hidden Killers of the Victorian Home</i></a>. Sterling Documentaries, 27 Jan. 2018. Accessed 9 Oct. 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawfurd-1856-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crawfurd-1856_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrawfurd1856" class="citation book cs1">Crawfurd, John (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog"><i>A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries</i></a>. Bradbury and Evans. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adescriptivedic00crawgoog/page/n24">11</a> – via Internet Archive (archive.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Descriptive+Dictionary+of+the+Indian+Islands+and+Adjacent+Countries&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Bradbury+and+Evans&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Crawfurd&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadescriptivedic00crawgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villegas-2004-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Villegas-2004_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVillegas2004" class="citation book cs1">Villegas, Ramon N. (2004). <i>Ginto: History wrought in gold</i>. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, The Gold Collection. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ginto%3A+History+wrought+in+gold&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Bangko+Sentral+ng+Pilipinas%2C+The+Gold+Collection&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Villegas&rft.aufirst=Ramon+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyrness-1992-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dyrness-1992_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyrness1992" class="citation book cs1">Dyrness, William A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3OgdjmR7beAC"><i>Invitation to Cross-cultural Theology: Case studies in vernacular theologies</i></a>. Zondervan. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310535812" title="Special:BookSources/9780310535812"><bdi>9780310535812</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invitation+to+Cross-cultural+Theology%3A+Case+studies+in+vernacular+theologies&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780310535812&rft.aulast=Dyrness&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3OgdjmR7beAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornedo-2000-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hornedo-2000_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHornedo2000" class="citation book cs1">Hornedo, Florentino H. (2000). <i>Taming the Wind: Ethno-cultural history on the Ivatan of the Batanes Isles</i>. Manila, Philippines: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House. pp. <span class="nowrap">197–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789715061230" title="Special:BookSources/9789715061230"><bdi>9789715061230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taming+the+Wind%3A+Ethno-cultural+history+on+the+Ivatan+of+the+Batanes+Isles&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=University+of+Santo+Tomas+Publishing+House&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789715061230&rft.aulast=Hornedo&rft.aufirst=Florentino+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mercado-1997-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mercado-1997_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMercado1997" class="citation book cs1">Mercado, Leonardo N. (1997). <i>Doing Filipino Theology</i>. Divine Word Publications. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789715101035" title="Special:BookSources/9789715101035"><bdi>9789715101035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+Filipino+Theology&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Divine+Word+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789715101035&rft.aulast=Mercado&rft.aufirst=Leonardo+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starr-1930-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Starr-1930_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarr1930" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Frederick (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024649074"><i>Some Filipino Beliefs</i></a>. W. Glaisher. p. 75 – via Hathi Trust Digital Library (hathitrust.org).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Filipino+Beliefs&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=W.+Glaisher&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015024649074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-2013-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee-2013_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2013" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Nancy (6 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZscAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT114"><i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Making Metal Jewelry</i></a>. DK. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61564-370-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61564-370-7"><bdi>978-1-61564-370-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Making+Metal+Jewelry&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2013-08-06&rft.isbn=978-1-61564-370-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZscAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Locke-1902-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Locke-1902_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLocke1902" class="citation journal cs1">Locke, J. (1902). "On some double suphates of thallic thallium and caesium". <i>American Chemical Journal</i>. <b>27</b>: 281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Chemical+Journal&rft.atitle=On+some+double+suphates+of+thallic+thallium+and+caesium&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=281&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell-Fabre-1887-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell-Fabre-1887_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBell1887" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bell, Chichester H. (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dftJAQAAMAAJ&q=selenate%20alums&pg=PA1014">"Selenium Alums"</a>. Abstracts of chemical papers. Inorganic chemistry. <i>Journal of the Chemical Society</i>. LII. Part II.: 1014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-19</span></span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Selenium+Alums&rft.volume=LII.+Part+II.&rft.pages=1014&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Chichester+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdftJAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dselenate%2520alums%26pg%3DPA1014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span> – Summary by C.H. Bell of original French article by C. Fabre, below: <dl><dd></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFabre1887" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fabre, Charles (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3061j/f114.item">"Sur les aluns formés par l'acide sélénique"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Comptes_rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences">Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences</a></i> (in French). <b>105</b>: <span class="nowrap">114–</span>115. <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">BHL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26775">page 26775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+sciences&rft.atitle=Sur+les+aluns+form%C3%A9s+par+l%27acide+s%C3%A9l%C3%A9nique&rft.volume=105&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Fabre&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k3061j%2Ff114.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mindat-Halotrichite-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mindat-Halotrichite_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-1809.html">"Halotrichite"</a>. <i>Mindat.org</i>. Keswick, VA: Hudson Institute of Mineralogy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mindat.org&rft.atitle=Halotrichite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fmin-1809.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood-Earnshaw-1997-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood-Earnshaw-1997_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, N. N. & Earnshaw, A. (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-3365-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-3365-4"><bdi>0-7506-3365-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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