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<ul id="toc-Ancient_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Plato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stoicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stoicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Stoicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stoicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnosticism_and_Neoplatonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism_and_Neoplatonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gnosticism and Neoplatonism</span> </div> </a> <button 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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoplatonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoplatonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Neoplatonism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoplatonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_Renaissance_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_Renaissance_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Medieval and Renaissance thought</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medieval_and_Renaissance_thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medieval and Renaissance thought subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_Renaissance_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Scholasticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hermeticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hermeticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hermeticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hermeticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paracelsus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paracelsus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Paracelsus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paracelsus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giordano_Bruno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giordano_Bruno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Giordano Bruno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giordano_Bruno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert_Fludd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Fludd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Robert Fludd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Fludd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_European_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_European_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later European philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_European_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_relevance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_relevance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern relevance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_relevance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern relevance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_relevance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecological_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ecological perspectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_and_scientific_discourse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_and_scientific_discourse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Philosophical and scientific discourse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_and_scientific_discourse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_and_New_Age_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_and_New_Age_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Spiritual and New Age movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_and_New_Age_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Literature and the arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85" title="روح العالم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روح العالم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anima mundi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Душа на света – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Душа на света" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anima mundi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltseele" title="Weltseele – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltseele" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anima mundi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animo_de_la_mondo" title="Animo de la mondo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Animo de la mondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="روح جهانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روح جهانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anima mundi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EC%98%81%ED%98%BC" title="세계 영혼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세계 영혼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB" title="Աշխարհի հոգի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշխարհի հոգի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1a_svijeta" title="Duša svijeta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Duša svijeta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_del_mondo" title="Anima del mondo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anima del mondo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="נפש העולם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפש העולם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85" title="Абсолютті рух – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Абсолютті рух" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wereldziel" title="Wereldziel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wereldziel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%9C%8A%E9%AD%82" title="宇宙霊魂 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙霊魂" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anima mundi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anima mundi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anima mundi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Мировая душа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мировая душа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anima mundi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1a_sveta" title="Duša sveta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Duša sveta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Душа света – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Душа света" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1a_sveta" title="Duša sveta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Duša sveta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rldssj%C3%A4l" title="Världssjäl – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Världssjäl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anima mundi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Universal_Soul&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="The Universal Soul">The Universal Soul</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept in metaphysics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Anima_Mundi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Anima Mundi (disambiguation)">Anima Mundi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anima_Mundi_(by_Robert_Fludd,_Utriusque_Cosmi_Historia,_1617).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anima_Mundi_%28by_Robert_Fludd%2C_Utriusque_Cosmi_Historia%2C_1617%29.png/200px-Anima_Mundi_%28by_Robert_Fludd%2C_Utriusque_Cosmi_Historia%2C_1617%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anima_Mundi_%28by_Robert_Fludd%2C_Utriusque_Cosmi_Historia%2C_1617%29.png/300px-Anima_Mundi_%28by_Robert_Fludd%2C_Utriusque_Cosmi_Historia%2C_1617%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Anima_Mundi_%28by_Robert_Fludd%2C_Utriusque_Cosmi_Historia%2C_1617%29.png/400px-Anima_Mundi_%28by_Robert_Fludd%2C_Utriusque_Cosmi_Historia%2C_1617%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="1287" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the correspondences between all parts of the <a href="/wiki/Creationism#Christianity" title="Creationism">created</a> cosmos, with its soul depicted as a woman, from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fludd" title="Robert Fludd">Robert Fludd</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Utriusque Cosmi Maioris Scilicet et Minoris Metaphysica, Physica atque Technica Historia</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of the <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">anima mundi</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>), <b>world soul</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ψυχὴ κόσμου</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">psychḕ kósmou</i></span>), or <b>soul of the world</b> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψυχὴ τοῦ κόσμου</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">psychḕ toû kósmou</i></span>) posits an intrinsic connection between all living beings, suggesting that the world is animated by a <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> much like the human body. Rooted in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Roman philosophy</a>, the idea holds that the world soul infuses the cosmos with life and intelligence. This notion has been influential across various systems of thought, including <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a>, shaping metaphysical and cosmological frameworks throughout history. </p><p>In ancient philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s dialogue <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> introduces the universe as a living creature endowed with a soul and reason, constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurge</a> according to a rational pattern expressed through mathematical principles. Plato describes the world soul as a mixture of sameness and difference, forming a unified, harmonious entity that permeates the cosmos. This soul animates the universe, ensuring its rational structure and function according to a divine plan, with the motions of the seven <a href="/wiki/Classical_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical planets">classical planets</a> reflecting the deep connection between mathematics and reality in Platonic thought. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> are two significant philosophical systems that elaborated on this concept. Stoicism, founded by <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a> in the early 3rd century BCE, posited that the universe is a single, living entity permeated by the divine rational principle known as the logos, which organizes and animates the cosmos, functioning as its soul. Gnosticism, emerging in the early centuries of the Common Era, often associates the world soul with <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia</a>, who embodies divine wisdom and the descent into the material world. Gnostics believed that esoteric knowledge could transcend the material world and reunite with the divine. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a> also incorporated the concept of the world soul into their cosmologies. Neoplatonism, flourishing in the 3rd century CE through philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a>, proposed a hierarchical structure of existence with the World Soul acting as an intermediary between the intelligible realm and the material world, animating and organizing the cosmos. Hermeticism, based on writings attributed to <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a>, views the world soul as a vital force uniting the cosmos. Hermetic texts describe the cosmos as a living being imbued with a divine spirit, emphasizing the unity and interconnection of all things. Aligning oneself with the world soul is seen as a path to spiritual enlightenment and union with the divine, a belief that experienced a resurgence during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> when Hermeticism was revived and integrated into Renaissance thought, influencing various intellectual and spiritual movements of the time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_philosophy">Ancient philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plato">Plato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus (dialogue)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Category:Ancient Greek religion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#005daa">Ancient Greek religion</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laurel wreath"><img alt="Laurel wreath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg/80px-Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg/120px-Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg/160px-Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Mycenaean religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean deities">Mycenaean deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan Civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Sacred places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Sacred islands</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Sacred mountains</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lykaion" title="Mount Lykaion">Mount Lykaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Turkey)" title="Mount Ida (Turkey)">Mount Ida (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Mount Ida (Crete)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kyllini" title="Mount Kyllini">Mount Kyllini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Othrys" title="Mount Othrys">Mount Othrys</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">Sanctuaries</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Other</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Zeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Zeus">Cave of Zeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Greek_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><table class="sidebar-subgroup" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6ffff;color:black;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6ffff;color:black;"> <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">Chthonic deities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melino%C3%AB" title="Melinoë">Melinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophonius" title="Trophonius">Trophonius</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6ffff;color:black;"> Lesser deities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia" title="Maia">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Worldview</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic Egg">Orphic Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld and afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miasma_(Ancient_Greek_religion)" title="Miasma (Ancient Greek religion)">Miasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">Daimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age" title="Greek Heroic Age">Heroic Age</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Divine and reality</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apeiron" title="Apeiron">Apeiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Mind</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(philosophy)" title="Anamnesis (philosophy)">Anamnesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheia" title="Apatheia">Apatheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">Episteme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoche">Epoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalepsis" title="Katalepsis">Katalepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Soul</b></div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">Metempsychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_theory_of_soul" title="Plato's theory of soul">Plato's theory of soul</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Ethics</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asebeia" title="Asebeia">Asebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule#Ancient_Greece" title="Golden Rule">Ethic of Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathekon" title="Kathekon">Kathekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikeiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oikeiosis">Oikeiosis</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Worship</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">Agalma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">Dithyramb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean" title="Paean">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgion" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgion">Orgion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiera_Orgas" title="Hiera Orgas">Hiera Orgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Sacrifices and offerings</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(sacrifice)" title="Holocaust (sacrifice)">Holokaustos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libation#Ancient_Greece" title="Libation">Libation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">Votive offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Ancient_Greece" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal Sacrifice</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Temples and holy sites</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">Temenos</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Meditation and charity</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Rites of passage</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral Rites</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Festivals</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">Thesmophoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnephoria" title="Daphnephoria">Daphnephoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrephoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrephoria">Arrephoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronia" title="Kronia">Kronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis#Local_cult" title="Nemesis">Genesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaphebolia" title="Elaphebolia">Elaphebolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyanopsia" title="Pyanopsia">Pyanopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalceia" title="Chalceia">Khalkeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloa" title="Haloa">Haloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halieia" title="Halieia">Halieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thargelia" title="Thargelia">Thargelia</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Monthly festivals</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noumenia" title="Noumenia">Noumenia</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Religious games</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaia">Panathenaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleia_(festival)" title="Heracleia (festival)">Herakleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <dl><dd><b>Ancient</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes of Syros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian (emperor)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Corpus Hermeticum</a></li> <li><span class="noitalic"><a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derveni_papyrus" title="Derveni papyrus">Derveni papyrus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Hymns" title="Orphic Hymns">Orphic Hymns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_sanctuaries_in_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greek sanctuaries in Greece">Pilgrimage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_tolerance_of_Paganism_from_Julian_until_Valens" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration and tolerance of Paganism from Julian until Valens">Julian restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)#21st_century_and_official_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Modern Restoration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/16px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/24px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Template:Ancient Greek religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> described the universe as a living being in his dialogue <i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> (30b–d): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thus, then, in accordance with the likely account, we must declare that this Cosmos has verily come into existence as a Living Creature endowed with soul and reason [...] a Living Creature, one and visible, containing within itself all the living creatures which are by nature akin to itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_30b–d_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_30b–d-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Plato's <i>Timaeus</i> describes this living cosmos as being built by the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_30a_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_30a-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> constructed to be <a href="/wiki/Law_of_identity" title="Law of identity">self-identical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligibility_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligibility (philosophy)">intelligible</a> to reason,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_29a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_29a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to a rational pattern expressed in <a href="/wiki/Mathematical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical">mathematical</a> principles and <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagorean ratio">Pythagorean ratios</a> describing the structure of the cosmos, and particularly the motions of the seven <a href="/wiki/Classical_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical planets">classical planets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_34c–36eGuthrie1986Gregory2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_34c–36eGuthrie1986Gregory2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The living universe is also a god titled <a href="/wiki/Ouranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouranos">Ouranos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmos#Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Cosmos">Kosmos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_28b2–7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_28b2–7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which shows, as scholars have argued, that Plato mediates between the poetic and presocratic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd1987Brisson1998Bartninkas2023_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd1987Brisson1998Bartninkas2023-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Timaeus</i>, Plato presents the cosmos as a single, living organism that possesses a soul and intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1986_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1986-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demiurge, a divine craftsman, creates the universe by imposing order on pre-existing chaotic matter. This creation is not ex nihilo but rather a process of organizing the cosmos according to the eternal Forms, which are perfect, immutable archetypes of all things.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherniss1945Brisson1998_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECherniss1945Brisson1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plato explains that the world soul is a mixture of the same and the different, woven together to form a unified, harmonious entity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon1996_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon1996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This soul permeates the entire cosmos, animating it and endowing it with life and intelligence. The world soul is responsible for the rational structure of the universe, ensuring that everything functions according to a divine plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorabji1983_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorabji1983-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rational pattern of the cosmos is expressed through mathematical principles and Pythagorean ratios, reflecting the deep connection between mathematics and the structure of reality in Platonic thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorabji1983_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorabji1983-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motions of the seven classical planets (the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) are particularly significant, as they embody the harmony and order of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker2000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plato's identification of the cosmos as a god, titled Ouranos and Kosmos, reveals his synthesis of different philosophical traditions. The name Ouranos connects the world soul to the ancient Greek personification of the sky, while Kosmos signifies order and beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1951_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1951-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mediating between poetic and presocratic traditions, Plato integrates mythological and philosophical elements into a coherent cosmological vision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachterman1989_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachterman1989-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stoicism">Stoicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stoicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Stoic_physics#Soul" title="Stoic physics">Stoic physics § Soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pneuma_(Stoic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneuma (Stoic)">Pneuma (Stoic)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic school of philosophy</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a> in the early 3rd century BCE, significantly contributed to the development of the concept of the world soul. Stoicism posits that the universe is a single, living entity permeated by a divine rational principle known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a></i>. This principle organizes and animates the cosmos, functioning as its soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongSedley1987Sellars2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongSedley1987Sellars2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central to Stoic cosmology is the belief that the <i>logos</i> operates as the rational structure underlying all existence. This rational principle is equated with God, nature, and the soul of the universe, making the cosmos a living, rational organism. The Stoics identified the world soul with the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Pneuma" title="Pneuma">pneuma</a></i>, a life-giving force that pervades and sustains all things. <i>Pneuma</i> is a mixture of air and fire, elements considered active and capable of bestowing life and motion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrede2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrede2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stoic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a> described the world soul in his "Hymn to Zeus", where he praises <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> (a personification of the <i>logos</i>) for harmonizing the cosmos and ensuring its rational order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInwoodGerson1997_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInwoodGerson1997-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a>, another prominent Stoic, further developed the idea of the world soul, arguing that it is the animating principle that ensures the coherence and unity of the cosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2001_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stoic view of the world soul differs from Plato's in that it emphasizes the materiality of the <i>pneuma</i>. For the Stoics, the soul of the universe is not an abstract, separate entity but a physical presence that interpenetrates the cosmos, providing it with structure and purpose. This physicalist interpretation reflects the Stoic commitment to the idea that only bodies can act and be acted upon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrede2011_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrede2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stoic concept of the world soul also has ethical implications. Since the <i>logos</i> governs the cosmos rationally, living in accordance with nature means aligning one's life with this rational order. The Stoics believed that by understanding and accepting the world's rational structure, individuals could achieve a state of tranquility and virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellars2006_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESellars2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gnosticism_and_Neoplatonism">Gnosticism and Neoplatonism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gnosticism and Neoplatonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)#As_world-soul" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia (Gnosticism) § As world-soul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:92%;"><span style="padding-left:2.25em;"> </span> <div style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.2em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Gnosticism" title="Category:Gnosticism">a series</a> on</span><br /><span style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraxas_gem_scan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/100px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/150px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/200px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Gnostic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbelo" title="Barbelo">Barbelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Seals" title="Five Seals">Five Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenoma" title="Kenoma">Kenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminary_(Gnosticism)" title="Luminary (Gnosticism)">Luminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Gnosticism)" title="Ogdoad (Gnosticism)">Ogdoad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaldabaoth" title="Yaldabaoth">Yaldabaoth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">Gnostic sects</a> and founders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">List of Gnostic sects</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Proto-Gnosticism" title="Proto-Gnosticism">Proto-Gnosticism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magh%C4%81riya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghāriya">Maghāriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasines" title="Thomasines">Thomasines</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Judean / Israelite</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Elksai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elkasaites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkasaites">Elkasaites</a></li></ul></li> <li>Samaritan Baptist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositheos_(Samaritan)" title="Dositheos (Samaritan)">Dositheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simonians" title="Simonians">Simonians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menander (gnostic)">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quqites" title="Quqites">Quqites</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Christian Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apelles_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apelles (gnostic)">Apelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin (gnostic)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicolaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perates" title="Perates">Perates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturninus_of_Antioch" title="Saturninus of Antioch">Saturninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilideans" title="Basilideans">Basilideans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Marcosian)" title="Marcus (Marcosian)">Marcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcosians" title="Marcosians">Marcosians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florinus_(Gnostic)" title="Florinus (Gnostic)">Florinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasines" title="Thomasines">Thomasine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbelo" title="Barbelo">Barbelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borborites" title="Borborites">Borborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpocratians_(Gnostic_sect)" title="Carpocratians (Gnostic sect)">Carpocratians (Gnostic sect)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerdo_(Gnostic)" title="Cerdo (Gnostic)">Cerdo (Gnostic)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Persian Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Chinese Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Islamic Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusayrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusayrism">Nusayrism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">Modern schools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_texts" title="List of Gnostic texts">Scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_texts" title="List of Gnostic texts">List of Gnostic texts</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Texts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Abdias" title="Pseudo-Abdias">Pseudo-Abdias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_and_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnosticism and the New Testament">Gnosticism and the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mandaean texts">Mandaean scriptures</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codices</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Tchacos" title="Codex Tchacos">Codex Tchacos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani-Codex" title="Cologne Mani-Codex">Cologne Mani-Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askew_Codex" title="Askew Codex">Askew Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Codex" title="Bruce Codex">Bruce Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Codex" title="Berlin Codex">Berlin Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Codex Nasaraeus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Influenced by</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism#Relation_with_early_Christianity" title="Gnosticism">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism#Paul_and_Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Paul and Gnosticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_(personification)" title="Wisdom (personification)">Wisdom (personification)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Influence on</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theosophy" title="Christian theosophy">Christian theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">Gnosticism in modern times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy (Blavatskian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gnosticism" title="Template:Gnosticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gnosticism" title="Template talk:Gnosticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, a diverse and syncretic religious movement that emerged in the early centuries of the Common Era, also incorporated the concept of the world soul into its cosmological and theological framework. Gnostic systems generally posited a dualistic worldview, contrasting the material world with a higher, spiritual reality. In this context, the world soul often played a crucial role in bridging the divine and material realms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonas2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonas2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Gnostic thought, the world soul is often associated with the figure of <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Wisdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia (Wisdom)">Sophia (Wisdom)</a>, who embodies both the divine wisdom and the tragic descent into the material world. Sophia's fall and subsequent redemption are central themes in many Gnostic texts. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a></i>, a key Gnostic scripture, Sophia's emanation resulted in the creation of the material world, which is seen as flawed and distant from the divine <i><a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">pleroma</a></i> (fullness).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnstoneMeyer2003_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnstoneMeyer2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Gnostic systems, the concept of the world soul often carries significant ethical and soteriological implications. Gnostics believed that by acquiring esoteric knowledge and understanding their divine origin, individuals could transcend the material world and reunite with the divine. This process of gnosis involved recognizing the world soul's entrapment in the material realm and working towards its liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonas2015_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonas2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Manichaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, a major Gnostic religion founded by the prophet <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> in the 3rd century CE, the world soul was also called the Light Soul and the Living Soul (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <i lang="pal" dir="rtl">grīw zīndag</i>), contrasting it with matter, which was associated with lifelessness and death and within which the world soul was imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundermann2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundermann2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world soul was personified as the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism#Jesus_the_Suffering" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Suffering Jesus</a> (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Jesus patibilis</i></span></i>) who, like the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism#Jesus_the_Messiah" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">historical Jesus</a>, was depicted as being crucified in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundermann2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundermann2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu199220_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu199220-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <i>mystica cruxificio</i> was present in all parts of the world, including the skies, soil, and trees, as expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean psalms">Manichaean psalms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1992127_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1992127-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mandaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, another Gnostic tradition that has survived to the present day, also incorporates a concept akin to the world soul. In Mandaean cosmology, the soul's journey through the material world and its eventual return to the World of Light is a central narrative. The soul's purification and ascent are facilitated by esoteric knowledge and ritual practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Neoplatonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism#The_world-soul" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism § The world-soul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Neoplatonism" title="Category:Neoplatonism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus"><img alt="Reconstructed bust believed to represent Plotinus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plotin.jpg/90px-Plotin.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plotin.jpg/135px-Plotin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plotin.jpg/180px-Plotin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="792" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Reconstructed bust believed to represent Plotinus</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche">Arche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhema" title="Okhema">Okhema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcosm_and_macrocosm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcosm and macrocosm">Microcosm and macrocosm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Works</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Mysteries_of_the_Egyptians,_Chaldeans,_and_Assyrians" title="On the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians">De Mysteriis Aegyptiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_Causis" title="Liber de Causis">Liber de Causis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Consolation of Philosophy">The Consolation of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Coelesti_Hierarchia" title="De Coelesti Hierarchia">De Coelesti Hierarchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_divisione_naturae" title="De divisione naturae">De divisione naturae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Oracles" title="Chaldean Oracles">Chaldean Oracles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist wraplinks"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">People</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">students</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite"><span class="nowrap">Pseudo-Dionysius</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_the_Invincible" title="David the Invincible">David the Invincible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Eriugena" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Scotus Eriugena">Johannes Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Blind" title="Isaac the Blind">Isaac the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Psellos" title="Michael Psellos">Michael Psellos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistus_Pletho" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemistus Pletho">Gemistus Pletho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge Platonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">in the Renaissance</a>)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato" title="Allegorical interpretations of Plato">Allegorical interpretations of Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrines" title="Plato's unwritten doctrines">Plato's unwritten doctrines</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Neoplatonism and<br />Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:none;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neoplatonism" title="Template:Neoplatonism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neoplatonism" title="Template talk:Neoplatonism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neoplatonism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neoplatonism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The concept of the world soul continued to influence later philosophical thought, particularly in the development of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>. Neoplatonists such as <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a> expanded on Plato's ideas, emphasizing the unity and divinity of the cosmos and its connection to <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism#The_One" title="Neoplatonism">the One</a>, the ultimate source of all existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon1996Brisson1998_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon1996Brisson1998-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neoplatonism, which flourished in the 3rd century CE, is a philosophical system that builds upon the teachings of Plato and incorporates metaphysical elements. Plotinus, the founder of Neoplatonism, articulated a vision of reality that centers on a hierarchical structure of existence. At the pinnacle of this hierarchy is the One, an ineffable and transcendent principle from which all reality emanates. The One generates the <i><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a></i> (Divine Mind), which in turn produces the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism#The_world-soul" title="Neoplatonism">World Soul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The World Soul in Neoplatonism functions as an intermediary between the intelligible realm (the realm of the Forms) and the sensible world (the material universe). Plotinus describes the World Soul as the vital force that animates and organizes the cosmos, imbuing it with life and intelligence. It is both one and many, maintaining unity while simultaneously generating individual souls and entities within the cosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proclus, a prominent later Neoplatonist, further developed these ideas. He posited a more elaborate structure, with the World Soul divided into a higher, more divine aspect and a lower, more material aspect. This dual nature allows the World Soul to mediate between the purely intellectual and the physical realms, ensuring the coherence and order of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Neoplatonists viewed the World Soul not only as a metaphysical principle but also as a means to achieve personal and cosmic harmony. By aligning one's soul with the World Soul, individuals could attain a higher state of being and participate in the divine order of the cosmos. This process involves philosophical contemplation, ethical living, and the cultivation of virtues that reflect the harmonious nature of the World Soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorabji1983Dillon1996_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorabji1983Dillon1996-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of Neoplatonism extended beyond the classical period, significantly impacting early Christian, Islamic, and Renaissance thought. The integration of Platonic and Neoplatonic ideas into Christian theology, particularly through the works of <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Dionysius">Pseudo-Dionysius</a>, demonstrates the enduring legacy of the concept of the World Soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1951Sorabji1983_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1951Sorabji1983-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_and_Renaissance_thought">Medieval and Renaissance thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medieval and Renaissance thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scholasticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/12th-Century_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="12th-Century Renaissance">12th-Century Renaissance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the analysis of Plato's <i>Timaeus</i> by members of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Chartres" title="School of Chartres">School of Chartres</a> like <a href="/wiki/William_of_Conches" title="William of Conches">William of Conches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernardus_Silvestris" title="Bernardus Silvestris">Bernardus Silvestris</a> led them to interpret the world soul as possibly or certainly the same as the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> under the covering (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">integumentum</i></span>) of another name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201996–97_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201996–97-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As or immediately after <a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a> was condemned by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1141_Council_of_Sens" class="mw-redirect" title="1141 Council of Sens">1141 Council of Sens</a> for doctrines similarly close to <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, William condemned his own writings on the subject and revised his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Philosophia_Mundi" class="mw-redirect" title="De Philosophia Mundi">De Philosophia Mundi</a></i></span> to avoid its discussion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hermeticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hermeticism" title="Category:Hermeticism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hermes Trismegistus"><img alt="Hermes Trismegistus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg/110px-HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg/165px-HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg/220px-HermesTrismegistusCauc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="407" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><b><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Hermetic writings</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_(astrological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis (astrological)">Liber Hermetis (astrological)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_Hermes_Trismegistus_to_Asclepius" title="Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius"><i>Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Hermeticum" title="Corpus Hermeticum">Corpus Hermeticum</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poimandres" title="Poimandres">Poimandres</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius_(treatise)" title="Asclepius (treatise)"><i>Asclepius</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discourse_on_the_Eighth_and_Ninth" title="The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth"><i>Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Thanksgiving" title="Prayer of Thanksgiving">Prayer of Thanksgiving</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_kosmou" class="mw-redirect" title="Kore kosmou"><i>Korē kosmou</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyranides" title="Cyranides">Cyranides</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_stellis_beibeniis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber de stellis beibeniis"><i>The Book of the Secrets of the Stars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>The Secret of Creation</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet">Emerald Tablet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Istamakhis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab al-Istamakhis"><i>Kitāb al-Isṭamākhīs</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia">Liber Hermetis de alchemia</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Historical figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ancient and medieval</span></span></span></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(may be legendary)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi">Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Buni" title="Ahmad al-Buni">Aḥmad al-Būnī</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Early modern</span></span></span></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Lazzarelli" title="Lodovico Lazzarelli">Lodovico Lazzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fludd" title="Robert Fludd">Robert Fludd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Rosenkreuz" title="Christian Rosenkreuz">Christian Rosenkreuz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(legendary, see <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Modern offshoots</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_above,_so_below" title="As above, so below">As above, so below</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Philosophica_Hermetica" title="Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica">Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kybalion" title="The Kybalion">The Kybalion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetism_and_other_religions" title="Hermetism and other religions">Hermetism and other religions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hermeticism" title="Template:Hermeticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hermeticism" title="Template talk:Hermeticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hermeticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hermeticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a>, a spiritual, philosophical, and esoteric tradition based primarily on writings attributed to <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a>, integrates the concept of the world soul into its cosmological framework. The Hermetic tradition, which flourished in the Hellenistic period and saw a revival during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, views the world soul as a vital, animating force that permeates and unites the cosmos. </p><p>Hermetic writings, particularly the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Hermeticum" title="Corpus Hermeticum">Corpus Hermeticum</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></i>, emphasize the unity and interconnection of all things in the universe. These texts describe the cosmos as a living being imbued with a divine spirit or soul. The world soul is seen as the intermediary between the divine intellect (<i><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a></i>) and the material world, ensuring the harmonious functioning of the cosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopenhaver1992_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopenhaver1992-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Corpus Hermeticum</i>, the world soul is often depicted as an emanation of the divine that sustains all creation. This soul is responsible for the life, order, and movement within the universe, acting in accordance with the divine will. The Hermetic worldview is deeply rooted in the idea that understanding and aligning oneself with the world soul can lead to spiritual enlightenment and union with the divine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowden1986_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowden1986-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Paracelsus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Renaissance alchemist and physician <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> significantly contributed to the Hermetic tradition by integrating the concept of the world soul into his medical and <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemical</a> theories. Paracelsus believed that the world soul, which he referred to as the <i>Archeus</i>, was the vital force that governed the processes of nature and the human body. He posited that health and disease were influenced by the balance and interaction of this vital force within individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParacelsus1988_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParacelsus1988-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paracelsus' view of the world soul extended to his understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Macrocosm_and_microcosm" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocosm and microcosm">macrocosm and microcosm</a>, where the human body (microcosm) is a reflection of the larger universe (macrocosm). By studying the world soul's manifestations in nature, Paracelsus believed that alchemists and physicians could uncover the secrets of health and transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDebus2002_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDebus2002-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Giordano_Bruno">Giordano Bruno</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Giordano Bruno"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a>, a 16th-century Italian philosopher, theologian, and occultist, significantly contributed to the Renaissance revival of the Hermetic tradition. His work is known for its bold integration of Hermeticism, Copernican heliocentrism, and an infinite universe theory, which brought the concept of the world soul into a new, expansive context. </p><p>Bruno’s cosmology was groundbreaking in that it proposed an infinite universe populated by innumerable worlds. Central to this vision was the idea of the world soul, or <i>anima mundi</i>, which Bruno described as an immanent and animating force pervading the entire cosmos. He argued that the world soul is the source of all motion, life, and intelligence in the universe, linking all parts of the cosmos into a single, living entity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYates1991_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYates1991-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his work <i>De la causa, principio et uno</i> (<i>On Cause, Principle, and Unity</i>), Bruno articulated his belief in the unity of the universe and the presence of a single, universal spirit. This spirit, akin to the world soul, ensures the cohesion and harmony of the cosmos, reflecting the Hermetic principle of the interconnectedness of all things.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1962_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1962-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruno was deeply influenced by the Hermetic texts, particularly the <i>Corpus Hermeticum</i>, which he saw as containing profound truths about the nature of the universe and the divine. His philosophy integrated the Hermetic concept of the world soul with the revolutionary scientific ideas of his time, leading to a vision of the cosmos that was both mystical and rational.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowden1986_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowden1986-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruno's emphasis on the world soul can also be seen in his metaphysical poetry and dialogues, where he often depicted the universe as a divine, living organism animated by an internal spirit. This perspective was revolutionary, challenging the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> view of a finite, hierarchical cosmos and aligning more closely with the Hermetic and <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonic">Neoplatonic</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYates1991_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYates1991-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruno’s radical ideas, including his support for the Copernican model and his concept of an infinite universe with a pervasive world soul, led to his persecution by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. He was tried for heresy and ultimately burned at the stake in 1600. Despite his tragic end, Bruno's ideas significantly influenced later thinkers and contributed to the development of modern cosmology and metaphysics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland2008_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robert_Fludd">Robert Fludd</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Robert Fludd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another key figure in Hermeticism, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fludd" title="Robert Fludd">Robert Fludd</a>, elaborated on the concept of the world soul in his extensive writings on cosmology and metaphysics. Fludd's works depict the world soul as the divine <i>anima mundi</i> that connects all levels of existence, from the highest spiritual realms to the material world. He emphasized the idea of cosmic harmony, where the world soul orchestrates the symphony of creation, maintaining balance and order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFludd1617_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFludd1617-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fludd's illustrations and writings highlight the Hermetic belief in the interconnection of all things, with the world soul as the binding principle that ensures the unity of the cosmos. His work reflects the Hermetic conviction that by attuning oneself to the world soul, one can achieve deeper knowledge and spiritual enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYates1991_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYates1991-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_European_philosophers">Later European philosophers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Later European philosophers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although the concept of a world soul originated in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, similar ideas can be found in the thoughts of later European philosophers such as those of <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Schelling">Friedrich Schelling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W.F. Hegel</a> (particularly in his concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Weltgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltgeist">Weltgeist</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_relevance">Modern relevance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern relevance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of Anima Mundi, or the World Soul, continues to resonate in contemporary philosophical, ecological, and spiritual discourse. Modern interpretations often explore the interconnectedness of life and the universe, reflecting ancient notions through new lenses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_perspectives">Ecological perspectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ecological perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contemporary environmental philosophy, the idea of Anima Mundi is often invoked to emphasize the intrinsic value of nature and the interconnectedness of all living things. Ecologists and environmentalists draw parallels between the ancient concept and modern holistic approaches to ecology. <a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a> posits that the Earth functions as a self-regulating system, echoing the idea of the World Soul animating and organizing the cosmos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovelock2000Merchant2004_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovelock2000Merchant2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This holistic view suggests that recognizing the Earth as a living entity can foster a deeper environmental ethic and a sense of stewardship for the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerchant2004_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerchant2004-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_and_scientific_discourse">Philosophical and scientific discourse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Philosophical and scientific discourse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosophers like <a href="/wiki/David_Abram" title="David Abram">David Abram</a> have explored the phenomenological aspects of Anima Mundi in the context of sensory experience and perception. Abram's work emphasizes the animate qualities of the natural world, suggesting that recognizing the Earth's sentience can foster a deeper ecological awareness and a sense of kinship with all forms of life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram1997_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram1997-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, systems thinking and complexity theory in science reflect a renewed interest in holistic and integrative approaches that resonate with the concept of the World Soul, highlighting the interconnection and interdependence of various components within ecological and social systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapra1997_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapra1997-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_and_New_Age_movements">Spiritual and New Age movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spiritual and New Age movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Anima Mundi also finds relevance in modern spiritual and <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> movements, where it is often associated with the idea of a living, conscious Earth. Practices such as Earth-centered spirituality, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, and certain strands of <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">neopaganism</a> embrace the notion of the World Soul as a guiding principle for living in harmony with nature. These movements emphasize rituals, meditations, and practices aimed at connecting with the spirit of the Earth and recognizing the sacredness of all life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2006Bonewits2006_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer2006Bonewits2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_the_arts">Literature and the arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Literature and the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The influence of the Anima Mundi extends into contemporary literature and the arts, serving as a metaphor for exploring themes of unity, interconnection, and the mystery of existence. Authors and artists draw on the symbolism of the World Soul to convey a sense of wonder and reverence for the natural world. This is evident in the works of poets like <a href="/wiki/Mary_Oliver" title="Mary Oliver">Mary Oliver</a>, who often evoke the living essence of nature in their writings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver2017_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver2017-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the visual arts, where the interplay of life and the cosmos is a recurring theme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoren2008_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoren2008-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachamama" title="Pachamama">Pachamama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">Prima materia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_ecology" title="Spiritual ecology">Spiritual ecology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unus_mundus" title="Unus mundus">Unus mundus</a></i></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_30b–d-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_30b–d_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlato1925">Plato (1925)</a>, Timaeus 30b–d.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_30a-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_30a_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlato1925">Plato (1925)</a>, Timaeus 30a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_29a-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_29a_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlato1925">Plato (1925)</a>, Timaeus 29a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_34c–36eGuthrie1986Gregory2000-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_34c–36eGuthrie1986Gregory2000_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlato1925">Plato (1925)</a>, Timaeus 34c–36e; <a href="#CITEREFGuthrie1986">Guthrie (1986)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGregory2000">Gregory (2000)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_28b2–7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlato1925Timaeus_28b2–7_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlato1925">Plato (1925)</a>, Timaeus 28b2–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloyd1987Brisson1998Bartninkas2023-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloyd1987Brisson1998Bartninkas2023_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLloyd1987">Lloyd (1987)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBrisson1998">Brisson (1998)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBartninkas2023">Bartninkas (2023)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1986-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1986_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuthrie1986">Guthrie (1986)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECherniss1945Brisson1998-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECherniss1945Brisson1998_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCherniss1945">Cherniss (1945)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBrisson1998">Brisson (1998)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon1996-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon1996_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDillon1996">Dillon (1996)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESorabji1983-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorabji1983_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorabji1983_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSorabji1983">Sorabji (1983)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker2000-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker2000_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarker2000">Barker (2000)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1951-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1951_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodds1951">Dodds (1951)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELachterman1989-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachterman1989_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLachterman1989">Lachterman (1989)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongSedley1987Sellars2006-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongSedley1987Sellars2006_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongSedley1987">Long & Sedley (1987)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSellars2006">Sellars (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrede2011-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrede2011_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrede2011_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrede2011">Frede (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInwoodGerson1997-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInwoodGerson1997_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInwoodGerson1997">Inwood & Gerson (1997)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2001-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2001_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLong2001">Long (2001)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESellars2006-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESellars2006_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSellars2006">Sellars (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonas2015-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonas2015_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonas2015_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonas2015">Jonas (2015)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnstoneMeyer2003-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnstoneMeyer2003_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnstoneMeyer2003">Barnstone & Meyer (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundermann2011-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundermann2011_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundermann2011">Sundermann (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESundermann2009-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESundermann2009_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSundermann2009">Sundermann (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu199220-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu199220_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieu1992">Lieu (1992)</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1992127-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1992127_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieu1992">Lieu (1992)</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2002-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2002_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2002">Buckley (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon1996Brisson1998-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon1996Brisson1998_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDillon1996">Dillon (1996)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBrisson1998">Brisson (1998)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plotinus, <i>Enneads</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plotinus, <i>Enneads</i>, IV.3.1; V.1.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proclus, <i>Elements of Theology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESorabji1983Dillon1996-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorabji1983Dillon1996_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSorabji1983">Sorabji (1983)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDillon1996">Dillon (1996)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds1951Sorabji1983-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds1951Sorabji1983_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodds1951">Dodds (1951)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSorabji1983">Sorabji (1983)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamson201996–97-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamson201996–97_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdamson2019">Adamson (2019)</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopenhaver1992-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopenhaver1992_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopenhaver1992">Copenhaver (1992)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowden1986-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowden1986_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowden1986_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowden1986">Fowden (1986)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParacelsus1988-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParacelsus1988_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParacelsus1988">Paracelsus (1988)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDebus2002-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDebus2002_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDebus2002">Debus (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYates1991-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYates1991_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYates1991_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYates1991_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYates1991">Yates (1991)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruno1962-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruno1962_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruno1962">Bruno (1962)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland2008-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland2008_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowland2008">Rowland (2008)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFludd1617-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFludd1617_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFludd1617">Fludd (1617)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELovelock2000Merchant2004-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovelock2000Merchant2004_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLovelock2000">Lovelock (2000)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMerchant2004">Merchant (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerchant2004-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerchant2004_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerchant2004">Merchant (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram1997-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram1997_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbram1997">Abram (1997)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapra1997-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapra1997_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapra1997">Capra (1997)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer2006Bonewits2006-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer2006Bonewits2006_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreer2006">Greer (2006)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBonewits2006">Bonewits (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver2017-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver2017_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOliver2017">Oliver (2017)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoren2008-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoren2008_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoren2008">Koren (2008)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbram1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Abram" title="David Abram">Abram, David</a> (1997). <i>The Spell of the Sensuous</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-77639-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-77639-0"><bdi>978-0-679-77639-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spell+of+the+Sensuous&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-679-77639-0&rft.aulast=Abram&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Adamson_(philosopher)" title="Peter Adamson (philosopher)">Adamson, Peter</a> (2019). <i>Medieval Philosophy</i>. A History of Philosophy without Any Gaps. Vol. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884240-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884240-8"><bdi>978-0-19-884240-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=A+History+of+Philosophy+without+Any+Gaps&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-884240-8&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnstoneMeyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Barnstone, Willis; Meyer, Marvin, eds. (2003). <i>The Gnostic Bible</i>. Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-242-7"><bdi>978-1-57062-242-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Bible&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57062-242-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2000" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Andrew (2000). <i>Scientific Method in Ptolemy's Harmonics</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55372-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55372-8"><bdi>978-0-521-55372-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Method+in+Ptolemy%27s+Harmonics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55372-8&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartninkas2023" class="citation book cs1">Bartninkas, Vilius (2023). <i>Traditional and Cosmic Gods in Later Plato and the Early Academy</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009322638">10.1017/9781009322638</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32263-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32263-8"><bdi>978-1-009-32263-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+and+Cosmic+Gods+in+Later+Plato+and+the+Early+Academy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009322638&rft.isbn=978-1-009-32263-8&rft.aulast=Bartninkas&rft.aufirst=Vilius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonewits2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bonewits" title="Isaac Bonewits">Bonewits, Isaac</a> (2006). <i>Bonewits's Essential Guide to Druidism</i>. Kensington Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2710-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2710-9"><bdi>978-0-8065-2710-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonewits%27s+Essential+Guide+to+Druidism&rft.pub=Kensington+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2710-9&rft.aulast=Bonewits&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrisson1998" class="citation book cs1">Brisson, Luc (1998). <i>Plato the Myth Maker</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07518-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07518-1"><bdi>978-0-226-07518-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plato+the+Myth+Maker&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07518-1&rft.aulast=Brisson&rft.aufirst=Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Bruno, Giordano</a> (1962). <i>Cause, Principle, and Unity: Five Dialogues</i>. Translated by Jack Lindsay. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803500-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803500-8"><bdi>978-0-19-803500-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+Ancient+Texts+and+Modern+People&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803500-8&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapra1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra" title="Fritjof Capra">Capra, Fritjof</a> (1997). <i>The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems</i>. Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47675-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47675-1"><bdi>978-0-385-47675-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Web+of+Life%3A+A+New+Scientific+Understanding+of+Living+Systems&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-385-47675-1&rft.aulast=Capra&rft.aufirst=Fritjof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherniss1945" class="citation book cs1">Cherniss, Harold (1945). <i>The Riddle of the Early Academy</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riddle+of+the+Early+Academy&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Cherniss&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopenhaver1992" class="citation book cs1">Copenhaver, Brian P. (1992). <i>Hermetica: The Greek Corpus Hermeticum and the Latin Asclepius in a New English Translation, with Notes and Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36144-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36144-6"><bdi>978-0-521-36144-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hermetica%3A+The+Greek+Corpus+Hermeticum+and+the+Latin+Asclepius+in+a+New+English+Translation%2C+with+Notes+and+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36144-6&rft.aulast=Copenhaver&rft.aufirst=Brian+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebus2002" class="citation book cs1">Debus, Allen G. (2002). <i>The Chemical Philosophy: Paracelsian Science and Medicine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</i>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42175-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-42175-9"><bdi>978-0-486-42175-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemical+Philosophy%3A+Paracelsian+Science+and+Medicine+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-486-42175-9&rft.aulast=Debus&rft.aufirst=Allen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon1996" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, John M. (1996). <i>The Middle Platonists, 80 B.C. to A.D. 220</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8316-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8316-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-8316-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Platonists%2C+80+B.C.+to+A.D.+220&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8316-5&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._R._Dodds" title="E. R. Dodds">Dodds, E. R.</a> (1951). <i>The Greeks and the Irrational</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00327-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00327-9"><bdi>978-0-520-00327-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+and+the+Irrational&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-520-00327-9&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowden1986" class="citation book cs1">Fowden, Garth (1986). <i>The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32583-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32583-7"><bdi>978-0-521-32583-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Egyptian+Hermes%3A+A+Historical+Approach+to+the+Late+Pagan+Mind&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-32583-7&rft.aulast=Fowden&rft.aufirst=Garth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFludd1617" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fludd" title="Robert Fludd">Fludd, Robert</a> (1617). <i>Utriusque Cosmi Historia</i> (in Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utriusque+Cosmi+Historia&rft.date=1617&rft.aulast=Fludd&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrede2011" class="citation book cs1">Frede, Michael (2011). <i>A Free Will: Origins of the Notion in Ancient Thought</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26848-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26848-7"><bdi>978-0-520-26848-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Free+Will%3A+Origins+of+the+Notion+in+Ancient+Thought&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26848-7&rft.aulast=Frede&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreer2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Greer" title="John Michael Greer">Greer, John Michael</a> (2006). <i>The Druidry Handbook: Spiritual Practice Rooted in the Living Earth</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31102-1"><bdi>978-0-521-31102-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Philosophy%3A+The+Later+Plato+and+the+Academy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31102-1&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=W.+K.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInwoodGerson1997" class="citation book cs1">Inwood, Brad; Gerson, Lloyd P., eds. (1997). <i>Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings</i>. Hackett Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-378-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-378-5"><bdi>978-0-87220-378-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Philosophy%3A+Introductory+Readings&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-378-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonas2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Jonas, Hans</a> (2015) [1958]. <i>The Gnostic Religion: The Message of the Alien God and the Beginnings of Christianity</i>. Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5800-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5800-8"><bdi>978-0-8070-5800-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Religion%3A+The+Message+of+the+Alien+God+and+the+Beginnings+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-5800-8&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoren2008" class="citation book cs1">Koren, Leonard (2008). <i>Wabi-sabi for Artists, Designers, Poets & Philosophers</i>. Imperfect Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9814846-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9814846-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9814846-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wabi-sabi+for+Artists%2C+Designers%2C+Poets+%26+Philosophers&rft.pub=Imperfect+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9814846-0-0&rft.aulast=Koren&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachterman1989" class="citation book cs1">Lachterman, David (1989). <i>The Ethics of Geometry: A Genealogy of Modernity</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90141-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90141-3"><bdi>978-0-415-90141-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethics+of+Geometry%3A+A+Genealogy+of+Modernity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-415-90141-3&rft.aulast=Lachterman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu1992" class="citation book cs1">Lieu, Samuel N. C. (1992). <i>Manichaeism in the later Roman Empire and medieval China</i> (2nd ed.). Tübingen: <a href="/wiki/Mohr_Siebeck" title="Mohr Siebeck">Mohr Siebeck</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145820-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145820-0"><bdi>978-3-16-145820-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+in+the+later+Roman+Empire+and+medieval+China&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-16-145820-0&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel+N.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1987" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, G. E. R. (1987). <i>The Revolutions of Wisdom: Studies in the Claims and Practice of Ancient Greek Science</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05832-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05832-3"><bdi>978-0-520-05832-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolutions+of+Wisdom%3A+Studies+in+the+Claims+and+Practice+of+Ancient+Greek+Science&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05832-3&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=G.+E.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongSedley1987" class="citation book cs1">Long, A. A.; Sedley, D. N. (1987). <i>The Hellenistic Philosophers: Translations of the Principal Sources with Philosophical Commentary</i>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-64289-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-64289-7"><bdi>978-1-139-64289-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hellenistic+Philosophers%3A+Translations+of+the+Principal+Sources+with+Philosophical+Commentary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-139-64289-7&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft.au=Sedley%2C+D.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2001" class="citation book cs1">Long, A. A. (2001). <i>Stoic Studies</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22974-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22974-7"><bdi>978-0-520-22974-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stoic+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22974-7&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovelock2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">Lovelock, James</a> (2000). <i>The Gaia Hypothesis</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6-61-329668-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-6-61-329668-9"><bdi>978-6-61-329668-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gaia+Hypothesis&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-6-61-329668-9&rft.aulast=Lovelock&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerchant2004" class="citation book cs1">Merchant, Carolyn (2004). <i>Reinventing Eden: The Fate of Nature in Western Culture</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93165-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93165-6"><bdi>978-0-415-93165-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+Eden%3A+The+Fate+of+Nature+in+Western+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93165-6&rft.aulast=Merchant&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2017" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Mary (2017). <i>Devotions: The Selected Poems of Mary Oliver</i>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-56325-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-56325-6"><bdi>978-0-399-56325-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devotions%3A+The+Selected+Poems+of+Mary+Oliver&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-399-56325-6&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParacelsus1988" class="citation book cs1">Paracelsus (1988). <i>Paracelsus: Selected Writings</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01876-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01876-8"><bdi>978-0-691-01876-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paracelsus%3A+Selected+Writings&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01876-8&rft.au=Paracelsus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlato1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0180%3Atext%3DTim."><i>Plato in Twelve Volumes</i></a>. Vol. 9. Translated by Lamb, W. R. M. Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press/William Heinemann Ltd. – via <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plato+in+Twelve+Volumes&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA%2FLondon&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press%2FWilliam+Heinemann+Ltd.&rft.date=1925&rft.au=Plato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0180%253Atext%253DTim.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland2008" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Ingrid D. (2008). <i>Giordano Bruno: Philosopher/Heretic</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giordano+Bruno%3A+Philosopher%2FHeretic&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Ingrid+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellars2006" class="citation book cs1">Sellars, J. (2006). <i>Stoicism</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24908-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24908-0"><bdi>978-0-520-24908-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stoicism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24908-0&rft.aulast=Sellars&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorabji1983" class="citation book cs1">Sorabji, Richard (1983). <i>Time, Creation, and the Continuum</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1593-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1593-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-1593-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%2C+Creation%2C+and+the+Continuum&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-1593-7&rft.aulast=Sorabji&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundermann2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sundermann, Werner (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/manicheism-1-general-survey"><i>Manichaeism: General Survey</i></a> (online ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism%3A+General+Survey&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sundermann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmanicheism-1-general-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundermann2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sundermann, Werner (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/cosmogony-iii"><i>Cosmogony and Cosmology: In Manichaeism</i></a> (online ed.). Encyclopaedia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmogony+and+Cosmology%3A+In+Manichaeism&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sundermann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcosmogony-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates1991" class="citation book cs1">Yates, Frances A. (1991). <i>Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-95007-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-95007-5"><bdi>978-0-226-95007-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giordano+Bruno+and+the+Hermetic+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-226-95007-5&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=Frances+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmig2020" class="citation book cs1">Helmig, Christoph, ed. (2020). <i>World Soul – Anima Mundi: On the Origins and Fortunes of a Fundamental Idea</i>. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110628609">10.1515/9783110628609</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110628609" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110628609"><bdi>978-3110628609</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243535471">243535471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Soul+%E2%80%93+Anima+Mundi%3A+On+the+Origins+and+Fortunes+of+a+Fundamental+Idea&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243535471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110628609&rft.isbn=978-3110628609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung, C. G.</a> (1968). <i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_and_Alchemy" title="Psychology and Alchemy">Psychology and Alchemy</a></i>. Vol. 12. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691018316" title="Special:BookSources/0691018316"><bdi>0691018316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+and+Alchemy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0691018316&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=C.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoszak2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roszak_(scholar)" title="Theodore Roszak (scholar)">Roszak, Theodore</a> (2001) [1992]. <i>The Voice of the Earth: An Exploration of Ecopsychology</i>. Phanes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1890482803" title="Special:BookSources/1890482803"><bdi>1890482803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voice+of+the+Earth%3A+An+Exploration+of+Ecopsychology&rft.pub=Phanes+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1890482803&rft.aulast=Roszak&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern2001" class="citation book cs1">Southern, R. W. (2001). <i>Scholastic Humanism and the Unification of Europe, Volume II: The Heroic Age</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22079-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22079-4"><bdi>978-0-631-22079-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scholastic+Humanism+and+the+Unification+of+Europe%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Heroic+Age&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22079-4&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlassányi2011" class="citation book cs1">Vlassányi, M. (2011). <i>Anima Mundi: The Rise of the World Soul Theory in Modern German Philosophy</i>. Springer Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8796-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8796-6"><bdi>978-90-481-8796-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anima+Mundi%3A+The+Rise+of+the+World+Soul+Theory+in+Modern+German+Philosophy&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-481-8796-6&rft.aulast=Vlass%C3%A1nyi&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilberding2021" class="citation book cs1">Wilberding, James, ed. (2021). <i>World Soul: A History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-091344-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-091344-1"><bdi>978-0-19-091344-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Soul%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-091344-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnima+mundi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anima_mundi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anima_mundi" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:anima mundi"><i>anima mundi</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plato135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plato_navbox" title="Template:Plato navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plato_navbox" title="Template talk:Plato navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plato_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plato navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plato135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charmides_(dialogue)" title="Charmides (dialogue)">Charmides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clitophon_(dialogue)" title="Clitophon (dialogue)">Clitophon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_(dialogue)" title="Euthydemus (dialogue)">Euthydemus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Alcibiades" title="First Alcibiades">First Alcibiades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Minor" title="Hippias Minor">Hippias Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" title="Ion (dialogue)">Ion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laches_(dialogue)" title="Laches (dialogue)">Laches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lysis_(dialogue)" title="Lysis (dialogue)">Lysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menexenus_(dialogue)" title="Menexenus (dialogue)">Menexenus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parmenides_(dialogue)" title="Parmenides (dialogue)">Parmenides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philebus" title="Philebus">Philebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statesman_(dialogue)" title="Statesman (dialogue)">Statesman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Of_doubtfulauthenticity27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of doubtful<br />authenticity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Axiochus_(dialogue)" title="Axiochus (dialogue)">Axiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Definitions_(Plato)" title="Definitions (Plato)">Definitions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(dialogue)" title="Demodocus (dialogue)">Demodocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epigrams_(Plato)" title="Epigrams (Plato)">Epigrams</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epinomis" title="Epinomis">Epinomis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistles_(Plato)" title="Epistles (Plato)">Epistles</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Letter" title="Seventh Letter">Seventh Letter</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eryxias_(dialogue)" title="Eryxias (dialogue)">Eryxias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_(dialogue)" title="Halcyon (dialogue)">Halcyon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(dialogue)" title="Hipparchus (dialogue)">Hipparchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minos_(dialogue)" title="Minos (dialogue)">Minos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Justice" title="On Justice">On Justice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Virtue" title="On Virtue">On Virtue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rival_Lovers" title="Rival Lovers">Rival Lovers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Alcibiades" title="Second Alcibiades">Second Alcibiades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisyphus_(dialogue)" title="Sisyphus (dialogue)">Sisyphus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theages" title="Theages">Theages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_epistemology" title="Platonic epistemology">Platonic epistemology</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(philosophy)" title="Anamnesis (philosophy)">Amanesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_madness" title="Divine madness">Theia mania</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of Forms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_theory_of_soul" title="Plato's theory of soul">Theory of soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">Plato's political philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solid</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anima mundi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyperuranion" title="Hyperuranion">Hyperuranion</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato" title="Allegorical interpretations of Plato">Allegories<br />and metaphors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Gyges" title="Ring of Gyges">Ring of Gyges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave" title="Allegory of the cave">The Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogy_of_the_divided_line" title="Analogy of the divided line">The Divided Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogy_of_the_Sun" title="Analogy of the Sun">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_State" title="Ship of State">Ship of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Plato" title="Life of Plato">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">The Academy in Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_in_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of speakers in Plato's dialogues">List of speakers in Plato's dialogues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrines" title="Plato's unwritten doctrines">Unwritten doctrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_of_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues">List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_Plato%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural influence of Plato's Republic">Cultural influence of Plato's <i>Republic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Plato" title="Commentaries on Plato">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">and Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri#Greek" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_23" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_24" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_228" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 228">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_229" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 229">229</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Dream" title="Plato's Dream">Plato's Dream</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poitier_Meets_Plato" title="Poitier Meets Plato">Poitier Meets Plato</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gnosticism_topics172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gnosticism_topics" title="Template:Gnosticism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gnosticism_topics" title="Template talk:Gnosticism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gnosticism_topics172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraxas" title="Abraxas">Abraxas/Abrasax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_spark" title="Divine spark">Divine spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-Gnostics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin (gnostic)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Marcosian)" title="Marcus (Marcosian)">Marcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturninus_of_Antioch" title="Saturninus of Antioch">Saturninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">Gnostic sects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borborites" title="Borborites">Borborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainites" title="Cainites">Cainites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpocrates" title="Carpocrates">Carpocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcosians" title="Marcosians">Marcosians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicolaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonians" title="Simonians">Simonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syrian-Egyptian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archontics" title="Archontics">Archontics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilideans" title="Basilideans">Basilideans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnostic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic texts">Gnostic texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gnostic Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion/Gospel of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Truth" title="Gospel of Truth">Gospel of Truth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Gnostic_Gospels" title="Category:Gnostic Gospels">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askew_Codex" title="Askew Codex">Askew Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Codex" title="Bruce Codex">Bruce Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Tchacos" title="Codex Tchacos">Codex Tchacos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistis_Sophia" title="Pistis Sophia">Pistis Sophia/Faith-Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Gnostic_apocrypha" title="Category:Gnostic apocrypha">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">In modern times</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica">Ecclesia Gnostica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica_Catholica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica">Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Society" title="Gnostic Society">Gnostic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannite_Church" title="Johannite Church">Johannite Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_King" title="Charles William King">Charles William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Elaine Pagels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Quispel" title="Gilles Quispel">Gilles Quispel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._R._S._Mead" title="G. R. S. Mead">G. R. S. Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Doinel" title="Jules Doinel">Jules Doinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Meyer" title="Marvin Meyer">Marvin Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_A._Hoeller" title="Stephan A. Hoeller">Stephan A. Hoeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bereslavsky" title="John Bereslavsky">John Bereslavsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theosophy" title="Christian theosophy">Christian theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism in cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Buddhism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism#Relation_with_early_Christianity" title="Gnosticism">Christianity and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy (Blavatskian)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metaphysics343" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metaphysics" title="Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metaphysics" title="Template talk:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metaphysics343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">Abstract object theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">Truthmaker theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_closure" title="Causal closure">Causal closure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_matter" title="Philosophy of matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">Physical object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations (philosophy)">Relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Lotze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 200 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 80 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daneshnameh-ye_Alai" class="mw-redirect" title="Daneshnameh-ye Alai">Daneshnameh-ye Alai</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1000)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1641)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge" title="A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge">A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1710)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">Monadology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1781)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1783)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1807)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1818)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1846)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">Meta-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Worldview13" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_view" title="Template:World view"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_view" title="Template talk:World view"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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consciousness">Collective consciousness</a> / <a href="/wiki/Collective_unconscious" title="Collective unconscious">Collective unconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_system" title="Conceptual system">Conceptual system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_(linguistics)" title="Context (linguistics)">Context</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">Conventional wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">National epics</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">World folk-epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Facts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">factoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">Life stance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (social sciences)">Lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Memes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memeplex" title="Memeplex">Memeplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">Mental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanarrative" title="Metanarrative">Metanarrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">Mindset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theory" title="Philosophical theory">Philosophical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_(philosophy)" title="Point of view (philosophy)">Point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presuppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_world_beliefs" title="Primal world beliefs">Primal world beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_tunnel" title="Reality tunnel">Reality tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">Schemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">School of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(psychology)" title="Set (psychology)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_reality" title="Social reality">Social reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_everything" title="Theory of everything">Theory of everything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umwelt" title="Umwelt">Umwelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Value system">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aspects13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aspects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Biases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attentional_bias" title="Attentional bias">Attentional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief_bias" title="Belief bias">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congruence_bias" title="Congruence bias">Congruence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptomnesia" title="Cryptomnesia">Cryptomnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophily" title="Homophily">Homophily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_error" title="Observational error">Observational error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect" title="Observer-expectancy effect">Observer-expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_exposure_theory" title="Selective exposure theory">Selective exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_perception" title="Selective perception">Selective perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clever_Hans" title="Clever Hans">Clever Hans effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishful_thinking" title="Wishful thinking">wishful thinking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotyping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">ethnic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Change and<br />maintenance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">Argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_change" title="Attitude change">Attitude change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_education" title="Values education">values</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">Excommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">negationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral entrepreneur">Moral entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polite_fiction" title="Polite fiction">Polite fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_engineering" title="Political engineering">Political engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_uniformity" title="Religious uniformity">Religious uniformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">Social control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_dissent" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woozle_effect" title="Woozle effect">Woozle effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">Ceremonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funerals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity (philosophy)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">Oaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rites of passage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_coming-of-age_ceremony" title="Secular coming-of-age ceremony">secular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Social status</a> / <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_boundaries" title="Symbolic boundaries">Symbolic boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_paradox" title="Abilene paradox">Abilene paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">Collectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_behavior" title="Collective behavior">Collective behavior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior" title="Collective animal behavior">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_effervescence" title="Collective effervescence">Collective effervescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory" title="Consensus theory">Consensus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture-bound_syndrome" title="Culture-bound syndrome">Culture-bound syndromes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deindividuation" title="Deindividuation">Deindividuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublethink" title="Doublethink">Doublethink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">Emotional contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entitativity" title="Entitativity">Entitativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consensus_effect" title="False consensus effect">False consensus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_action_(sociology)" title="Group action (sociology)">Group action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">Group cohesiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_dynamics" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">Group emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization" title="Group polarization">Group polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupshift" title="Groupshift">Groupshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterical_contagion" title="Hysterical contagion">Hysterical contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_cascade" title="Information cascade">Information cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">Majoritarianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Mob rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_action_(sociology)" title="Mass action (sociology)">Mass action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_control" title="Milieu control">Milieu control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">Pluralistic ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoconsensus" title="Pseudoconsensus">Pseudoconsensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">Self-organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">Social action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">Social emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_facilitation" title="Social facilitation">Social facilitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_facilitation_in_animals" title="Social facilitation in animals">animal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">Social group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">Social proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">Status quo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">Stigmergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_justification" title="System justification">System justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">Axioms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_assumption" title="Tacit assumption">tacit assumptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">Conceptual framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">Evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">anecdotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanation" title="Explanation">Explanations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">fideism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">Meaning-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-knowledge">Meta-knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_learning" title="Observational learning">Observational learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reasoning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">fallacious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_theory_of_truth" title="Consensus theory of truth">consensus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criteria_of_truth" title="Criteria of truth">criteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_disclosure" title="World disclosure">World disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">Ætiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind–body problem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything" title="Everything">Everything</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nothing" title="Nothing">Nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idios_kosmos" title="Idios kosmos">Idios kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter (philosophy)">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">comparative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_myth" title="Political myth">political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axes mundi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Value</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Aesthetic taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic value">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">Almsgiving</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">Codes of conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Étiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unclean_animal" title="Unclean animal">unclean animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culpability" title="Culpability">Culpability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_(philosophy)" title="Maxim (philosophy)">Maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obligation" title="Obligation">Obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">Praxeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Qualities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime, The</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unspoken_rule" title="Unspoken rule">Unspoken rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Works of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrongdoing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Examples13" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Examples</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">Attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Economic and<br />political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Schools of<br /><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Hedonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Naturalism (Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism (Western)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralist school">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" 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