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id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Classification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_emotions_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_emotions_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Basic emotions theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_emotions_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-dimensional_analysis_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-dimensional_analysis_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Multi-dimensional analysis theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-dimensional_analysis_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Theories </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theories subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Pre-modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_theological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_theological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Western theological </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_theological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Evolutionary theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Contemporary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somatic_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somatic_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Somatic theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somatic_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-James–Lange_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James–Lange_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.1 James–Lange theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James–Lange_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannon–Bard_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannon–Bard_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.2 Cannon–Bard theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannon–Bard_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two-factor_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-factor_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.3 Two-factor theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-factor_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognitive_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cognitive theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognitive_Appraisal_Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_Appraisal_Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.1 Cognitive Appraisal Theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_Appraisal_Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two-Process_Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-Process_Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.2 Two-Process Theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-Process_Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Affect_Infusion_Model_(AIM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Affect_Infusion_Model_(AIM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.3 The Affect Infusion Model (AIM) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Affect_Infusion_Model_(AIM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appraisal-Tendency_Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appraisal-Tendency_Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.4 Appraisal-Tendency Theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appraisal-Tendency_Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_of_Emotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_of_Emotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.5 Laws of Emotion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_of_Emotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emotion_Attribution_Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotion_Attribution_Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Emotion Attribution Theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotion_Attribution_Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affective_Events_Theory_(AET)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affective_Events_Theory_(AET)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Affective Events Theory (AET) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affective_Events_Theory_(AET)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situated_perspective_on_emotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situated_perspective_on_emotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Situated perspective on emotion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situated_perspective_on_emotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Formation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Formation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neurobiological_explanation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurobiological_explanation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Neurobiological explanation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurobiological_explanation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prefrontal_cortex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prefrontal_cortex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Prefrontal cortex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prefrontal_cortex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeostatic/primordial_emotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeostatic/primordial_emotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.2 Homeostatic/primordial emotion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeostatic/primordial_emotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergent_explanation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergent_explanation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Emergent explanation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergent_explanation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disciplinary_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disciplinary_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Disciplinary approaches </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disciplinary_approaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Disciplinary approaches subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Disciplinary_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_emotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_emotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 History of emotions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_emotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sociology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychotherapy_and_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychotherapy_and_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Psychotherapy and regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychotherapy_and_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-cultural_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-cultural_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Cross-cultural research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-cultural_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Computer science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Effects on memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_theorists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_theorists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notable theorists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_theorists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Emotion</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" > 140 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emosie" title="Emosie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Emosie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Emotion" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B1" title="شعور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoci%C3%B3n" title="Emoción – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Emoción" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97" title="আৱেগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আৱেগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoci%C3%B3n" title="Emoción – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Emoción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emosiya" title="Emosiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Emosiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هیجان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیجان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97" title="আবেগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আবেগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1m-ch%C3%AAng" title="Kám-chêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kám-chêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эмоция – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эмоция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эмоцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эмоцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эмоцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эмоцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="भावना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भावना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emosyon" title="Emosyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Emosyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Емоция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Емоция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gfui" title="Gfui – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gfui" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="འདུ་ཤེས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འདུ་ཤེས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocija" title="Emocija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Emocija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/From" title="From – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="From" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoci%C3%B3" title="Emoció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emoció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эмоци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эмоци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoce" title="Emoce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Emoce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emuzione" title="Emuzione – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Emuzione" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emosiwn" title="Emosiwn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Emosiwn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8lelse_(emotion)" title="Følelse (emotion) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Følelse (emotion)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emotion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotsioon" title="Emotsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Emotsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Συναίσθημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συναίσθημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emosi%C3%B2un" title="Emosiòun – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Emosiòun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoci%C3%B3n" title="Emoción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Emoción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocio" title="Emocio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Emocio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emozio" title="Emozio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Emozio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هیجان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیجان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaona" title="Bhaona – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bhaona" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89motion" title="Émotion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émotion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoasje" title="Emoasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Emoasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emozion" title="Emozion – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Emozion" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth%C3%BAch%C3%A1n" title="Mothúchán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mothúchán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoci%C3%B3n" title="Emoción – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Emoción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%83%85" title="感情 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="感情" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Num%E1%BB%8Dtolanm%E1%BA%B9" title="Numọtolanmẹ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Numọtolanmẹ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%ACn-si" title="Chhìn-si – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhìn-si" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%84%9C" title="정서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Emotion" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հույզեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հույզեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)" title="संवेग (भावना) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संवेग (भावना)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocije" title="Emocije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Emocije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoco" title="Emoco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Emoco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikna" title="Rikna – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rikna" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emosi" title="Emosi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Emosi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Emotion" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umzwelo" title="Umzwelo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umzwelo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%B0shr%C3%A6ring" title="Geðshræring – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geðshræring" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emozione" title="Emozione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emozione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A9" title="רגש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רגש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pana" title="Pana – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pana" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಭಾವನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾವನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ემოცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ემოცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эмоция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эмоция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amovyans" title="Amovyans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Amovyans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisia" title="Hisia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hisia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mosyon" title="Émosyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Émosyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эмоция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эмоция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ອາລົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາລົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motus_animi" title="Motus animi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Motus animi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocijas" title="Emocijas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Emocijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocija" title="Emocija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Emocija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotie" title="Emotie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Emotie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emozzion" title="Emozzion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Emozzion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rzelem" title="Érzelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Érzelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Емоција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Емоција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fihetseham-po" title="Fihetseham-po – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fihetseham-po" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="മനോവികാരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനോവികാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ემოცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ემოცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="انفعال (سايكولوجيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انفعال (سايكولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هیجان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هیجان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emosi" title="Emosi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Emosi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ACng-g%C4%81ng" title="Cìng-gāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cìng-gāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimo%C3%A7on" title="Eimoçon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eimoçon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B4%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Сэтгэл хөдлөл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сэтгэл хөдлөл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%B6%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ခံစားချက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခံစားချက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotie" title="Emotie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Emotie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="भावना – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भावना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%83%85" title="感情 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="感情" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эмоци – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эмоци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emosjon" title="Emosjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Emosjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjensler" title="Kjensler – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjensler" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocion" title="Emocion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Emocion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currisa" title="Currisa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Currisa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotsiya" title="Emotsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Emotsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵਲਵਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਲਵਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ولولا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولولا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocion" title="Emocion – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Emocion" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="احساس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="احساس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imuoshan" title="Imuoshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Imuoshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BC" title="Ловкылӧм – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ловкылӧм" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emossion" title="Emossion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Emossion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotschoon" title="Emotschoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Emotschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocja" title="Emocja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Emocja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Emoção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emoção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezim" title="Sezim – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Sezim" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselik" title="Hasselik – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hasselik" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo%C8%9Bie" title="Emoție – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Emoție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Емоція – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Емоція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эмоция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эмоция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эмоция – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эмоция" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocioni" title="Emocioni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Emocioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emuzzioni" title="Emuzzioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Emuzzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9C" title="චිත්තාවේග – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චිත්තාවේග" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Emotion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="احساس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="احساس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em%C3%B3cia" title="Emócia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Emócia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Custvo" title="Čustvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čustvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareen" title="Dareen – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dareen" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%B5%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%86" title="کوڵوکۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوڵوکۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocija" title="Emocija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Emocija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emocija" title="Emocija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Emocija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunne" title="Tunne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tunne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4nsla" title="Känsla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Känsla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damdamin" title="Damdamin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Damdamin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="உணர்ச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உணர்ச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Тойгы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тойгы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="భావోద్వేగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భావోద్వేగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="อารมณ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อารมณ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҳаяҷон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳаяҷон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duygu" title="Duygu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Duygu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CC%B1k_mi%CC%B1_fwuo" title="Fa̱k mi̱ fwuo – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fa̱k mi̱ fwuo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Емоція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Емоція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8%DB%81" title="جذبہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جذبہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamjcingz" title="Gamjcingz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gamjcingz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A3m_x%C3%BAc" title="Cảm xúc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cảm xúc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balatian" title="Balatian – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Balatian" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" title="情緒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="情緒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minthlaveko" title="Minthlaveko – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Minthlaveko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C" title="געפיל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געפיל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Emotions" title="Category:Emotions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emotions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/120px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/250px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">In animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">Mood</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Self-regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Dysregulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">Valence</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Emotions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination" title="Determination">Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(emotion)" title="Elevation (emotion)">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">Emotional detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">Self-pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixteen_faces_expressing_the_human_passions._Wellcome_L0068375_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sixteen_faces_expressing_the_human_passions._Wellcome_L0068375_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sixteen_faces_expressing_the_human_passions._Wellcome_L0068375_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sixteen_faces_expressing_the_human_passions._Wellcome_L0068375_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Sixteen_faces_expressing_the_human_passions._Wellcome_L0068375_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sixteen_faces_expressing_the_human_passions._Wellcome_L0068375_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Sixteen_faces_expressing_the_human_passions._Wellcome_L0068375_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3667" data-file-height="4539" /></a><figcaption>Sixteen faces expressing the human passions – colored <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> by J. Pass, 1821, after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a></figcaption></figure> Emotions are physical and <a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">mental states</a> brought on by <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiological</a> changes, variously associated with <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thoughts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feelings" class="mw-redirect" title="Feelings">feelings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavioral responses</a>, and a degree of <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">displeasure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schacter-4">[4]</a> There is no <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> on a definition.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Emotions are often <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_determinism" title="Reciprocal determinism">intertwined</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperament" title="Temperament">temperament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disposition" title="Disposition">disposition</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Research</a> on emotion has increased over the past two decades,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] with many fields contributing, including <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology of emotions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. The numerous attempts to explain the origin, <a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">function</a>, and other aspects of emotions have fostered intense research on this topic. Theorizing about the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> origin and possible purpose of emotion dates back to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>. Current areas of research include the <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> of emotion, using tools like <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">fMRI</a> scans to study the <a href="/wiki/International_Affective_Picture_System" title="International Affective Picture System">affective picture</a> processes in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> From a mechanistic perspective, emotions can be defined as "a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> activity".<a href="#cite_note-Schacter-4">[4]</a> Emotions are complex, involving multiple different components, such as subjective experience, <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive processes</a>, expressive behavior, psychophysiological changes, and instrumental behavior.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> At one time, academics attempted to identify the emotion with one of the components: <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> with a subjective experience, <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorists</a> with instrumental behavior, <a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">psychophysiologists</a> with physiological changes, and so on. More recently, emotion has been said to consist of all the components. The different components of emotion are categorized somewhat differently depending on the academic discipline. In <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, emotion typically includes a <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">conscious</a> <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">experience</a> characterized primarily by <a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">psychophysiological</a> <a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expressions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">biological reactions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">mental states</a>. A similar multi-componential description of emotion is found in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>. For example, Peggy Thoits described emotions as involving physiological components, cultural or emotional labels (anger, surprise, etc.), expressive body actions, and the appraisal of situations and contexts.<a href="#cite_note-Thoits,_P._A._1989-11">[11]</a> Cognitive processes, like reasoning and decision-making, are often regarded as separate from emotional processes, making a division between "thinking" and "feeling". However, not all theories of emotion regard this separation as valid.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Nowadays, most research into emotions in the clinical and well-being context focuses on emotion dynamics in daily life, predominantly the intensity of specific emotions and their variability, instability, inertia, and differentiation, as well as whether and how emotions augment or blunt each other over time and differences in these dynamics between people and along the lifespan.<a href="#cite_note-EmotionDynamics-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charles-14">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word "emotion" dates back to 1579, when it was adapted from the French word émouvoir, which means "to stir up". The term emotion was introduced into academic discussion as a catch-all term to <a href="/wiki/Passions_(philosophy)" title="Passions (philosophy)">passions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">sentiments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">affections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The word "emotion" was coined in the early 1800s by Thomas Brown and it is around the 1830s that the modern concept of emotion first emerged for the English language.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_Human_Emotions-16">[16]</a> "No one felt emotions before about 1830. Instead they felt other things – 'passions', 'accidents of the soul', 'moral sentiments' – and explained them very differently from how we understand emotions today."<a href="#cite_note-Smith_Human_Emotions-16">[16]</a> Some cross-cultural studies indicate that the categorization of "emotion" and classification of basic emotions such as "anger" and "sadness" are not universal and that the boundaries and domains of these concepts are categorized differently by all cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Russell-17">[17]</a> However, others argue that there are some universal bases of emotions (see Section 6.1).<a href="#cite_note-Wierzbicka,_Anna-18">[18]</a> In psychiatry and psychology, an inability to express or perceive emotion is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Alexithymia" title="Alexithymia">alexithymia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Human nature and the accompanying bodily sensations have always been part of the interests of thinkers and philosophers. Far more extensively, this has also been of great interest to both Western and Eastern societies. Emotional states have been associated with the divine and with the enlightenment of the human mind and body.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The ever-changing actions of individuals and their mood variations have been of great importance to most of the Western philosophers (including <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hobbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbes">Hobbes</a>), leading them to propose extensive theories—often competing theories—that sought to explain emotion and the accompanying motivators of human action, as well as its consequences. In the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, Scottish thinker <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> proposed a revolutionary argument that sought to explain the main motivators of human action and conduct. He proposed that actions are motivated by "fears, desires, and passions". As he wrote in his book <a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a> (1773): "Reason alone can never be a motive to any action of the will… it can never oppose passion in the direction of the will… The reason is, and ought to be, the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> With these lines, Hume attempted to explain that reason and further action would be subject to the desires and experience of the self. Later thinkers would propose that actions and emotions are deeply interrelated with social, political, historical, and cultural aspects of reality that would also come to be associated with sophisticated neurological and physiological research on the brain and other parts of the physical body. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> definition of emotion is "A strong <a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feeling</a> deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Emotions are responses to significant internal and external events.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Emotions can be occurrences (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">panic</a>) or dispositions (e.g., hostility), and short-lived (e.g., anger) or long-lived (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">grief</a>).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Psychotherapist Michael C. Graham describes all emotions as existing on a continuum of intensity.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Thus fear might range from mild concern to terror or shame might range from simple embarrassment to toxic shame.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Emotions have been described as consisting of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a>, behavioral, and <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">neural</a> mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-Fox2008-28">[28]</a> Emotions have been <a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification#Lists_of_emotions" title="Emotion classification">categorized</a>, with some relationships existing between emotions and some direct opposites existing. Graham differentiates emotions as functional or dysfunctional and argues all functional emotions have benefits.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In some uses of the word, emotions are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-30">[30]</a> On the other hand, emotion can be used to refer to states that are mild (as in annoyed or content) and to states that are not directed at anything (as in anxiety and depression). One line of research looks at the meaning of the word emotion in everyday language and finds that this usage is rather different from that in academic discourse.<a href="#cite_note-Fehr_&_Russell-31">[31]</a> In practical terms, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph LeDoux</a> has defined emotions as the result of a cognitive and conscious process which occurs in response to a body system response to a trigger.<a href="#cite_note-LeDoux-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Components">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Scherer" title="Klaus Scherer">Scherer</a>'s Component Process Model (CPM) of emotion,<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> there are five crucial elements of emotion. From the component process perspective, emotional experience requires that all of these processes become coordinated and synchronized for a short period of time, driven by appraisal processes. Although the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_appraisal" title="Cognitive appraisal">cognitive appraisal</a> as one of the elements is slightly controversial, since some theorists make the assumption that emotion and <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> are separate but interacting systems, the CPM provides a sequence of events that effectively describes the coordination involved during an emotional episode. <ul><li>Cognitive appraisal: provides an evaluation of events and objects.</li> <li>Bodily symptoms: the <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> component of emotional experience.</li> <li>Action tendencies: a <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivational</a> component for the preparation and direction of motor responses.</li> <li>Expression: <a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">facial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_voice" title="Human voice">vocal</a> expression almost always accompanies an emotional state to communicate reaction and intention of actions.</li> <li>Feelings: the subjective experience of emotional state once it has occurred.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differentiation">Differentiation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Differentiation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Affect_measures#Differentiating_affect_from_other_terms" title="Affect measures">Affect measures § Differentiating affect from other terms</a></div> Emotion can be differentiated from a number of similar constructs within the field of <a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">affective neuroscience</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Fox2008-28">[28]</a> <ul><li>Emotions: predispositions to a certain type of action in response to a specific stimulus, which produce a cascade of rapid and synchronized physiological and cognitive changes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a>: not all feelings include emotion, such as the <a href="/wiki/Feeling#Knowing_or_not_knowing" title="Feeling">feeling of knowing</a>. In the context of emotion, feelings are best understood as a <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> representation of emotions, private to the individual experiencing them. Emotions are often described as the raw, instinctive responses, while feelings involve our interpretation and awareness of those responses.<a href="#cite_note-Givens-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">Moods</a>: enduring affective states that are considered less intense than emotions and appear to lack a contextual stimulus.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a>: a broader term used to describe the emotional and cognitive experience of an emotion, feeling or mood. It can be understood as a combination of three components: emotion, mood, and affectivity (an individual's overall disposition or <a href="/wiki/Temperament" title="Temperament">temperament</a>, which can be characterized as having a generally positive or negative affect).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_approach:_Emotions'_purpose_and_value">Evolutionary approach: Emotions' purpose and value</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolutionary approach: Emotions' purpose and value">edit</a>]</div> There is no single, universally accepted evolutionary theory. The most prominent ideas suggest that emotions have evolved to serve various adaptive functions:<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <ol><li>Survival, threat detection, decision-making, and motivation. One view is that emotions <a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">facilitate adaptive responses to environmental challenges</a>. Emotions like fear, anger, and disgust are thought to have evolved to help humans and other animals detect and respond to threats and dangers in their environment. For example, fear helps individuals react quickly to potential dangers, anger can motivate self-defense or assertiveness, and disgust can protect against harmful substances. In addition, happiness might reinforce behaviors that lead to positive outcomes. For example, the anticipation of the reward associated with a pleasurable emotion like joy can motivate individuals to engage in behaviors that promote their well-being.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li>Memory enhancement: Emotions can enhance memory. Events or experiences that trigger strong emotions are often remembered more vividly, which can be advantageous for learning from past experiences and avoiding potential threats or repeating successful behaviors.</li> <li>Social communication. Emotions play a crucial role in social interactions. Expressing emotions through facial expressions, body language, and vocalizations helps convey information to others about one's internal state. This, in turn, facilitates cooperation, bonding, and the maintenance of social relationships. For example, a smile communicates happiness and friendliness, while a frown may signal distress or disapproval. Emotions can also ignite conversations about values and ethics.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> However some emotions, such as some forms of <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, are sometimes regarded as part of a <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental illness</a> and thus possibly of negative value.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">Emotion classification</a></div> A distinction can be made between emotional episodes and emotional dispositions. Emotional dispositions are also comparable to character traits, where someone may be said to be generally disposed to experience certain emotions. For example, an irritable person is generally disposed to feel <a href="/wiki/Irritation" title="Irritation">irritation</a> more easily or quickly than others do. Finally, some theorists place emotions within a more general category of "affective states" where affective states can also include emotion-related phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">pain</a>, motivational states (for example, <a href="/wiki/Hunger_(physiology)" title="Hunger (physiology)">hunger</a> or <a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">curiosity</a>), moods, dispositions and traits.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_emotions_theory">Basic emotions theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Basic emotions theory">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emotions_-_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Emotions_-_3.svg/330px-Emotions_-_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Emotions_-_3.svg/495px-Emotions_-_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Emotions_-_3.svg/660px-Emotions_-_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Examples of basic emotions</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/330px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/500px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/660px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>The emotion wheel</figcaption></figure> For more than 40 years, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a> has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associations for facial expressions through media. Another classic study found that when participants contorted their facial muscles into distinct facial expressions (for example, disgust), they reported subjective and physiological experiences that matched the distinct facial expressions. Ekman's facial-expression research examined six basic emotions: <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">happiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">sadness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">surprise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Later in his career,<a href="#cite_note-Ekman_and_Cordaro-42">[42]</a> Ekman theorized that other universal emotions may exist beyond these six. In light of this, recent cross-cultural studies led by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cordaro" title="Daniel Cordaro">Daniel Cordaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacher_Keltner" title="Dacher Keltner">Dacher Keltner</a>, both former students of Ekman, extended the list of universal emotions. In addition to the original six, these studies provided evidence for <a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">amusement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">awe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">contentment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">desire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">embarrassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">relief</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">sympathy</a> in both facial and vocal expressions. They also found evidence for <a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">boredom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">interest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">pride</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shame</a> facial expressions, as well as <a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">contempt</a>, relief, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/triumph" class="extiw" title="wikt:triumph">triumph</a> vocal expressions.<a href="#cite_note-Cordaro,_Keltner,_Tshering,_Wangchuk_and_Flynn-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cordaro,_Sun,_Keltner,_Kamble_and_Huddar_and_McNeil-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keltner,_Oatley_and_Jenkins-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Plutchik" title="Robert Plutchik">Robert Plutchik</a> agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "<a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification#Plutchik's_wheel_of_emotions" title="Emotion classification">wheel of emotions</a>", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions. The complex emotions could arise from cultural conditioning or association combined with the basic emotions. Alternatively, similar to the way <a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary colors</a> combine, primary emotions could blend to form the full spectrum of human emotional experience. For example, interpersonal <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a> could blend to form <a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">contempt</a>. Relationships exist between basic emotions, resulting in positive or negative influences.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaak_Panksepp" title="Jaak Panksepp">Jaak Panksepp</a> carved out seven <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">biologically inherited</a> primary affective systems called SEEKING (expectancy), FEAR (anxiety), RAGE (anger), LUST (sexual excitement), CARE (nurturance), PANIC/GRIEF (sadness), and PLAY (social joy). He proposed what is known as "core-SELF" to be generating these affects.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-dimensional_analysis_theory">Multi-dimensional analysis theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Multi-dimensional analysis theory">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geneva_Emotion_Wheel_-_English.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sorting emotions into unpleasant-pleasant and activated-calm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Geneva_Emotion_Wheel_-_English.png/330px-Geneva_Emotion_Wheel_-_English.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Geneva_Emotion_Wheel_-_English.png/500px-Geneva_Emotion_Wheel_-_English.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Geneva_Emotion_Wheel_-_English.png/960px-Geneva_Emotion_Wheel_-_English.png 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>Two dimensions of emotions, made accessible for practical use<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> Psychologists have used methods such as <a href="/wiki/Factor_analysis" title="Factor analysis">factor analysis</a> to attempt to map emotion-related responses onto a more limited number of dimensions. Such methods attempt to boil emotions down to underlying dimensions that capture the similarities and differences between experiences.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Often, the first two dimensions uncovered by factor analysis are <a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">valence</a> (how negative or positive the experience feels) and <a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">arousal</a> (how energized or enervated the experience feels). These two dimensions can be depicted on a 2D coordinate map.<a href="#cite_note-Schacter-4">[4]</a> This two-dimensional map has been theorized to capture one important component of emotion called <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion#Core_affect" title="Theory of constructed emotion">core affect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barrett_and_Russell-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russell_2003-52">[52]</a> Core affect is not theorized to be the only component to emotion, but to give the emotion its hedonic and felt energy. Using statistical methods to analyze emotional states elicited by short videos, Cowen and Keltner identified 27 varieties of emotional experience: admiration, adoration, aesthetic appreciation, amusement, anger, anxiety, awe, awkwardness, boredom, calmness, confusion, craving, disgust, empathic pain, entrancement, excitement, fear, horror, interest, joy, nostalgia, relief, romance, sadness, satisfaction, sexual desire, and surprise.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">Functional accounts of emotion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern_history">Pre-modern history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pre-modern history">edit</a>]</div> In Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata Muni</a> enunciated the nine rasas (emotions) in the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81tyas%C4%81stra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nātyasāstra">Nātyasāstra</a>, an ancient Sanskrit text of <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_theory" title="Dramatic theory">dramatic theory</a> and other performance arts, written between 200 BC and 200 AD.<a href="#cite_note-:2-54">[54]</a> The theory of <a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">rasas</a> still forms the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> underpinning of all Indian classical dance and theatre, such as <a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">kathak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kudiyattam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kudiyattam">Kudiyattam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-:2-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata Muni</a> established the following: <a href="/wiki/Srungara" class="mw-redirect" title="Srungara">Śṛṅgāraḥ</a> (शृङ्गारः): Romance / Love / attractiveness, <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81sya" title="Hāsya">Hāsyam</a> (हास्यं): Laughter / mirth / comedy, Raudram (रौद्रं): Fury / Anger, <a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Kāruṇyam</a> (कारुण्यं): Compassion / mercy, Bībhatsam (बीभत्सं): Disgust / aversion, <a href="/wiki/Bhay%C4%81naka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhayānaka">Bhayānakam</a> (भयानकं): Horror / terror, Veeram (वीरं): Pride / Heroism, Adbhutam (अद्भुतं): Surprise / wonder.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, emotions occur when an object is considered attractive or repulsive. There is a felt tendency impelling people towards attractive objects and propelling them to move away from repulsive or harmful objects; a disposition to possess the object (greed), to destroy it (hatred), to flee from it (fear), to get obsessed or worried over it (anxiety), and so on.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> theories, normal emotions (like delight and fear) are described as irrational impulses that come from incorrect appraisals of what is 'good' or 'bad'. Alternatively, there are 'good emotions' (like joy and caution) experienced by those that are wise, which come from correct appraisals of what is 'good' and 'bad'.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> believed that emotions were an essential component of <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In the Aristotelian view all emotions (called passions) corresponded to appetites or capacities. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Aristotelian view was adopted and further developed by <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> in particular. In Chinese antiquity, excessive emotion was believed to cause damage to <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a>, which in turn, damages the vital organs.<a href="#cite_note-Suchy_2011-61">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">four humors</a> theory made popular by <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> contributed to the study of emotion in the same way that it did for <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. In the early 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> theorized about the influence of emotions on health and behaviors, suggesting the need to manage emotions.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Early modern views on emotion are developed in the works of philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>. In the 19th century emotions were considered adaptive and were studied more frequently from an <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricist</a> psychiatric perspective. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_theological">Western theological</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Western theological">edit</a>]</div> Christian perspective on emotion presupposes a theistic origin to humanity. God who created humans gave humans the ability to feel emotion and interact emotionally. Biblical content expresses that God is a person who feels and expresses emotion. Though a somatic view would place the locus of emotions in the physical body, Christian theory of emotions would view the body more as a platform for the sensing and expression of emotions. Therefore, emotions themselves arise from the person, or that which is "imago-dei" or <a href="/wiki/Image_of_God" title="Image of God">Image of God</a> in humans. In Christian thought, emotions have the potential to be controlled through reasoned reflection. That reasoned reflection also mimics God who made mind. The purpose of emotions in human life is therefore summarized in God's call to enjoy Him and creation, humans are to enjoy emotions and benefit from them and use them to energize behavior.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_theories">Evolutionary theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Evolutionary theories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Evolution of emotion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expression_of_the_Emotions_Figure_15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Expression_of_the_Emotions_Figure_15.png/250px-Expression_of_the_Emotions_Figure_15.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Expression_of_the_Emotions_Figure_15.png/330px-Expression_of_the_Emotions_Figure_15.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Expression_of_the_Emotions_Figure_15.png/500px-Expression_of_the_Emotions_Figure_15.png 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="2386" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a> (1872)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century">19th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> Perspectives on emotions from evolutionary theory were initiated during the mid-late 19th century with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s 1872 book <a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Darwin argued that emotions served no evolved purpose for humans, neither in communication, nor in aiding survival.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Darwin largely argued that emotions evolved via the inheritance of acquired characters. He pioneered various methods for studying non-verbal expressions, from which he concluded that some expressions had <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">cross-cultural</a> universality. Darwin also detailed homologous expressions of emotions that <a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">occur in animals</a>. This led the way for animal research on emotions and the eventual determination of the neural underpinnings of emotion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contemporary">edit</a>]</div> More contemporary views along the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> spectrum posit that both basic emotions and social emotions evolved to motivate (social) behaviors that were adaptive in the ancestral environment.<a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_6-69">[69]</a> Emotion is an essential part of any human decision-making and planning, and the famous distinction made between reason and emotion is not as clear as it seems.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25251484-70">[70]</a> Paul D. MacLean claims that emotion competes with even more instinctive responses, on one hand, and the more abstract reasoning, on the other hand. The increased potential in <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> has also allowed investigation into evolutionarily ancient parts of the brain. Important neurological advances were derived from these perspectives in the 1990s by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a>. For example, in an extensive study of a subject with <a href="/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex" title="Ventromedial prefrontal cortex">ventromedial frontal lobe</a> damage described in the book <a href="/wiki/Descartes%27_Error" title="Descartes' Error">Descartes' Error</a>, Damasio demonstrated how loss of physiological capacity for emotion resulted in the subject's lost capacity to make decisions despite having robust faculties for rationally assessing options.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Research on physiological emotion has caused modern neuroscience to abandon the model of emotions and rationality as opposing forces. In contrast to the ancient Greek ideal of dispassionate reason, the neuroscience of emotion shows that emotion is necessarily integrated with intellect.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Research on social emotion also focuses on the physical displays of emotion including body language of animals and humans (see <a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">affect display</a>). For example, spite seems to work against the individual but it can establish an individual's reputation as someone to be feared.<a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_6-69">[69]</a> Shame and pride can motivate behaviors that help one maintain one's standing in a community, and self-esteem is one's estimate of one's status.<a href="#cite_note-Gaulin_6-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somatic_theories">Somatic theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Somatic theories">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">Somatic</a> theories of emotion claim that bodily responses, rather than cognitive interpretations, are essential to emotions. The first modern version of such theories came from <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> in the 1880s. The theory lost favor in the 20th century, but has regained popularity more recently due largely to theorists such as <a href="/wiki/John_T._Cacioppo" title="John T. Cacioppo">John T. Cacioppo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid18472250-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> who are able to appeal to neurological evidence.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="James–Lange_theory">James–Lange theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: James–Lange theory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/James%E2%80%93Lange_theory" title="James–Lange theory">James–Lange theory</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James-Lange_Theory_of_Emotion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/James-Lange_Theory_of_Emotion.png/357px-James-Lange_Theory_of_Emotion.png" decoding="async" width="357" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/James-Lange_Theory_of_Emotion.png 1.5x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="111" /></a><figcaption>Simplified graph of <a href="/wiki/James%E2%80%93Lange_theory" title="James–Lange theory">James-Lange Theory of Emotion</a></figcaption></figure> In his 1884 article<a href="#cite_note-James-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a>, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Lange_(physician)" title="Carl Lange (physician)">Carl Lange</a> also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the <a href="/wiki/James%E2%80%93Lange_theory" title="James–Lange theory">James–Lange theory</a>. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion". James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and either we cry, strike, or tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be".<a href="#cite_note-James-79">[79]</a> An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state.<a href="#cite_note-Laird-81">[81]</a> Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions, for example, "I'm crying because I'm sad", or "I ran away because I was scared". The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Although mostly abandoned in its original form, Tim Dalgleish argues that most contemporary neuroscientists have embraced the components of the James-Lange theory of emotions.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The James–Lange theory has remained influential. Its main contribution is the emphasis it places on the embodiment of emotions, especially the argument that changes in the bodily concomitants of emotions can alter their experienced intensity. Most contemporary neuroscientists would endorse a modified James–Lange view in which bodily feedback modulates the experience of emotion. (p. 583)</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cannon–Bard_theory">Cannon–Bard theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cannon–Bard theory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cannon%E2%80%93Bard_theory" title="Cannon–Bard theory">Cannon–Bard theory</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bradford_Cannon" title="Walter Bradford Cannon">Walter Bradford Cannon</a> agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses.<a href="#cite_note-Cannon_1929_399–421-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion. Phillip Bard contributed to the theory with his work on animals. Bard found that sensory, motor, and physiological information all had to pass through the <a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">diencephalon</a> (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>), before being subjected to any further processing. Therefore, Cannon also argued that it was not anatomically possible for sensory events to trigger a physiological response prior to triggering conscious awareness and emotional stimuli had to trigger both physiological and experiential aspects of emotion simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-Cannon_1929_399–421-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Two-factor_theory">Two-factor theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Two-factor theory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Two-factor_theory_of_emotion" title="Two-factor theory of emotion">Two-factor theory of emotion</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a> formulated his theory on the earlier work of a Spanish physician, <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Gregorio Marañón">Gregorio Marañón</a>, who injected patients with <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">epinephrine</a> and subsequently asked them how they felt. Marañón found that most of these patients felt something but in the absence of an actual emotion-evoking stimulus, the patients were unable to interpret their physiological arousal as an experienced emotion. Schachter did agree that physiological reactions played a big role in emotions. He suggested that physiological reactions contributed to emotional experience by facilitating a focused cognitive appraisal of a given physiologically arousing event and that this appraisal was what defined the subjective emotional experience. Emotions were thus a result of two-stage process: general physiological arousal, and experience of emotion. For example, the physiological arousal, heart pounding, in a response to an evoking stimulus, the sight of a bear in the kitchen. The brain then quickly scans the area, to explain the pounding, and notices the bear. Consequently, the brain interprets the pounding heart as being the result of fearing the bear.<a href="#cite_note-Schacter-4">[4]</a> With his student, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_E._Singer" title="Jerome E. Singer">Jerome Singer</a>, Schachter demonstrated that subjects can have different emotional reactions despite being placed into the same physiological state with an injection of epinephrine. Subjects were observed to express either anger or amusement depending on whether another person in the situation (a confederate) displayed that emotion. Hence, the combination of the appraisal of the situation (cognitive) and the participants' reception of adrenalin or a placebo together determined the response. This experiment has been criticized in Jesse Prinz's (2004) Gut Reactions.<a href="#cite_note-Prinz2004-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_theories">Cognitive theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cognitive theories">edit</a>]</div> With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. Cognitive theories of emotion emphasize that emotions are shaped by how individuals interpret and appraise situations. These theories highlight: <ol><li>The role of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_appraisal" title="Cognitive appraisal">cognitive appraisals</a> in evaluating the significance of events.</li> <li>The subjectivity of emotions and the influence of individual differences.</li> <li>The cognitive labeling of emotional experiences.</li> <li>The complexity of emotional responses, influenced by cognitive processes, physiological reactions, and situational factors.</li></ol> These theories acknowledge that emotions are not automatic reactions but result from the interplay of cognitive interpretations, physiological responses, and the social context. A prominent philosophical exponent is <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Solomon" title="Robert C. Solomon">Robert C. Solomon</a> (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>). Solomon claims that emotions are judgments. He has put forward a more nuanced view which responds to what he has called the 'standard objection' to cognitivism, the idea that a judgment that something is fearsome can occur with or without emotion, so judgment cannot be identified with emotion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cognitive_Appraisal_Theory">Cognitive Appraisal Theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cognitive Appraisal Theory">edit</a>]</div> One of the main proponents of this view was <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a> who argued that emotions must have some cognitive <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">intentionality</a>. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing. Lazarus' theory is very influential; emotion is a disturbance that occurs in the following order: <ol><li>Cognitive appraisal: The individual assesses the event cognitively, which cues the emotion.</li> <li>Physiological changes: The cognitive reaction starts biological changes such as increased heart rate or pituitary adrenal response.</li> <li>Action: The individual feels the emotion and chooses how to react.</li></ol> For example: Jenny sees a snake. <ol><li>Jenny cognitively assesses the snake in her presence. Cognition allows her to understand it as a danger.</li> <li>Her brain activates the adrenal glands which pump adrenalin through her blood stream, resulting in increased heartbeat.</li> <li>Jenny screams and runs away.</li></ol> Lazarus stressed that the quality and intensity of emotions are controlled through cognitive processes. These processes underline <a href="/wiki/Coping_strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping strategies">coping strategies</a> that form the emotional reaction by altering the relationship between the person and the environment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Two-Process_Theory">Two-Process Theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Two-Process Theory">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/George_Mandler" title="George Mandler">George Mandler</a> provided an extensive theoretical and empirical discussion of emotion as influenced by cognition, consciousness, and the autonomic nervous system in two books (Mind and Emotion, 1975,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and Mind and Body: Psychology of Emotion and Stress, 1984<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>) George Mandler, a prominent psychologist known for his contributions to the study of cognition and emotion, proposed the "Two-Process Theory of Emotion". This theory offers insights into how emotions are generated and how cognitive processes play a role in emotional experiences. Mandler's theory focuses on the interplay between primary and secondary appraisal processes in the formation of emotions. Here are the key components of his theory: <ol><li>Primary Appraisal: This initial cognitive appraisal involves evaluating a situation for its relevance and implications for one's well-being. It assesses whether a situation is beneficial, harmful, or neutral. A positive primary appraisal may lead to positive emotions, while a negative primary appraisal may lead to negative emotions.</li> <li>Secondary Appraisal: Secondary appraisal follows the primary appraisal and involves an assessment of one's ability to cope with or manage the situation. If an individual believes they have the resources and skills to cope effectively, this may result in a different emotional response than if they perceive themselves as unable to cope.</li> <li>Emotion Generation: The combination of the primary and secondary appraisals contributes to the generation of emotions. The specific emotion experienced is determined by these appraisals. For instance, if a person appraises a situation as relevant to their well-being (positive or negative) and believes they have the resources to cope, this might lead to an emotion such as joy or relief. Conversely, if the situation is appraised negatively, and coping resources are perceived as lacking, emotions like fear or sadness may result.</li></ol> Mandler's Two-Process Theory of Emotion emphasizes the importance of cognitive appraisal processes in shaping emotional experiences. It recognizes that emotions are not just automatic reactions but result from complex evaluations of the significance of situations and one's ability to manage them effectively. This theory underscores the role of cognition in the emotional process and highlights the interplay of cognitive factors in the formation of emotions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Affect_Infusion_Model_(AIM)">The <a href="/wiki/Affect_infusion_model" title="Affect infusion model">Affect Infusion Model</a> (AIM)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Affect Infusion Model (AIM)">edit</a>]</div> The Affect Infusion Model (AIM) is a psychological framework that was developed by Joseph Forgas in the 1990s. This model focuses on how affect, or mood and emotions, can influence cognitive processes and decision-making. The central idea of the AIM is that affect, whether it is a positive or negative mood, can "infuse" or influence various cognitive activities, including information processing and judgments. Key components and principles of the Affect Infusion Model include: <ol><li>Affect as Information: The AIM posits that individuals use their current mood or emotional state as a source of information when making judgments or decisions. In other words, people consider their emotional experiences as part of the decision-making process.</li> <li>Information Processing Strategies: The model suggests that affect can influence the strategies people use to process information. Positive affect might lead to a more heuristic or "top-down" processing style, whereas negative affect might lead to a more systematic, detail-oriented "bottom-up" processing style.</li> <li>Affect Congruence: The AIM suggests that when the affective state is congruent with the information being processed, it can enhance processing efficiency and lead to more favorable judgments. For example, a positive mood might lead to more positive evaluations of positive information.</li> <li>Affect Infusion: The concept of "affect infusion" refers to the idea that affect can "infuse" or bias cognitive processes, potentially leading to decision-making that is influenced by emotional factors.</li> <li>Moderating Factors: The model acknowledges that various factors, such as individual differences, task complexity, and the extent of attention paid to one's mood, can moderate the degree to which affect influences cognition.</li></ol> The Affect Infusion Model has been applied to a wide range of areas, including consumer behavior, social judgment, and interpersonal interactions. It emphasizes the idea that emotions and mood play a more significant role in cognitive processes and decision-making than traditionally thought. While it has been influential in understanding the interplay between affect and cognition, it is important to note that the AIM is just one of several models in the field of emotion and cognition that help explain the intricate relationship between emotions and thinking. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appraisal-Tendency_Theory">Appraisal-Tendency Theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Appraisal-Tendency Theory">edit</a>]</div> Source:<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The Appraisal-Tendency Theory, developed by Joseph P. Forgas, is a theory that focuses on how people have dispositional tendencies to appraise and interpret situations in specific ways, leading to consistent emotional reactions to particular types of situations. This theory suggests that certain individuals may have stable, habitual patterns of appraising and attributing emotional significance to events, and these tendencies can influence their emotional responses and judgments. Key features and concepts of the Appraisal-Tendency Theory include: <ol><li>Cognitive Appraisals: Appraisal tendencies refer to the habitual or characteristic ways that individuals appraise or evaluate situations. Appraisals involve cognitive judgments about the personal relevance, desirability, and significance of events or situations.</li> <li>Stable and Individual Differences: The theory posits that these appraisal tendencies are stable and relatively consistent across time. They are also seen as individual differences, meaning that people may differ in the specific appraisal tendencies they exhibit.</li> <li>Emotional Responses: Appraisal tendencies influence emotional responses to situations. For instance, individuals with a tendency to appraise situations as threatening may consistently experience fear or anxiety in response to a range of situations perceived as threats.</li> <li>Influence on Social Judgments: The theory extends beyond emotions to include the impact of appraisal tendencies on social judgments and evaluations. For example, individuals with a tendency to perceive events as unfair may make consistent social judgments related to fairness and justice.</li> <li>Context Dependence: Appraisal tendencies may interact with situational factors. In some situations, the tendency to appraise a situation as threatening, for instance, may lead to fear, while in different contexts, it may not produce the same emotional response.</li></ol> Appraisal-Tendency Theory suggests that these cognitive tendencies can shape an individual's overall emotional disposition, influencing their emotional reactions and social judgments. This theory has been applied in various contexts, including studies of personality, social psychology, and decision-making, to better understand how cognitive appraisal tendencies influence emotional and evaluative responses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laws_of_Emotion">Laws of Emotion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Laws of Emotion">edit</a>]</div> Source:<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nico_Frijda" title="Nico Frijda">Nico Frijda</a> was a prominent psychologist known for his work in the field of emotion and affective science. One of the key contributions of Frijda are his "Laws of Emotion", which outline a set of principles that help explain how emotions function and how they are experienced. Frijda's Laws of Emotion are as follows: <ol><li>The Law of Situational Meaning: This law posits that emotions are elicited by events or situations that have personal significance and meaning for the individual. Emotions are not random but are a response to the perceived meaning of the situation.</li> <li>The Law of Concern: Frijda suggests that emotions are fundamentally concerned with the individual's well-being and adaptation. Emotions serve as signals or reactions to situations that impact one's goals, needs, or values.</li> <li>The Law of Appraisal: This law acknowledges the role of cognitive appraisal processes in the emotional experience. Individuals appraise or evaluate a situation based on factors such as its relevance, congruence with goals, and coping potential, which in turn shapes the specific emotional response.</li> <li>The Law of Readiness: Frijda's theory suggests that emotions prepare individuals for action. Emotions are associated with physiological changes and action tendencies that ready the individual to respond to the situation. For example, fear may prepare someone to escape a threat.</li> <li>The Law of Concerned Expectancy: Emotions are influenced by both what is happening now and what is anticipated to occur in the future. Emotions can reflect an individual's expectations about the consequences of a situation.</li></ol> Frijda's theory emphasizes the adaptive function of emotions and the role of cognitive appraisal in shaping emotional experiences. It highlights that emotions are not simply reactions to external events but are intimately tied to the individual's goals, values, and perceptions of the situation's meaning. Frijda's work has had a significant influence on the study of emotions and has contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of how emotions operate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotion_Attribution_Theory">Emotion Attribution Theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Emotion Attribution Theory">edit</a>]</div> Source:<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Prinz" title="Jesse Prinz">Jesse Prinz</a> is a contemporary philosopher and cognitive scientist who has contributed to the field of emotion theory. One of his influential theories is the "Emotion Attribution Theory", which provides a perspective on how people recognize and understand emotions in themselves and others. Emotion Attribution Theory, proposed by Jesse Prinz, focuses on the role of emotion attributions in the experience and understanding of emotions. Key ideas and components of Prinz's theory include: <ol><li>Emotion Attribution: Prinz suggests that emotions are recognized through a process of attributing specific emotional states to oneself and others based on observed or perceived cues. These cues can include facial expressions, body language, vocal tone, and context.</li> <li>Basic Emotions: Prinz's theory is associated with the idea of basic emotions, which are a limited set of universal and biologically driven emotional states. He argues that attributions of basic emotions are part of human cognitive architecture and that these attributions are made automatically and rapidly.</li> <li>Social and Cultural Influence: While basic emotions are seen as universal, Prinz acknowledges the role of social and cultural factors in shaping how emotions are expressed and interpreted. Culture can influence the display rules for emotions and how emotions are perceived in various contexts.</li> <li>Emotion and Moral Evaluation: Prinz's theory also explores the connection between emotions and moral evaluation. He suggests that emotions are linked to our moral judgments and evaluations of actions and events. Emotion attributions are crucial in the moral assessment of others' behaviors.</li></ol> Overall, Prinz's Emotion Attribution Theory emphasizes the role of attributions in the recognition and understanding of emotions. It highlights the automatic and cognitive processes involved in identifying and interpreting emotional states in oneself and others. This theory has implications for fields such as psychology, philosophy, and cognitive science and contributes to our understanding of the social and cultural aspects of emotions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affective_Events_Theory_(AET)">Affective Events Theory (AET)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Affective Events Theory (AET)">edit</a>]</div> Source:<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Affective_events_theory" title="Affective events theory">Affective Events Theory</a> (AET) is a psychological theory that focuses on the role of workplace events in shaping employees' emotions, attitudes, and behaviors in the context of their job. This theory was developed by organizational psychologists Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano in the late 1990s. AET primarily concerns itself with how emotional experiences at work can impact job satisfaction, performance, and other outcomes. Key concepts and principles of the Affective Events Theory include: <ol><li>Affective Events: AET centers on "affective events", which are specific events or occurrences in the workplace that trigger emotional responses in employees. These events can be positive (e.g., receiving praise or a promotion) or negative (e.g., conflicts with coworkers or work-related stressors).</li> <li>Emotion Generation: The theory suggests that these affective events generate emotions in employees. These emotions can be either discrete (specific emotions like happiness, anger, or sadness) or general mood states (e.g., feeling generally positive or negative).</li> <li>Emotion-Driven Outcomes: AET posits that emotions generated by affective events at work have consequences for employee attitudes and behaviors. For example, positive emotions may lead to increased job satisfaction, improved performance, and greater commitment to the organization, while negative emotions might result in reduced job satisfaction and increased turnover intentions.</li> <li>Moderating Factors: AET recognizes that individual and situational factors can moderate the relationship between affective events and outcomes. Personal characteristics, job roles, and organizational culture can influence how employees respond to affective events.</li> <li>Feedback Loop: The theory also suggests that there can be a feedback loop where the emotional reactions of employees influence their perceptions of subsequent events. In other words, an employee's emotional state may color their perception of future events and experiences in the workplace.</li> <li>Time Lag: AET acknowledges that the effects of affective events may not be immediate and can manifest over time. The theory allows for the consideration of both short-term and long-term emotional influences on employees.</li></ol> AET has been influential in the field of organizational psychology and has helped shed light on how workplace events can have a significant impact on employee well-being and organizational outcomes. It highlights the importance of understanding and managing the emotional experiences of employees in the context of their work. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situated_perspective_on_emotion">Situated perspective on emotion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Situated perspective on emotion">edit</a>]</div> A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino, emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the <a href="/wiki/Situationism_(psychology)" title="Situationism (psychology)">situationism</a> approach in psychology.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories of emotion, both of which see emotion as a purely internal process, with the environment only acting as a stimulus to the emotion. In contrast, a situationist perspective on emotion views emotion as the product of an organism investigating its environment, and observing the responses of other organisms. Emotion stimulates the evolution of social relationships, acting as a signal to mediate the behavior of other organisms. In some contexts, the expression of emotion (both voluntary and involuntary) could be seen as strategic moves in the transactions between different organisms. The situated perspective on emotion states that conceptual thought is not an inherent part of emotion, since emotion is an action-oriented form of skillful engagement with the world. Griffiths and Scarantino suggested that this perspective on emotion could be helpful in understanding phobias, as well as the emotions of infants and animals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> Emotions can motivate social interactions and relationships and therefore are directly related with basic <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, particularly with the <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a> systems. This is important because emotions are related to the anti-stress complex, with an oxytocin-attachment system, which plays a major role in bonding. Emotional <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> <a href="/wiki/Temperament" title="Temperament">temperaments</a> affect social connectedness and fitness in complex social systems.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> These characteristics are shared with other species and taxa and are due to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> and their continuous transmission. Information that is encoded in the DNA sequences provides the blueprint for assembling proteins that make up our cells. <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygotes</a> require genetic information from their parental germ cells, and at every <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a> event, heritable traits that have enabled its ancestor to survive and reproduce successfully are passed down along with new traits that could be potentially beneficial to the offspring. In the five million years since the <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineages</a> leading to modern humans and <a href="/wiki/Pan_(genus)" title="Pan (genus)">chimpanzees</a> split, only about 1.2% of their genetic material has been modified. This suggests that everything that separates us from chimpanzees must be encoded in that very small amount of DNA, including our behaviors. Students that study animal behaviors have only identified intraspecific examples of gene-dependent behavioral phenotypes. In <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a> (Microtus spp.) minor genetic differences have been identified in a <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">vasopressin receptor</a> gene that corresponds to major species differences in <a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">social organization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mating_system" title="Mating system">mating system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HammockYoung2005-97">[97]</a> Another potential example with behavioral differences is the <a href="/wiki/FOXP2" title="FOXP2">FOXP2</a> gene, which is involved in neural circuitry handling <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vargha-Khademetal2005-98">[98]</a> Its present form in humans differed from that of the chimpanzees by only a few mutations and has been present for about 200,000 years, coinciding with the beginning of modern humans.<a href="#cite_note-Enardetal2002-99">[99]</a> Speech, language, and social organization are all part of the basis for emotions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Formation">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timeline_of_brain_models_of_emotion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Timeline_of_brain_models_of_emotion.svg/250px-Timeline_of_brain_models_of_emotion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Timeline_of_brain_models_of_emotion.svg/500px-Timeline_of_brain_models_of_emotion.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of some of the most prominent brain models of emotion in <a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">affective neuroscience</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurobiological_explanation">Neurobiological explanation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Neurobiological explanation">edit</a>]</div> Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neurobiological</a> explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. If distinguished from reactive responses of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> arousal patterns, in which <a href="/wiki/Neurochemical" title="Neurochemical">neurochemicals</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">noradrenaline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Givens-33">[33]</a> For example, the emotion of <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a> is proposed to be the expression of paleocircuits of the mammalian brain (specifically, modules of the <a href="/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">cingulate cortex</a> (or gyrus)) which facilitate the care, feeding, and grooming of offspring. Paleocircuits are neural platforms for bodily expression configured before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cortical</a> <a href="/wiki/Neural_circuit" title="Neural circuit">circuits</a> for speech. They consist of pre-configured pathways or networks of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">nerve cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Forebrain" title="Forebrain">forebrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other emotions like fear and anxiety long thought to be exclusively generated by the most primitive parts of the brain (stem) and more associated to the fight-or-flight responses of behavior, have also been associated as adaptive expressions of defensive behavior whenever a threat is encountered. Although defensive behaviors have been present in a wide variety of species, Blanchard et al. (2001) discovered a correlation of given stimuli and situation that resulted in a similar pattern of defensive behavior towards a threat in human and non-human mammals.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Whenever potentially dangerous stimuli are presented, additional brain structures activate that previous thought (hippocampus, thalamus, etc.). Thus, giving the amygdala an important role in coordinating the following behavioral input based on the presented neurotransmitters that respond to threat stimuli. These biological functions of the amygdala are not only limited to the "fear-conditioning" and "processing of aversive stimuli", but also are present on other components of the amygdala. Therefore, it can referred the amygdala as a key structure to understand the potential responses of behavior in danger like situations in human and non-human mammals.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The motor centers of <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> react to sensory cues of vision, sound, touch, chemical, gravity, and motion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures. With the arrival of night-active <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, smell replaced vision as the dominant sense, and a different way of responding arose from the <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">olfactory</a> sense, which is proposed to have developed into <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> emotion and emotional memory. The mammalian brain invested heavily in <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">olfaction</a> to succeed at night as reptiles slept – one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles. These odor pathways gradually formed the neural blueprint for what was later to become our limbic brain.<a href="#cite_note-Givens-33">[33]</a> Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Broca" title="Paul Broca">Paul Broca</a> (1878),<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Papez" title="James Papez">James Papez</a> (1937),<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._MacLean" title="Paul D. MacLean">Paul D. MacLean</a> (1952)<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the center of the brain called the <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">cingulate cortex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampi</a>, and other structures. More recent research has shown that some of these <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic structures</a> are not as directly related to emotion as others are while some non-limbic structures have been found to be of greater emotional relevance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prefrontal_cortex">Prefrontal cortex</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Prefrontal cortex">edit</a>]</div> There is ample evidence that the left <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> is activated by stimuli that cause positive approach.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> If attractive stimuli can selectively activate a region of the brain, then logically the converse should hold, that selective activation of that region of the brain should cause a stimulus to be judged more positively. This was demonstrated for moderately attractive visual stimuli<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and replicated and extended to include negative stimuli.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Two neurobiological models of emotion in the prefrontal cortex made opposing predictions. The valence model predicted that anger, a <a href="/wiki/Negative_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative emotion">negative emotion</a>, would activate the right prefrontal cortex. The direction model predicted that anger, an approach emotion, would activate the left prefrontal cortex. The second model was supported.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (direction model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (movement model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (action tendency model). Support for the action tendency model (passivity related to right prefrontal activity) comes from research on shyness<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and research on behavioral inhibition.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Research that tested the competing hypotheses generated by all four models also supported the action tendency model.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Homeostatic/primordial_emotion">Homeostatic/primordial emotion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Homeostatic/primordial emotion">edit</a>]</div> Another neurological approach proposed by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Craig" title="Arthur Craig">Bud Craig</a> in 2003 distinguishes two classes of emotion: "classical" emotions such as love, anger and fear that are evoked by environmental stimuli, and "<a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_feeling" title="Homeostatic feeling">homeostatic emotions</a>" – attention-demanding feelings evoked by body states, such as pain, hunger and fatigue, that motivate behavior (withdrawal, eating or resting in these examples) aimed at maintaining the body's internal milieu at its ideal state.<a href="#cite_note-Craig2003-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Derek_Denton" title="Derek Denton">Derek Denton</a> calls the latter "primordial emotions" and defines them as "the subjective element of the instincts, which are the genetically programmed behavior patterns which contrive <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>. They include thirst, hunger for air, hunger for food, pain and hunger for specific minerals etc. There are two constituents of a primordial emotion – the specific sensation which when severe may be imperious, and the compelling intention for gratification by a consummatory act".<a href="#cite_note-Denton2009-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergent_explanation">Emergent explanation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Emergent explanation">edit</a>]</div> Emotions are seen by some researchers to be constructed (emerge) in social and cognitive domain alone, without directly implying <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">biologically inherited</a> characteristics. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph LeDoux</a> differentiates between the human's defense system, which has evolved over time, and emotions such as fear and <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>. He has said that the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a> may release hormones due to a trigger (such as an innate reaction to seeing a snake), but "then we elaborate it through cognitive and conscious processes".<a href="#cite_note-LeDoux-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Feldman_Barrett" title="Lisa Feldman Barrett">Lisa Feldman Barrett</a> highlights differences in <a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">emotions between different cultures</a>, and says that emotions (such as anxiety) are socially constructed (see <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">theory of constructed emotion</a>). She says that they "are not triggered; you create them. They emerge as a combination of the physical properties of your body, a flexible brain that wires itself to whatever environment it develops in, and your culture and upbringing, which provide that environment".<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> She has termed this approach the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">theory of constructed emotion</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disciplinary_approaches">Disciplinary approaches</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Disciplinary approaches">edit</a>]</div> Many different disciplines have produced work on the emotions. <a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human sciences</a> study the role of emotions in mental processes, disorders, and neural mechanisms. In <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, emotions are examined as part of the discipline's study and treatment of mental disorders in humans. <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a> studies emotions as part of its approach to the provision of holistic health care to humans. <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> examines emotions from a scientific perspective by treating them as mental processes and behavior and they explore the underlying physiological and neurological processes, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> sub-fields such as <a href="/wiki/Social_neuroscience" title="Social neuroscience">social neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">affective neuroscience</a>, scientists study the neural mechanisms of emotion by combining neuroscience with the psychological study of personality, emotion, and mood. In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, the expression of emotion may change to the meaning of sounds. In <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, the role of emotions in relation to learning is examined. <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a> often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyzes and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to <a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Arlie Russell Hochschild</a>'s concept of <a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">emotional labor</a>. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe. In <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, emotions are analyzed in some sub-fields of microeconomics, in order to assess the role of emotions on purchase decision-making and <a href="/wiki/Risk#Risk_and_emotion" title="Risk">risk perception</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a>, a social science approach to the study of crime, scholars often draw on behavioral sciences, sociology, and psychology; emotions are examined in criminology issues such as <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">anomie</a> theory and studies of "toughness", aggressive behavior, and hooliganism. In <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, which underpins civil obedience, politics, economics and society, evidence about people's emotions is often raised in <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> law claims for compensation and in <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a> prosecutions against alleged lawbreakers (as evidence of the defendant's state of mind during trials, sentencing, and parole hearings). In <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, emotions are examined in a number of sub-fields, such as the analysis of voter decision-making. In <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">philosophy of art</a> (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of <a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">taste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">sentimentality</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">philosophy of music</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">music and emotion</a>). In <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation. In <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and film-making, the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, scholars study the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a>, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>) in a number of unrelated animals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_emotions">History of emotions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: History of emotions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">History of emotions</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history of emotions</a> has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] arguing that it is an <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essential</a> category of analysis, not unlike <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)#Social_constructions" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and their expressions are regulated in different ways by both different cultures and different historical times, and the <a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">constructivist</a> school of history claims even that some sentiments and <a href="/wiki/Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">meta-emotions</a>, for example <a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">schadenfreude</a>, are learnt and not only regulated by culture. Historians of emotion trace and analyze the changing norms and rules of feeling, while examining emotional regimes, codes, and lexicons from social, cultural, or political history perspectives. Others focus on the history of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>. What somebody can and may feel (and show) in a given situation, towards certain people or things, depends on <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">social norms</a> and rules; thus historically variable and open to change.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Several research centers have opened in the past few years in Germany, England, Spain,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Sweden, and Australia. Furthermore, research in <a href="/wiki/Historical_trauma" title="Historical trauma">historical trauma</a> suggests that some <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">traumatic</a> emotions can be passed on from parents to offspring to second and even third generation, presented as examples of <a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_trauma" title="Transgenerational trauma">transgenerational trauma</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology">Sociology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sociology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Sociology of emotions</a></div> A common way in which emotions are conceptualized in sociology is in terms of the multidimensional characteristics including cultural or emotional labels (for example, anger, pride, fear, happiness), physiological changes (for example, increased perspiration, changes in pulse rate), expressive facial and body movements (for example, smiling, frowning, baring teeth), and appraisals of situational <a href="/wiki/Sensory_cue" title="Sensory cue">cues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thoits,_P._A._1989-11">[11]</a> One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009).<a href="#cite_note-Turner2007-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turner2009-120">[120]</a> Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold, they will experience different emotions depending on the extent to which expectations for Self, other and situation are met or not met. People can also provide positive or negative sanctions directed at Self or other which also trigger different emotional experiences in individuals. Turner analyzed a wide range of emotion theories across different fields of research including sociology, psychology, evolutionary science, and neuroscience. Based on this analysis, he identified four emotions that all researchers consider being founded on human neurology including assertive-anger, aversion-fear, satisfaction-happiness, and disappointment-sadness. These four categories are called primary emotions and there is some agreement amongst researchers that these primary emotions become combined to produce more elaborate and complex emotional experiences. These more elaborate emotions are called first-order elaborations in Turner's theory, and they include sentiments such as pride, triumph, and awe. Emotions can also be experienced at different levels of intensity so that feelings of concern are a low-intensity variation of the primary emotion aversion-fear whereas depression is a higher intensity variant. Attempts are frequently made to regulate emotion according to the conventions of the society and the situation based on many (sometimes conflicting) demands and expectations which originate from various entities. The expression of anger is in many cultures discouraged in girls and women to a greater extent than in boys and men (the notion being that an angry man has a valid complaint that needs to be rectified, while an angry women is hysterical or oversensitive, and her anger is somehow invalid), while the expression of sadness or fear is discouraged in boys and men relative to girls and women (attitudes implicit in phrases like "man up" or "don't be a sissy").<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Expectations attached to social roles, such as "acting as man" and not as a woman, and the accompanying "feeling rules" contribute to the differences in expression of certain emotions. Some cultures encourage or discourage happiness, sadness, or jealousy, and the free expression of the emotion of disgust is considered socially unacceptable in most cultures. Some social institutions are seen as based on certain emotion, such as <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a> in the case of contemporary institution of <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>. In advertising, such as health campaigns and political messages, emotional appeals are commonly found. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaigns emphasizing the fear of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Sociological attention to emotion has varied over time. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> (1915/1965)<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian Aboriginal society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during totemic rituals transported individuals above themselves giving them the sense that they were in the presence of a higher power, a force, that was embedded in the sacred objects that were worshipped. These feelings of exaltation, he argued, ultimately lead people to believe that there were forces that governed sacred objects. In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992),<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "looking glass" that the gestures and reactions of others provide. Depending on these reactions, we either experience pride or shame and this results in particular paths of action. Retzinger (1991)<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> conducted studies of married couples who experienced cycles of rage and shame. Drawing predominantly on Goffman and Cooley's work, Scheff (1990)<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> developed a micro sociological theory of the social bond. The formation or disruption of social bonds is dependent on the emotions that people experience during interactions. Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004)<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967)<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity. There is a growing body of research applying the sociology of emotion to understanding the learning experiences of students during classroom interactions with teachers and other students (for example, Milne & Otieno, 2007;<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Olitsky, 2007;<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Tobin, et al., 2013;<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Zembylas, 2002<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a>). These studies show that learning subjects like science can be understood in terms of classroom interaction rituals that generate emotional energy and collective states of emotional arousal like <a href="/wiki/Emotional_climate" title="Emotional climate">emotional climate</a>. Apart from interaction ritual traditions of the sociology of emotion, other approaches have been classed into one of six other categories:<a href="#cite_note-Turner2009-120">[120]</a> <ul><li>evolutionary/biological theories</li> <li>symbolic interactionist theories</li> <li>dramaturgical theories</li> <li>ritual theories</li> <li>power and status theories</li> <li>stratification theories</li> <li>exchange theories</li></ul> This list provides a general overview of different traditions in the sociology of emotion that sometimes conceptualize emotion in different ways and at other times in complementary ways. Many of these different approaches were synthesized by Turner (2007) in his sociological theory of human emotions in an attempt to produce one comprehensive sociological account that draws on developments from many of the above traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Turner2007-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychotherapy_and_regulation">Psychotherapy and regulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Psychotherapy and regulation">edit</a>]</div> Emotion regulation refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> For example, a behavioral strategy in which one avoids a situation to avoid unwanted emotions (trying not to think about the situation, doing distracting activities, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Depending on the particular school's general emphasis on either cognitive components of emotion, physical energy discharging, or on symbolic movement and facial expression components of emotion different schools of <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> approach the regulation of emotion differently. Cognitively oriented schools approach them via their cognitive components, such as <a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">rational emotive behavior therapy</a>. Yet others approach emotions via symbolic movement and facial expression components (like in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt therapy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-cultural_research">Cross-cultural research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Cross-cultural research">edit</a>]</div> Research on emotions reveals the strong presence of cross-cultural differences in emotional reactions and that emotional reactions are likely to be culture-specific.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In strategic settings, <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">cross-cultural</a> research on emotions is required for understanding the psychological situation of a given population or specific actors. This implies the need to comprehend the current emotional state, mental disposition or other behavioral motivation of a target audience located in a different culture, basically founded on its national, political, social, economic, and psychological peculiarities but also subject to the influence of circumstances and events.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_science">Computer science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Computer science">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">Affective computing</a></div> In the 2000s, research in computer science, engineering, psychology and neuroscience has been aimed at developing devices that recognize human <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affect</a> display and model emotions.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In computer science, <a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">affective computing</a> is a branch of the study and development of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> that deals with the design of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, and process human emotions. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TaoTan-141">[141]</a> While the origins of the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical enquiries into <a href="#James–Lange_theory">emotion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-James-79">[79]</a> the more modern branch of computer science originated with <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Picard" title="Rosalind Picard">Rosalind Picard</a>'s 1995 paper<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> on affective computing.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Detecting emotional information begins with passive <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> which capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. Emotional speech processing recognizes the user's emotional state by analyzing speech patterns. The detection and processing of facial expression or body gestures is achieved through detectors and sensors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_memory">Effects on memory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Effects on memory">edit</a>]</div> Emotion affects the way <a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_memory" title="Autobiographical memory">autobiographical memories</a> are encoded and retrieved. <a href="/wiki/Emotional_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional memory">Emotional memories</a> are reactivated more, they are remembered better and have more attention devoted to them.<a href="#cite_note-auto-145">[145]</a> Through remembering our past achievements and failures, autobiographical memories affect how we perceive and feel about ourselves.<a href="#cite_note-auto-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_theorists">Notable theorists</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notable theorists">edit</a>]</div> In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1842–1910) and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Lange_(physician)" title="Carl Lange (physician)">Carl Lange</a> (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the <a href="/wiki/James%E2%80%93Lange_theory" title="James–Lange theory">James–Lange theory</a>, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silvan_Tomkins" title="Silvan Tomkins">Silvan Tomkins</a> (1911–1991) developed the <a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect theory</a> and script theory. The affect theory introduced the concept of basic emotions, and was based on the idea that the dominance of the emotion, which he called the affected system, was the motivating force in human life.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Some of the most influential deceased theorists on emotion from the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Magda_B._Arnold" title="Magda B. Arnold">Magda B. Arnold</a> (1903–2002), an American psychologist who developed the <a href="/wiki/Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal theory</a> of emotions;<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a> (1922–2002), an American psychologist who specialized in emotion and stress, especially in relation to cognition; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> (1916–2001), who included emotions into decision making and artificial intelligence; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Plutchik" title="Robert Plutchik">Robert Plutchik</a> (1928–2006), an American psychologist who developed a psychoevolutionary theory of emotion;<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a> (1923–2008) a Polish–American social psychologist who specialized in social and cognitive processes such as social facilitation; <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Solomon" title="Robert C. Solomon">Robert C. Solomon</a> (1942–2007), an American philosopher who contributed to the theories on the philosophy of emotions with books such as What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings (2003);<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Goldie" title="Peter Goldie">Peter Goldie</a> (1946–2011), a British philosopher who specialized in ethics, aesthetics, emotion, mood and character; <a href="/wiki/Nico_Frijda" title="Nico Frijda">Nico Frijda</a> (1927–2015), a Dutch psychologist who advanced the theory that human emotions serve to promote a tendency to undertake actions that are appropriate in the circumstances, detailed in his book The Emotions (1986);<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaak_Panksepp" title="Jaak Panksepp">Jaak Panksepp</a> (1943–2017), an Estonian-born American psychologist, psychobiologist, neuroscientist and pioneer in affective neuroscience; <a href="/wiki/John_T._Cacioppo" title="John T. Cacioppo">John T. Cacioppo</a> (1951–2018), one of the founding fathers of <a href="/wiki/Social_neuroscience" title="Social neuroscience">social neuroscience</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Mandler" title="George Mandler">George Mandler</a> (1924–2016), an American psychologist who wrote influential books on cognition and emotion. Influential theorists who are still active include the following psychologists, neurologists, philosophers, and sociologists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Apter" title="Michael Apter">Michael Apter</a> – (born 1939) British psychologist who developed <a href="/wiki/Reversal_theory" title="Reversal theory">reversal theory</a>, a structural, phenomenological theory of personality, motivation, and emotion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Feldman_Barrett" title="Lisa Feldman Barrett">Lisa Feldman Barrett</a> – (born 1963) neuroscientist and psychologist specializing in <a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">affective science</a> and human emotion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Collins" title="Randall Collins">Randall Collins</a> – (born 1941) American sociologist from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> developed the interaction ritual theory which includes the emotional entrainment model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a> (born 1944) – Portuguese behavioral neurologist and neuroscientist who works in the US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a> (born 1951) – American psychologist and neuroscientist; pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a> (born 1934) – psychologist specializing in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Fredrickson" title="Barbara Fredrickson">Barbara Fredrickson</a> – Social psychologist who specializes in emotions and <a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">positive psychology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Arlie Russell Hochschild</a> (born 1940) – American sociologist whose central contribution was in forging a link between the subcutaneous flow of emotion in social life and the larger trends set loose by modern capitalism within organizations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a> (born 1949) – American neuroscientist who studies the biological underpinnings of memory and emotion, especially the mechanisms of fear</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Prinz" title="Jesse Prinz">Jesse Prinz</a> – American philosopher who specializes in emotion, moral psychology, aesthetics and consciousness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Russell" title="James A. Russell">James A. Russell</a> (born 1947) – American psychologist who developed or co-developed the <a href="/wiki/PAD_emotional_state_model" title="PAD emotional state model">PAD theory of environmental impact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification#Circumplex_model" title="Emotion classification">circumplex model of affect</a>, prototype theory of emotion concepts, <a href="/wiki/Facial_expression#Criticism" title="Facial expression">a critique of the hypothesis of universal recognition of emotion from facial expression</a>, concept of <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion#Core_affect" title="Theory of constructed emotion">core affect</a>, developmental theory of differentiation of emotion concepts, and, more recently, the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression#Psychological_construction_model" title="Emotional expression">psychological construction of emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Scherer" title="Klaus Scherer">Klaus Scherer</a> (born 1943) – Swiss psychologist and director of the Swiss Center for Affective Sciences in Geneva; he specializes in the psychology of emotion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_de_Sousa" title="Ronald de Sousa">Ronald de Sousa</a> (born 1940) – English–Canadian philosopher who specializes in the philosophy of emotions, philosophy of mind and philosophy of biology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_H._Turner" title="Jonathan H. Turner">Jonathan H. Turner</a> (born 1942) – American sociologist from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">University of California, Riverside</a>, who is a general sociological theorist with specialty areas including the sociology of emotions, ethnic relations, social institutions, social stratification, and bio-sociology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mo%C3%AFsi" title="Dominique Moïsi">Dominique Moïsi</a> (born 1946) – authored a book titled The Geopolitics of Emotion focusing on emotions related to globalization<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">Affect measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">Affective forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping" title="Coping">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">Emotion and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_Review" title="Emotion Review">Emotion Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">Emotional isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionally_focused_therapy" title="Emotionally focused therapy">Emotionally focused therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">Emotions in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_feedback_hypothesis" title="Facial feedback hypothesis">Facial feedback hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzzy-trace_theory" title="Fuzzy-trace theory">Fuzzy-trace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">Group emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_feeling" title="Homeostatic feeling">Homeostatic feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">Moral emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">Social sharing of emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-factor_theory_of_emotion" title="Two-factor theory of emotion">Two-factor theory of emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuleshov_effect" title="Kuleshov effect">Kuleshov effect</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPanksepp2005" class="citation book cs1">Panksepp, Jaak (2005). Affective neuroscience: the foundations of human and animal emotions ([Reprint] ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195096736" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195096736"><bdi>978-0195096736</bdi></a>. <q>Our emotional feelings reflect our ability to subjectively experience certain states of the nervous system. Although conscious feeling states are universally accepted as major distinguishing characteristics of human emotions, in animal research the issue of whether other organisms feel emotions is little more than a conceptual embarrassment</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affective+neuroscience%3A+the+foundations+of+human+and+animal+emotions&rft.place=Oxford+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=%5BReprint%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0195096736&rft.aulast=Panksepp&rft.aufirst=Jaak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDamasio1998" class="citation journal cs1">Damasio AR (May 1998). "Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system". Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 26 (2–3): 83–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0165-0173%2897%2900064-7">10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00064-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9651488">9651488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8504450">8504450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research.+Brain+Research+Reviews&rft.atitle=Emotion+in+the+perspective+of+an+integrated+nervous+system&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8504450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9651488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0165-0173%2897%2900064-7&rft.aulast=Damasio&rft.aufirst=AR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEkmanDavidson1994" class="citation book cs1">Ekman, Paul; Davidson, Richard J. (1994). The Nature of emotion: fundamental questions. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 291–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195089448" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195089448"><bdi>978-0195089448</bdi></a>. <q>Emotional processing, but not emotions, can occur unconsciously.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+emotion%3A+fundamental+questions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0195089448&rft.aulast=Ekman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schacter-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schacter_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schacter_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schacter_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schacter_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchacterGilbertWegner2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schacter" title="Daniel Schacter">Schacter, Daniel L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gilbert_(psychologist)" title="Daniel Gilbert (psychologist)">Gilbert, Daniel T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Wegner" title="Daniel Wegner">Wegner, Daniel M.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310">Psychology</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychology0000scha/page/310">310</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1429237192" title="Special:BookSources/978-1429237192"><bdi>978-1429237192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=310&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Worth+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1429237192&rft.aulast=Schacter&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Daniel+T.&rft.au=Wegner%2C+Daniel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychology0000scha%2Fpage%2F310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCabanac2002" class="citation journal cs1">Cabanac, Michel (2002). "What is emotion?". Behavioural Processes. 60 (2): 69–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0376-6357%2802%2900078-5">10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00078-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12426062">12426062</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24365776">24365776</a>. <q>There is no consensus in the literature on a definition of emotion. The term is taken for granted in itself and, most often, emotion is defined with reference to a list: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. [...] I propose here that emotion is any mental experience with high intensity and high hedonic content (pleasure/displeasure).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+Processes&rft.atitle=What+is+emotion%3F&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24365776%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12426062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0376-6357%2802%2900078-5&rft.aulast=Cabanac&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Feldman_BarrettMichael_LewisJeannette_M._Haviland-Jones2016" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Feldman Barrett; Michael Lewis; Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones, eds. (2016). Handbook of emotions (Fourth ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1462525348" title="Special:BookSources/978-1462525348"><bdi>978-1462525348</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/950202673">950202673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+emotions&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F950202673&rft.isbn=978-1462525348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAverill1999" class="citation journal cs1">Averill, James R. (February 1999). "Individual Differences in Emotional Creativity: Structure and Correlates". Journal of Personality. 67 (2): 331–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-6494.00058">10.1111/1467-6494.00058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3506">0022-3506</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10202807">10202807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality&rft.atitle=Individual+Differences+in+Emotional+Creativity%3A+Structure+and+Correlates&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=1999-02&rft.issn=0022-3506&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10202807&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-6494.00058&rft.aulast=Averill&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCacioppoGardner1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cacioppo, John T.; Gardner, Wendi L. (1999). "Emotion". Annual Review of Psychology. 50: 191–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.psych.50.1.191">10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10074678">10074678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Emotion&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.psych.50.1.191&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10074678&rft.aulast=Cacioppo&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Wendi+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCabralde_Almeida2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cabral, J. Centurion; de Almeida, Rosa Maria Martins (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/emo0000839">"From social status to emotions: Asymmetric contests predict emotional responses to victory and defeat"</a>. Emotion. 22 (4): 769–779. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Femo0000839">10.1037/emo0000839</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1931-1516">1931-1516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32628033">32628033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220371464">220371464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emotion&rft.atitle=From+social+status+to+emotions%3A+Asymmetric+contests+predict+emotional+responses+to+victory+and+defeat.&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E769-%3C%2Fspan%3E779&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=1931-1516&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220371464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32628033&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Femo0000839&rft.aulast=Cabral&rft.aufirst=J.+Centurion&rft.au=de+Almeida%2C+Rosa+Maria+Martins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.apa.org%2Fgetdoi.cfm%3Fdoi%3D10.1037%2Femo0000839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScherer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Scherer KR (2005). "What are emotions? And how can they be measured?". Social Science Information. 44 (4): 693–727. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0539018405058216">10.1177/0539018405058216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145575751">145575751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Information&rft.atitle=What+are+emotions%3F+And+how+can+they+be+measured%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E693-%3C%2Fspan%3E727&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0539018405058216&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145575751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=KR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thoits,_P._A._1989-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thoits,_P._A._1989_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thoits,_P._A._1989_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThoits1989" class="citation journal cs1">Thoits PA (1989). 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Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries+%26%23124%3B+English&rft.atitle=Emotion+%26%23124%3B+Definition+of+Emotion+by+Oxford+Dictionary+on+Lexico.com+also+meaning+of+Emotion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Femotion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Schacter, D.L., Gilbert, D.T., Wegner, D.M., & Hood, B.M. (2011). Psychology (European ed.). 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Outskirts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1478722595" title="Special:BookSources/978-1478722595"><bdi>978-1478722595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts+of+Life%3A+ten+issues+of+contentment&rft.pub=Outskirts+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1478722595&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-1">b</a> Hume, D. Emotions and Moods. Organizational Behavior, 258–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fehr_&_Russell-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Fehr_&_Russell_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFehrRussell1984" class="citation journal cs1">Fehr B, Russell JA (1984). "Concept of Emotion Viewed from a Prototype Perspective". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 113 (3): 464–486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0096-3445.113.3.464">10.1037/0096-3445.113.3.464</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4825988">4825988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Psychology%3A+General&rft.atitle=Concept+of+Emotion+Viewed+from+a+Prototype+Perspective&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E464-%3C%2Fspan%3E486&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0096-3445.113.3.464&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4825988%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fehr&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Russell%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeDoux-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeDoux_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeDoux_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brainworldmagazine.com/on-fear-emotions-and-memory-an-interview-with-dr-joseph-ledoux/2/">"On Fear, Emotions, and Memory: An Interview with Dr. Joseph LeDoux – Page 2 of 2 – Brain World"</a>. 6 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009004614/https://brainworldmagazine.com/on-fear-emotions-and-memory-an-interview-with-dr-joseph-ledoux/2/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Fear%2C+Emotions%2C+and+Memory%3A+An+Interview+with+Dr.+Joseph+LeDoux+%E2%80%93+Page+2+of+2+%E2%80%93+Brain+World&rft.date=2018-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrainworldmagazine.com%2Fon-fear-emotions-and-memory-an-interview-with-dr-joseph-ledoux%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Givens-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Givens_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Givens_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Givens_33-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGivens" class="citation web cs1">Givens DB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140523192511/http://center-for-nonverbal-studies.org/emotion.htm">"Emotion"</a>. Center for Nonverbal Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://center-for-nonverbal-studies.org/htdocs/emotion.htm">the original</a> on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Nonverbal+Studies&rft.atitle=Emotion&rft.aulast=Givens&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcenter-for-nonverbal-studies.org%2Fhtdocs%2Femotion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaviland-JonesLewisBarrett2016" class="citation book cs1">Haviland-Jones, Jeannette M.; Lewis, Michael; Barrett, Lisa Feldman (2016). Handbook of emotions (4 ed.). New York (N.Y.): Guilford press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-2534-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-2534-8"><bdi>978-1-4625-2534-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+emotions&rft.place=New+York+%28N.Y.%29&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Guilford+press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4625-2534-8&rft.aulast=Haviland-Jones&rft.aufirst=Jeannette+M.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Michael&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Lisa+Feldman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuss2015" class="citation book cs1">Buss, David M., ed. (5 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470939376">The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology</a> (1 ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470939376">10.1002/9780470939376</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26403-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26403-3"><bdi>978-0-471-26403-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Evolutionary+Psychology&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2015-09-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470939376&rft.isbn=978-0-471-26403-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9780470939376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeDoux1996" class="citation book cs1">LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emotional+Brain%3A+The+Mysterious+Underpinnings+of+Emotional+Life&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=LeDoux&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEkman1992" class="citation journal cs1">Ekman P (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015022148/http://www.emotional.economics.uni-mainz.de/Dateien/Ekman_1992_Psy_Review_Basic_Emotions.pdf">"An argument for basic emotions"</a> (PDF). Cognition & Emotion. 6 (3): 169–200. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.454.1984">10.1.1.454.1984</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02699939208411068">10.1080/02699939208411068</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emotional.economics.uni-mainz.de/Dateien/Ekman_1992_Psy_Review_Basic_Emotions.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognition+%26+Emotion&rft.atitle=An+argument+for+basic+emotions&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.454.1984%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02699939208411068&rft.aulast=Ekman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emotional.economics.uni-mainz.de%2FDateien%2FEkman_1992_Psy_Review_Basic_Emotions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/finding-your-authentic-pu_b_8342280">"Listening to Your Authentic Self: The Purpose of Emotions"</a>. HuffPost. 21 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175154/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/finding-your-authentic-pu_b_8342280">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Listening+to+Your+Authentic+Self%3A+The+Purpose+of+Emotions&rft.date=2015-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Ffinding-your-authentic-pu_b_8342280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Some people regard mental illnesses as having evolutionary value, see e.g. <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_approaches_to_depression" title="Evolutionary approaches to depression">evolutionary approaches to depression</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Schwarz, N.H. (1990). "Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states". Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, 2, 527–561.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShiota2016" class="citation book cs1">Shiota, Michelle N. (2016). "Ekman's theory of basic emotions". In Miller, Harold L. (ed.). The Sage encyclopedia of theory in psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7C45DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248">248–250</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781483346274.n85">10.4135/9781483346274.n85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452256719" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452256719"><bdi>978-1452256719</bdi></a>. <q>Some aspects of Ekman's approach to basic emotions are commonly misunderstood. Three misinterpretations are especially common. The first and most widespread is that Ekman posits exactly six basic emotions. Although his original facial-expression research examined six emotions, Ekman has often written that evidence may eventually be found for several more and has suggested as many as 15 likely candidates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ekman%27s+theory+of+basic+emotions&rft.btitle=The+Sage+encyclopedia+of+theory+in+psychology&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=248-250&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781483346274.n85&rft.isbn=978-1452256719&rft.aulast=Shiota&rft.aufirst=Michelle+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ekman_and_Cordaro-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Ekman_and_Cordaro_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEkmanCordaro2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ekman, Paul; Cordaro, Daniel (20 September 2011). "What is Meant by Calling Emotions Basic". Emotion Review. 3 (4): 364–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1754073911410740">10.1177/1754073911410740</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-0739">1754-0739</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52833124">52833124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emotion+Review&rft.atitle=What+is+Meant+by+Calling+Emotions+Basic&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E364-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52833124%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1754-0739&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1754073911410740&rft.aulast=Ekman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Cordaro%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordaro,_Keltner,_Tshering,_Wangchuk_and_Flynn-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Cordaro,_Keltner,_Tshering,_Wangchuk_and_Flynn_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCordaroKeltnerTsheringWangchuk2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cordaro, Daniel T.; Keltner, Dacher; Tshering, Sumjay; Wangchuk, Dorji; Flynn, Lisa M. (2016). "The voice conveys emotion in ten globalized cultures and one remote village in Bhutan". Emotion. 16 (1): 117–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Femo0000100">10.1037/emo0000100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1931-1516">1931-1516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26389648">26389648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emotion&rft.atitle=The+voice+conveys+emotion+in+ten+globalized+cultures+and+one+remote+village+in+Bhutan.&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1931-1516&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26389648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Femo0000100&rft.aulast=Cordaro&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft.au=Keltner%2C+Dacher&rft.au=Tshering%2C+Sumjay&rft.au=Wangchuk%2C+Dorji&rft.au=Flynn%2C+Lisa+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordaro,_Sun,_Keltner,_Kamble_and_Huddar_and_McNeil-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Cordaro,_Sun,_Keltner,_Kamble_and_Huddar_and_McNeil_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCordaroSunKeltnerKamble2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cordaro, Daniel T.; Sun, Rui; Keltner, Dacher; Kamble, Shanmukh; Huddar, Niranjan; McNeil, Galen (February 2018). "Universals and cultural variations in 22 emotional expressions across five cultures". Emotion. 18 (1): 75–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Femo0000302">10.1037/emo0000302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1931-1516">1931-1516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28604039">28604039</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3436764">3436764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emotion&rft.atitle=Universals+and+cultural+variations+in+22+emotional+expressions+across+five+cultures.&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2018-02&rft.issn=1931-1516&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3436764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28604039&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Femo0000302&rft.aulast=Cordaro&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft.au=Sun%2C+Rui&rft.au=Keltner%2C+Dacher&rft.au=Kamble%2C+Shanmukh&rft.au=Huddar%2C+Niranjan&rft.au=McNeil%2C+Galen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keltner,_Oatley_and_Jenkins-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Keltner,_Oatley_and_Jenkins_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeltnerOatleyJenkins2019" class="citation book cs1">Keltner, Dacher; Oatley, Keith; Jenkins, Jennifer M (2019). 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W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393707311" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393707311"><bdi>978-0393707311</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721142921/https://books.google.com/books?id=bVdxXN_vVGEC&q=at+least+seven+basic+affective+systems">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. 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Retrieved 3 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Emotions+in+Buddhist+Perspective&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=de+Silva&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fdesilva-p%2Fwheel237.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArius_Didymus" class="citation book cs1">Arius Didymus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118014519/https://www.stoictherapy.com/elibrary-epitome#10">"Epitome of Stoic Ethics" in the Anthology of Stobaeus</a>. Book 2. Chapter 7. Section 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stoictherapy.com/elibrary-epitome#10">the original</a> on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Epitome+of+Stoic+Ethics%22+in+the+Anthology+of+Stobaeus&rft.pages=Book+2.+Chapter+7.+Section+10&rft.au=Arius+Didymus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoictherapy.com%2Felibrary-epitome%2310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCicero" class="citation book cs1">Cicero. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/passions.htm">Tusculan Disputations</a>. Book 4. Section 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414123551/http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/passions.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tusculan+Disputations&rft.pages=Book+4.+Section+6&rft.au=Cicero&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.john-uebersax.com%2Fplato%2Fpassions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/ari/ethic_02.htm#2.6">Nicomachean Ethics</a>. Book 2. Chapter 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029104527/http://www.constitution.org/ari/ethic_02.htm#2.6">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicomachean+Ethics&rft.pages=Book+2.+Chapter+6&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.org%2Fari%2Fethic_02.htm%232.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAquinas" class="citation book cs1">Aquinas T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/2059.htm">Summa Theologica</a>. Q.59, Art.2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127221643/http://newadvent.org/summa/2059.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summa+Theologica&rft.pages=Q.59%2C+Art.2&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F2059.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suchy_2011-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Suchy_2011_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuchy2011" class="citation book cs1">Suchy Y (2011). Clinical neuropsychology of emotion. New York: Guilford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+neuropsychology+of+emotion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Guilford&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Suchy&rft.aufirst=Yana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaque2004" class="citation journal cs1">Haque A (2004). "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists". Journal of Religion and Health. 43 (4): 357–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10943-004-4302-z">10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27512819">27512819</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38740431">38740431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Health&rft.atitle=Psychology+from+Islamic+Perspective%3A+Contributions+of+Early+Muslim+Scholars+and+Challenges+to+Contemporary+Muslim+Psychologists&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E377&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38740431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27512819%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10943-004-4302-z&rft.aulast=Haque&rft.aufirst=Amber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> See for instance Antonio Damasio (2005) Looking for Spinoza.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Leviathan (1651), VI: Of the Interior Beginnings of Voluntary Notions, Commonly called the Passions; and the Speeches by which They are Expressed </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2021" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Robert (10 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotion-Christian-tradition/">"Emotions in the Christian Tradition"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Department of Philosophy, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610090841/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotion-Christian-tradition/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Emotions+in+the+Christian+Tradition&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Femotion-Christian-tradition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-l40X8-S5AC">Spiritual Emotions: A Psychology of Christian Virtues</a>. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802827401" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802827401"><bdi>978-0802827401</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730080615/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Spiritual_Emotions/L-l40X8-S5AC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritual+Emotions%3A+A+Psychology+of+Christian+Virtues&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0802827401&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL-l40X8-S5AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Darwin, Charles (1872). The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. Note: This book was originally published in 1872, but has been reprinted many times thereafter by different publishers </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHessThibault2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hess, Ursula; Thibault (2009). "Darwin & Emotion Expression". The Principle of Serviceable Habits. American Psychologist. 64 (2): 120–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0013386">10.1037/a0013386</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19203144">19203144</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31276371">31276371</a>. <q>for most emotion expressions, Darwin insisted that they were functional in the past or were functional in animals but not in humans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Darwin+%26+Emotion+Expression&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31276371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19203144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0013386&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft.au=Thibault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaulin_6-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaulin_6_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaulin_6_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaulin_6_69-2">c</a> Gaulin, Steven J.C. and Donald H. McBurney (2003). Evolutionary Psychology. Prentice Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131115293" title="Special:BookSources/978-0131115293">978-0131115293</a>, Chapter 6, pp. 121–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25251484-70"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25251484_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLernerLiValdesoloKassam2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lerner JS, Li Y, Valdesolo P, Kassam KS (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jenniferlerner/files/annual_review_manuscript_june_16_final.final_.pdf">"Emotion and decision making"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Psychology" title="Annual Review of Psychology">Annual Review of Psychology</a>. 66: 799–823. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-psych-010213-115043">10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25251484">25251484</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5622279">5622279</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717154321/https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jenniferlerner/files/annual_review_manuscript_june_16_final.final_.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Emotion+and+decision+making&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E799-%3C%2Fspan%3E823&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5622279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25251484&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-psych-010213-115043&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Li%2C+Y&rft.au=Valdesolo%2C+P&rft.au=Kassam%2C+KS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fjenniferlerner%2Ffiles%2Fannual_review_manuscript_june_16_final.final_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDamásio1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Dam%C3%A1sio" class="mw-redirect" title="António Damásio">Damásio, António</a> (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-13894-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-399-13894-3"><bdi>0-399-13894-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descartes%27+Error%3A+Emotion%2C+Reason%2C+and+the+Human+Brain&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-399-13894-3&rft.aulast=Dam%C3%A1sio&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frans_de_Waal" title="Frans de Waal">de Waal, Frans</a> (2019). Mama's Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us about Ourselves. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-63506-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-63506-5"><bdi>978-0-393-63506-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mama%27s+Last+Hug%3A+Animal+Emotions+and+What+They+Tell+Us+about+Ourselves&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-393-63506-5&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Frans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(journalist)" title="Robert Wright (journalist)">Wright, Robert</a> (1994). <a href="/wiki/The_Moral_Animal" title="The Moral Animal">The Moral Animal</a>. 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Retrieved 13 May 2008. <q>The introduction of emotion to computer science was done by Pickard (sic) who created the field of affective computing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recognition+and+Simulation+of+Emotions&rft.date=2006-10&rft.aulast=Kleine-Cosack&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fls12-www.cs.tu-dortmund.de%2F%2F~fink%2Flectures%2FSS06%2Fhuman-robot-interaction%2FEmotion-RecognitionAndSimulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Diamond D (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.12/love.html">"The Love Machine; Building computers that care"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 May 2008. <q>Rosalind Picard, a genial <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> professor, is the field's godmother; her 1997 book, Affective Computing, triggered an explosion of interest in the emotional side of computers and their users.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+Love+Machine%3B+Building+computers+that+care.&rft.date=2003-12&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F11.12%2Flove.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD'ArgembeauComblainVan_der_Linden2003" class="citation journal cs1">D'Argembeau, Arnaud; Comblain, Christine; Van der Linden, Martial (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/1394/1/ACP_03.pdf">"Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for positive, negative, and neutral events"</a> (PDF). 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Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050316220621/http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521316006">Cambridge University Press</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoisi2009" class="citation book cs1">Moisi, Dominique (2009). The Geopolitics of Emotion: How Cultures of Fear, Humiliation and Hope are Reshaping the World. London: Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409077084" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409077084"><bdi>978-1409077084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geopolitics+of+Emotion%3A+How+Cultures+of+Fear%2C+Humiliation+and+Hope+are+Reshaping+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1409077084&rft.aulast=Moisi&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarclayCrozier-De_RosaStearns2021" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, Katie; Crozier-De Rosa, Sharon; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stearns" title="Peter Stearns">Stearns, Peter N.</a>, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUDpDwAAQBAJ">Sources for the History of Emotions: A Guide</a>. London & New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-26145-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-26145-0"><bdi>978-0-367-26145-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+for+the+History+of+Emotions%3A+A+Guide&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-367-26145-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTUDpDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Glinka, Lukasz Andrzej (2013) Theorizing Emotions: A Brief Study of Psychological, Philosophical, and Cultural Aspects of Human Emotions. Great Abington: Cambridge International Science Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1907343957" title="Special:BookSources/978-1907343957">978-1907343957</a>.</li> <li>Dana Sugu & Amita Chaterjee <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/sugudana/articles-1">"Flashback: Reshuffling Emotions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430041037/https://sites.google.com/site/sugudana/articles-1">Archived</a> 30 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, International Journal on Humanistic Ideology, Vol. 3 No. 1, Spring–Summer 2010.</li> <li>Cornelius, R. (1996). The science of emotion. New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-133-00153-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-133-00153-2">978-0-133-00153-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenton2006" class="citation book cs1">Denton D (2006). The Primordial Emotions: The Dawning of Consciousness. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199203147" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199203147"><bdi>978-0199203147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Primordial+Emotions%3A+The+Dawning+of+Consciousness&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0199203147&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>González, Ana Marta (2012). The Emotions and Cultural Analysis. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409453178" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409453178">978-1409453178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Ekman, P.</a> (1999). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228085345/http://www.paulekman.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/Basic-Emotions.pdf">Basic Emotions</a>". In: T. Dalgleish and M. Power (Eds.). Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Sussex, UK:.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Frijda" title="Nico Frijda">Frijda, N.H.</a> (1986). The Emotions. Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050316220621/http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521316006">Cambridge University Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31600-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31600-2">978-0-521-31600-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell_Hochschild1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Russell Hochschild, Arlie</a> (1983). <a href="/wiki/The_Managed_Heart:_the_Commercialization_of_Human_Feeling" class="mw-redirect" title="The Managed Heart: the Commercialization of Human Feeling">The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+managed+heart%3A+commercialization+of+human+feeling&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Russell+Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Arlie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520054547" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520054547">978-0520054547</a></li> <li>Hogan, Patrick Colm. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/What-literature-teaches-us-about-emotion.php">What Literature Teaches Us about Emotion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713080915/http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/What-literature-teaches-us-about-emotion.php">Archived</a> 13 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Hordern, Joshua. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130616040342/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/academic/philosophy/social/9780199646814.do%23.UZuheMqmVuR">Political Affections: Civic Participation and Moral Theology</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199646813" title="Special:BookSources/0199646813">0199646813</a></li> <li>LeDoux, J.E. (1986). "The neurobiology of emotion". Chap. 15 in J.E. LeDoux & W. Hirst (Eds.) Mind and Brain: dialogues in cognitive neuroscience. New York: Cambridge.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31853-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31853-2">978-0-521-31853-2</a></li> <li>Mandler, G. (1984). Mind and Body: Psychology of emotion and stress. New York: Norton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216225314/http://www.affective-sciences.org/system/files/2005_Scherer_SSI.pdf">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum, Martha C.</a> (2001). Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-84071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-84071-5"><bdi>978-0-511-84071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upheavals+of+Thought%3A+The+Intelligence+of+Emotions&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-511-84071-5&rft.aulast=Nussbaum&rft.aufirst=Martha+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Plutchik, R. (1980). "A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion". In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion (pp. 3–33). New York: Academic. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0125587013" title="Special:BookSources/978-0125587013">978-0125587013</a></li> <li>Roberts, Robert. (2003). Emotions: An Essay in Aid of Moral Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52584-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52584-8">978-0-521-52584-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson DL (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225175826/http://www.socialemotiveneuroscience.org/pubs/Gable%20%26%20Harmon-Jones%20%282008%2C%20Netherlands%29.pdf#page=26">"Brain function, emotional experience and personality"</a> (PDF). Netherlands Journal of Psychology. 64 (4): 152–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03076418">10.1007/BF03076418</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143896041">143896041</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialemotiveneuroscience.org/pubs/Gable%20&%20Harmon-Jones%20(2008,%20Netherlands).pdf#page=26">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Netherlands+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Brain+function%2C+emotional+experience+and+personality&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03076418&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143896041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialemotiveneuroscience.org%2Fpubs%2FGable%2520%26%2520Harmon-Jones%2520%282008%2C%2520Netherlands%29.pdf%23page%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScherer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Scherer, K (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150225204554/http://lep.unige.ch/system/files/biblio/2005_Scherer_SSI.pdf">"What are emotions and how can they be measured?"</a> (PDF). Social Science Information. 44 (4): 695–729. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0539018405058216">10.1177/0539018405058216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145575751">145575751</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lep.unige.ch/system/files/biblio/2005_Scherer_SSI.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Information&rft.atitle=What+are+emotions+and+how+can+they+be+measured%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E695-%3C%2Fspan%3E729&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0539018405058216&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145575751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flep.unige.ch%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fbiblio%2F2005_Scherer_SSI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Solomon, R. (1993). The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life. Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Hackett_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hackett Publishing">Hackett Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-872-20226-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-872-20226-9">978-0-872-20226-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZekiRomaya2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zeki S, Romaya JP (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569212">"Neural correlates of hate"</a>. PLOS ONE. 3 (10): e3556. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PLoSO...3.3556Z">2008PLoSO...3.3556Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003556">10.1371/journal.pone.0003556</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569212">2569212</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18958169">18958169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Neural+correlates+of+hate&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e3556&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2569212%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18958169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003556&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PLoSO...3.3556Z&rft.aulast=Zeki&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Romaya%2C+JP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2569212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion" class="extiw" title="b:Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion">Wikibook Cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Emotion at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Emotion" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Emotion">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emotion" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Emotion">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Emotions" class="extiw" title="q:Emotions">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Emotion" class="extiw" title="v:Emotion">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZalta" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emotion/">"Emotion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emotion&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Femotion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/emotion">"Theories of Emotion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theories+of+Emotion&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Femotion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmotion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jmu.edu/counselingctr/files/About%20Emotions.pdf">About Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bradford_Cannon" title="Walter Bradford Cannon">W. B. Cannon</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73932">Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage: an account of recent researches into the function of emotional excitement</a>. New York: D. Appleton and Company</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Emotions <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Emotion">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emotions_(list)282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_navbox" title="Template talk:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emotions_(list)282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emotions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emotions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration" title="Adoration">Adoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipathy" title="Antipathy">Antipathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort" title="Comfort">Comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-hatred" title="Self-hatred">self-hatred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai">Ikigai (sense of purpose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insignificance" title="Insignificance">Insignificance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxation_(psychology)" title="Relaxation (psychology)">Relaxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">Solitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">Suspense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(positive_psychology)" title="Zest (positive psychology)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/120px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/250px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Affect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affective <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affectivity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_affectivity" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li> <li>Emotion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_emotion" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification#Circumplex_model" title="Emotion classification">circumplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmojiGrid" title="EmojiGrid">EmojiGrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6vheim_Cube_of_Emotions" title="Lövheim Cube of Emotions">Lövheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAD_emotional_state_model" title="PAD emotional state model">PAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification#Plutchik's_wheel_of_emotions" title="Emotion classification">Plutchik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_affective_tone" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_in_art" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">Mental state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathognomy" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li> <li>Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_as_information_hypothesis" title="Affect as information hypothesis">affect as information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon-Bard_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon-Bard theory">Cannon-Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_emotion_theory" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James-Lange_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Lange theory">James-Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_theory" title="Somatic theory">somatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-factor_theory_of_emotion" title="Two-factor theory of emotion">two-factor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate emotion names in foreign languages <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Emotion" title="Category:Emotion">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychology908" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#BFD7FF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology" title="Template:Psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology" title="Template talk:Psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychology908" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Psi-stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stylized letter psi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/60px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/120px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_psychology" title="Aviation psychology">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychobiography" title="Psychobiography">Biography of famous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology of color">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_psychology" title="Fashion psychology">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_psychology" title="Food psychology">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychohistory" title="Psychohistory">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_psychology" title="Peace psychology">Peace and war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_psychology" title="Photo psychology">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_trader" title="Stock trader">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" title="Qualitative psychological research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" title="Quantitative psychological research">Quantitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">Self-report inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li>Emotions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego_death" title="Ego death">Ego death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_superego" title="Id, ego and superego">Id, ego and superego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs" title="Maslow's hierarchy of needs">Maslow's hierarchy of needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">Mental state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mischel" title="Walter Mischel">Walter Mischel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Elliot Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McEwen" title="Bruce McEwen">Bruce McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Diener" title="Ed Diener">Ed Diener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Kessler" title="Ronald C. Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. 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