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id="toc-Vulgar_Latin_in_Gaul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulgar_Latin_in_Gaul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vulgar Latin in Gaul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulgar_Latin_in_Gaul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Old French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Middle French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Other territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania_and_Australasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania_and_Australasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Oceania and Australasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania_and_Australasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status_and_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status_and_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current status and importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status_and_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moods_and_tense-aspect_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moods_and_tense-aspect_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Moods and tense-aspect forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moods_and_tense-aspect_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finite_moods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finite_moods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1.1</span> <span>Finite moods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finite_moods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indicative_(indicatif)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indicative_(indicatif)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1.1.1</span> <span>Indicative (<span><i>indicatif</i></span>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indicative_(indicatif)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subjunctive_(subjonctif)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subjunctive_(subjonctif)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1.1.2</span> <span>Subjunctive (subjonctif)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subjunctive_(subjonctif)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperative_(imperatif)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperative_(imperatif)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1.1.3</span> <span>Imperative (imperatif)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperative_(imperatif)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditional_(conditionnel)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditional_(conditionnel)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1.1.4</span> <span>Conditional (conditionnel)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditional_(conditionnel)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Voice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Example text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courses_and_tutorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courses_and_tutorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Courses and tutorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courses_and_tutorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Online dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbs_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4.1</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5.1</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5.2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5.3</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">French language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 269 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-269" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">269 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Peurancih" title="Bahsa Peurancih – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Peurancih" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Фрэнджыбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Фрэнджыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Францыбзэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Францыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sische_Sprache" title="Französische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Französische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ፈረንሳይኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈረንሳይኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranskakiel%C3%A2" title="Ranskakielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ranskakielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रेंच भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फ्रेंच भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frencisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Frencisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Frencisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Афранцыз бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Афранцыз бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الفرنسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الفرنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_franc%C3%A9s" title="Idioma francés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma francés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܦܪܢܣܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܦܪܢܣܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Ֆրանսերէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ֆրանսերէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%AAs" title="Francês – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Francês" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_franc%C3%A9s" title="Idioma francés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma francés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़्रांसिसी भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="फ़्रांसिसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%A3sia%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Hyãsiañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hyãsiañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Паранс мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Паранс мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phransiya_aru" title="Phransiya aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Phransiya aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C4%B1z_dili" title="Fransız dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransız dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="فرانسه دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسه دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Prancis" title="Basa Prancis – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Prancis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransekan" title="Faransekan – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Faransekan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ফরাসি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফরাসি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Parancis" title="Basa Parancis – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Parancis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-g%C3%AD" title="Hoat-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Француз теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Француз теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Французская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Французская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Француская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Француская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रांसीसी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फ्रांसीसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Pranses" title="Tataramon na Pranses – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Pranses" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Френски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Френски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franzesische_Sproch" title="Franzesische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Franzesische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥ་རན་སིའི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥ་རན་སིའི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuski_jezik" title="Francuski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Francuski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleg" title="Galleg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Galleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Француз хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Француз хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A8s" title="Francès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Francès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Франс чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Франс чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinanses" title="Prinanses – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Prinanses" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francouz%C5%A1tina" title="Francouzština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francouzština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chifurenji" title="Chifurenji – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chifurenji" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francese" title="Lingua francese – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua francese" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrangeg" title="Ffrangeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffrangeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransk_(sprog)" title="Fransk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fransk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لفرانساوية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لفرانساوية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1nskkagiella" title="Fránskkagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Fránskkagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sische_Sprache" title="Französische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Französische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%AD%DE%90%DE%A8" title="ފަރަންސޭސި – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފަރަންސޭސި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1%C3%A1ghahii_bizaad" title="Dáághahii bizaad – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dáághahii bizaad" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francojska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Francojska rěc – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Francojska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsuse_keel" title="Prantsuse keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prantsuse keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Γαλλική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλλική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Francés" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Французонь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Французонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_franc%C3%A9s" title="Idioma francés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma francés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_lingvo" title="Franca lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franca lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_francesa" title="Lengua francesa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua francesa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantses" title="Frantses – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantses" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransegbe" title="Fransegbe – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Fransegbe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C" title="زبان فرانسوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان فرانسوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_bhasa" title="French bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="French bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Franskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Franskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Français – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Français" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A2nsk" title="Frânsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Frânsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransinkoore" title="Faransinkoore – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Faransinkoore" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_francese" title="Lenghe francese – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe francese" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhraincis" title="An Fhraincis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Fhraincis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frangish" title="Frangish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Frangish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C8%9Buz_dili" title="Franțuz dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Franțuz dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraingis" title="Fraingis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fraingis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francesa" title="Lingua francesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua francesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Фаьренгий мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Фаьренгий мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="法語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="法語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="فرانسوي زوؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فرانسوي زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fap-ng%C3%AE" title="Fap-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fap-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Пранцсин келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Пранцсин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="프랑스어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransanci" title="Faransanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Faransanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Palani" title="ʻŌlelo Palani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Palani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ֆրանսերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़्रान्सीसी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़्रान्सीसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Francošćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Francošćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuski_jezik" title="Francuski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francuski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_linguo" title="Franca linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Franca linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_French" title="Asụsụ French – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ French" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Pranses" title="Pagsasao a Pranses – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Pranses" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Prancis" title="Bahasa Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francese" title="Lingua francese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua francese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesi" title="Francesi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Francesi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%85%E1%90%83%E1%92%8D%E1%90%83%E1%95%90%E1%92%A5%E1%90%85%E1%96%85" title="ᐅᐃᒍᐃᕐᒥᐅᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐅᐃᒍᐃᕐᒥᐅᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Францаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Францаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwimi_lwasiFrentshi" title="Ulwimi lwasiFrentshi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ulwimi lwasiFrentshi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiFulentshi" title="IsiFulentshi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiFulentshi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franska" title="Franska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Franska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francese" title="Lingua francese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua francese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="צרפתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צרפתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Prancis" title="Basa Prancis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Prancis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C9%A9%C9%A9_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fransɩɩ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Pranses" title="Amanung Pranses – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Pranses" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Француз тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Француз тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ფრანგული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანგული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرانسیٖسی زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فرانسیٖسی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%ABsczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Francësczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Francësczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Француз тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Француз тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkek" title="Frenkek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Frenkek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igifaransa" title="Igifaransa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igifaransa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifaransa" title="Kifaransa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kifaransa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Франсуз кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Франсуз кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifalanse" title="Kifalanse – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kifalanse" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francava" title="Francava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Francava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_franse" title="Lang franse – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang franse" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C3%A9" title="Fransé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fransé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_frans%C3%AE" title="Zimanê fransî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê fransî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Француз тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Француз тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_franz%C3%ABus" title="Lingaz franzëus – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz franzëus" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franseza" title="Lingua franseza – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua franseza" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9D%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87" title="ພາສາຝຣັ່ງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາຝຣັ່ງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%86c%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Praņcīšu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Praņcīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Francogallica" title="Lingua Francogallica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Francogallica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C4%8Du_valoda" title="Franču valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Franču valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C3%A9isch" title="Franséisch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Franséisch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Француз чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Француз чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABz%C5%B3_kalba" title="Prancūzų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_fran%C3%A7%C3%A9ise" title="Lengua françéise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua françéise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falans%C3%A9" title="Falansé – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Falansé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franses_(lingua)" title="Franses (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Franses (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsien_kieli" title="Frantsien kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Frantsien kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fasybau" title="fasybau – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="fasybau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_francesa" title="Lengua francesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua francesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia_nyelv" title="Francia nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francia nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रान्सेली भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फ्रान्सेली भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Француски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Француски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_frantsay" title="Fiteny frantsay – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny frantsay" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഫ്രഞ്ച് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രഞ്ച് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Fran%C4%8Bi%C5%BCa" title="Lingwa Franċiża – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Franċiża" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_W%C4%ABw%C4%AB" title="Reo Wīwī – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Wīwī" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रेंच भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रेंच भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ფრანგული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრანგული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89" title="فرنساوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرنساوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C" title="فرانسوی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرانسوی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Perancis" title="Bahasa Perancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%86_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟ꯭ꯆ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟ꯭ꯆ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1k-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Huák-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huák-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Кранциянь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кранциянь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Франц хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Франц хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ပြင်သစ်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြင်သစ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransk" title="Fransk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fransk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archives/%E1%90%B1%E1%94%A5%E1%91%8E%E1%91%AF%E1%94%AE%E1%90%A4_%E1%90%8A%E1%94%A8%E1%92%A7%E1%90%8E%E1%93%90" title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᐱᔥᑎᑯᔮᐤ ᐊᔨᒧᐎᓐ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᐱᔥᑎᑯᔮᐤ ᐊᔨᒧᐎᓐ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रान्सेली भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फ्रान्सेली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रेञ्च भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फ्रेञ्च भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="フランス語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_franzese" title="Lengua franzese – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua franzese" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Французийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Французийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C3%B6%C3%B6sk_spriak" title="Fransöösk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fransöösk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/French" title="French – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="French" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransk" title="Fransk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fransk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransk" title="Fransk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fransk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunceis" title="Fraunceis – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Fraunceis" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransum" title="Fransum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Fransum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Француз йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Француз йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransuz_tili" title="Fransuz tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fransuz tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sische_Sprache" title="Französische Sprache – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Französische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Salitan Français – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Français" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="فرانسیسی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانسیسی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances" title="Frances – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Frances" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="فرانسوي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانسوي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/French" title="French – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="French" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Франсуз кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Франсуз кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84" title="ភាសាបារាំង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាបារាំង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frins%C3%A9" title="Frinsé – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Frinsé" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_frans%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga fransèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga fransèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Frens" title="Tok Frens – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Frens" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%C3%B6%C3%B6sche_Spraak" title="Franzöösche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Franzöösche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_francuski" title="Język francuski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język francuski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_francesa" title="Língua francesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua francesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuz_tili" title="Francuz tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Francuz tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenk_tili" title="Frenk tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Frenk tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_far%C4%81ni" title="Reo farāni – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo farāni" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_francez%C4%83" title="Limba franceză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba franceză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franzosa" title="Lingua franzosa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua franzosa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransis_simi" title="Ransis simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ransis simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Французькый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Французькый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Французский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Французский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Француз тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Француз тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Farani" title="Faʻa Farani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Farani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रेञ्चभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फ्रेञ्चभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AA_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_frantzesa" title="Limba frantzesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba frantzesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_leid" title="French leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="French leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Hwako" title="Kari Hwako – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Hwako" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frants%C3%B6%C3%B6ske_Sproake" title="Frantsööske Sproake – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Frantsööske Sproake" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefora" title="Sefora – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sefora" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefora" title="Sefora – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sefora" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefora" title="Sefora – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Sefora" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_fr%C3%ABnge" title="Gjuha frënge – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha frënge" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francisa" title="Lingua francisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua francisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රංශ භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රංශ භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="French language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="فرانسيسي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فرانسيسي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADFulentji" title="SíFulentji – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="SíFulentji" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%BAz%C5%A1tina" title="Francúzština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Francúzština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Francoščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francoščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Франкїискъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Франкїискъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francusk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Francuskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Francuskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Faransiis" title="Af-Faransiis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Faransiis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زمانی فەڕەنسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی فەڕەنسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Француски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Француски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuski_jezik" title="Francuski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francuski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Prancis" title="Basa Prancis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Prancis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranskan_kieli" title="Ranskan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranskan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franska" title="Franska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Franska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Pranses" title="Wikang Pranses – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Pranses" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பிரான்சிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Tafransist" title="Tutlayt Tafransist – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Tafransist" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafrensist" title="Tafrensist – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafrensist" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_frangese" title="Lènga frangese – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga frangese" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Француз теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Француз теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="ఫ్రెంచి భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్రెంచి భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia-frans%C3%A9s" title="Lia-fransés – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lia-fransés" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="ภาษาฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Забони фаронсавӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони фаронсавӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_fakafalanis%C4%93" title="Lea fakafalanisē – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lea fakafalanisē" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%A5_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎦᎸᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᎸᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toh%C3%A1ano%27%C3%A9ve%27ho%27etse" title="Toháano'éve'ho'etse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Toháano'éve'ho'etse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C4%B1zca" title="Fransızca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransızca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransuz_dili" title="Fransuz dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Fransuz dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%CC%B1ransa_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Fi̱ransa (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fi̱ransa (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Француз дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Француз дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Француз кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Француз кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Французька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Французька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرانسیسی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسیسی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%87%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ڧرانسۇز تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ڧرانسۇز تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Fazgoz" title="Vah Fazgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Fazgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_franseze" title="Łéngua franseze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua franseze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francijan_kel%27" title="Francijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Francijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Tiếng Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Fransänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Fransänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsus%C3%B5_kiil" title="Prantsusõ kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Prantsusõ kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Francès (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Francès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCranseenaiki" title="Püranseenaiki – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Püranseenaiki" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="法語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="法語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frinanses" title="Frinanses – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Frinanses" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-faraas" title="Wu-faraas – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Wu-faraas" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" title="法文 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A9" title="פראנצויזיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראנצויזיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Farans%C3%A9" title="Èdè Faransé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Faransé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" title="法文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C4%B1zki" title="Fransızki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fransızki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzu_kalba" title="Prancūzu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Prancūzu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Perancis" title="Hata Perancis – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Perancis" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Perancis" title="Saro Perancis – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Perancis" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Perancis" title="Boros Perancis – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Perancis" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flansegbe" title="Flansegbe – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Flansegbe" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Peranchis" title="Jaku Peranchis – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Peranchis" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Prancis" title="Bahasa Prancis – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Prancis" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyr%C9%99ngi_zyvon" title="Fyrəngi zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Fyrəngi zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%95%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9A%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9A%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q150#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">French</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">français</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fʁɑ̃sɛ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francophone_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone Africa">Francophone Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and other locations in the <a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 74 million (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 238 million (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> Total: 310 million<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian</a><sup id="cite_ref-glottoGI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoGI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gallo-Rhaetian?<sup id="cite_ref-glottoOil_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoOil-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Arpitan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl#Francien_zone_(zone_francienne)" title="Langues d'oïl">Francien zone</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>French</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Signed_French" title="Signed French">Signed French</a><br /><i>(français signé)</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_French_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where French is an official language">27 countries</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> </li></ul> </div> <br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_French_is_an_official_language#Dependent_entities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where French is an official language">10 subnational</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>)</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>)</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>)</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a> </li></ul> </div> <br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_French_is_an_official_language#Non-official_but_significant_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where French is an official language">Non-official but administrative/cultural</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> <small>(United States)</small> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </li></ul> </div> <br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_French_is_an_official_language#Intergovernmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where French is an official language">Intergovernmental organizations</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a> (French Academy, France) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Office québécois de la langue française">Office québécois de la langue française</a> (Quebec Board of the French Language, Quebec)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direction_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direction de la langue française (page does not exist)">Direction de la langue française</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Direction de la langue française">fr</a>]</span> (Belgium)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=fr">fr</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=145">fre</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=145">fra</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fra" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:fra">fra</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/stan1290">stan1290</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-i">51-AAA-i</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Francophone_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map-Francophone_World.svg/320px-Map-Francophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map-Francophone_World.svg/480px-Map-Francophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map-Francophone_World.svg/640px-Map-Francophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2757" data-file-height="1412" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#025CB2; color:white;"> </span> Countries and regions where French is the native language of the majority<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1886fe; color:black;"> </span> Countries and territories where French is an official language but not a majority native language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#79bdff; color:black;"> </span> Countries, regions, and territories where French is an administrative or cultural language but with no official status</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/100px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/150px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/200px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:French_language" title="Category:French language">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of French">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Francophonie</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_French" title="Phonological history of French">Phonological history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaths_of_Strasbourg" title="Oaths of Strasbourg">Oaths of Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts">Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">Grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_adverbs" title="French adverbs">Adverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_articles_and_determiners" title="French articles and determiners">Articles and determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_pronouns" title="French pronouns">Pronouns</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_personal_pronouns" title="French personal pronouns">personal</a>)</li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/French_verbs" title="French verbs">Verbs</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/French_conjugation" title="French conjugation">conjugation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_verb_morphology" title="French verb morphology">morphology</a></li><li><br /><a href="/wiki/Pass%C3%A9_compos%C3%A9" title="Passé composé">passé composé</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pass%C3%A9_simple" title="Passé simple">passé simple</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">Orthography</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_French_orthography" title="Reforms of French orthography">Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex_in_French" title="Circumflex in French">Circumflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Phonology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elision_(French)" title="Elision (French)">Elision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">Liaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_h" title="Aspirated h">Aspirated h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">Help:IPA/French</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_language" title="Template:French language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_language" title="Template talk:French language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>French</b> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">français</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fʁɑ̃sɛ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f8\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Fhala.K-fran%C3%A7ais.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Fhala.K-fran%C3%A7ais.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Fhala.K-fran\u00e7ais.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Fhala.K-fran%C3%A7ais.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Fhala.K-fran%C3%A7ais.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Fhala.K-fran%C3%A7ais.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Fhala.K-français.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">langue française</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lɑ̃ɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>fʁɑ̃sɛːz]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3c\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-langue_fran%C3%A7aise.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-langue_fran%C3%A7aise.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-langue fran\u00e7aise.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-langue_fran%C3%A7aise.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-langue_fran%C3%A7aise.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-WikiLucas00-langue_fran%C3%A7aise.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-langue française.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European family</a>. Like all other Romance languages, it descended from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. French evolved from <a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Gallo-Romance</a>, the Latin spoken in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">langues d'oïl</a>—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (<a href="/wiki/Francien" class="mw-redirect" title="Francien">Francien</a>) largely supplanted. French was also <a href="/wiki/Substratum_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substratum (linguistics)">influenced</a> by native <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> of Northern Roman Gaul like <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> and by the (<a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>) <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish language</a> of the post-Roman <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> invaders. Today, owing to the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>, there are numerous <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole languages</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as <b>Francophone</b> in both <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and French. </p><p>French is an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_French_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where French is an official language">27 countries</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/List_of_official_languages" title="List of official languages">one of the most geographically widespread languages</a> in the world, with about 50 countries and territories having it as a <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> official, administrative, or cultural language.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these countries are members of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></i></span> (OIF), the community of 54 member states which share the official use or teaching of French. It is spoken as a first language (in descending order of the number of speakers) in France; Canada (especially in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces</a> of Quebec, Ontario, and New Brunswick); Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels-Capital Region</a>); western Switzerland (specifically the cantons forming the <a href="/wiki/Romandy" title="Romandy">Romandy</a> region); parts of Luxembourg; parts of the United States (the states of Louisiana, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont); Monaco; the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> region of Italy; and various communities elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French is estimated to have about 310 million speakers, of which about 80 million are native speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the OIF, approximately 321 million people worldwide are "able to speak the language" as of 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-Francophonie_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francophonie-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without specifying the criteria for this estimation or whom it encompasses.<sup id="cite_ref-ontheuplocalfr2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ontheuplocalfr2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Francophone Africa, it is spoken mainly as a second language. However it has also become a native language in a number of urban areas, especially in regions like <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon,</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Øyvind_2024_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Øyvind_2024-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some North African countries, though not having official status, it is also a first language among some <a href="/wiki/Upper_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper classes">upper classes</a> of the population alongside indigenous languages, but only a second one among the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, approximately 40% of the Francophone population (including <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a> and partial speakers) lived in Europe, 36% in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian Ocean, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas, and 1% in Asia and Oceania.<sup id="cite_ref-OIF_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OIF-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French is the second most widely spoken mother tongue in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nativeLanguages_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nativeLanguages-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of Europeans who speak other languages natively, approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French is the second most taught foreign language in the EU. All institutions of the EU use French as a working language along with English and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>; in some institutions, French is the sole working language (e.g. at the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French is also the 16th <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">most natively spoken language</a> in the world, the sixth <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">most spoken language by total number of speakers</a>, and is among the top five most studied languages worldwide, with about 120 million learners as of 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of French and Belgian <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> from the 16th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. French has a long history as an international language of literature and scientific standards and is a primary or second language of many international organisations including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the European Union, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">History of French</a></div> <p>French is a <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a> (meaning that it is descended primarily from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>) that evolved out of the Gallo-Romance dialects spoken in northern France. The language's early forms include <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulgar_Latin_in_Gaul">Vulgar Latin in Gaul</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Romance">Gallo-Romance</a></div> <p>Due to Roman rule, Latin was gradually adopted by the inhabitants of Gaul. As the language was learned by the common people, it developed a distinct local character, with grammatical differences from Latin as spoken elsewhere, some of which is attested in graffiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This local variety evolved into the Gallo-Romance tongues, which include French and its closest relatives, such as <a href="/wiki/Arpitan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arpitan language">Arpitan</a>. </p><p>The evolution of Latin in Gaul was shaped by its coexistence for over half a millennium beside the native <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish language</a>, which did not go extinct until the late sixth century, long after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Helix_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helix-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population remained 90% indigenous in origin;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Romanizing class were the local native elite (not Roman settlers), whose children learned Latin in Roman schools. At the time of the collapse of the Empire, this local elite had been slowly abandoning Gaulish entirely, but the rural and lower class populations remained Gaulish speakers who could sometimes also speak Latin or Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-Mufwene_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mufwene-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final language shift from Gaulish to Vulgar Latin among rural and lower class populations occurred later, when both they and the incoming Frankish ruler/military class adopted the Gallo-Roman Vulgar Latin speech of the urban intellectual elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Mufwene_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mufwene-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gaulish language likely survived into the sixth century in France despite considerable <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Helix_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helix-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> dialects that developed into French<sup id="cite_ref-Mufwene_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mufwene-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Helix_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helix-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributing <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a> (including <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">oui</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the word for "yes"),<sup id="cite_ref-Savignac_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savignac-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sound changes shaped by Gaulish influence,<sup id="cite_ref-PellegriniCeltic_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PellegriniCeltic-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoegiest200683_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoegiest200683-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and influences in conjugation and word order.<sup id="cite_ref-Savignac_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savignac-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matas_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matas-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent computational studies suggest that early gender shifts may have been motivated by the gender of the corresponding word in Gaulish.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The estimated number of French words that can be attributed to Gaulish is placed at 154 by the <i><a href="/wiki/Petit_Robert" title="Petit Robert">Petit Robert</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-SchmittLex_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchmittLex-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is often viewed as representing standardized French, while if non-standard dialects are included, the number increases to 240.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known Gaulish loans are skewed toward certain semantic fields, such as plant life (<i>chêne</i>, <i>bille</i>, etc.), animals (<i>mouton</i>, <i>cheval</i>, etc.), nature (<i>boue</i>, etc.), domestic activities (ex. <i>berceau</i>), farming and rural units of measure (<i>arpent</i>, <i>lieue</i>, <i>borne</i>, <i>boisseau</i>), weapons,<sup id="cite_ref-HolmesSchutz30_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HolmesSchutz30-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and products traded regionally rather than further afield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoegiest200682_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoegiest200682-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This semantic distribution has been attributed to peasants being the last to hold onto Gaulish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoegiest200682_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoegiest200682-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HolmesSchutz30_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HolmesSchutz30-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_French">Old French</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></div><p>The beginning of French in Gaul was greatly influenced by Germanic invasions into the country. These invasions had the greatest impact on the northern part of the country and on the language there.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A language divide began to grow across the country. The population in the north spoke <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Langue_d%27o%C3%AFl" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue d'oïl">langue d'oïl</a></i></span> while the population in the south spoke <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Langue_d%27oc" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue d'oc">langue d'oc</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langue d'oïl grew into what is known as Old French. The period of Old French spanned between the 8th and 14th centuries. Old French shared many characteristics with Latin. For example, Old French made use of different possible word orders just as Latin did because <a href="/wiki/Old_French#Nouns" title="Old French">it had a case system that retained the difference between nominative subjects and oblique non-subjects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lahousse_2012_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahousse_2012-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period is marked by a heavy <a href="/wiki/Superstrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstrate">superstrate</a> influence from the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish language</a>, which non-exhaustively included the use in upper-class speech and higher registers of <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">V2 word order</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a large percentage of the vocabulary (now at around 15% of modern French vocabulary<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) including the impersonal singular pronoun <i>on</i> (a calque of Germanic <i>man</i>), and the name of the language itself. </p><p>Up until its later stages, <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a>, maintained a relic of the old nominal <a href="/wiki/Case_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Case system">case system</a> of Latin longer than most other Romance languages (with the notable exception of Romanian which still currently maintains a case distinction), differentiating between an oblique case and a nominative case. The phonology was characterized by heavy syllabic stress, which led to the emergence of various complicated <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> such as <i>-eau</i> which would later be leveled to monophthongs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The earliest evidence of what became Old French can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Oaths_of_Strasbourg" title="Oaths of Strasbourg">Oaths of Strasbourg</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sequence_of_Saint_Eulalia" title="Sequence of Saint Eulalia">Sequence of Saint Eulalia</a></i>, while <a href="/wiki/Medieval_French_literature" title="Medieval French literature">Old French literature</a> began to be produced in the eleventh century, with major early works often focusing on the lives of saints (such as the <i>Vie de Saint Alexis</i>), or wars and royal courts, notably including the <i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanson de Roland">Chanson de Roland</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">epic cycles focused on King Arthur and his court</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Geste_de_Garin_de_Monglane" class="mw-redirect" title="Geste de Garin de Monglane">a cycle focused</a> on <a href="/wiki/William_of_Gellone" title="William of Gellone">William of Orange</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It was during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> in which French became so dominant in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> that became a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> ("Frankish language"), and because of increased contact with the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> during the Crusades who referred to them as <i>Franj</i>, numerous Arabic loanwords entered French, such as <i>amiral</i> (admiral), <i>alcool</i> (alcohol), <i>coton</i> (cotton) and <i>sirop</i> (syrop), as well as scientific terms such as <i>algébre</i> (algebra), <i>alchimie</i> (alchemy) and <i>zéro</i> (zero).<sup id="cite_ref-google.fr_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.fr-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_French">Middle French</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></div> <p>Within Old French many dialects emerged but the <a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a> dialect is one that not only continued but also thrived during the Middle French period (14th–17th centuries).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern French grew out of this Francien dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grammatically, during the period of Middle French, noun declensions were lost and there began to be standardized rules. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Estienne" title="Robert Estienne">Robert Estienne</a> published the first Latin-French dictionary, which included information about phonetics, etymology, and grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically, the first government authority to adopt Modern French as official was the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> in 1536, while the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts">Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts</a> (1539) named French the language of law in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_French">Modern French</h3></div> <p>During the 17th century, French replaced <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as the most important language of diplomacy and international relations (<a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>). It retained this role until approximately the middle of the 20th century, when it was <a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">replaced by English</a> as the United States became the dominant global power following the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-andaman.org_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andaman.org-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanley Meisler of the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> said that the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> was written in English as well as French was the "first diplomatic blow" against the language.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Si%C3%A8cle" title="Grand Siècle">Grand Siècle</a> (17th century), France, under the rule of powerful leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>, enjoyed a period of prosperity and prominence among European nations. Richelieu established the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a></span></span> to protect the French language. By the early 1800s, Parisian French had become the primary language of the aristocracy in France. </p><p>Near the beginning of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/French_government" class="mw-redirect" title="French government">French government</a> began to pursue policies with the end goal of eradicating the many minorities and regional languages (<i><a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">patois</a></i>) spoken in France. This began in 1794 with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a>'s "Report on the necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalize the use of the French language".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When public education was made <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a>, only French was taught and the use of any other (<i>patois</i>) language was punished. The goals of the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">public school system</a> were made especially clear to the French-speaking teachers sent to teach students in regions such as <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. Instructions given by a French official to teachers in the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a>, in western Brittany, included the following: "And remember, Gents: you were given your position in order to kill the Breton language".<sup id="cite_ref-Labouysse_2007_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labouysse_2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prefect of <a href="/wiki/Basses-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Basses-Pyrénées">Basses-Pyrénées</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Basque Country">French Basque Country</a> wrote in 1846: "Our schools in the Basque Country are particularly meant to replace the <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque language</a> with French..."<sup id="cite_ref-Labouysse_2007_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labouysse_2007-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students were taught that their ancestral languages were inferior and they should be ashamed of them; this process was known in the Occitan-speaking region as <a href="/wiki/Vergonha" title="Vergonha">Vergonha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">Geographical distribution of French speakers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_French" title="European French">European French</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knowledge_of_French_EU_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Knowledge_of_French_EU_map.svg/220px-Knowledge_of_French_EU_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Knowledge_of_French_EU_map.svg/330px-Knowledge_of_French_EU_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Knowledge_of_French_EU_map.svg/440px-Knowledge_of_French_EU_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>Knowledge of French in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and candidate countries<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Spoken by 19.71% of the European Union's population, French is the third most widely spoken language in the EU, after English and German and the second-most-widely taught language after English.<sup id="cite_ref-nativeLanguages_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nativeLanguages-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution of France</a>, French has been the official language of the Republic since 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-Benet-MartínezHong2014_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benet-MartínezHong2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts" title="Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts">Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts</a> made it mandatory for legal documents in 1539. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, and legal contracts; advertisements must bear a translation of foreign words. </p><p>In Belgium, French is an official language at the federal level along with Dutch and German. At the regional level, French is the sole official language of <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> (excluding a part of the <a href="/wiki/East_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cantons">East Cantons</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German-speaking</a>) and one of the two official languages—along with <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>—of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</a>, where it is spoken by the majority of the population (approx. 80%), often as their primary language.<sup id="cite_ref-philippevanparijs_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philippevanparijs-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian, and <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>, and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland, called <a href="/wiki/Romandy" title="Romandy">Romandy</a>, of which Geneva is the largest city. The language divisions in Switzerland do not coincide with political subdivisions, and some <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> have bilingual status: for example, cities such as <a href="/wiki/Biel/Bienne" title="Biel/Bienne">Biel/Bienne</a> and cantons such as <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Valais" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Valais">Valais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a>. French is the native language of about 23% of the Swiss population, and is spoken by 50%<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the population. </p><p>Along with Luxembourgish and German, French is one of the three official languages of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, where it is generally the preferred language of business as well as of the different public administrations. It is also the official language of <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>. </p><p>At a regional level, French is acknowledged as an official language in the <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> region of Italy where it is the first language of approximately 50% of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. It is also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> and is the main language after <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> in <a href="/wiki/El_Pas_de_la_Casa" title="El Pas de la Casa">El Pas de la Casa</a>. The language is taught as the primary second language in the German state of <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>, with French being taught from pre-school and over 43% of citizens being able to speak French.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_6_Native_French_Speaking_Countries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Top_6_Native_French_Speaking_Countries.jpg/220px-Top_6_Native_French_Speaking_Countries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Top_6_Native_French_Speaking_Countries.jpg/330px-Top_6_Native_French_Speaking_Countries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Top_6_Native_French_Speaking_Countries.jpg/440px-Top_6_Native_French_Speaking_Countries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of native French speakers in 6 countries in 2023</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African French</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francophone_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Francophone_Africa.svg/220px-Francophone_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Francophone_Africa.svg/330px-Francophone_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Francophone_Africa.svg/440px-Francophone_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#02007F; color:white;"> </span> Countries usually considered part of Francophone Africa<br /> Their population was 487.6 million in 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-2023_data_sheet_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023_data_sheet-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is forecast to reach between 870 million<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 879 million<sup id="cite_ref-2023_data_sheet_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023_data_sheet-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2050.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00AAE2; color:black;"> </span> Countries sometimes considered as Francophone Africa</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008080; color:white;"> </span> Countries that are not Francophone but are Members or Observers of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">OIF</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francophone_Africa_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Francophone_Africa_2023.png/220px-Francophone_Africa_2023.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Francophone_Africa_2023.png/330px-Francophone_Africa_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Francophone_Africa_2023.png/440px-Francophone_Africa_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Countries of Africa by percentage of French speakers in 2023 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c6dbef; color:black;"> </span> 0-10% Francophone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9ecae1; color:black;"> </span> 11-20% Francophone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6baed6; color:black;"> </span> 21-30% Francophone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4292c6; color:black;"> </span> 31-40% Francophone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2171b5; color:white;"> </span> 41-50% Francophone</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#084594; color:white;"> </span> >50% Francophone</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of the world's French-speaking population lives in Africa. According to a 2023 estimate from the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</span></span>, an estimated 167 million African people spread across 35 countries and territories<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can speak French as either a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2023_speakers_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023_speakers-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French is the fastest growing language on the continent (in terms of either official or foreign languages).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French is increasingly being spoken as a native language in Francophone Africa, especially in regions like <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon,</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Øyvind_2024_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Øyvind_2024-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is not a single <a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African French</a>, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous <a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also where the language has evolved the most in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some vernacular forms of French in Africa can be difficult to understand for French speakers from other countries,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but written forms of the language are very closely related to those of the rest of the French-speaking world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_America" title="Languages of North America">Languages of North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_America" title="Languages of South America">Languages of South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caribbean" title="Languages of the Caribbean">Languages of the Caribbean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French language in Canada</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_language_distribution_in_Canada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/French_language_distribution_in_Canada.png/200px-French_language_distribution_in_Canada.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/French_language_distribution_in_Canada.png/300px-French_language_distribution_in_Canada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/French_language_distribution_in_Canada.png/400px-French_language_distribution_in_Canada.png 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="1263" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">French language distribution in Canada <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0049a2; color:white;"> </span> Regions where French is the main language and an official language at both the federal and provincial level</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006aFF; color:white;"> </span> Regions where French is an official language at the federal level but not a majority native language or an official language at the provincial level</div></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Arret.jpg/200px-Arret.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Arret.jpg/300px-Arret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Arret.jpg/400px-Arret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Stop_sign" title="Stop sign">"arrêt" signs</a> (French for "stop") are used in the Canadian province of Québec, while the English <i>stop</i>, which is also a valid French word, is used in France and other French-speaking countries and regions.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>French is the second most commonly spoken language in Canada and one of two federal official languages alongside English. As of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a>, it was the native language of 7.7 million people (21% of the population) and the second language of 2.9 million (8% of the population).<sup id="cite_ref-2021-census_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021-census-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qu'est-ce_que_la_Francophonie_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qu'est-ce_que_la_Francophonie-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French is the sole official language in the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, where some 80% of the population speak it as a native language and 95% are capable of conducting a conversation in it.<sup id="cite_ref-2021-census_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021-census-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quebec is also home to the city of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, which is the world's fourth-largest French-speaking city, by number of first language speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also an official language of all of the territories (<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>). Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, making up just under 4% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, while French is not an official language in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Language_Services_Act" title="French Language Services Act">French Language Services Act</a> ensures that provincial services are available in the language. The Act applies to areas of the province where there are significant Francophone communities, namely <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ontario" title="Eastern Ontario">Eastern Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a>. Elsewhere, sizable French-speaking minorities are found in southern Manitoba, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Prince Edward Island and the <a href="/wiki/Port_au_Port_Peninsula" title="Port au Port Peninsula">Port au Port Peninsula</a> in Newfoundland and Labrador, where the unique <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland French</a> dialect was historically spoken. Smaller pockets of French speakers exist in all other provinces. The Ontarian city of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, the Canadian capital, is also effectively bilingual, as it has a large population of federal government workers, who are required to offer services in both French and English,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is just across the river from the Quebecois city of <a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_in_the_United_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/French_in_the_United_States.png/220px-French_in_the_United_States.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/French_in_the_United_States.png/330px-French_in_the_United_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/French_in_the_United_States.png/440px-French_in_the_United_States.png 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1222" /></a><figcaption>French language spread in the United States. Counties marked in lighter pink are those where 6–12% of the population speaks French at home; medium pink, 12–18%; darker pink, over 18%. <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole languages</a> are not included.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> (2011), French is the fourth<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most spoken language in the United States after English, Spanish, and Chinese, when all forms of French are considered together and all dialects of Chinese are similarly combined. French is the second-most spoken language (after English) in the states of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, it is tied with Spanish for second-most spoken if Louisiana French and all creoles such as Haitian are included. French is the third most spoken language (after English and Spanish) in the states of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-factfinder2.census.gov_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factfinder2.census.gov-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louisiana is home to many distinct French dialects, collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England French</a>, essentially a variant of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>, is spoken in parts of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. <a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri French</a> was historically spoken in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Upper_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Louisiana">Upper Louisiana</a>), but is nearly extinct today.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French also survived in isolated pockets along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> of what was previously French <a href="/wiki/Lower_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Louisiana">Lower Louisiana</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mon_Louis_Island" title="Mon Louis Island">Mon Louis Island</a>, Alabama and <a href="/wiki/DeLisle,_Mississippi" title="DeLisle, Mississippi">DeLisle, Mississippi</a> (the latter only being discovered by linguists in the 1990s) but these varieties are severely endangered or presumed extinct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h4></div> <p>French is one of two official languages in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>. It is the principal language of education, administration, business, and public signage and is spoken by all educated Haitians. It is also used for ceremonial events such as weddings, graduations, and church masses. The vast majority of the population speaks Haitian Creole as their first language; the rest largely speak French as a first language.<sup id="cite_ref-DeGraff2015_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGraff2015-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French Creole language</a>, Haitian Creole draws the large majority of its vocabulary from French, with influences from West African languages, as well as several European languages. It is closely related to Louisiana Creole and the creole from the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French is the sole official language of all the overseas territories of France in the Caribbean that are collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_territories">Other territories</h4></div> <p>French is the official language of both <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> on the South American continent,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an archipelago off the coast of Newfoundland in North America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">French language in Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">French language in Laos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">French language in Cambodia</a></div> <p>French was the official language of the colony of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, comprising modern-day <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. It continues to be an administrative language in Laos and Cambodia, although its influence has waned in recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In colonial Vietnam, the elites primarily spoke French, while many servants who worked in French households spoke a French pidgin known as "<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a>" (now extinct). After French rule ended, <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> continued to use French in administration, education, and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a> and the opening of a unified Vietnam's economy, French has gradually been effectively displaced as the first foreign language of choice by English in Vietnam. Nevertheless, it continues to be taught as the other main foreign language in the Vietnamese educational system and is regarded as a cultural language.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three countries are full members of La Francophonie (OIF). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian French">Indian French</a></div> <p>French was the official language of <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a>, consisting of the geographically separate enclaves referred to as <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>. It continued to be an <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_Puducherry" title="Official languages of Puducherry">official language of the territory</a> even after its cession to India in 1956 until 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofindia.indiatimes.com_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number of older locals still retain knowledge of the language, although it has now given way to Tamil and English.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofindia.indiatimes.com_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Lebanon" title="French language in Lebanon">French language in Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bienvenue_a_Rechmaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bienvenue_a_Rechmaya.jpg/150px-Bienvenue_a_Rechmaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bienvenue_a_Rechmaya.jpg/225px-Bienvenue_a_Rechmaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bienvenue_a_Rechmaya.jpg/300px-Bienvenue_a_Rechmaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Town sign in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Standard Arabic</a> and French at the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Rechmaya" title="Rechmaya">Rechmaya</a> in Lebanon</figcaption></figure> <p>A former French <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">mandate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> designates <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as the sole official language, while a special law regulates cases when French can be publicly used. Article 11 of Lebanon's Constitution states that "Arabic is the official national language. A law determines the cases in which the French language is to be used".<sup id="cite_ref-article_11_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-article_11-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Lebanon" title="French language in Lebanon">French language in Lebanon</a> is a widespread second language among the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese people</a>, and is taught in many schools along with Arabic and English. French is used on <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_pound" title="Lebanese pound">Lebanese pound</a> banknotes, on road signs, on Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Lebanon" title="Vehicle registration plates of Lebanon">license plates</a>, and on official buildings (alongside Arabic). </p><p>Today, French and English are secondary languages of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, with about 40% of the population being <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> and 40% Anglophone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOIF2014217_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOIF2014217-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of English is growing in the business and media environment. Out of about 900,000 students, about 500,000 are enrolled in Francophone schools, public or private, in which the teaching of mathematics and scientific subjects is provided in French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOIF2014218_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOIF2014218-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actual usage of French varies depending on the region and social status. One-third of high school students educated in French go on to pursue higher education in English-speaking institutions. English is the language of business and communication, with French being an element of social distinction, chosen for its emotional value.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOIF2014358_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOIF2014358-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania_and_Australasia">Oceania and Australasia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CFP_500_recto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CFP_500_recto.jpg/170px-CFP_500_recto.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CFP_500_recto.jpg/255px-CFP_500_recto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CFP_500_recto.jpg/340px-CFP_500_recto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>A 500-<a href="/wiki/CFP_franc" title="CFP franc">CFP franc</a> (€4.20; US$5.00) banknote, used in <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>French is an official language of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Island">Pacific Island</a> nation of <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, where 31% of the population was estimated to speak it in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-2023_speakers_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023_speakers-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the French special collectivity of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, 97% of the population can speak, read and write French<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> this figure is 95%,<sup id="cite_ref-PF_2017_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PF_2017-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the French collectivity of <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>, it is 84%.<sup id="cite_ref-WF_2018_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WF_2018-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In French Polynesia and to a lesser extent Wallis and Futuna, where oral and written knowledge of the French language has become almost universal (95% and 84% respectively), French increasingly tends to displace the native Polynesian languages as the language most spoken at home. In French Polynesia, the percentage of the population who reported that French was the language they use the most at home rose from 67% at the 2007 census to 74% at the 2017 census.<sup id="cite_ref-PF_2007_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PF_2007-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PF_2017_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PF_2017-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Wallis and Futuna, the percentage of the population who reported that French was the language they use the most at home rose from 10% at the 2008 census to 13% at the 2018 census.<sup id="cite_ref-WF_2018_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WF_2018-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WF_2008_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WF_2008-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future">Future</h3></div> <p>According to a demographic projection led by the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a></span></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Réseau Démographie de l'Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a>, the total number of French speakers will reach approximately 500 million in 2025 and 650 million by 2050, largely due to rapid population growth in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OIF estimates 700 million French speakers by 2050, 80% of whom will be in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-OIF_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OIF-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study published in March 2014 by <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>, the investment bank <a href="/wiki/Natixis" class="mw-redirect" title="Natixis">Natixis</a> said that French could become the world's most spoken language by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, French was the dominant language within all institutions until the 1990s. After several enlargements of the EU (1995, 2004), French significantly lost ground in favour of English, which is more widely spoken and taught in most EU countries. French currently remains one of the three working languages, or "procedural languages", of the EU, along with English and German. It is the second-most widely used language within EU institutions after English, but remains the preferred language of certain institutions or administrations such as the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a>, where it is the sole internal working language, or the <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development" title="Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development">Directorate-General for Agriculture</a>. Since 2016, <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> has rekindled discussions on whether or not French should again hold greater role within the institutions of the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_French" title="Varieties of French">Varieties of French</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb French">Maghreb French</a> (North African French)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian French">Cambodian French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario French">Ontario French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="French in France">French French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">Guianese French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian French">Indian French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Lao French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun French">Cajun French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_French#Asia" title="Varieties of French">South East Asian French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">West Indian French</a></li></ul> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dialects_of_the_french_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dialects_of_the_french_language.png/500px-Dialects_of_the_french_language.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dialects_of_the_french_language.png/750px-Dialects_of_the_french_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dialects_of_the_french_language.png/1000px-Dialects_of_the_french_language.png 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Varieties of the French language in the world</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status_and_importance">Current status and importance</h2></div> <p>A leading <a href="/wiki/World_language" title="World language">world language</a>, French is taught in universities around the world, and is one of the world's most influential languages because of its wide use in the worlds of journalism, <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>, education, and diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In diplomacy, French is one of the six official languages of the United Nations (and one of the <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretariat">UN Secretariat</a>'s only two working languages<sup id="cite_ref-dawnmarley_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawnmarley-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), one of twenty official and three procedural languages of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, an official language of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (alongside Spanish, Portuguese and English), the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>, one of eighteen official languages of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> and the least used of the three official languages in the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> countries. It is also a working language in nonprofit organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> (alongside English, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic and Russian), <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> (alongside 32 other languages of which English is the most used, followed by Spanish, Portuguese, German, and Italian), <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Médecins sans Frontières">Médecins sans Frontières</a> (used alongside English, Spanish, Portuguese and Arabic), and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_du_Monde" title="Médecins du Monde">Médecins du Monde</a> (used alongside English).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the demographic prospects of the French-speaking nations of Africa, researcher Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry wrote in 2014 that French "could be the language of the future".<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some African countries such as <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> intermittently attempted to eradicate the use of French, and as of 2024 it was removed as an official language in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant as a judicial language, French is one of the official languages of such major international and regional courts, tribunals, and dispute-settlement bodies as the <a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States#Community_Court_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Court of Justice for the Economic Community of West African States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Tribunal_for_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea">International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea</a> the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">World Trade Organization Appellate Body</a>. It is the sole internal working language of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a>, and makes with English the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>'s two working languages.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, George Weber published, in <i>Language Today</i>, a comprehensive academic study entitled "The World's 10 most influential languages".<sup id="cite_ref-weber_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the article, Weber ranked French as, after English, the second-most <i>influential</i> language of the world, ahead of Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-weber_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His criteria were the numbers of native speakers, the number of secondary speakers (especially high for French among fellow world languages), the number of countries using the language and their respective populations, the economic power of the countries using the language, the number of major areas in which the language is used, and the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prestige" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic prestige">linguistic prestige</a> associated with the mastery of the language (Weber highlighted that French in particular enjoys considerable linguistic prestige).<sup id="cite_ref-weber_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2008 reassessment of his article, Weber concluded that his findings were still correct since "the situation among the top ten remains unchanged."<sup id="cite_ref-weber_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knowledge of French is often considered to be a useful skill by business owners in the United Kingdom; a 2014 study found that 50% of British managers considered French to be a valuable asset for their business, thus ranking French as the most sought-after foreign language there, ahead of German (49%) and Spanish (44%).<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MIT economist Albert Saiz calculated a 2.3% premium for those who have French as a foreign language in the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a></i> ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin Chinese">Standard Mandarin Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lauerman2011_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lauerman2011-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English-speaking Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, French is the first foreign language taught and in number of pupils is far ahead of other languages. In the United States, French is the second-most commonly taught foreign language in schools and universities, although well behind Spanish. In some areas of the country near French-speaking Quebec, however, it is the foreign language more commonly taught. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">French phonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="190" data-mwtitle="10-07-2013_-_Mary_Robinson_juge_«_inacceptables_»_les_violences_faites_aux_femmes_en_RDC_-_VOA.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:10-07-2013_-_Mary_Robinson_juge_%C2%AB_inacceptables_%C2%BB_les_violences_faites_aux_femmes_en_RDC_-_VOA.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/10-07-2013_-_Mary_Robinson_juge_%C2%AB_inacceptables_%C2%BB_les_violences_faites_aux_femmes_en_RDC_-_VOA.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/10-07-2013_-_Mary_Robinson_juge_%C2%AB_inacceptables_%C2%BB_les_violences_faites_aux_femmes_en_RDC_-_VOA.ogg/10-07-2013_-_Mary_Robinson_juge_%C2%AB_inacceptables_%C2%BB_les_violences_faites_aux_femmes_en_RDC_-_VOA.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Spoken French (Africa)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes in French </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labial</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Vowel phonemes in French</b> </p> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Oral </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a></span> </th></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>/(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Nasal </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a></span> </th></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">œ̃</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="nounderlines"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although there are many French regional accents, foreign learners normally use only one variety of the language. </p> <ul><li>There are a maximum of 17 vowels in French, not all of which are used in every dialect: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɑ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/e/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɛ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɛː/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ə/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/i/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/o/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɔ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/y/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/u/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/œ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ø/,</span> plus the nasalized vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ̃/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɛ̃/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɔ̃/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ̃/</span>. In France, the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ̃/</span> are tending to be replaced by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̃/</span> in many people's speech, but the distinction of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̃/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ̃/</span> is present in <a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional French</a>. In Quebec and Belgian French, the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ̃/</span> are present.</li> <li>Voiced stops (i.e., <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ/</span>) are typically produced fully voiced throughout.</li> <li>Voiceless stops (i.e., <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span>) are unaspirated.</li> <li>The velar nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> can occur in final position in borrowed (usually English) words: <i>parking, camping, swing</i>.</li> <li>The palatal nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span>, which is written ⟨gn⟩, can occur in word initial position (e.g., <i>gnon</i>), but it is most frequently found in intervocalic, onset position or word-finally (e.g., <i>montagne</i>).</li> <li>French has three pairs of homorganic fricatives distinguished by voicing, i.e., labiodental <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/~/v/</span>, dental <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/~/z/</span>, and palato-alveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/~/ʒ/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/~/z/</span> are dental, like the plosives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/~/d/</span> and the nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>.</li> <li>French has one rhotic whose pronunciation varies considerably among speakers and phonetic contexts. In general, it is described as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">voiced uvular fricative</a>, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁu]</span> <i><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/roue#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:roue">roue</a></i></i>, "wheel". Vowels are often lengthened before this segment. It can be reduced to an approximant, particularly in final position (e.g., <i>fort</i>), or reduced to zero in some word-final positions. For other speakers, a uvular trill is also common, and an apical trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> occurs in some dialects. The cluster /ʁw/ is generally pronounced as a labialised voiced uvular fricative [ʁʷ], such as in [ʁʷa] <i>roi</i>, "king", or [kʁʷaʁ] <i>croire</i>, "to believe".</li> <li>Lateral and central approximants: The lateral approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> is unvelarised in both onset (<i>lire</i>) and coda position (<i>il</i>). In the onset, the central approximants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɥ]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> each correspond to a high vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> respectively. There are a few <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> where the approximant and corresponding vowel contrast, but there are also many cases where they are in free variation. Contrasts between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> occur in final position as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɛj/</span> <i><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paye#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:paye">paye</a></i></i>, "pay", vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɛi/</span> <i><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pays#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:pays">pays</a></i></i>, "country".</li> <li>The lateral approximant /l/ can be <a href="/wiki/Delateralization" title="Delateralization">delateralised</a> when word- or morpheme-final and preceded by /i/, such as in /tʁavaj/ <i>travail</i>, "work", or when a word ending in ⟨al⟩ is pluralised, giving ⟨aux⟩ /o/.</li></ul> <p>French pronunciation follows strict rules based on spelling, but French spelling is often based more on history than phonology. The rules for pronunciation vary between dialects, but the standard rules are: </p> <ul><li>Final single consonants, in particular <i>s</i>, <i>x</i>, <i>z</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>p</i> and <i>g</i>, are normally silent. (A consonant is considered "final" when no vowel follows it even if one or more consonants follow it.) The final letters <i>f</i>, <i>k</i>, <i>q</i>, and <i>l</i>, however, are normally pronounced. The final <b>c</b> is sometimes pronounced like in <b>bac</b>, <b>sac</b>, <b>roc</b> but can also be silent like in <b>blanc</b> or <b>estomac</b>. The final <i>r</i> is usually silent when it follows an <i>e</i> in a word of two or more syllables, but it is pronounced in some words (<i>hiver</i>, <i>super</i>, <i>cancer</i> etc.). <ul><li>When the following word begins with a vowel, however, a silent consonant <i>may</i> once again be pronounced, to provide a <i><a href="/wiki/Liaison_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaison (linguistics)">liaison</a></i> or "link" between the two words. Some liaisons are <i>mandatory</i>, for example the <i>s</i> in <i>les amants</i> or <i>vous avez</i>; some are <i>optional</i>, depending on <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a>, for example, the first <i>s</i> in <i>deux cents euros</i> or <i>euros irlandais</i>; and some are <i>forbidden</i>, for example, the <i>s</i> in <i>beaucoup d'hommes aiment</i>. The <i>t</i> of <i>et</i> is never pronounced and the silent final consonant of a noun is only pronounced in the plural and in <a href="/wiki/Set_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Set phrase">set phrases</a> like <i>pied-à-terre</i>.</li> <li>Doubling a final <i>n</i> and adding a silent <i>e</i> at the end of a word (e.g., <i>chien</i> → <i>chienne</i>) makes it clearly pronounced. Doubling a final <i>l</i> and adding a silent <i>e</i> (e.g., <i>gentil</i> → <i>gentille</i>) adds a [j] sound if the <i>l</i> is preceded by the letter <i>i</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>Some monosyllabic function words ending in <i>a</i> or <i>e</i>, such as <i>je</i> and <i>que</i>, drop their final vowel when placed before a word that begins with a vowel sound (thus avoiding a <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>). The missing vowel is replaced by an apostrophe. (e.g., <i>*je ai</i> is instead pronounced and spelled → <i>j'ai</i>). This gives, for example, the same pronunciation for <i>l'homme qu'il a vu</i> ("the man whom he saw") and <i>l'homme qui l'a vu</i> ("the man who saw him"). However, for Belgian French the sentences are pronounced differently; in the first sentence the syllable break is as "qu'il-a", while the second breaks as "qui-l'a". It can also be noted that, in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a>, the second example (<i>l'homme qui l'a vu</i>) is more emphasized on <i>l'a vu</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="French braille">French braille</a></div> <p>French is written with the 26 letters of the basic <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, with four diacritics appearing on vowels (<a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> accent, <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> appearing in "ç". </p><p>There are two <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligatures</a>, "œ" and "æ", but they are often replaced in contemporary French with "oe" and "ae", because the ligatures do not appear on the <a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a> keyboard layout used in French-speaking countries. However this is nonstandard in formal and literary texts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthography">Orthography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French orthography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_French_orthography" title="Reforms of French orthography">Reforms of French orthography</a></div> <p>French spelling, like English spelling, tends to preserve obsolete pronunciation rules. This is mainly due to extreme phonetic changes since the Old French period, without a corresponding change in spelling. Moreover, some conscious changes were made to restore Latin orthography (as with some English words such as "debt"): </p> <ul><li>Old French <i>doit</i> > French <i>doigt</i> "finger" (Latin <i>digitus</i>)</li> <li>Old French <i>pie</i> > French <i>pied</i> "foot" [Latin <i>pes</i> (stem: <i>ped-</i>)]</li></ul> <p>French orthography is <a href="/wiki/Morphophonemic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphophonemic orthography">morphophonemic</a>. While it contains 130 <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> that denote only 36 <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>, many of its spelling rules are likely due to a consistency in morphemic patterns such as adding suffixes and prefixes.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many given spellings of common morphemes usually lead to a predictable sound. In particular, a given vowel combination or diacritic generally leads to one phoneme. However, there is not a one-to-one relation of a phoneme and a single related grapheme, which can be seen in how <i>tomber</i> and <i>tombé</i> both end with the /e/ phoneme.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there are many variations in the pronunciation of consonants at the end of words, demonstrated by how the <i>x</i> in <i>paix</i> is not pronounced though at the end of <i>Aix</i> it is<i>.</i> </p><p>As a result, it can be difficult to predict the spelling of a word based on the sound. Final consonants are generally silent, except when the following word begins with a vowel (see <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">Liaison (French)</a>). For example, the following words end in a vowel sound: <i>pied</i>, <i>aller</i>, <i>les</i>, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">finit</i></span></i>, <i>beaux</i>. The same words followed by a vowel, however, may sound the consonants, as they do in these examples: <i>beaux-arts</i>, <i>les amis</i>, <i>pied-à-terre</i>. </p><p>French writing, as with any language, is affected by the spoken language. In Old French, the plural for <i>animal</i> was <i>animals</i>. The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/als/</span> sequence was unstable and was turned into a diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aus/</span>. This change was then reflected in the orthography: <i>animaus</i>. The <i>us</i> ending, very common in Latin, was then abbreviated by copyists (monks) by the letter <i>x</i>, resulting in a written form <i>animax</i>. As the French language further evolved, the pronunciation of <i>au</i> turned into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> so that the <i>u</i> was reestablished in orthography for consistency, resulting in modern French <i>animaux</i> (pronounced first <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/animos/</span> before the final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> was dropped in contemporary French). The same is true for <i>cheval</i> pluralized as <i>chevaux</i> and many others. In addition, <i>castel</i> pl. <i>castels</i> became <i>château</i> pl. <i>châteaux</i>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">Nasal</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></i> and <i>m</i>. When <i>n</i> or <i>m</i> follows a vowel or diphthong, the <i>n</i> or <i>m</i> becomes silent and causes the preceding vowel to become nasalized (i.e., pronounced with the soft palate extended downward so as to allow part of the air to leave through the nostrils). Exceptions are when the <i>n</i> or <i>m</i> is doubled, or immediately followed by a vowel. The prefixes <i>en-</i> and <i>em-</i> are always nasalized. The rules are more complex than this but may vary between dialects.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">Digraphs</a>: French uses not only <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> to specify its large range of vowel sounds and <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a>, but also specific combinations of vowels, sometimes with following consonants, to show which sound is intended.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonant_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant length">Gemination</a>: Within words, double consonants are generally not pronounced as geminates in modern French (but geminates can be heard in the cinema or TV news from as recently as the 1970s, and in very refined elocution they may still occur). For example, <i>illusion</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ilyzjɔ̃]</span> and not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ilːyzjɔ̃]</span>. However, gemination does occur between words; for example, <i>une info</i> ("a news item" or "a piece of information") is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ynɛ̃fo]</span>, whereas <i>une nympho</i> ("a nymphomaniac") is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ynːɛ̃fo]</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Accents</a> are used sometimes for pronunciation, sometimes to distinguish similar words, and sometimes based on etymology alone. <ul><li>Accents that affect pronunciation <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (<i>l'accent aigu</i>) <i>é</i> (e.g., <i><b>é</b>cole</i>—school) means that the vowel is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> instead of the default <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> (<i>l'accent grave</i>) <i>è</i> (e.g., <i>él<b>è</b>ve</i>—pupil) means that the vowel is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> instead of the default <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> (<i>l'accent circonflexe</i>) <i>ê</i> (e.g. <i>for<b>ê</b>t</i>—forest) shows that an <i>e</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and that an <i>ô</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>. In standard French, it also signifies a pronunciation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> for the letter <i>â</i>, but this differentiation is disappearing. In the mid-18th century, the circumflex was used in place of <i>s</i> after a vowel, where that letter <i>s</i> was not pronounced. Thus, <i>forest</i> became <i>forêt</i>, <i>hospital</i> became <i>hôpital</i>, and <i>hostel</i> became <i>hôtel</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">Diaeresis</a> or <i>tréma</i> (<i>ë</i>, <i>ï</i>, <i>ü</i>, <i>ÿ</i>): over <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>u</i> or <i>y</i>, indicates that a vowel is to be pronounced separately from the preceding one: <i>naïve</i>, <i>Noël</i>. <ul><li>The combination of <i>e</i> with diaeresis following <i>o</i> (<i>N<b>oë</b>l</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɔɛ]</a></span>) is nasalized in the regular way if followed by <i>n</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Samo%C3%ABns" title="Samoëns">Sam<b>oë</b>ns</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[wɛ̃]</a></span>)</li> <li>The combination of <i>e</i> with diaeresis following <i>a</i> is either pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɛ]</a></span> (<i>Raph<b>aë</b>l</i>, <i>Isr<b>aë</b>l</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[aɛ]</a></span>) or not pronounced, leaving only the <i>a</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Sta%C3%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame de Staël">St<b>aë</b>l</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[a]</a></span>) and the <i>a</i> is nasalized in the regular way if <i>aë</i> is followed by <i>n</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Saëns">Saint-S<b>aë</b>ns</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɑ̃]</a></span>)</li> <li>A diaeresis on <i>y</i> only occurs in some proper names and in modern editions of old French texts. Some proper names in which <i>ÿ</i> appears include <i><a href="/wiki/A%C3%BF" title="Aÿ">Aÿ</a></i> (a commune in <a href="/wiki/Marne_(department)" title="Marne (department)">Marne</a>, formerly <i>Aÿ-Champagne</i>), <i>Rue des Cloÿs</i> (an alley in Paris), <i>Croÿ</i> (family name and hotel on the Boulevard Raspail, Paris), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Fa%C3%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Château du Faÿ (page does not exist)">Château du Faÿ</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Fa%C3%BF" class="extiw" title="fr:Château du Faÿ">fr</a>]</span></i> (near <a href="/wiki/Pontoise" title="Pontoise">Pontoise</a>), <i>Ghÿs</i> (name of Flemish origin spelt <i>Ghĳs</i> where <i>ĳ</i> in handwriting looked like <i>ÿ</i> to French clerks), <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ha%C3%BF-les-Roses" title="L'Haÿ-les-Roses">L'Haÿ-les-Roses</a></i> (commune near Paris), <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lou%C3%BFs" title="Pierre Louÿs">Pierre Louÿs</a> (author), <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%BF-de-l%27Aisne" title="Moÿ-de-l'Aisne">Moÿ-de-l'Aisne</a> (commune in <a href="/wiki/Aisne_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisne (department)">Aisne</a> and a family name), and <i>Le Blanc de Nicolaÿ</i> (an insurance company in eastern France).</li> <li>The diaeresis on <i>u</i> appears in the Biblical proper names <i>Archélaüs</i>, <i>Capharnaüm</i>, <i>Emmaüs</i>, <i>Ésaü</i>, and <i>Saül</i>, as well as French names such as <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Just_Ha%C3%BCy" title="René Just Haüy">Haüy</a>. Nevertheless, since the 1990 orthographic changes, the diaeresis in words containing <i>guë</i> (such as <i>aiguë</i> or <i>ciguë</i>) may be moved onto the <i>u</i>: <i>aigüe</i>, <i>cigüe</i>, and by analogy may be used in verbs such as <i>j'argüe</i>.</li> <li>In addition, words coming from German retain their <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)#Umlaut" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">umlaut</a> (<i>ä</i>, <i>ö</i> and <i>ü</i>) if applicable but use often French pronunciation, such as <i>Kärcher</i> (trademark of a pressure washer).</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> (<i>la cédille</i>) <i>ç</i> (e.g., <i>gar<b>ç</b>on</i>—boy) means that the letter <i>ç</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> in front of the back vowels <i>a</i>, <i>o</i> and <i>u</i> (<i>c</i> is otherwise <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> before a back vowel). <i>C</i> is always pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> in front of the front vowels <i>e</i>, <i>i</i>, and <i>y</i>, thus <i>ç</i> is never found in front of front vowels. This letter is used when a front vowel after ⟨c⟩, such as in <i>France</i> or <i>placer</i>, is replaced with a back vowel. To retain the pronunciation of the ⟨c⟩, it is given a cedilla, as in <i>français</i> or <i>plaçons</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>Accents with no pronunciation effect <ul><li>The circumflex does not affect the pronunciation of the letters <i>i</i> or <i>u</i>, nor, in most dialects, <i>a</i>. It usually indicates that an <i>s</i> came after it long ago, as in <i>île</i> (from former <i>isle</i>, compare with English word "isle"). The explanation is that some words share the same orthography, so the circumflex is put here to mark the difference between the two words. For example, <i>dites</i> (you say) / <i>dîtes</i> (you said), or even <i>du</i> (of the) / <i>dû</i> (past participle for the verb <i>devoir</i> = must, have to, owe; in this case, the circumflex disappears in the plural and the feminine).</li> <li>All other accents are used only to distinguish similar words, as in the case of distinguishing the adverbs <i>là</i> and <i>où</i> ("there", "where") from the article <i>la</i> ("the" feminine singular) and the conjunction <i>ou</i> ("or"), respectively.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Some proposals exist to simplify the existing writing system, but they still fail to gather interest.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, a <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_French_orthography" title="Reforms of French orthography">reform</a> accepted some changes to French orthography. At the time the proposed changes were considered to be suggestions. In 2016, schoolbooks in France began to use the newer recommended spellings, with instruction to teachers that both old and new spellings be deemed correct.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French grammar</a></div> <p>French is a moderately <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> language. <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> are inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (singular or plural, though in most nouns the plural is pronounced the same as the singular even if spelled differently); <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>, for number and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> (masculine or feminine) of their nouns; <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> and a few other pronouns, for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, number, gender, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, and the person and number of their <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subjects</a>. Case is primarily marked using <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>, while certain verb features are marked using <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a>. According to the French lexicogrammatical system, French has a rank-scale hierarchy with clause as the top rank, which is followed by group rank, word rank, and morpheme rank. A French clause is made up of groups, groups are made up of words, and lastly, words are made up of morphemes.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French grammar shares several notable features with most other Romance languages, including </p> <ul><li>the loss of <a href="/wiki/Latin_declension" title="Latin declension">Latin declensions</a></li> <li>the loss of the neuter gender</li> <li>the development of grammatical <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> from Latin <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a></li> <li>the loss of certain Latin <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a> and the creation of new tenses from auxiliaries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3></div> <p>Every French <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> is either masculine or feminine. Because French nouns are not inflected for gender, a noun's form cannot specify its gender. For nouns regarding the living, their <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_genders" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical genders">grammatical genders</a> often correspond to that which they refer to. For example, a male teacher is an <i>enseignant</i> while a female teacher is an <i>enseignante</i>. However, plural nouns that refer to a group that includes both masculine and feminine entities are always masculine. So a group of two male teachers would be <i>enseignants</i>. A group of two male teachers and two female teachers would still be <i>enseignants</i>. However, a group of two female teachers would be <i>enseignantes</i>. In many situations, including in the case of <i>enseignant</i>, both the singular and plural form of a noun are pronounced identically. The article used for singular nouns is different from that used for plural nouns and the article provides a distinguishing factor between the two in speech. For example, the singular <i>le professeur</i> or <i>la professeure</i> (the male or female teacher, professor) can be distinguished from the plural <i>les professeur(e)s</i> because <i>le</i> /lə/, <i>la</i> /la/, and <i>les</i> /le(s)/ are all pronounced differently. With <i>enseignant</i>, however, for both singular forms the <i>le/la</i> becomes <i>l'</i>, and so the only difference in pronunciation is that the ⟨t⟩ on the end of masculine form is silent, whereas it is pronounced in the feminine. If the word was to be followed by a word starting with a vowel, then liaison would cause the ⟨t⟩ to be pronounced in both forms, resulting in identical pronunciation. There are also some situations where both the feminine and masculine form of a noun are the same and the article provides the only difference. For example, <i>le dentiste</i> refers to a male dentist while <i>la dentiste</i> refers to a female dentist. Furthermore, a few nouns' meanings depend on their gender. For example, <i>un livre</i> (masculine) refers to a book, while <i>une livre</i> a (feminine) is a pound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_verbs" title="French verbs">French verbs</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moods_and_tense-aspect_forms">Moods and tense-aspect forms</h4></div> <p>The French language consists of both finite and non-finite moods. The finite moods include the <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative mood</a> (indicatif), the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a> (subjonctif), the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative mood</a> (impératif), and the <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional mood</a> (conditionnel). The non-finite moods include the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> mood (infinitif), the <a href="/wiki/Present_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Present participle">present participle</a> (participe présent), and the <a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participle</a> (participe passé). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Finite_moods">Finite moods</h5></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Indicative_(indicatif)"><span id="Indicative_.28indicatif.29"></span>Indicative (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">indicatif</i></span>)</h6></div> <p>The indicative mood makes use of eight tense-aspect forms. These include the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">présent</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Simple_past" title="Simple past">simple past</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Pass%C3%A9_compos%C3%A9" title="Passé composé">passé composé</a></i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Pass%C3%A9_simple" title="Passé simple">passé simple</a></i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Past_imperfective" class="mw-redirect" title="Past imperfective">past imperfective</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Imparfait" class="mw-redirect" title="Imparfait">imparfait</a></i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Plus-que-parfait" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus-que-parfait">plus-que-parfait</a></i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Simple_future" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple future">simple future</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Futur_simple" class="mw-redirect" title="Futur simple">futur simple</a></i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Future_perfect" title="Future perfect">future perfect</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Futur_ant%C3%A9rieur" class="mw-redirect" title="Futur antérieur">futur antérieur</a></i></span>), and the <a href="/wiki/Past_perfect" class="mw-redirect" title="Past perfect">past perfect</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">passé antérieur</i></span>). Some forms are less commonly used today. In today's spoken French, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">passé composé</i></span> is used while the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">passé simple</i></span> is reserved for formal situations or for literary purposes. Similarly, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">plus-que-parfait</i></span> is used for speaking rather than the older <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">passé antérieur</i></span> seen in literary works. </p><p>Within the indicative mood, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">passé composé</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">plus-que-parfait</i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">futur antérieur</i></span>, and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">passé antérieur</i></span> all use auxiliary verbs in their forms. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Indicatif </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Présent </th> <th colspan="2">Imparfait </th> <th colspan="2">Passé composé </th> <th colspan="2">Passé simple </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>j'aime </td> <td>nous aimons </td> <td>j'aimais </td> <td>nous aimions </td> <td>j'ai aimé </td> <td>nous avons aimé </td> <td>j'aimai </td> <td>nous aimâmes </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>tu aimes </td> <td>vous aimez </td> <td>tu aimais </td> <td>vous aimiez </td> <td>tu as aimé </td> <td>vous avez aimé </td> <td>tu aimas </td> <td>vous aimâtes </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>il/elle aime </td> <td>ils/elles aiment </td> <td>il/elle aimait </td> <td>ils/elles aimaient </td> <td>il/elle a aimé </td> <td>ils/elles ont aimé </td> <td>il/elle aima </td> <td>ils/elles aimèrent </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Futur simple </th> <th colspan="2">Futur antérieur </th> <th colspan="2">Plus-que-parfait </th> <th colspan="2">Passé antérieur </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>j'aimerai </td> <td>nous aimerons </td> <td>j'aurai aimé </td> <td>nous aurons aimé </td> <td>j'avais aimé </td> <td>nous avions aimé </td> <td>j'eus aimé </td> <td>nous eûmes aimé </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>tu aimeras </td> <td>vous aimerez </td> <td>tu auras aimé </td> <td>vous aurez aimé </td> <td>tu avais aimé </td> <td>vous aviez aimé </td> <td>tu eus aimé </td> <td>vous eûtes aimé </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>il/elle aimera </td> <td>ils/elles aimeront </td> <td>il/elle aura aimé </td> <td>ils/elles auront aimé </td> <td>il/elle avait aimé </td> <td>ils/elles avaient aimé </td> <td>il/elle eut aimé </td> <td>ils/elles eurent aimé </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Subjunctive_(subjonctif)"><span id="Subjunctive_.28subjonctif.29"></span>Subjunctive (subjonctif)</h6></div> <p>The subjunctive mood only includes four of the tense-aspect forms found in the indicative: present (présent), simple past (passé composé), past imperfective (imparfait), and pluperfect (plus-que-parfait). </p><p>Within the subjunctive mood, the passé composé and plus-que-parfait use auxiliary verbs in their forms. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Subjonctif </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Présent </th> <th colspan="2">Imparfait </th> <th colspan="2">Passé composé </th> <th colspan="2">Plus-que-parfait </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>j'aime </td> <td>nous aimions </td> <td>j'aimasse </td> <td>nous aimassions </td> <td>j'aie aimé </td> <td>nous ayons aimé </td> <td>j'eusse aimé </td> <td>nous eussions aimé </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>tu aimes </td> <td>vous aimiez </td> <td>tu aimasses </td> <td>vous aimassiez </td> <td>tu aies aimé </td> <td>vous ayez aimé </td> <td>tu eusses aimé </td> <td>vous eussiez aimé </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>il/elle aime </td> <td>ils/elles aiment </td> <td>il/elle aimât </td> <td>ils/elles aimassent </td> <td>il/elle ait aimé </td> <td>ils/elles aient aimé </td> <td>il/elle eût aimé </td> <td>ils/elles eussent aimé </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Imperative_(imperatif)"><span id="Imperative_.28imperatif.29"></span>Imperative (imperatif)</h6></div> <p>The imperative is used in the present tense (with the exception of a few instances where it is used in the perfect tense). The imperative is used to give commands to you (tu), we/us (nous), and plural you (vous). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Imperatif </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Présent </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td> </td> <td>aimons </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>aime </td> <td>aimez </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Conditional_(conditionnel)"><span id="Conditional_.28conditionnel.29"></span>Conditional (conditionnel)</h6></div> <p>The conditional makes use of the present (présent) and the past (passé). </p><p>The passé uses auxiliary verbs in its forms. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conditionnel </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Présent </th> <th colspan="2">Passé </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>j'aimerais </td> <td>nous aimerions </td> <td>j'aurais aimé </td> <td>nous aurions aimé </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>tu aimerais </td> <td>vous aimeriez </td> <td>tu aurais aimé </td> <td>vous auriez aimé </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>il/elle aimerait </td> <td>ils/elles aimeraient </td> <td>il/elle aurait aimé </td> <td>ils/elles auraient aimé </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voice">Voice</h4></div> <p>French uses both the <a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">active voice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a>. The active voice is unmarked while the passive voice is formed by using a form of verb <i>être</i> ("to be") and the past participle. </p><p>Example of the active voice: </p> <ul><li>"Elle aime le chien." <i>She loves the dog.</i></li> <li>"Marc a conduit la voiture." <i>Marc drove the car.</i></li></ul> <p>Example of the passive voice: </p> <ul><li>"Le chien est aimé par elle." <i>The dog is loved by her.</i></li> <li>"La voiture a été conduite par Marc." <i>The car was driven by Marc.</i></li></ul> <p>However, unless the subject of the sentence is specified, generally the pronoun <i>on</i> "one" is used: </p> <ul><li>"On aime le chien." <i>The dog is loved. (Literally "one loves the dog.")</i></li> <li>"On conduit la voiture." <i>The car is (being) driven. (Literally "one drives the car.")</i></li></ul> <p>Word order is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> although a pronoun object precedes the verb. Some types of sentences allow for or require different word orders, in particular <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(linguistics)" title="Inversion (linguistics)">inversion</a> of the subject and verb, as in "Parlez-vous français ?" when asking a question rather than "Vous parlez français ?" Both formulations are used, and carry a rising inflection on the last word. The literal English translations are "Do you speak French?" and "You speak French?", respectively. To avoid inversion while asking a question, "Est-ce que" (literally "is it that") may be placed at the beginning of the sentence. "Parlez-vous français ?" may become "Est-ce que vous parlez français ?" French also uses <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–object–subject">verb–object–subject</a> (VOS) and <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–subject–verb">object–subject–verb</a> (OSV) word order. OSV word order is not used often and VOS is reserved for formal writings.<sup id="cite_ref-Lahousse_2012_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lahousse_2012-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#fff; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 498.63914954408px; border-left-color:#360"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#360"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#360"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 462.36204067724px; border-left-color:#60f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#60f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#60f"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 328.72617241532px; border-left-color:#000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 118.58569006164px; border-left-color:#9c0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#9c0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#9c0"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 90.763551249663px; border-left-color:#3f0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#3f0"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#3f0"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 66.319151740125px; border-left-color:#9cf"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#9cf"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#9cf"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 44.397448757315px; border-left-color:#030"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#030"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#030"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 18.0360871805px; border-left-color:#399"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#399"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#399"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:71.065213964243px 70.354355687593px 0 0; border-top-color:#06f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#06f"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 180.01927242034px 100px 0; border-right-color:#30c"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#30c"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 0.62832679918899px 100px 0; border-right-color:#69f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#69f"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Root languages of <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a><sup id="cite_ref-Walter_1998_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter_1998-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#69f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (25.10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#30c; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (16.83%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#06f; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> (20.65%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#399; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> (15.26%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#030; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> (3.81%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9cf; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (2.67%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3f0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Native_American_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American languages">Native American</a> (2.41%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9c0; color:black;"> </span> Other Asian languages (2.12%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> (6.45%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#60f; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> (1.31%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#360; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> (0.24%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fff; color:black;"> </span> Other languages (3.43%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The majority of French words derive from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> or were constructed from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> roots. In many cases, a single etymological root appears in French in a "popular" or native form, inherited from Vulgar Latin, and a learned form, borrowed later from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a>. The following pairs consist of a native noun and a learned adjective: </p> <ul><li>brother: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fr%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="wikt:frère">frère</a></i> / <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fraternel" class="extiw" title="wikt:fraternel">fraternel</a></i> from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frater" class="extiw" title="wikt:frater">frater</a> / <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fraternalis" class="extiw" title="wikt:fraternalis">fraternalis</a></i></li> <li>finger: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doigt" class="extiw" title="wikt:doigt">doigt</a></i> / <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/digital" class="extiw" title="wikt:digital">digital</a></i> from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/digitus" class="extiw" title="wikt:digitus">digitus</a> / <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/digitalis" class="extiw" title="wikt:digitalis">digitalis</a></i></li> <li>faith: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/foi" class="extiw" title="wikt:foi">foi</a></i> / <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fid%C3%A8le" class="extiw" title="wikt:fidèle">fidèle</a></i> from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fides" class="extiw" title="wikt:fides">fides</a> / <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fidelis" class="extiw" title="wikt:fidelis">fidelis</a></i></li> <li>eye: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%93il" class="extiw" title="wikt:œil">œil</a></i> / <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oculaire" class="extiw" title="wikt:oculaire">oculaire</a></i> from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oculus" class="extiw" title="wikt:oculus">oculus</a> / <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ocularis" class="extiw" title="wikt:ocularis">ocularis</a></i></li></ul> <p>However, a historical tendency to <a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Gallicise</a> Latin roots can be identified, whereas English conversely leans towards a more direct incorporation of the Latin: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rayonnement" class="extiw" title="wikt:rayonnement">rayonnement</a></i> / <i>radiation</i> from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/radiatio" class="extiw" title="wikt:radiatio">radiatio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A9teindre" class="extiw" title="wikt:éteindre">éteindre</a></i> / <i>extinguish</i> from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exstinguo#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:exstinguo">exstinguere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/noyau" class="extiw" title="wikt:noyau">noyau</a></i> / <i>nucleus</i> from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:nucleus">nucleus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ensoleillement" class="extiw" title="wikt:ensoleillement">ensoleillement</a></i> / <i>insolation</i> from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/insolatio" class="extiw" title="wikt:insolatio">insolatio</a></i></li></ul> <p>There are also noun-noun and adjective-adjective pairs: </p> <ul><li>thing/cause: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chose" class="extiw" title="wikt:chose">chose</a></i> / <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cause" class="extiw" title="wikt:cause">cause</a></i> from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/causa" class="extiw" title="wikt:causa">causa</a></i></li> <li>cold: <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/froid" class="extiw" title="wikt:froid">froid</a></i> / <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frigide" class="extiw" title="wikt:frigide">frigide</a></i> from Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frigidum" class="extiw" title="wikt:frigidum">frigidum</a></i></li></ul> <p>It can be difficult to identify the Latin source of native French words because in the evolution from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, unstressed syllables were severely reduced and the remaining vowels and consonants underwent significant modifications. </p><p>More recently (1994) the linguistic policy (<a href="/wiki/Toubon_Law" title="Toubon Law">Toubon Law</a>) of the French language academies of France and Quebec has been to provide French equivalents<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to (mainly English) imported words, either by using existing vocabulary, extending its meaning or deriving a new word according to French morphological rules. The result is often two (or more) co-existing terms for describing the same phenomenon. </p> <ul><li><i>mercatique </i>/ <i>marketing</i></li> <li><i>finance</i> <i>fantôme</i> / <i>shadow</i> <i>banking</i></li> <li><i>bloc-notes</i> / <i>notepad</i></li> <li><i>ailière</i> / <i>wingsuit</i></li> <li><i>tiers-lieu </i>/<i> coworking</i></li></ul> <p>It is estimated that 12% (4,200) of common French words found in a typical <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Petit_Larousse" title="Petit Larousse">Petit Larousse</a></i> or <i>Micro-Robert Plus</i> (35,000 words) are of foreign origin (where <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> learned words are not seen as foreign). About 25% (1,054) of these foreign words come from English and are fairly recent borrowings. The others are some 707 words from Italian, 550 from ancient <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, 481 from other <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a>, 215 from Arabic, 164 from German, 160 from <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>, 159 from Spanish, 153 from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, 112 from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>, 101 from <a href="/wiki/Native_American_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American languages">Native American languages</a>, 89 from other <a href="/wiki/Asian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian languages">Asian languages</a>, 56 from other <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic languages</a>, 55 from <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a>, 10 from <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> and 144 (about 3%) from other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Walter_1998_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter_1998-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin estimated that among the languages analyzed French has the greatest distance from Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lexical_similarity" title="Lexical similarity">Lexical similarity</a> is 89% with Italian, 80% with Sardinian, 78% with Rhaeto-Romance, and 75% with Romanian, Spanish and Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-MED_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MED-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3></div> <p>The numeral system used in the majority of Francophone countries employs both <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a> counting. After the use of unique names for the numbers 1–16, those from 17 to 69 are counted by tens, while <a href="/wiki/20_(number)" title="20 (number)">twenty</a> (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vingt</i></span></i>) is used as a base number in the names of numbers from 70 to 99. The French word for 80 is <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quatre-vingts</i></span></i>, literally "four twenties", and the word for <i>75</i> is <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">soixante-quinze</i></span></i>, literally "sixty-fifteen". The vigesimal method of counting is analogous to the archaic English use of <i>score</i>, as in "fourscore and seven" (87), or "threescore and ten" (70). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan French</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jean-Pierre_Martin_1984_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean-Pierre_Martin_1984-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as that used in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, use different names for 70 and 90, namely <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">septante</i></span></i> and <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">nonante</i></span></i>. In Switzerland, depending on the local dialect, 80 can be <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quatre-vingts</i></span></i> (Geneva, Neuchâtel, Jura) or <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">huitante</i></span></i> (Vaud, Valais, Fribourg). The <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> similarly uses <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">huitante</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-Jean-Pierre_Martin_1984_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean-Pierre_Martin_1984-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for 80. Conversely, Belgium and in its former African colonies use <i>quatre-vingts</i> for 80. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> (during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>), all numbers from 30 to 99 could be said in either base 10 or base 20, e.g. <i>vint et doze</i> (twenty and twelve) for 32, <i>dous vinz et diz</i> (two twenties and ten) for 50, <i>uitante</i> for 80, or <i>nonante</i> for 90.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>octante</i> was historically used in Switzerland for 80, but is now considered archaic.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French, like most European languages, uses a space to separate thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comma (French: <i lang="fr">virgule</i>) is used in French numbers as a decimal point, i.e. "2,5" instead of "2.5". In the case of currencies, the currency markers are substituted for decimal point, i.e. "5$7" for "5 dollars and 7 <a href="/wiki/Cent_(currency)" title="Cent (currency)">cents</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2></div> <p>Article 1 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></i> in French: </p> <dl><dd><i>Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits. Ils sont doués de raison et de conscience et doivent agir les uns envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternité.</i><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Article 1 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></i> in English: </p> <dl><dd><i>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</i><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance Française">Alliance Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_fondamental" title="Français fondamental">Français fondamental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francophile" title="Francophile">Francophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophobia">Francophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French language in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French language in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_poetry" title="French poetry">French poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_French_expressions_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of French expressions in English">Glossary of French expressions in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_French_on_English" title="Influence of French on English">Influence of French on English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_education" title="Language education">Language education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_French_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where French is an official language">List of countries where French is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_French_origin" title="List of English words of French origin">List of English words of French origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_loanwords_in_Persian" title="List of French loanwords in Persian">List of French loanwords in Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_and_phrases_used_by_English_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French words and phrases used by English speakers">List of French words and phrases used by English speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_words_of_French_origin" title="List of German words of French origin">List of German words of French origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">Official bilingualism in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_French" title="Varieties of French">Varieties of French</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dots: cities with native transmission, typically a minority.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">29 full members of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a> (OIF): <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. <br />One associate member of the OIF: <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>.<br />Two observers of the OIF: <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>.<br />One country not member or observer of the OIF: <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<br />Two French territories in Africa: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fra">French</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottoGI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glottoGI_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shif1234">"Glottolog 4.8 - Shifted Western Romance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127113834/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shif1234">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Shifted+Western+Romance&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fshif1234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottoOil-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glottoOil_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oila1234">"Glottolog 4.8 - Oil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111104954/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oila1234">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Oil&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Foila1234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/">"The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 18 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150816064811/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/04/23/the-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+languages%2C+in+7+maps+and+charts&rft.date=2022-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2015%2F04%2F23%2Fthe-worlds-languages-in-7-maps-and-charts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016011/98-200-x2016011-eng.cfm">"Census in Brief: English, French and official language minorities in Canada"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i>. 2 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311010917/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016011/98-200-x2016011-eng.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+in+Brief%3A+English%2C+French+and+official+language+minorities+in+Canada&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fas-sa%2F98-200-x%2F2016011%2F98-200-x2016011-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/fra">French</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francophonie-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francophonie_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf">"La langue française dans le monde"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317150259/https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/Synth%C3%A8se_La_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+le+monde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2022-03%2FSynth%25C3%25A8se_La_langue_fran%25C3%25A7aise_dans_le_monde_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ontheuplocalfr2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ontheuplocalfr2014_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.fr/20141106/french-speakers-world-language-english">"French language is on the up, report reveals"</a>. <i>thelocal.fr</i>. 6 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150901065140/http://www.thelocal.fr/20141106/french-speakers-world-language-english">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+fran%C3%A7ais+%C3%A0+Abidjan+%3A+Pour+une+approche+syntaxique+du+non-standard+Broch%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+25+septembre+2002&rft.date=2002-09-25&rft.aulast=Ploog&rft.aufirst=Katja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelen_Ernesta_Fonyuy2024" class="citation web cs1">Kelen Ernesta Fonyuy, Kelen Ernesta Fonyuy (24 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/ab9d0f98-1724-4994-9c01-72582a009845/content">"Revitalizing Cameroon Indigenous Languages Usage 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+many+people+speak+French+and+where+is+French+spoken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.babbel.com%2Fen%2Fmagazine%2Fhow-many-people-speak-french-and-where-is-french-spoken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2007" class="citation book cs1">Adams, J. N. (2007). 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Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7298-6470-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7298-6470-5"><bdi>978-2-7298-6470-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Ellipses+Edition+Marketing+S.A.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-7298-6470-5&rft.aulast=H%C3%A9lix&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge1993" class="citation book cs1">Lodge, R. Anthony (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hfanhTGi-z0C"><i>French: From Dialect to Standard</i></a>. Routledge. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08071-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08071-2"><bdi>978-0-415-08071-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104347/https://books.google.com/books?id=hfanhTGi-z0C">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French%3A+From+Dialect+to+Standard&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08071-2&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=R.+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhfanhTGi-z0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraven2002" class="citation book cs1">Craven, Thomas D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvODm8_Y6CgC&q=Braudel&pg=PA1"><i>Comparative Historical Dialectology: Italo-Romance Clues to Ibero-Romance Sound Change</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58811-313-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58811-313-2"><bdi>1-58811-313-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104417/https://books.google.com/books?id=XvODm8_Y6CgC&q=Braudel&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Historical+Dialectology%3A+Italo-Romance+Clues+to+Ibero-Romance+Sound+Change&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58811-313-2&rft.aulast=Craven&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvODm8_Y6CgC%26q%3DBraudel%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mufwene-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mufwene_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mufwene_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mufwene_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMufwene2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Salikoko_Mufwene" title="Salikoko Mufwene">Mufwene, Salikoko S.</a> (2004). "Language birth and death". <i>Annu. Rev. Anthropol</i>. <b>33</b>: 201–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.33.070203.143852">10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu.+Rev.+Anthropol.&rft.atitle=Language+birth+and+death&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=201-222&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.33.070203.143852&rft.aulast=Mufwene&rft.aufirst=Salikoko+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrijver1997" class="citation book cs1">Schrijver, Peter (1997). <i>Studies in the History of Celtic Pronouns and Particles</i>. Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780901519597" title="Special:BookSources/9780901519597"><bdi>9780901519597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+History+of+Celtic+Pronouns+and+Particles&rft.place=Maynooth&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Department+of+Old+Irish%2C+National+University+of+Ireland&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780901519597&rft.aulast=Schrijver&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savignac-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Savignac_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savignac_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavignac2004" class="citation book cs1">Savignac, Jean-Paul (2004). <i>Dictionnaire Français-Gaulois</i>. Paris: La Différence. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Fran%C3%A7ais-Gaulois&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=La+Diff%C3%A9rence&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Savignac&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PellegriniCeltic-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PellegriniCeltic_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellegrini2011" class="citation book cs1">Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (2011). "Substrata". In Posner; Green (eds.). <i>Romance Comparative and Historical Linguistics</i>. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 43–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Substrata&rft.btitle=Romance+Comparative+and+Historical+Linguistics&rft.pages=43-74&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Pellegrini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Battista&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span> Celtic influences on French discussed in pages 64-67. Page 65:"In recent years the primary role of the substratum... has been disputed. Best documented is the CT- > <i>it</i> change which is found in all Western Romania... more reservations have been expressed about... ū > [y]..."; :"Summary on page 67: "There can be no doubt that the way French stands out from the other Western Romance languages (Vidos 1956: 363) is largely due to the intensity of its Celtic substratum, compared with lateral areas like Iberia and Venetia..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiter1995" class="citation book cs1">Guiter, Henri (1995). "Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania". In Bochnakowa, Anna; Widlak, Stanislan (eds.). <i>Munus amicitae. Studia linguistica in honorem Witoldi Manczak septuagenarii</i>. Krakow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sur+le+substrat+gaulois+dans+la+Romania&rft.btitle=Munus+amicitae.+Studia+linguistica+in+honorem+Witoldi+Manczak+septuagenarii&rft.place=Krakow&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Guiter&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoegiest200683-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoegiest200683_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoegiest2006">Roegiest 2006</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matas-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matas_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasovic2007" class="citation conference cs1">Matasovic, Ranko (2007). "Insular Celtic as a Language Area". <i>The Celtic Languages in Contact: Papers from the Workshop Within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies</i>. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Insular+Celtic+as+a+Language+Area&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Languages+in+Contact%3A+Papers+from+the+Workshop+Within+the+Framework+of+the+XIII+International+Congress+of+Celtic+Studies&rft.pages=106&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Matasovic&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolinskyVan_Everbroeck2003" class="citation journal cs1">Polinsky, Maria; Van Everbroeck, Ezra (2003). "Development of Gender Classifications: Modeling the Historical Change from Latin to French". <i>Language</i>. <b>79</b> (2): 356–390. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.134.9933">10.1.1.134.9933</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2003.0131">10.1353/lan.2003.0131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8507">0097-8507</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4489422">4489422</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6797972">6797972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Development+of+Gender+Classifications%3A+Modeling+the+Historical+Change+from+Latin+to+French&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=356-390&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4489422%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.2003.0131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.134.9933%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.issn=0097-8507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6797972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Polinsky&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Van+Everbroeck%2C+Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchmittLex-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchmittLex_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schmitt, Christian (1997). "Keltische im heutigen Französisch". <i>Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie</i>. 49–50: 814–829. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzcph.1997.49-50.1.814">10.1515/zcph.1997.49-50.1.814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Celtische+Philologie&rft.atitle=Keltische+im+heutigen+Franz%C3%B6sisch&rft.volume=49-50&rft.pages=814-829&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzcph.1997.49-50.1.814&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1982" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Bodo (1982). "Geostatistik der gallischen/keltischen Substratwörter in der Galloromania". In Winkelmann, Otto (ed.). <i>Festschrift für Johannes Hubschmid zum 65. Geburtsag. Beiträge zur allgemeinen, indogermanischen und romanischen Sprachwissenschaft</i>. pp. 603–620.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geostatistik+der+gallischen%2Fkeltischen+Substratw%C3%B6rter+in+der+Galloromania&rft.btitle=Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Johannes+Hubschmid+zum+65.+Geburtsag.+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+allgemeinen%2C+indogermanischen+und+romanischen+Sprachwissenschaft.&rft.pages=603-620&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Bodo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HolmesSchutz30-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HolmesSchutz30_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HolmesSchutz30_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesHerman_Schutz1938" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Urban; Herman Schutz, Alexander (June 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbjX4ebc2lsC&q=gAULISH&pg=PR5"><i>A History of the French Language</i></a>. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0191-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0191-9"><bdi>978-0-8196-0191-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104350/https://books.google.com/books?id=jbjX4ebc2lsC&q=gAULISH&pg=PR5">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2021</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"...sixty-eight or more Celtic words in standard Latin; not all of these came down into Romance.... did not survive among the people. Vulgar speech in Gaul used many others... at least 361 words of Gaulish provenance in French and Provençal. These Celtic words fell into more homely types than... borrowings from Germanː agriculture... household effects... animals... food and drink... trees... body -- 17 (<i>dor</i> < <i>durnu</i>), dress... construction... birds... fish... insects... <i>pièce</i> < *<i>pettia</i>, and the remainder divided among weapons, religion, literature, music, persons, sickness and mineral. It is evident that the peasants were the last to hold to their Celtic. The count on the Celtic element was made by Leslie Moss at the University of North Carolina... based on unanimity of agreement among the best lexicographers...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+French+Language&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Biblo+%26+Tannen+Publishers&rft.date=1938-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8196-0191-9&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Urban&rft.au=Herman+Schutz%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjbjX4ebc2lsC%26q%3DgAULISH%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoegiest200682-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoegiest200682_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoegiest200682_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoegiest2006">Roegiest 2006</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813193930/https://www.pin1.harvard.edu/cas/login;jsessionid=BB951275000142B63AD17A43564E70A5?service=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pin1.harvard.edu%2Fpin%2Fauthenticate%2FHUL_ACC_MGMT_SVC%3Bjsessionid%3DBB951275000142B63AD17A43564E70A5">"HarvardKey – Login"</a>. <i>www.pin1.harvard.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pin1.harvard.edu/cas/login;jsessionid=BB951275000142B63AD17A43564E70A5?service=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pin1.harvard.edu%2Fpin%2Fauthenticate%2FHUL_ACC_MGMT_SVC%3Bjsessionid%3DBB951275000142B63AD17A43564E70A5">the original</a> on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pin1.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=HarvardKey+%E2%80%93+Login&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pin1.harvard.edu%2Fcas%2Flogin%3Bjsessionid%3DBB951275000142B63AD17A43564E70A5%3Fservice%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.pin1.harvard.edu%252Fpin%252Fauthenticate%252FHUL_ACC_MGMT_SVC%253Bjsessionid%253DBB951275000142B63AD17A43564E70A5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lahousse_2012-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lahousse_2012_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lahousse_2012_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahousseLamiroy2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lahousse, Karen; Lamiroy, Béatrice (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/329255">"Word order in French, Spanish and Italian:A grammaticalization account"</a>. <i>Folia Linguistica</i>. <b>46</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fflin.2012.014">10.1515/flin.2012.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1614-7308">1614-7308</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146854174">146854174</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427075923/https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/329255">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Linguistica&rft.atitle=Word+order+in+French%2C+Spanish+and+Italian%3AA+grammaticalization+account&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146854174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1614-7308&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fflin.2012.014&rft.aulast=Lahousse&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Lamiroy%2C+B%C3%A9atrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F329255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowlett, P. 2007. The Syntax of French. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Page 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope, Mildred K. (1934). From Latin to Modern French with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman Phonology and Morphology. Manchester: Manchester University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google.fr-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google.fr_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadeauBarlow2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Beno%C3%AEt_Nadeau" title="Jean-Benoît Nadeau">Nadeau, Jean-Benoit</a>; <a href="/wiki/Julie_Barlow" title="Julie Barlow">Barlow, Julie</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34"><i>The Story of French</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. pp. 34ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-3240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-3240-0"><bdi>978-1-4299-3240-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518175328/https://books.google.com/books?id=JYDOrzMpgGcC&pg=PT34#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+French&rft.pages=34ff&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-3240-0&rft.aulast=Nadeau&rft.aufirst=Jean-Benoit&rft.au=Barlow%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJYDOrzMpgGcC%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor1978" class="citation book cs1">Victor, Joseph M. (1978). <i>Charles de Bovelles, 1479–1553: An Intellectual Biography</i>. Librairie Droz. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+de+Bovelles%2C+1479%E2%80%931553%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Victor&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andaman.org-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andaman.org_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/reprints/weber/rep-weber.htm">The World's 10 Most Influential Languages</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312042140/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/reprints/weber/rep-weber.htm">Archived</a> 12 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Top Languages</i>. Retrieved 11 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattyeHintzeRowlett2003" class="citation book cs1">Battye, Adrian; Hintze, Marie-Anne; Rowlett, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pya2KY8upAUC&pg=PA2"><i>The French Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-41796-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-41796-6"><bdi>978-0-203-41796-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104351/https://books.google.com/books?id=pya2KY8upAUC&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Language+Today%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-203-41796-6&rft.aulast=Battye&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Hintze%2C+Marie-Anne&rft.au=Rowlett%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpya2KY8upAUC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisler1986" class="citation news cs1">Meisler, Stanley (1 March 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-03-01-mn-13048-story.html">"Seduction Still Works: French – a Language in Decline"</a>. <i>The Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702203738/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-03-01/news/mn-13048_1_french-language/2">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Seduction+Still+Works%3A+French+%E2%80%93+a+Language+in+Decline&rft.date=1986-03-01&rft.aulast=Meisler&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1986-03-01-mn-13048-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061123134600/http://www.languefrancaise.net/dossiers/dossiers.php?id_dossier=66">"Rapport Grégoire an II"</a>. <i>Languefrancaise.net</i> (in French). 18 November 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languefrancaise.net/dossiers/dossiers.php?id_dossier=66">the original</a> on 23 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Languefrancaise.net&rft.atitle=Rapport+Gr%C3%A9goire+an+II&rft.date=2003-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languefrancaise.net%2Fdossiers%2Fdossiers.php%3Fid_dossier%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labouysse_2007-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Labouysse_2007_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labouysse_2007_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabouysse2007" class="citation book cs1">Labouysse, Georges (2007). <i>L'Imposture. Mensonges et manipulations de l'Histoire officielle</i>. France: Institut d'études occitanes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85910-426-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85910-426-9"><bdi>978-2-85910-426-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Imposture.+Mensonges+et+manipulations+de+l%27Histoire+officielle&rft.place=France&rft.pub=Institut+d%27%C3%A9tudes+occitanes&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-85910-426-9&rft.aulast=Labouysse&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoubert2010" class="citation web cs1">Joubert, Aurélie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54504513/FULL_TEXT.PDF">"A Comparative Study of the Evolution of Prestige Formations and of Speakers' Attitudes in Occitan and Catalan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.research.manchester.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.research.manchester.ac.uk&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Evolution+of+Prestige+Formations+and+of+Speakers%27+Attitudes+in+Occitan+and+Catalan&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Joubert&rft.aufirst=Aur%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.manchester.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F54504513%2FFULL_TEXT.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">EUROPA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170617020142/http://www.tns-opinion.com/">Archived</a> 17 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, data for EU25, published before 2007 enlargement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languageknowledge.eu/">"Explore language knowledge in Europe"</a>. <i>languageknowledge.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917153120/http://languageknowledge.eu/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=languageknowledge.eu&rft.atitle=Explore+language+knowledge+in+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguageknowledge.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benet-MartínezHong2014-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benet-MartínezHong2014_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovoaMoghaddam2014" class="citation cs1">Novoa, Cristina; Moghaddam, Fathali M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAqKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA468">"Applied Perspectives: Policies for Managing Cultural Diversity"</a>. In Benet-Martínez, Verónica; Hong, Ying-Yi (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Multicultural Identity</i>. Oxford Library of Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979669-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979669-4"><bdi>978-0-19-979669-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014006430">2014006430</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/871965715">871965715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Applied+Perspectives%3A+Policies+for+Managing+Cultural+Diversity&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Multicultural+Identity&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Library+of+Psychology&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F871965715&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014006430&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979669-4&rft.aulast=Novoa&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft.au=Moghaddam%2C+Fathali+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAqKAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philippevanparijs-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philippevanparijs_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Parijs" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Van_Parijs" title="Philippe Van Parijs">Van Parijs, Philippe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613234540/http://www.statbel.fgov.be/studies/ac699_en.pdf">"Belgium's new linguistic challenge"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>KVS Express (Supplement to Newspaper de Morgen) March–April 2006</i>: Article from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kvs.be/kvs_express/KVS_EXPRESS_13_WEB.pdf">original source (pdf 4.9 MB)</a> pp. 34–36 republished by the Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Economy – Directorate–general Statistics Belgium. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statbel.fgov.be/studies/ac699_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KVS+Express+%28Supplement+to+Newspaper+de+Morgen%29+March%E2%80%93April+2006&rft.atitle=Belgium%27s+new+linguistic+challenge&rft.pages=Article+from+original+source+%28pdf+4.9+MB%29+pp.+34-36+republished+by+the+Belgian+Federal+Government+Service+%28ministry%29+of+Economy+-+Directorate-general+Statistics+Belgium&rft.aulast=Van+Parijs&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statbel.fgov.be%2Fstudies%2Fac699_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbalain2007" class="citation book cs1">Abalain, Hervé (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abit8Yd6J-cC&pg=PA92"><i>Le français et les langues</i></a>. Editions Jean-paul Gisserot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87747-881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87747-881-6"><bdi>978-2-87747-881-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104351/https://books.google.com/books?id=abit8Yd6J-cC&pg=PA92">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+fran%C3%A7ais+et+les+langues&rft.pub=Editions+Jean-paul+Gisserot&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-87747-881-6&rft.aulast=Abalain&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dabit8Yd6J-cC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Une Vallée d'Aoste bilingue dans une Europe plurilingue / Una Valle d'Aosta bilingue in un'Europa plurilingue</i>, Aoste, Fondation Émile Chanoux, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francetvinfo.fr/allemagne-le-francais-bientot-la-deuxieme-langue-officielle-de-la-sarre_587877.html">"Allemagne: le français, bientôt la deuxième langue officielle de la Sarre"</a>. 28 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822012043/http://www.francetvinfo.fr/allemagne-le-francais-bientot-la-deuxieme-langue-officielle-de-la-sarre_587877.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allemagne%3A+le+fran%C3%A7ais%2C+bient%C3%B4t+la+deuxi%C3%A8me+langue+officielle+de+la+Sarre&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francetvinfo.fr%2Fallemagne-le-francais-bientot-la-deuxieme-langue-officielle-de-la-sarre_587877.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25834960">"German region of Saarland moves towards bilingualism"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 21 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014054905/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25834960">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=German+region+of+Saarland+moves+towards+bilingualism&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-25834960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2023_data_sheet-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2023_data_sheet_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2023_data_sheet_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopulation_Reference_Bureau" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">Population Reference Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2023-World-Population-Data-Sheet-Booklet.pdf">"2023 World Population Data Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220122534/https://www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/2023-World-Population-Data-Sheet-Booklet.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2023+World+Population+Data+Sheet&rft.au=Population+Reference+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F12%2F2023-World-Population-Data-Sheet-Booklet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects: The 2022 Revision"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLSX)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306213755/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20%28Standard%29/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects%3A+The+2022+Revision&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObservatoire_de_la_langue_française_de_l'Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" class="citation web cs1">Observatoire de la langue française de l'<a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odsef.fss.ulaval.ca/sites/odsef.fss.ulaval.ca/files/uploads/Pr%C3%A9sentation_FRANCOSCOPE_2023-03-15_Finale.pdf">"Francoscope. « 327 millions de francophones dans le monde en 2023 »"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415152637/https://www.odsef.fss.ulaval.ca/sites/odsef.fss.ulaval.ca/files/uploads/Pr%C3%A9sentation_FRANCOSCOPE_2023-03-15_Finale.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Francoscope.+%C2%AB+327+millions+de+francophones+dans+le+monde+en+2023+%C2%BB&rft.au=Observatoire+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+de+l%27Organisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.odsef.fss.ulaval.ca%2Fsites%2Fodsef.fss.ulaval.ca%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2FPr%25C3%25A9sentation_FRANCOSCOPE_2023-03-15_Finale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2023_speakers-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2023_speakers_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2023_speakers_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObservatoire_démographique_et_statistique_de_l'espace_francophone_(ODSEF)" class="citation web cs1">Observatoire démographique et statistique de l'espace francophone (ODSEF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outils-odsef-fss.ulaval.ca/francoscope/tab/tab.html">"Estimation du pourcentage et des effectifs de francophones (2023-03-15)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240124215019/https://outils-odsef-fss.ulaval.ca/francoscope/tab/tab.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimation+du+pourcentage+et+des+effectifs+de+francophones+%282023-03-15%29&rft.au=Observatoire+d%C3%A9mographique+et+statistique+de+l%27espace+francophone+%28ODSEF%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outils-odsef-fss.ulaval.ca%2Ffrancoscope%2Ftab%2Ftab.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2010" class="citation cs2">Cross, Tony (19 March 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20100319-french-language-growing-especially-africa">"French language growing, especially in Africa"</a>, <i>Radio France Internationale</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100325094856/http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20100319-french-language-growing-especially-africa">archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+France+Internationale&rft.atitle=French+language+growing%2C+especially+in+Africa&rft.date=2010-03-19&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.rfi.fr%2Fafrica%2F20100319-french-language-growing-especially-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/non-classe/69236/agora-la-francophonie-de-demain">"Agora: La francophonie de demain"</a>. 24 November 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104416/https://www.ledevoir.com/non-classe/69236/agora-la-francophonie-de-demain">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agora%3A+La+francophonie+de+demain&rft.date=2004-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Fnon-classe%2F69236%2Fagora-la-francophonie-de-demain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426011333/http://www.demographie.auf.org/IMG/pdf/BULLETIN_No_22.pdf">"Bulletin de liaison du réseau démographie"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demographie.auf.org/IMG/pdf/BULLETIN_No_22.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulletin+de+liaison+du+r%C3%A9seau+d%C3%A9mographie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demographie.auf.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FBULLETIN_No_22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie#francaisafrique">"Annonces import export Francophone – CECIF.com"</a>. <i>www.cecif.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012244/http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie#francaisafrique">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cecif.com&rft.atitle=Annonces+import+export+Francophone+%E2%80%93+CECIF.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cecif.com%2F%3Fpage%3Dla_francophonie%23francaisafrique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/France-priorities_1/francophony-french-language_1113/french-language_1934/french-language-in-the-world_3441/the-french-language-in-the-world-an-expanding-community_4289.html">France-Diplomatie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727195522/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/France-priorities_1/francophony-french-language_1113/french-language_1934/french-language-in-the-world_3441/the-french-language-in-the-world-an-expanding-community_4289.html">Archived</a> 27 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Furthermore, the demographic growth of Southern hemisphere countries leads us to anticipate a new increase in the overall number of French speakers."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie">"Le français, langue en évolution. Dans beaucoup de pays francophones, surtout sur le continent africain, une proportion importante de la population ne parle pas couramment le français (même s'il est souvent la langue officielle du pays). Ce qui signifie qu'au fur et à mesure que les nouvelles générations vont à l'école, le nombre de francophones augmente : on estime qu'en 2015, ceux-ci seront deux fois plus nombreux qu'aujourd'hui.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012244/http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie">Archived</a> 17 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie#francaisafrique">c) Le sabir franco-africain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012244/http://www.cecif.com/?page=la_francophonie#francaisafrique">Archived</a> 17 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"C'est la variété du français la plus fluctuante. Le sabir franco-africain est instable et hétérogène sous toutes ses formes. Il existe des énoncés où les mots sont français mais leur ordre reste celui de la langue africaine. En somme, autant les langues africaines sont envahies par les structures et les mots français, autant la langue française se métamorphose en Afrique, donnant naissance à plusieurs variétés."</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/centrafrique.htm">République centrafricaine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405113112/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/centrafrique.htm">Archived</a> 5 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Il existe une autre variété de français, beaucoup plus répandue et plus permissive : le français local. C'est un français très influencé par les langues centrafricaines, surtout par le sango. Cette variété est parlée par les classes non-instruites, qui n'ont pu terminer leur scolarité. Ils usent ce qu'ils connaissent du français avec des emprunts massifs aux langues locales. Cette variété peut causer des problèmes de compréhension avec les francophones des autres pays, car les interférences linguistiques, d'ordre lexical et sémantique, sont très importantes.</i></span> (<i>One example of a variety of African French that is difficult to understand for European French speakers</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021-census-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021-census_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021-census_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Quebec&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124,2021A000224&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&HEADERlist=15,13,18,12,16,14,17,45,46,47">"Profile table"</a>. <i>Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population</i>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population&rft.atitle=Profile+table&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DQuebec%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000011124%2C2021A000224%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26HEADERlist%3D15%2C13%2C18%2C12%2C16%2C14%2C17%2C45%2C46%2C47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qu'est-ce_que_la_Francophonie-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qu'est-ce_que_la_Francophonie_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/francophonie/francophonie.htm">"Francophonie ("Qu'est-ce que la Francophonie?")"</a>. <i>www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713040533/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/francophonie/francophonie.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca&rft.atitle=Francophonie+%28%22Qu%27est-ce+que+la+Francophonie%3F%22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca%2Ffrancophonie%2Ffrancophonie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007092422/https://www.olympiccities.org/montreal/">"Montreal"</a>. <i>World Union of Olympic Cities</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympiccities.org/montreal/">the original</a> on 7 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Union+of+Olympic+Cities&rft.atitle=Montreal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympiccities.org%2Fmontreal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPéladeau2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Péladeau, Pierrot (13 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2014/09/13/montreal-nest-pas-la-deuxieme-ville-francaise-du-monde">"Montréal n'est pas la deuxième ville française du monde"</a>. <i>Journal de Montréal</i> (in Canadian French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.atitle=Montr%C3%A9al+n%27est+pas+la+deuxi%C3%A8me+ville+fran%C3%A7aise+du+monde&rft.date=2014-09-13&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9ladeau&rft.aufirst=Pierrot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journaldemontreal.com%2F2014%2F09%2F13%2Fmontreal-nest-pas-la-deuxieme-ville-francaise-du-monde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202091813/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89201&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=701&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=838089">"Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (2006 Census)"</a>. 2.statcan.ca. 7 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89201&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=701&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=838089">the original</a> on 2 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Mother+Tongue+%28186%29%2C+Knowledge+of+Official+Languages+%285%29%2C+Age+Groups+%2817A%29+and+Sex+%283%29+%282006+Census%29&rft.pub=2.statcan.ca&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus06%2Fdata%2Ftopics%2FRetrieveProductTable.cfm%3FALEVEL%3D3%26APATH%3D3%26CATNO%3D%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D%26DS%3D99%26FL%3D0%26FREE%3D0%26GAL%3D0%26GC%3D99%26GK%3DNA%26GRP%3D1%26IPS%3D%26METH%3D0%26ORDER%3D1%26PID%3D89201%26PTYPE%3D88971%26RL%3D0%26S%3D1%26ShowAll%3DNo%26StartRow%3D1%26SUB%3D701%26Temporal%3D2006%26Theme%3D70%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26GID%3D838089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241114030845/https://www.clo-ocol.gc.ca/en/language-rights/services-communications-federal-institutions">"Services and communications from federal institutions"</a>. <i>Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages of Canada</i>. Government of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clo-ocol.gc.ca/en/language-rights/services-communications-federal-institutions">the original</a> on 14 November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Commissioner+of+Official+Languages+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Services+and+communications+from+federal+institutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clo-ocol.gc.ca%2Fen%2Flanguage-rights%2Fservices-communications-federal-institutions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205101044/http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf">"Language Use in the United States: 2011, American Community Survey Reports, Camille Ryan, Issued August 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Use+in+the+United+States%3A+2011%2C+American+Community+Survey+Reports%2C+Camille+Ryan%2C+Issued+August+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2013pubs%2Facs-22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-factfinder2.census.gov-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-factfinder2.census.gov_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212054904/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_B16001&prodType=table">"Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over : Universe: Population 5 years and over: 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates??"</a>. Factfinder2.census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_B16001&prodType=table">the original</a> on 12 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Spoken+at+Home+by+Ability+to+Speak+English+for+the+Population+5+Years+and+Over+%3A+Universe%3A+Population+5+years+and+over%3A+2007%E2%80%932011+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates%3F%3F&rft.pub=Factfinder2.census.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_11_5YR_B16001%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmonInternational_Sociological_Association1989" class="citation book cs1">Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=geh261xgI8sC"><i>Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–08. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89925-356-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89925-356-5"><bdi>978-0-89925-356-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230918104854/https://books.google.com/books?id=geh261xgI8sC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Status+and+Function+of+Languages+and+Language+Varieties&rft.pages=306-08&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-89925-356-5&rft.aulast=Ammon&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=International+Sociological+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgeh261xgI8sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeGraff2015-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeGraff2015_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeGraffRuggles2014" class="citation web cs1">DeGraff, Michel; Ruggles, Molly (1 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/opinion/a-creole-solution-for-haitis-woes.html">"A Creole Solution for Haiti's Woes"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906084134/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/02/opinion/a-creole-solution-for-haitis-woes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. <q>Under the 1987 Constitution, adopted after the overthrow of Jean‑Claude Duvalier's dictatorship, [Haitian] Creole and French have been the two official languages, but most of the population speaks only Creole fluently.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Creole+Solution+for+Haiti%27s+Woes&rft.pages=A17&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=DeGraff&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Ruggles%2C+Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F08%2F02%2Fopinion%2Fa-creole-solution-for-haitis-woes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministère de l'Éducation nationale</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtravelguide.net/french-guiana/history-language-culture">"Guyana – World Travel Guide"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224639/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/french-guiana/history-language-culture">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guyana+%E2%80%93+World+Travel+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtravelguide.net%2Ffrench-guiana%2Fhistory-language-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-pierre-and-miquelon/">"Saint Pierre and Miquelon"</a>. <i>CIA World Factbook</i>. 18 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202195959/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-pierre-and-miquelon/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reading+and+Writing&rft.atitle=The+contribution+of+morphological+awareness+to+the+spelling+of+morphemes+and+morphologically+complex+words+in+French&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-228&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11145-015-9586-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254991244%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fejzo&rft.aufirst=Anila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frdcu.be%2FuA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrissaudChevrot2011" class="citation journal cs1">Brissaud, Catherine; Chevrot, Jean-Pierre (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00785731/file/Brissaud_Chevrot_2011_.pdf">"The late acquisition of a major difficulty of French inflectional orthography: The homophonic /E/ verbal endings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Writing Systems Research</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 129–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fwsr%2Fwsr003">10.1093/wsr/wsr003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15072817">15072817</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922175316/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00785731/file/Brissaud_Chevrot_2011_.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Writing+Systems+Research&rft.atitle=The+late+acquisition+of+a+major+difficulty+of+French+inflectional+orthography%3A+The+homophonic+%2FE%2F+verbal+endings&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-44&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fwsr%2Fwsr003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15072817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brissaud&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Chevrot%2C+Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00785731%2Ffile%2FBrissaud_Chevrot_2011_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fonetik.fr/index-en.html">Fonétik.fr writing system proposal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513070255/http://fonetik.fr/index-en.html">Archived</a> 13 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ortofasil/">Ortofasil writing system proposal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414052201/http://sites.google.com/site/ortofasil/">Archived</a> 14 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alfograf.net/">Alfograf writing system proposal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100112135144/http://www.alfograf.net/">Archived</a> 12 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ortograf.net/">Ortograf.net writing system proposal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090929182843/http://www.ortograf.net/">Archived</a> 29 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-35496893">"End of the circumflex? Changes in French spelling cause uproar"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531103153/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-35496893">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=End+of+the+circumflex%3F+Changes+in+French+spelling+cause+uproar&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-35496893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaffarelMartinMatthiessen" class="citation book cs1">Caffarel, Alice; Martin, J.R.; Matthiessen, Christian M.I.M. <i>Language Typology: A Functional Perspective</i>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Typology%3A+A+Functional+Perspective&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.aulast=Caffarel&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.au=Martin%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Matthiessen%2C+Christian+M.I.M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walter_1998-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_1998_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_1998_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter & Walter 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmetrowebukmetro2012" class="citation news cs1">metrowebukmetro (1 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metro.co.uk/2012/10/01/french-fight-franglais-with-alternatives-for-english-technology-terms-590128/">"French fight franglais with alternatives for English technology terms"</a>. <i>Metro News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517191211/http://metro.co.uk/2012/10/01/french-fight-franglais-with-alternatives-for-english-technology-terms-590128/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro+News&rft.atitle=French+fight+franglais+with+alternatives+for+English+technology+terms&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.au=metrowebukmetro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetro.co.uk%2F2012%2F10%2F01%2Ffrench-fight-franglais-with-alternatives-for-english-technology-terms-590128%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPei1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Pei" title="Mario Pei">Pei, Mario</a> (1949). <i>Story of Language</i>. Lippincott. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-397-00400-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-397-00400-3"><bdi>978-0-397-00400-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+of+Language&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=978-0-397-00400-3&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MED-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MED_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrincat2005" class="citation journal cs1">Brincat, Joseph M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macmillandictionaries.com/MED-Magazine/February2005/27-LI-Maltese.htm">"Maltese – an unusual formula"</a>. <i>MED Magazine</i> (27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050905023705/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/med-magazine/February2005/27-LI-Maltese.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MED+Magazine&rft.atitle=Maltese+%E2%80%93+an+unusual+formula&rft.issue=27&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Brincat&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacmillandictionaries.com%2FMED-Magazine%2FFebruary2005%2F27-LI-Maltese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jean-Pierre_Martin_1984-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jean-Pierre_Martin_1984_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jean-Pierre_Martin_1984_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Pierre Martin, <i>Description lexicale du français parlé en Vallée d'Aoste</i>, éd. Musumeci, <a href="/wiki/Quart,_Aosta_Valley" title="Quart, Aosta Valley">Quart</a>, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinhorn1974" class="citation book cs1">Einhorn, E. (1974). <i>Old French: A Concise Handbook</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09838-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09838-0"><bdi>978-0-521-09838-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+French%3A+A+Concise+Handbook&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09838-0&rft.aulast=Einhorn&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langue-fr.net/spip.php?article202">"Septante, octante (huitante), nonante"</a>. <i>langue-fr.net</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100904065004/http://www.langue-fr.net/spip.php?article202">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=langue-fr.net&rft.atitle=Septante%2C+octante+%28huitante%29%2C+nonante&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.langue-fr.net%2Fspip.php%3Farticle202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span>. See also the English Wikipedia article on <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a>, especially the section "Counting system" and its note on the influence of <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> in the French counting system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101052809/http://xn--acadmie-franaise-npb1a.fr/la-langue-francaise/questions-de-langue#57_strong-em-nombres-criture-lecture-accord-em-strong">"Questions de langue: Nombres (écriture, lecture, accord)"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://académie-française.fr/la-langue-francaise/questions-de-langue#57_strong-em-nombres-criture-lecture-accord-em-strong">the original</a> on 1 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+de+langue%3A+Nombres+%28%C3%A9criture%2C+lecture%2C+accord%29&rft.pub=Acad%C3%A9mie+fran%C3%A7aise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facad%C3%A9mie-fran%C3%A7aise.fr%2Fla-langue-francaise%2Fquestions-de-langue%2357_strong-em-nombres-criture-lecture-accord-em-strong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=frn">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>ohchr.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107194140/https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=frn">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohchr.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fudhr%2Fpages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dfrn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <i>un.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731212304/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOIF2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412002239/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/projet/Rapport-OIF-2014.pdf"><i>La langue française dans le monde 2014</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Nathan. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-09-882654-0"><bdi>978-2-09-882654-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/projet/Rapport-OIF-2014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+dans+le+monde+2014&rft.pub=Nathan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-09-882654-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2FLangue-Francaise-2014%2Fprojet%2FRapport-OIF-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoegiest2006" class="citation book cs1">Roegiest, Eugeen (2006). <i>Vers les sources des langues romanes: Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania</i>. Leuven, Belgium: Acco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vers+les+sources+des+langues+romanes%3A+Un+itin%C3%A9raire+linguistique+%C3%A0+travers+la+Romania&rft.place=Leuven%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=Acco&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Roegiest&rft.aufirst=Eugeen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Fumaroli2011" class="citation book cs1">Marc Fumaroli (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenworldspokefr00fuma"><i>When the World Spoke French</i></a></span>. Translated by Richard Howard. New York Review of Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-375-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-375-6"><bdi>978-1-59017-375-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+World+Spoke+French&rft.pub=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-375-6&rft.au=Marc+Fumaroli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenworldspokefr00fuma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nadeau, Jean-Benoît, and Julie Barlow (2006). <i>The Story of French</i>. (First U.S. ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-34183-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-34183-0">0-312-34183-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Reutner" title="Ursula Reutner">Ursula Reutner</a> (2017). <i>Manuel des francophonies</i>. Berlin/Boston: de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-034670-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-034670-1">978-3-11-034670-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>French language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:French_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:French language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:French_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:French language">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/French_language" class="extiw" title="q:French language">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Main Page">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/French" class="extiw" title="b:French">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:French" class="extiw" title="v:Topic:French">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/French_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:French phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="fr:">French edition</a> of Wikipedia</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150" class="extiw" title="d:Q150">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisations">Organisations</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fondation-alliancefr.org/">Fondation Alliance française</a>: an international organisation for the promotion of French language and culture <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201102539/http://www.fle.fr/en/">Agence de promotion du FLE</a>: Agency for promoting French as a foreign language</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courses_and_tutorials">Courses and tutorials</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laits.utexas.edu/fi/">Français interactif</a>: interactive French program, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laits.utexas.edu/tex/">Tex's French Grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingopolo.org/french/">Lingopolo French</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelanguagemachine.co.uk/french-lessons-in-london/">French lessons in London</a>, The Language machine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_dictionaries">Online dictionaries</h3></div> <ul><li>Oxford Dictionaries <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010516042450/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/">French Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-french">Collins Online English↔French Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/">Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales</a>: monolingual dictionaries (including the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Trésor de la langue française">Trésor de la langue française</a>), language corpora, etc.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other unilingual dictionaries, see <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire" class="extiw" title="fr:Dictionnaire">fr:Dictionnaire</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar_2">Grammar</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs_2">Verbs</h4></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206085345/http://www.verbix.com/languages/french.shtml">French verb conjugation</a> at Verbix</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary_2">Vocabulary</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:French_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:French Swadesh list">Swadesh list in English and French</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numbers">Numbers</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302235307/http://www.numberphile.com/videos/french_numbers.html">"French, Numbers"</a>. <i>Numberphile</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.numberphile.com/videos/french_numbers.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Numberphile&rft.atitle=French%2C+Numbers&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.numberphile.com%2Fvideos%2Ffrench_numbers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120603081542/http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/langue_francaise_monde_integral.pdf">La langue française dans le monde 2010</a> (Full book freely accessible)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles">Articles</h4></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/francophony-1113/the-status-of-french-in-the-world/">The status of French in the world</a>". <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (France)">French Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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talk:France topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:France_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:France topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="France_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_France" title="Template:Languages of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_France" title="Template talk:Languages of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Lapurdian_dialect" title="Navarro-Lapurdian dialect">Navarro-Lapurdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souletin_dialect" title="Souletin dialect">Souletin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9gorrois_Breton_dialect" title="Trégorrois Breton dialect">Trégorrois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergnat dialect">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchois_(dialect)" title="Marchois (dialect)">Marchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overseas languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guianese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Guianese Creole">Guianese Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaracuu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xaracuu language">Xaracuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Algerian Jewish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Manuš Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">Guillemet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_France" title="Language policy in France">Language policy in France</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Belgium" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Belgium" title="Template:Languages of Belgium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Belgium" title="Template talk:Languages of Belgium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Belgium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Belgium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Belgium" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages of Belgium</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorrain dialect">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu language">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Canadian_style_guides" title="Bibliography of Canada">Canadian style guides</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries" title="List of Canadian English dictionaries">Canadian dictionaries </a>‎</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Switzerland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Template:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Switzerland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages of Switzerland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major dialect groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Romand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallo-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> and dialects</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areal groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Abidjan_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Abidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Kinshasa_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Kinshasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">Indian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontarian French">Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolze" title="Bolze">Bolze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Pidgin_French" title="Burundi Pidgin French">Burundi Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Karipúna Creole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais_dialect" title="Orléanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Tirailleur" title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francoprovencalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>/Faetar-Cigliàje</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> or dialects</li> <li>A star (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">varieties with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romance_languages" title="Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romance_languages" title="Template talk:Romance languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romance_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romance languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-<br />Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Neapolitan–Calabrese</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues<br />d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero-<br />Romance</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West<br />Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-<br />Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></i> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li><b>Bold</b> indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Europe" title="Template:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Albania" title="Languages of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Andorra" title="Languages of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Austria" title="Languages of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Denmark" title="Languages of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iceland" title="Languages of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liechtenstein" title="Languages of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" title="Languages of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Monaco" title="Languages of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_San_Marino" title="Languages of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Languages of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a 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Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Languages of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jersey" title="Languages of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Svalbard" title="Languages of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Französisch"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4113615-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="French language"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85051829">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Français (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935375d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Français (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935375d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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