CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# " class="no-js adaptivetheme"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script>var _paq = _paq || [];(function(){var u=(("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://matomo.apc.org/" : "http://matomo.apc.org/");_paq.push(["setSiteId", "1"]);_paq.push(["setTrackerUrl", u+"matomo.php"]);_paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", 1]);_paq.push(["disableCookies"]);if (!window.matomo_search_results_active) {_paq.push(["trackPageView"]);}_paq.push(["setIgnoreClasses", ["no-tracking","colorbox"]]);_paq.push(["enableLinkTracking"]);var d=document,g=d.createElement("script"),s=d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];g.type="text/javascript";g.defer=true;g.async=true;g.src=u+"matomo.js";s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);})();</script> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/giswatch/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://giswatch.org/node/6270" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://giswatch.org/node/6270" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://giswatch.org/node/6270" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com"><title>Spain | Global Information Society Watch</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_l1kfOkMfFMl1DxMxy-1xjW7fQBwj3KH4vQrFNmasBPY.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_uHz9qKwGEkDPe8qqN1UnAiZ8o4HIjfT6furYAzhqVzU.css" /> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/modernizr/modernizr.min.js?v=3.11.7"></script> <script src="/core/misc/modernizr-additional-tests.js?v=3.11.7"></script> </head><body class="layout-type--page-layout user-logged-out path-not-frontpage path-node path-node-6270 page-node-type--country-report theme-name--giswatch"> <a href="#block-giswatch-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link">Skip to main content</a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="page js-layout"> <div data-at-row="leaderboard" class="l-leaderboard l-row"> <div class="l-pr page__row pr-leaderboard" id="leaderboard"> <div class="l-rw regions container pr-leaderboard__rw arc--1 hr--1" data-at-regions=""> <div data-at-region="1" data-at-block-count="1" class="l-r region pr-leaderboard__leaderboard" id="rid-leaderboard"><div class="language-switcher-language-url l-bl block block-config-provider--language block-plugin-id--language-block-language-interface" id="block-languageswitcher-2"> <div class="block__inner"> <div class="block__content"><ul class="links"><li hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="en is-active"><span class="en__link-wrapper"><a href="/node/6270" class="en__link is-active" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">English</a></span></li><li hreflang="ar" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="ar"><span class="ar__link-wrapper"><a href="/ar/node/6270" class="ar__link" hreflang="ar" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">Arabic</a></span></li><li hreflang="bs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="bs"><span class="bs__link-wrapper"><a href="/bcsm/node/6270" class="bs__link" hreflang="bs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">Bos/Cro/Ser/Mne</a></span></li><li hreflang="bg" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="bg"><span class="bg__link-wrapper"><a href="/bg/node/6270" class="bg__link" hreflang="bg" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">Bulgarian</a></span></li><li hreflang="ca" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="ca"><span class="ca__link-wrapper"><a href="/ca/node/6270" class="ca__link" hreflang="ca" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">Catalan</a></span></li><li hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="fr"><span class="fr__link-wrapper"><a href="/fr/node/6270" class="fr__link" hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">French</a></span></li><li hreflang="hi" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="hi"><span class="hi__link-wrapper"><a href="/hi/node/6270" class="hi__link" hreflang="hi" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">Hindi</a></span></li><li hreflang="hu" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="hu"><span class="hu__link-wrapper"><a href="/hu/node/6270" class="hu__link" hreflang="hu" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">Hungarian</a></span></li><li hreflang="ja" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="ja"><span class="ja__link-wrapper"><a href="/ja/node/6270" class="ja__link" hreflang="ja" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">Japanese</a></span></li><li hreflang="pt-br" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="pt-br"><span class="pt-br__link-wrapper"><a href="/pt-br/node/6270" class="pt-br__link" hreflang="pt-br" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">Portuguese, Brazil</a></span></li><li hreflang="ro" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="ro"><span class="ro__link-wrapper"><a href="/ro/node/6270" class="ro__link" hreflang="ro" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">Romanian</a></span></li><li hreflang="ru" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="ru"><span class="ru__link-wrapper"><a href="/ru/node/6270" class="ru__link" hreflang="ru" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">Russian</a></span></li><li hreflang="es" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="es"><span class="es__link-wrapper"><a href="/es/node/6270" class="es__link" hreflang="es" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">Spanish</a></span></li><li hreflang="tl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270" class="tl"><span class="tl__link-wrapper"><a href="/tl/node/6270" class="tl__link" hreflang="tl" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6270">Tagalog</a></span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="search-block-form l-bl block block-search block-config-provider--search block-plugin-id--search-form-block" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" id="block-giswatch-search" role="search" aria-labelledby="block-giswatch-search-menu"> <div class="block__inner block-search__inner"> <h2 class="visually-hidden block__title block-search__title" id="block-giswatch-search-menu"><span>Search</span></h2> <div class="block__content block-search__content"><form action="/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="search-block-form__form"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-search form-type-search js-form-item-keys form-item-keys form-no-label"> <label for="edit-keys" class="visually-hidden">Search</label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="" maxlength="128" class="form-search" /> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions element-container-wrapper js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input class="search-form__submit button js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit" value="Search" /> </div> </form> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-at-row="header" class="l-header l-row"> <header class="l-pr page__row pr-header" role="banner" id="masthead"> <div class="l-rw regions container pr-header__rw arc--1 hr--1" data-at-regions=""> <div data-at-region="1" class="l-r region pr-header__header-first" id="rid-header-first"><div id="block-mission" class="l-bl block block-config-provider--block-content block-plugin-id--block-content-1451593a-eac7-48ec-8436-8a956283978f has-title block--type-basic block--view-mode-full" role="region" aria-labelledby="block-mission-title"> <div class="block__inner"> <h2 class="block__title" id="block-mission-title"><span>Global Information Society Watch</span></h2><div class="block__content"><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-content--body field-formatter-text-default field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><div id="mission">Global Information Society Watch (GISWatch) is a collaborative community committed to building an open, inclusive and sustainable information society.<br /><span id="download-report"><a href="/the-reports">Download reports</a></span></div> </div></div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div data-at-row="navbar" class="l-navbar l-row"> <div class="l-pr page__row pr-navbar" id="navbar"> <div class="l-rw regions container pr-navbar__rw arc--1 hr--1" data-at-regions=""> <div data-at-region="1" class="l-r region pr-navbar__navbar" id="rid-navbar"><svg style="display:none;"> <symbol id="rm-toggle__icon--open" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMid meet"> <path class="rm-toggle__icon__path" d="M1664 1344v128q0 26-19 45t-45 19h-1408q-26 0-45-19t-19-45v-128q0-26 19-45t45-19h1408q26 0 45 19t19 45zm0-512v128q0 26-19 45t-45 19h-1408q-26 0-45-19t-19-45v-128q0-26 19-45t45-19h1408q26 0 45 19t19 45zm0-512v128q0 26-19 45t-45 19h-1408q-26 0-45-19t-19-45v-128q0-26 19-45t45-19h1408q26 0 45 19t19 45z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="rm-toggle__icon--close" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMid meet"> <path class="rm-toggle__icon__path" d="M1490 1322q0 40-28 68l-136 136q-28 28-68 28t-68-28l-294-294-294 294q-28 28-68 28t-68-28l-136-136q-28-28-28-68t28-68l294-294-294-294q-28-28-28-68t28-68l136-136q28-28 68-28t68 28l294 294 294-294q28-28 68-28t68 28l136 136q28 28 28 68t-28 68l-294 294 294 294q28 28 28 68z"/> </symbol> </svg> <nav aria-labelledby="block-giswatch-main-menu-menu" id="block-giswatch-main-menu" class="l-bl rm-block rm-config-provider--system rm-plugin-id--system-menu-block-main js-hide"> <div class="rm-block__inner"> <div class="rm-toggle"> <button class="rm-toggle__link un-button" role='button' aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="rm-toggle__icon"> <use id="rm-toggle__icon--use" xlink:href="#rm-toggle__icon--open"></use> </svg> <span class="rm-toggle__label" id="block-giswatch-main-menu-menu">Main menu</span> </button> </div><div class="rm-block__content" id="rm-content"> <span id="rm-accordion-trigger" class="hidden"> <button class="rm-accordion-trigger un-button" role='button' aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="rm-accordion-trigger__icon" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMid meet"><path d="M1600 736v192q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-416v416q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-192q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-416h-416q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-192q0-40 28-68t68-28h416v-416q0-40 28-68t68-28h192q40 0 68 28t28 68v416h416q40 0 68 28t28 68z"/></svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Toggle sub-menu</span> </button> </span> <ul class="menu odd menu-level-1 menu-name--main"> <li class="menu__item menu__item-title--home" id="menu-name--main__home"> <span class="menu__link--wrapper"> <a href="/" title="" class="menu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="<front>">HOME</a> </span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item-title--about" id="menu-name--main__about"> <span class="menu__link--wrapper"> <a href="/about" class="menu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4">ABOUT</a> </span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item-title--news" id="menu-name--main__news"> <span class="menu__link--wrapper"> <a href="/press" class="menu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="press">NEWS</a> </span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item-title--whos-watching" id="menu-name--main__whos-watching"> <span class="menu__link--wrapper"> <a href="/author-list" class="menu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="author-list">WHO'S WATCHING?</a> </span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item-title--contact" id="menu-name--main__contact"> <span class="menu__link--wrapper"> <a href="/contact" class="menu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="contact">CONTACT</a> </span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item-title--login" id="menu-name--main__login"> <span class="menu__link--wrapper"> <a href="/user/login" class="menu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="user/login">LOGIN</a> </span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item-title--twitter" id="menu-name--main__twitter"> <span class="menu__link--wrapper"> <a href="https://twitter.com/apc_news" title="" class="menu__link">Twitter</a> </span> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item-title--facebook" id="menu-name--main__facebook"> <span class="menu__link--wrapper"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/apcnews" title="" class="menu__link">Facebook</a> </span> </li></ul> </div></div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-at-row="main" class="l-main l-row"> <div class="l-pr page__row pr-main" id="main-content"> <div class="l-rw regions container pr-main__rw arc--1 hr--1" data-at-regions=""> <div data-at-region="1" data-at-block-count="3" class="l-r region pr-main__content" id="rid-content"><div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div><main id="block-giswatch-content" class="l-bl block block-main-content" role="main"> <article data-history-node-id="6270" role="article" about="/node/6270" class="node node--id-6270 node--type-country-report node--view-mode-full"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h1 class="node__title"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">Spain</span> </h1></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Report Year</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--_020---technology-the-environment-and-a-sustainable-world"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/year/2020-technology-environment-and-sustainable-world-responses-global-south" hreflang="en">2020 - Technology, the environment and a sustainable world</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--upload field-formatter-file-table field-name-upload field-type-file field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><table data-striping="1" class="table cols-2"> <thead class="table__header"> <tr class="table__row"> <th class="table__cell table__header__cell">Attachment</th> <th class="table__cell table__header__cell">Size</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody class="table__body"> <tr class="table__row odd"> <td class="table__cell table__body__cell"><span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"> <a href="/sites/default/files/gisw2020-spain.pdf" type="application/pdf" title="gisw2020-spain.pdf">English</a></span> </td> <td class="table__cell table__body__cell">522.07 KB</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-field-authors field-entity-reference-type-user field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-field-authors field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Authored by</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--mireia-roura-salietti"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/mireiasalietti" hreflang="en">Mireia Roura Salietti</a></span> </div><div class="field__item field__item--juan-flores-morcillo"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/juanmorcillo" hreflang="en">Juan Flores Morcillo</a></span> </div><div class="field__item field__item--david-franquesa"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/user/192" hreflang="en">David Franquesa</a></span> </div><div class="field__item field__item--leandro-navarro"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/lnavarro" hreflang="en">Leandro Navarro</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-organization field-formatter-string field-name-field-organization field-type-string field-label-inline clearfix has-single"><h3 class="field__label">Organization</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item">eReuse, LaKalle, Pangea</div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-website field-formatter-link field-name-field-website field-type-link field-label-inline clearfix has-multiple"><h3 class="field__label">Website</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.ereuse.org">https://www.ereuse.org</a></div><div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.lakalle.org">https://www.lakalle.org</a></div><div class="field__item"><a href="https://pangea.org">https://pangea.org</a></div></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-default field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><h6 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><strong><span face="Arial"><span size="3">Reusing computer devices: The social impact and reduced environmental impact of a circular approach</span></span></strong></span></h6> <h6 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;" face="Arial"><span size="3"><b></b></span></span></h6> <h6 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;" face="Arial"><span size="3"><b>Introduction</b></span></span></h6> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Across the world there are many more end-user computing devices – including laptops, desktops, mobiles – than citizens; but still some citizens (3.7 billion, according to the ITU)</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote1anc" href="#sdfootnote1sym" id="sdfootnote1anc">1</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">cannot effectively participate in society due to the lack of </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">access, meaningful use and appropriation of telecommunications and information and communications technology (ICT) goods. This situation has been worsened by COVID-19, with the out-of-school rate reaching 1985 levels.</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote2anc" href="#sdfootnote2sym" id="sdfootnote2anc">2</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> In 2019, USD 57 billion worth of recoverable metals such as gold, silver, copper and platinum included in electronic devices </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">were discarded globally.</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote3anc" href="#sdfootnote3sym" id="sdfootnote3anc">3</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">It is an unpleasant figure if we take into account the known environmental and social violations that have been committed in the extraction, assembly and treatment of these raw materials.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Manufacturing more devices is part of the problem. The production and consumption of devices that is non-circular and not inclusive is not sustainable for the planet and people. The reconciliation of the Earth’s planetary limits with human ICT needs in a dignified, just and sustainable way can be achieved through a holistic circular economy perspective.</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote4anc" href="#sdfootnote4sym" id="sdfootnote4anc">4</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> Sharing, repairing and reusing devices we are not using any more – even reusing recycled components or raw materials – is part of the solution. The collective management of a pool of devices and components results in a circular electronics ecosystem, a common-pool resource to satisfy the needs of the citizens involved. In this way, we can match the right device with the right need with minimal environmental impact, as devices can last much longer through reuse (refurbishment, repair, upgrade). This approach also helps ensure the social appropriation of ICT goods and services and creates local jobs.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;" face="Arial"><span size="3">Social and environmental sustainability is directly linked to feeding, preserving and maintaining this pool of shared devices and people involved in their maintenance, while preventing any waste, otherwise called “circularity”.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;" face="Arial"><span size="3"><b>Computer reuse: +computing, +reuse, +social impact, -env impact</b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;" face="Arial"><span size="3">There are many individuals and groups working on collecting used electronics and developing software and circular tools. Some of them are commercially driven by private economic profit, while others, including us, are driven by considerations of the social and environmental impact of technology and have social justice goals.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;" face="Arial"><span size="3">After years of volunteers at local NGOs preparing an increasing volume of discarded computers at the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) for reuse, we started eReuse.org in 2015 with the aim of promoting economic opportunities, while generating environmental and social impact. This was driven by the vision of reusing electronics and ensuring the proper final recycling and the transfer of know-how to reuse centres and refurbishers. We want to contribute to the transition to a collaborative and circular consumption of electronics, by bootstrapping local and autonomous collaborative platforms for reusing electronics.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;" face="Arial"><span size="3">At eReuse.org, members and collaborators bring together the skills, training and open technologies necessary to help sustain and grow platforms that optimise refurbishment. Under a commons governance, these ecosystems are able to ensure the quality of second-hand electronic products and bring management, traceability and accountability into the reverse supply chain to ensure that reused devices are ultimately recycled and impacts can be assessed. Locality is one of the keys to being efficient: the local appropriation of technology that allows local repair and reuse, right into your neighbourhood. We call theses ecosystems circuits.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><a name="_Hlk58222916" id="_Hlk58222916"></a><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: medium;" face="Arial"> <span size="3">In Spain there are several eReuse “circuits” where public administrations, universities and companies pool devices disposed after a period of first usage, which then get prepared for new uses, and finally recycled when no further use is feasible. Social enterprises collect, refurbish, repair and upgrade the devices, provide maintenance, and deliver them to receivers. In these reuse communities, the receivers of a device only need to pay for the cost of preparing that device for circulation, not the cost of the product itself, as responsibility and ownership can be shared. All stakeholders rely on the eReuse.org open source software tools and services to optimise preparation, extract and share traceability data, ensure quality of refurbishment, promote reuse and ensure final recycling at proper points, and to account for the devices through traceability and measuring their impact on the environment and people over their lifespan. The authors of this report come from Pangea.org, the initial promoter of eReuse circuits in Catalonia, and LaKalle.org, which coordinates a reuse circuit in Madrid. These circuits involve the collection of publicly and privately used devices from donor organisations, social enterprises that refurbish these devices, and social work entities that support families affected by digital inequality.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">In mid-March 2020, COVID-19 confined people to their homes. Most social interaction moved to the safer digital medium, including economic, social work and education activities. As a result, in Catalonia and Madrid, respectively, 15% and 12% of families did not have access to a device at home (tablet, PC or laptop)</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote5anc" href="#sdfootnote5sym" id="sdfootnote5anc">5</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> so they were isolated as they could not continue their work online. Many scenarios appeared: a family had a phone but not a computer; one computer was shared by all family members; people had enough mobile data for light interactions but not enough for continued online activities, etc. It was not only about a lack of material resources, but also a lack of skills to configure and use technology effectively. The uncertainty, isolation and anxiety of a health crisis was worsened by economic and job difficulties experienced by many.</span></span></span></p> <h6 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: medium;" face="Arial"><span size="3"><b>Reuse under social and environmental pressure</b></span></span></h6> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: medium;" face="Arial"><span size="3">The immediate public sector response to mitigate the situation of families in need of urgent assistance to get online has been mainly following a linear purchasing and consumption model and disproportionate public spending that benefits the usual suppliers. For instance, the Catalan government decided to spend several million euro to buy 300,000 devices, but the devices were not allowed to be manufactured in China, and needed to be transported and delivered immediately. In December 2020, nine months after the “State of Alarm” was declared in Spain, 93% of devices had not arrived. It was not just a matter of more money; it was simply unfeasible under a global crisis. Interestingly, the Catalan government alone has more than 196,000 workplaces with computer devices that are periodically renewed.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: medium;" face="Arial"><span size="3">There are more questions than answers. Why does the government have such a response to solving the digital divide? What impact does this have on public finances and on the environment? What are the root causes of the problem of a model of consumption of devices that is not circular, inclusive and sustainable to the planet? There are some national root causes, such as specific industry lobbies in Spain, mostly distribution intermediaries because we do not have national manufacturers. Other causes relate to the business culture, etc. But when we talk about sustainable and inclusive development, we are talking about going beyond the simple action of providing a device. Families, social entities and educational communities must be guided in their choice of devices, connectivity and the kinds of services offered, which should include a commitment to maintaining and repairing the devices. This commitment has to be above all with families who are socially vulnerable, offering them the best possible solutions to solve the multiple dimensions of digital inequality (competences and strategies for the proper use and appropriation of ICT goods and services). If a family has no financial resources, it will not be able to take on the unplanned cost of fixing a faulty device.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: medium;" face="Arial"><span size="3">Something to take into account and improve is the situation that arises when a second-hand device is donated to a family. There is a barrier of uses that can make it difficult for these families to meet their needs or use ICT resources strategically. Sometimes the device comes preloaded with proprietary software, generating software licence problems, or it comes with various hardware issues such as the case of deteriorated batteries or slow or damaged hard disks. These are two examples. For these families, it can generate a dependency that they did not have before, and therefore, after some trouble, being pushed into buying another device – in many cases without enough knowledge of what they are actually buying. It is important to study and take into account the variables that influence access, good use and appropriation of ICT goods in order to have a real social impact.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: medium;" face="Arial"><span size="3">We propose that social entities, specialised in refurbishment, collect and refurbish devices no longer used by public and private donors, so that they can go to vulnerable families. This activity contributes to create resilient ecosystems of repair that feed a reuse economy, generating big savings to the public finances, and eroding the barriers created by non-collaborative manufacturing lobbies against the right to repair.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: medium;" face="Arial"><span size="3">In fact, two reuse models can coexist: the individual voluntary model, of a person who decides to stop using a device and prepares it for reuse in his or her free time to give it to another user (see, for example, Labdoo.org). The second is the collective and professionalised model, of a social enterprise or non-profit that generates employment in the collection, refurbishment and distribution of many devices for people in vulnerable situations (e.g. Reuse.org, eReuse.org). In the first model, one device goes from person to person at no economic cost with voluntary personal contributions. In the second model, volumes of devices are managed, providing quality assurance and guarantee during usage. This activity generates jobs in that someone has to pay for the processing costs (devices get donated, and the processing is professionalised).</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">One of the key factors is that the entities grouped in circuits can retain the collective ownership of the devices, so it is the community, and not the end-user, who decides when a product becomes waste according to whether it is useful for some other user (what we call “value of use”). According to research,</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote6anc" href="#sdfootnote6sym" id="sdfootnote6anc">6</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> the fact that the use value of devices is audited throughout their life cycle, together with the fact that the decision of when an item should be recycled is transferred to the community, increases the efficiency of the circular economy.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">As for the business model, the entities perform their services in exchange for economic compensation provided by the receiving entities or families for the use (commodate</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote7anc" href="#sdfootnote7sym" id="sdfootnote7anc">7</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> or loan for use, or referred to legally as “usufruct”) of the equipment they receive with a maintenance guarantee. This is a community co-ownership model,</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote8anc" href="#sdfootnote8sym" id="sdfootnote8anc">8</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> or even an IT service model,</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote9anc" href="#sdfootnote9sym" id="sdfootnote9anc">9</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> in which the user contracts the service of a number of computing seats and because of this has access to a range of devices and maintenance teams to ensure the quality of the service. The contribution made by the end-users depends on the costs of circularity. The entities that are part of the circuits receive economic payments for the services they have performed according to a co-created and predefined cost-oriented compensation system. These costs include the management costs of working with donors (receipts, chain of custody, compliance, fulfilment of commitments), distribution of the devices received among the entities in the circuit, transport, storage, remanufacture and repair, sale or rental, maintenance, replacement, etc.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: medium;" face="Arial"><span size="3">During the first Spanish home confinement, circuits in Madrid and Barcelona managed to give as usufruct thousands of second-hand computers that had been donated by the Barcelona City Council and public and private entities to families affected by digital inequality. The services of putting these items into circulation were paid in multiple ways: UPC cooperation for development funds, crowdfunding, non-profit organisations and even public administrations through socially responsible public procurement policies. However, the majority of public administrations are caught in a mercantilist logic: they discard functional devices that could go to alleviate access to ICT goods among vulnerable families and, at the same time, spend about EUR 300-400 (roughly USD 360-480) buying newly manufactured devices built far away that feed the linear consumption model. The alternative is to pay for the refurbishment of local devices by local suppliers. This only costs about EUR 50-100 (5-10%) (about USD 60-120) and feeds a local ecosystem of repair and reuse that benefits us all.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">In general, manufacturers and distributors promote collection for, in many cases, premature device recycling, with the effect and interest of removing still operational devices from the market. That benefits demand at the expense of producing more e-waste. Manufacturers also participate in the second-hand market with remanufacturing, where devices are returned to the factory to be processed and sold again. This may lead to abuse of consumer rights and block local repair. Apple, for example, blocks devices so that only they can prepare them for a new use, makes it difficult to access repair information and prevents users from obtaining repair parts – the brand limits the buyer's access to the device. There have been cases where Amazon expels independent repairers or Google does not display independent repairers trying to advertise their services. Our proposal is in line with and part of the European Right to Repair campaign manifesto.</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote10anc" href="#sdfootnote10sym" id="sdfootnote10anc">10</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> </span></span></span></p> <h6 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: medium;" face="Arial"><span size="3"><b>Conclusion</b></span></span></h6> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Access to telecommunications and the internet has been claimed by various forums and coalitions as a human right,</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote11anc" href="#sdfootnote11sym" id="sdfootnote11anc">11</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> as well as an enabler of the economic, social and cultural rights of humanity.</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote12anc" href="#sdfootnote12sym" id="sdfootnote12anc">12</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> However, the emergence of COVID-19 has aggravated and made more concrete the social, economic and gender inequalities in populations affected by the digital divide. Being connected or not may have been the difference between being alive or not; it may have made the difference between keeping a job or being unemployed (because of the lack of possibility of teleworking, especially among women); or it may have kept children connected to school or, on the contrary, totally disconnected from one’s future.</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote13anc" href="#sdfootnote13sym" id="sdfootnote13anc">13</a></span></span></sup></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">All this is taking place amidst a desperate need to increase the decarbonisation needed to address environmental degradation and meet the target of limiting global warming to 1.5°C as described in the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote14anc" href="#sdfootnote14sym" id="sdfootnote14anc">14</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> on climate change. The global challenge is enormous: a dramatic reduction of the environmental impact of ICTs by at least 50% by 2030 is required. This need for decarbonisation conflicts with the expansion of communication and computing infrastructure in the most disadvantaged and underserved areas, which only a local, circular and cooperative model can address.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">It is more necessary than ever to have sustainable, transversal, decentralised and institutionally strengthened ecosystems and infrastructures,</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote15anc" href="#sdfootnote15sym" id="sdfootnote15anc">15</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> governed by community management models that work towards the common good.</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote16anc" href="#sdfootnote16sym" id="sdfootnote16anc">16</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> These need the capacity to train in a critical digital culture that facilitates technological appropriation from a social equality and gender perspective.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">The circular economy is a powerful catalyst that helps to work in a community disadvantaged by the digital divide in a sustainable way. It helps reduce the environmental risks caused by the extraction of natural resources, e-waste and the emission of greenhouse gases and equivalents associated with the manufacture of new items. Furthermore, it avoids welfarism, thanks to its capacity to generate employment and local collaboration, especially in vulnerable groups, and is capable of creating resilient strategies with multiplier effects if it is articulated under a participatory and transparent logic. After preparing more than 10,000 devices (as detailed in the eReuse dataset)</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote17anc" href="#sdfootnote17sym" id="sdfootnote17anc">17</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> we are hopeful about the future.</span></span></span></p> <h6 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: medium;" face="Arial"><span size="3"><b>Action steps</b></span></span></h6> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: medium;" face="Arial"><span size="3">Our experience shows that the following priorities need attention:</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>Responsible public procurement</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">: Ensuring the right of access to devices discarded by the public administration, purchased with public money. These devices cannot be recycled prematurely or given away to manufacturers to prevent reuse. This can be implemented in the form of clauses in public procurement contracts and automatic disposal agreements to non-profit reuse circuits upon end of use. An initiative in that direction is the European Commission’s recommendations on circular procurement.</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote18anc" href="#sdfootnote18sym" id="sdfootnote18anc">18</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> Barcelona City Council is a good example of an institution that has collaborated in the circuits, although its importance is not only in its input (donation of computers), but also in its output, promoting demand with sustainable public procurement.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>Transparency and accountability</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">: Ensuring the right to know about the environmental impact and social responsibility involved in end-of-use devices. This includes what buyers do with their devices, and what manufacturers and recyclers do with the devices they collect for recycling (i.e. there is a need for integrated waste management systems). If recycled prematurely, manufacturers and recyclers should pay the social, environmental and economic costs (future opportunity cost) of having to manufacture new devices. If recycled badly (for example, due to insufficient investment) it results in the non-recovery of many materials that cost more to extract through mining than the value of the raw materials obtained (there is a need for open data for accountability, auditability of durability, circularity, audits on environmental impact, an EU product passport, etc.).</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote19anc" href="#sdfootnote19sym" id="sdfootnote19anc">19</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> Open data about real durability of devices will help consumers to make informed decisions to buy more durable goods.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>Right to repair</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">, as the right to maintenance and to make changes on devices (aligned with the repair.eu campaign) including: good design (to perform, to last, to be repaired, related to the idea of ecodesign),</span></span><sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote20anc" href="#sdfootnote20sym" id="sdfootnote20anc">20</a></span></span></sup><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> informed consumers who can make an informed choice (e.g. manufacturers indicating the degree of repairability with a scoring system, including an energy label, and information on obsolescence and durability), and fair access to repair (e.g. repair instructions and fair access to spare parts).</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>Fiscal/tax incentives</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"> for activities with a reported impact for the common good (socio-environmental), like the donation of devices (similar to tax deductions for charitable organisations) and for activities that help to extend device lifespans (such as incentives for repair and reuse by individuals and organisations). These incentives should reward adding value instead of throwing devices away, or device use and share models instead of ownership that benefit society and the environment. By the way, at least value-added tax and depreciation schemes should not penalise circular models.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial"><span size="3"></span></span></span></p> <h6 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: medium;" face="Arial"><span size="3"><b>Footnotes</b><br /></span></span></h6> <div id="sdfootnote1" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote1sym" href="#sdfootnote1anc" id="sdfootnote1sym">1 </a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">ITU. (2020). </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>Measuring digital development: Facts and figures 2020</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">. </span></span><a href="https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/FactsFigures2020.pdf">https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/FactsFigures2020.pdf</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote2" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: small;" face="Arial"><span size="2"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote2sym" href="#sdfootnote2anc" id="sdfootnote2sym">2</a><span size="3"> UNDP. (2020). </span><span size="3"><i>COVID-19 and Human Development: Assessing the Crisis, Envisioning the Recovery</i></span><span size="3">. </span><a href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/covid-19_and_human_development_0.pdf">https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/covid-19_and_human_development_0.pdf</a></span></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote3" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote3sym" href="#sdfootnote3anc" id="sdfootnote3sym">3 </a><a href="https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Environment/Pages/Spotlight/Global-Ewaste-Monitor-2020.aspx">https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Environment/Pages/Spotlight/Global-Ewaste-Monitor-2020.aspx</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote4" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote4sym" href="#sdfootnote4anc" id="sdfootnote4sym">4</a><span class="sdfootnotesym"> </span><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote4sym" href="#sdfootnote4anc" id="sdfootnote4sym"></a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Raworth, K. (2018). </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">. Chelsea Green Publishing.</span></span></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote5" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote5sym" href="#sdfootnote5anc" id="sdfootnote5sym">5</a><span class="sdfootnotesym"> </span><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote5sym" href="#sdfootnote5anc" id="sdfootnote5sym"></a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2019). Resumen de datos de Viviendas por Comunidades y Ciudades Autónomas, tamaño del hogar, tipo de hogar, hábitat, ingresos mensuales netos del hogar y tipo de equipamiento. </span></span><a href="https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t25/p450/base_2011/a2019/l0/&amp;amp;file=09001.px#!tabs-tabla">https://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t25/p450/base_2011/a2019/l0/&file=09001.px#!tabs-tabla</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote6" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote6sym" href="#sdfootnote6anc" id="sdfootnote6sym">6</a><span class="sdfootnotesym"> </span><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote6sym" href="#sdfootnote6anc" id="sdfootnote6sym"></a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Franquesa, D., & Navarro, L. (2018). Devices as a Commons: Limits to Premature Recycling. </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>Proceedings of the 2018 Workshop on Computing within Limits</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">. </span></span><a href="https://computingwithinlimits.org/2018/papers/limits18-franquesa.pdf">https://computingwithinlimits.org/2018/papers/limits18-franquesa.pdf</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote7" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote7sym" href="#sdfootnote7anc" id="sdfootnote7sym">7 </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodate">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodate</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote8" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote8sym" href="#sdfootnote8anc" id="sdfootnote8sym">8</a><span class="sdfootnotesym"> </span><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote8sym" href="#sdfootnote8anc" id="sdfootnote8sym"></a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Schlager, E., & Ostrom, E. (1992). Property-Rights Regimes and Natural Resources: A Conceptual Analysis. </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>Land Economics, 68</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">(3), 249-262. </span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3146375">https://doi.org/10.2307/3146375</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote9" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote9sym" href="#sdfootnote9anc" id="sdfootnote9sym">9</a><span class="sdfootnotesym"> </span><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote9sym" href="#sdfootnote9anc" id="sdfootnote9sym"></a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">World Economic Forum. (2019). </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>A New Circular Vision for Electronics: Time for a Global Reboot</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">. </span></span><a href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_A_New_Circular_Vision_for_Electronics.pdf">http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_A_New_Circular_Vision_for_Electronics.pdf</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote10" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote10sym" href="#sdfootnote10anc" id="sdfootnote10sym">10 </a><a href="https://repair.eu/">https://repair.eu</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote11" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote11sym" href="#sdfootnote11anc" id="sdfootnote11sym">11 </a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">APC. (2006). </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>APC Internet Rights Charter</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">. </span></span><a href="https://www.apc.org/en/node/12333">https://www.apc.org/en/node/12333</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote12" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote12sym" href="#sdfootnote12anc" id="sdfootnote12sym">12 </a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Finlay, A. (Ed.). (2016). </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>Global Information Society Watch 2016: Economic, social and cultural rights and the internet</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">. APC & IDRC. </span></span><a href="https://www.giswatch.org/2016-economic-social-and-cultural-rights-escrs-and-internet">https://www.giswatch.org/2016-economic-social-and-cultural-rights-escrs-and-internet</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote13" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote13sym" href="#sdfootnote13anc" id="sdfootnote13sym">13</a><span class="sdfootnotesym"> </span><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote13sym" href="#sdfootnote13anc" id="sdfootnote13sym"></a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">APC. (2020). </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>Closer than ever: Keeping our movements connected and inclusive – The Association for Progressive Communications' response to the COVID-19 pandemic</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">. </span></span><a href="https://www.apc.org/en/node/36221">https://www.apc.org/en/node/36221</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote14" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote14sym" href="#sdfootnote14anc" id="sdfootnote14sym">14 </a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">ITU-T. (2020). </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>L.1470: Greenhouse gas emissions trajectories for the information and communication technology sector compatible with the UNFCCC Paris Agreement</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">. </span></span><a href="https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-L.1470-202001-I/en">https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-L.1470-202001-I/en</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote15" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote15sym" href="#sdfootnote15anc" id="sdfootnote15sym">15</a><span class="sdfootnotesym"> </span><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote15sym" href="#sdfootnote15anc" id="sdfootnote15sym"></a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Franquesa, D., & Navarro, L. (2017). Sustainability and Participation in the Digital Commons. </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>Interactions, 24</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">, 66-69. </span></span><a href="https://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/may-june-2017/sustainability-and-participation-in-the-digital-commons">https://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/may-june-2017/sustainability-and-participation-in-the-digital-commons</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote16" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote16sym" href="#sdfootnote16anc" id="sdfootnote16sym">16 </a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Ostrom, E. (1990). </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">. Cambridge University Press. </span></span><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-the-commons/A8BB63BC4A1433A50A3FB92EDBBB97D5">https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/governing-the-commons/A8BB63BC4A1433A50A3FB92EDBBB97D5</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote17" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote17sym" href="#sdfootnote17anc" id="sdfootnote17sym">17 </a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">Distributed Systems Group. (2019). Public datasets about reuse of computing devices in eReuse, June 2019. </span></span><a href="https://dsg.ac.upc.edu/ereuse-dataset">https://dsg.ac.upc.edu/ereuse-dataset</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote18" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote18sym" href="#sdfootnote18anc" id="sdfootnote18sym">18 </a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">European Commission. (2017). </span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3"><i>Public procurement for a circular economy: Good practice and guidance</i></span></span><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">. </span></span><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/circular_procurement_en.htm">https://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/circular_procurement_en.htm</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote19" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote19sym" href="#sdfootnote19anc" id="sdfootnote19sym">19 </a><span face="Arial"><span style="font-size: medium;" size="3">European Commission. (2013, 8 July). European Resource Efficiency Platform pushes for ‘product passports’. </span></span><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecoap/about-eco-innovation/policies-matters/eu/20130708_european-resource-efficiency-platform-pushes-for-product-passports_en">https://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecoap/about-eco-innovation/policies-matters/eu/20130708_european-resource-efficiency-platform-pushes-for-product-passports_en</a></span></div> <div id="sdfootnote20" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote20sym" href="#sdfootnote20anc" id="sdfootnote20sym">20</a><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/sustainability/ecodesign_en">https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/sustainability/ecodesign_en</a></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;"></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Notes:</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">This report was originally published as part of a larger compilation: “Global Information Society Watch 2020: Technology, the environment and a sustainable world: Responses from the global South"</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - Some rights reserved.</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">ISBN 978-92-95113-40-4</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">APC Serial: APC-202104-CIPP-R-EN-DIGITAL-330</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">ISBN 978-92-95113-41-1</span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;">APC Serial: APC-202104-CIPP-R-EN-P-331</span></div> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-1 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-1 field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--spain"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/country/spain" hreflang="en">Spain</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--climate-change"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/themes/climate-change" hreflang="en">Climate change</a></span> </div><div class="field__item field__item--e-waste"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/themes/e-waste" hreflang="en">E-waste</a></span> </div><div class="field__item field__item--environment-and-ict"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/themes/environment-and-ict" hreflang="en">Environment and ICT</a></span> </div></div> </div> <section class="field field-node--comment-node-country-report field-formatter-comment-default field-name-comment-node-country-report field-type-comment field-label-hidden display-mode-threaded comment-bundle-comment-node-country-report comment-wrapper"> <a name="comments"></a></section> </div></div> </article> </main> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-at-row="footer" class="l-footer l-row"> <footer class="l-pr page__row pr-footer" role="contentinfo" id="footer"> <div class="l-rw regions container pr-footer__rw arc--1 hr--1" data-at-regions=""> <div data-at-region="1" class="l-r region pr-footer__footer" id="rid-footer"><div id="block-footeren" class="l-bl block block-config-provider--block-content block-plugin-id--block-content-48e94994-c6ce-4dc2-b88b-33cac52f8cb6 block--type-basic block--view-mode-full"> <div class="block__inner"> <div class="block__content"><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-content--body field-formatter-text-default field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><div id="nav"> <ul class="primary-links footer-links"><li><a href="/contact">Contact us</a></li> <li class="last"><a href="/en/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul></div> <div id="footer-logos"><a href="https://www.apc.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="/sites/default/files/images/apclogo-small.jpg" caption="false" width="119" height="67" /></a><a href="https://www.sida.se/English/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img src="/sites/default/files/images/logosida.png" caption="false" width="121" height="67" /></a></div> <div id="footer-text"> <p>Association for Progressive Communications (<a href="https://www.apc.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">APC</a>), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (<a href="https://www.sida.se/English/">Sida</a>)<br />Unless otherwise stated, material on this site is licenced under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/%0A" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Creative Commons</a><br />The views expressed on this site are those of the individual authors and not necessarily the views of APC or Sida</p> </div> </div></div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div data-at-row="attribution" class="l-attribution l-row"><div class="l-pr attribution"><div class="l-rw"><a href="//drupal.org/project/at_theme" class="attribution__link" target="_blank">Design by Adaptive Theme</a></div></div></div> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/6270","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"giswatch","libraries":"at_core\/at.accordion,at_core\/at.breakpoints,at_core\/at.responsivemenus,at_core\/at.settings,collapsiblock\/core,giswatch\/base,giswatch\/book,giswatch\/ckeditor,giswatch\/color,giswatch\/comment,giswatch\/contact,giswatch\/custom_css,giswatch\/custom_css_file,giswatch\/fontfaceobserver,giswatch\/giswatch.layout.page,giswatch\/jquery_ui,giswatch\/language,giswatch\/responsive_menus,giswatch\/responsive_menus_accordion,giswatch\/responsive_menus_dropmenu,giswatch\/responsive_menus_slidedown,giswatch\/search,giswatch\/taxonomy,matomo\/matomo,system\/base"},"matomo":{"disableCookies":true,"trackMailto":true},"collapsiblock":{"active_pages":false,"slide_type":1,"slide_speed":200},"giswatch":{"at_responsivemenus":{"bp":"all and (min-width: 60.0625em)","default":"ms-slidedown","responsive":"ms-dropmenu","acd":{"acd_load":true,"acd_default":true,"acd_responsive":false,"acd_both":false}},"at_breakpoints":{"at_core_simple_wide":{"breakpoint":"wide","mediaquery":"all and (min-width: 60.0625em)"},"at_core_simple_tablet-isolate":{"breakpoint":"tablet-isolate","mediaquery":"all and (min-width: 45.0625em) and (max-width: 60em)"},"at_core_simple_mobile":{"breakpoint":"mobile","mediaquery":"all and (max-width: 45em)"}}},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/search\/node":true},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"00d5a2f3438a31ad0f165b1e86e49f99467c8649a9e9192d66e463ef156c19ba"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_9HJhIDXpoxp4fzHBM8e4v20aWTjdOBNEdbqZYC3rmu8.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/fontfaceobserver/2.0.8/fontfaceobserver.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_Zb-KvjwD-Mx_jm4YzA9d9pcQQOzZWa_KvTF40k1vsGA.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/enquire.js/2.1.2/enquire.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_OHfNmOlNIFKrftJLCFYrGcSEKZRP9Lf5kOEnnsr5t0g.js"></script> </body> </html>