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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">al-Ma'arri</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="أبو العلاء المعري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبو العلاء المعري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fb%C3%BCl%C9%99la_%C9%99l-M%C9%99%C9%99rri" title="Əbüləla əl-Məərri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əbüləla əl-Məərri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E2%80%99%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="আল-মা’আরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আল-মা’আরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu-l-Al%C3%A0_al-Maarr%C3%AD" title="Abu-l-Alà al-Maarrí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abu-l-Alà al-Maarrí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C3%BA_al-Al%C3%A1%CA%BE_al-Ma%CA%BEarr%C3%AD" title="Abú al-Aláʾ al-Maʾarrí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abú al-Aláʾ al-Maʾarrí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Ala_al-Ma%27arri" title="Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_l-%CA%BFAl%C4%81%CA%BE_al-Ma%CA%BFarr%C4%AB" title="Abū l-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abū l-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB-%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF" title="Αλ-Μααρί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλ-Μααρί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%CA%BFarri" title="Al-Maʿarri – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al-Maʿarri" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maari" title="Al-Maari – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Al-Maari" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ابوالعلاء معری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابوالعلاء معری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu-l-Ala_al-Maari" title="Abu-l-Ala al-Maari – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abu-l-Ala al-Maari" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A1_%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Աբու ալ-Ալա ալ-Մաարրի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբու ալ-Ալա ալ-Մաարրի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%CA%BFarri" title="Al-Maʿarri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Maʿarri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%CA%BFarri" title="Al-Maʿarri – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Al-Maʿarri" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Ma'arri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99" title="אבו אל-עלאא אל-מערי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבו אל-עלאא אל-מערי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ალ-მაარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალ-მაარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Маарри – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маарри" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abulola_Moarrensis" title="Abulola Moarrensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abulola Moarrensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_l-Al%C3%A1_al-Maarri" title="Abu l-Alá al-Maarri – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abu l-Alá al-Maarri" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="അൽ-മാറി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൽ-മാറി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%89" title="ابو العلا المعرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابو العلا المعرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Al-Ma'arri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboe_l-%CA%BFAlaa_al-Ma%CA%BFarri" title="Aboe l-ʿAlaa al-Maʿarri – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aboe l-ʿAlaa al-Maʿarri" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="アル＝マアッリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アル＝マアッリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarriy" title="Maarriy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maarriy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਅਲਮਾ ਮਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਮਾ ਮਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ابو العلاء المعری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابو العلاء المعری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Ala_al-Ma%E2%80%99arri" title="Abu al-Ala al-Ma’arri – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abu al-Ala al-Ma’arri" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Al-Ma'arri" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maarri" title="Al-Maarri – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al-Maarri" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83-%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Абу-ль-Аля аль-Маарри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абу-ль-Аля аль-Маарри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ابو العلاء المعری – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ابو العلاء المعری" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C3%BA_al-Al%C3%A1%CA%BE_al-Ma%CA%BEarr%C3%AD" title="Abú al-Aláʾ al-Maʾarrí – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abú al-Aláʾ al-Maʾarrí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ئەبووعەلا مەعەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەبووعەلا مەعەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Al-Ma'arri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Ala_al-Maarri" title="Abu al-Ala al-Maarri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abu al-Ala al-Maarri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%9C%D3%99%D3%99%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Әбүләла әл-Мәәрри – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әбүләла әл-Мәәрри" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Абулъалои Маъаррӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Абулъалои Маъаррӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebu%27l-Al%C3%A2_el-Maarr%C3%AE" title="Ebu'l-Alâ el-Maarrî – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ebu'l-Alâ el-Maarrî" 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<div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arab philosopher and poet (973–1057)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Abu al-'Ala' al-Ma'arri</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Ma%CA%BFarri_by_Khalil_Gibran_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Al-Ma%CA%BFarri_by_Khalil_Gibran_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Al-Ma%CA%BFarri_by_Khalil_Gibran_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Al-Ma%CA%BFarri_by_Khalil_Gibran_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Al-Ma%CA%BFarri_by_Khalil_Gibran_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Al-Ma%CA%BFarri_by_Khalil_Gibran_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="565" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">al-Ma'arri by <a href="/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran" title="Kahlil Gibran">Kahlil Gibran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">December 973<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat al-Nu'man">Ma'arrat al-Nu'man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdanid">Hamdanid</a> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Aleppo">Emirate of Aleppo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 1057 (aged 83)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirdasid">Mirdasid</a> Emirate of Aleppo</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic philosophy">Arabic philosophy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Poetry, <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">skepticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">antinatalism</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abu al-Ala Ahmad ibn Abd Allah ibn Sulayman al-Tanukhi al-Ma'arri</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو العلاء أحمد بن عبد الله بن سليمان التنوخي المعري</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾAbū al-ʿAlāʾ Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sulaymān al-Tanūkhī al-Maʿarrī</i></span>; December 973 – May 1057),<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known by his <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name <b>Abulola Moarrensis</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Arab philosopher, poet, and writer from <a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat al-Nu'man">Ma'arrat al-Nu'man</a>, Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-poet_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of his controversially <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">irreligious</a> worldview, he is known as one of the "foremost <a href="/wiki/Atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">atheists</a>" of his time according to Nasser Rabbat.<sup id="cite_ref-poet_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in the city of al-Ma'arra (present-day <a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat al-Nu'man">Ma'arrat al-Nu'man</a>, Syria) during the later <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid era</a>, he became blind at a young age from <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> but nonetheless studied in nearby <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, then in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. Producing popular poems in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, he refused to sell his texts. In 1010, he returned to Syria after his mother began declining in health, and continued writing which gained him local respect. </p><p>Described as a "<a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">pessimistic</a> freethinker", al-Ma'arri was a controversial <a href="/wiki/Rationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalist">rationalist</a> of his time,<sup id="cite_ref-poet_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rejecting superstition and dogmatism. His written works exhibit a fixation on the study of language and its historical development, known as <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ridgeon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridgeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was pessimistic about life, describing himself as "a double prisoner" of blindness and <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">isolation</a>. He <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">attacked religious dogmas and practices</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luzumiyat_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luzumiyat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was equally critical and sarcastic about <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ridgeon_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridgeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hastings_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hastings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luzumiyat_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luzumiyat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a <a href="/wiki/Deist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deist">deist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridgeon_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridgeon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luzumiyat_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luzumiyat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and lived a <a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">secluded</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poet_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a>, known in his time as a moral vegetarian, entreating: "Do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals / Or the white milk of mothers who intended its pure draught for their young."<sup id="cite_ref-vegan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vegan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Ma'arri held an <a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">antinatalist</a> outlook, in line with his general pessimism, suggesting that children should not be born to spare them of the pains and <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a> of life.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Saqt_az-Zand" title="Saqt az-Zand">Saqt az-Zand</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Luz%C5%ABmiyy%C4%81t" title="Luzūmiyyāt">Luzūmiyyāt</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Risalat_al-Ghufran" title="Risalat al-Ghufran">Risalat al-Ghufran</a></i> are among his main works. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27arri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abu al-'Ala' was born in December 973 in al-Ma'arra (present-day <a href="/wiki/Ma%27arrat_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'arrat al-Nu'man">Ma'arrat al-Nu'man</a>, Syria), southwest of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, whence his <i><a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">nisba</a></i> ("al-Ma'arri"). At his time, the city was part of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, the third Islamic caliphate, during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the Banu Sulayman, a notable family of Ma'arra, belonging to the larger <a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukh tribe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his ancestors was probably the first <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> of Ma'arra. The Tanukh tribe had formed part of the aristocracy in Syria for hundreds of years and some members of the Banu Sulayman had also been noted as good poets.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lost his eyesight at the age of four due to <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. Later in his life he regarded himself as "a double prisoner", which referred to both this blindness and the general isolation that he felt during his life.<sup id="cite_ref-poet_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He started his career as a poet at an early age, at about 11 or 12 years old. He was educated at first in Ma'arra and Aleppo, then in Antioch and other Syrian cities. Among his teachers in Aleppo were companions from the circle of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khalawayh" title="Ibn Khalawayh">Ibn Khalawayh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This grammarian and Islamic scholar had died in 980 CE, when al-Ma'arri was still a child.<sup id="cite_ref-al-Maarri_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-Maarri-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Ma'arri nevertheless laments the loss of Ibn Khalawayh in strong terms in a poem of his <i><a href="/wiki/Risalat_al-Ghufran" title="Risalat al-Ghufran">Risālat al-Ghufrān</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qifti" title="Al-Qifti">Al-Qifti</a> reports that when on his way to <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>, al-Ma'arri visited a Christian monastery near <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> where he listened to <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> debates that birthed his secularism, but other historians such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Adim" title="Ibn al-Adim">Ibn al-Adim</a> deny that he had been exposed to any theology other than Islamic doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1004–05, al-Ma'arri learned that his father had died and, in reaction, wrote an <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegy</a> where he praised his father.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later he would travel to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> where he became well received in the literary salons of the time, though he was a controversial figure.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the eighteen months in Baghdad, al-Ma'arri returned home for unknown reasons. He may have returned because his mother was ill, or he may have run out of money in Baghdad, as he refused to sell his works.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to his native town of Ma'arra in about 1010 and learned that his mother had died before his arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He remained in Ma'arra for the rest of his life, where he opted for an ascetic lifestyle, refusing to sell his poems, living in seclusion and observing a strict <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">moral vegetarian diet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His personal confinement to his house was only broken one time when violence had struck his town.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that incident, al-Ma'arri went to Aleppo to intercede with its <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid</a> emir, <a href="/wiki/Salih_ibn_Mirdas" title="Salih ibn Mirdas">Salih ibn Mirdas</a>, to release his brother Abu'l-Majd and several other Muslim notables from Ma'arra who were held responsible for destroying a winehouse whose Christian owner was accused of molesting a Muslim woman.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he was confined, he lived out his later years continuing his work and collaborating with others.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He enjoyed great respect and attracted many students locally, as well as actively holding correspondence with scholars abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his intentions of living a secluded lifestyle, in his seventies, he became rich and was the most revered person in his area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Ma'arri never married and died in May 1057 in his home town.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27arri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_religion">Opposition to religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27arri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposition to religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Ma'arri was a <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">skeptic</a><sup id="cite_ref-poet_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who denounced superstition and dogmatism in religion. This, along with his general negative view on life, has made him described as a pessimistic <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethinker</a>. Throughout his philosophical works, one of the recurring themes that he expounded upon at length was the idea that reason holds a privileged position over traditions. In his view, relying on the preconceptions and established norms of society can be limiting and prevent individuals from fully exploring their own capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Ma'arri taught that religion was a "fable invented by the ancients", worthless except for those who exploit the credulous masses.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson318_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson318-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Do not suppose the statements of the prophets to be true; they are all fabrications. Men lived comfortably till they came and spoiled life. The sacred books are only such a set of idle tales as any age could have and indeed did actually produce.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Al-Ma'arri criticized many of the dogmas of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>, which he called "a pagan's journey".<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson319_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson319-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rejected claims of any <a href="/wiki/Divine_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine revelation">divine revelation</a> and his creed was that of a philosopher and ascetic, for whom <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> provides a moral guide, and <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> is its own reward.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson317_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson317-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson323_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson323-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His secularist views included both Judaism and Christianity as well. Al-Ma'arri remarked that <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloisters</a> or devotees in their mosques were blindly following the beliefs of their locality: if they were born among <a href="/wiki/Magians" class="mw-redirect" title="Magians">Magians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a> they would have become Magians or Sabians.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encapsulating his view on organized religion, he once stated: "The inhabitants of the earth are of two sorts: those with brains, but no religion, and those with religion, but no brains."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asceticism">Asceticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27arri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Asceticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Ma'arri was an ascetic, renouncing worldly desires and living secluded from others while producing his works. He opposed all forms of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Baghdad, while being well received, he decided not to sell his texts, which made it difficult for him to live.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ascetic lifestyle has been compared to similar thought in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">India</a> during his time.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veganism">Veganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27arri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Veganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In al-Ma'arri's later years he chose to stop consuming meat and all other animal products (i.e., he became a practicing <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegan</a>). He wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-vegan2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vegan2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Do not unjustly eat fish the water has given up, and do not<br />       desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals,<br /> Or the white milk of mothers who intended its pure draught for <br />       their young, not for noble ladies.<br /> And do not grieve the unsuspecting birds by taking their eggs;<br />       for injustice is the worst of crimes.<br /> And spare the honey which the bees get industriously<br />       from the flowers of fragrant plants;<br /> For they did not store it that it might belong to others, nor did<br />       they gather it for bounty and gifts.<br /> I washed my hands of all this; and wish that I had perceived<br />       my way before my hair went gray!<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27arri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antinatalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Ma'arri's fundamental pessimism is expressed in his antinatalist recommendation that no children should be begotten, so as to spare them the pains of life.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegy</a> composed by him over the loss of a relative, he combines his grief with observations on the ephemerality of this life: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Soften your tread. Methinks the earth's surface is but bodies of the dead,<br /> Walk slowly in the air, so you do not trample on the remains of God's servants.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Al-Ma'arri's self-composed <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a>, on his tomb, states (in regard to life and being born): "This is my father's crime against me, which I myself committed against none."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_views">Modern views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27arri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Ma'arri is controversial even today as he was skeptical of Islam, the dominant religion of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, almost a thousand years after his death, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a>, a branch of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, demolished a statue of al-Ma'arri during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statue had been crafted by the sculptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fathi_Muhammad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fathi Muhammad (page does not exist)">Fathi Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motive behind the destruction is disputed; theories range from the fact that he was a heretic to the fact that he is believed by some to be related to the <a href="/wiki/Assad_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad family">Assad family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27arri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Poem_by_Abu_%27ala_al-Ma%27arri_(%22I_no_longer_steal_from_nature%22)_read_in_Arabic.ogg" title="File:Poem by Abu 'ala al-Ma'arri ("I no longer steal from nature") read in Arabic.ogg">Poem from Luzūmīyāt, read in Arabic</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="44" data-mwtitle="Poem_by_Abu_'ala_al-Ma'arri_("I_no_longer_steal_from_nature")_read_in_Arabic.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Poem_by_Abu_%27ala_al-Ma%27arri_%28%22I_no_longer_steal_from_nature%22%29_read_in_Arabic.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/Poem_by_Abu_%27ala_al-Ma%27arri_%28%22I_no_longer_steal_from_nature%22%29_read_in_Arabic.ogg/Poem_by_Abu_%27ala_al-Ma%27arri_%28%22I_no_longer_steal_from_nature%22%29_read_in_Arabic.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The restrictive rhyme and meter can be heard in the start of poem 197<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>An early <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">collection</a> of his poems appeared as <i>The Tinder Spark</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Saqt_az-Zand" title="Saqt az-Zand">Saqṭ az-Zand</a></i>; <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سقط الزند</span></span>). The collection of poems included praise of people of Aleppo and the <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_al-Dawla" title="Sa'd al-Dawla">Sa'd al-Dawla</a>. It gained popularity and established his reputation as a poet. A few poems in the collection were about armour.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second, more original collection appeared under the title <i><a href="/wiki/Luz%C5%ABmiyy%C4%81t" title="Luzūmiyyāt">Unnecessary Necessity</a></i> (<i>Luzūm mā lam yalzam</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لزوم ما لا يلزم</span></span>), or simply <i>Necessities</i> (<i>Luzūmīyāt</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اللزوميات</span></span>). The title refers to how al-Ma'arri saw the business of living and alludes to the unnecessary complexity of the rhyme scheme used.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His third work is a work of prose known as <i>The Epistle of Forgiveness</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Risalat_al-Ghufran" title="Risalat al-Ghufran">Risalat al-Ghufran</a></i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رسالة الغفران</span></span>). The work was written as a direct response to the Arabic poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Qarih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Qarih (page does not exist)">Ibn al-Qarih</a>, whom al-Ma'arri mocks for his religious views.<sup id="cite_ref-al-Maarri_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-Maarri-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this work, the poet visits <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">paradise</a> and meets the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arab poets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">pagan period</a>. This view is shared by Islamic scholars, who often argued that pre-Islamic Arabs are indeed capable of entering paradise.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the aspect of <a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">conversing with the deceased</a> in paradise, the <i>Risalat al-Ghufran</i> has been compared to the <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which came hundreds of years after. The work has also been noted to be similar to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Shuhayd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Shuhayd (page does not exist)">Ibn Shuhayd</a>'s <i>Risala al-tawabi' wa al-zawabi</i>, though there is no evidence that al-Ma'arri was inspired by Ibn Shuhayd nor is there any evidence that Dante was inspired by al-Ma'arri.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> reportedly banned <i>The Epistle of Forgiveness</i> from the International Book Fair held in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Paragraphs_and_Periods" title="Paragraphs and Periods">Paragraphs and Periods</a></i> (<i>al-Fuṣūl wa al-Ghāyāt</i>) is a collection of homilies. The work has also been called a parody of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (June 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Al-Ma'arri also composed a significant corpus of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_riddles" title="Arabic riddles">verse riddles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saqt_al-Zand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqt al-Zand"><img alt="Saqt al-Zand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Saqt_al-Zand.jpg/84px-Saqt_al-Zand.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Saqt_al-Zand.jpg/125px-Saqt_al-Zand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Saqt_al-Zand.jpg/167px-Saqt_al-Zand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Saqt al-Zand</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Resalat_Al-Ghufran_book_cover,_Commerial_library_edition_(1923).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Risalat al-Gufran"><img alt="Risalat al-Gufran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Resalat_Al-Ghufran_book_cover%2C_Commerial_library_edition_%281923%29.jpg/73px-Resalat_Al-Ghufran_book_cover%2C_Commerial_library_edition_%281923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Resalat_Al-Ghufran_book_cover%2C_Commerial_library_edition_%281923%29.jpg/109px-Resalat_Al-Ghufran_book_cover%2C_Commerial_library_edition_%281923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Resalat_Al-Ghufran_book_cover%2C_Commerial_library_edition_%281923%29.jpg/146px-Resalat_Al-Ghufran_book_cover%2C_Commerial_library_edition_%281923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Risalat al-Gufran</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27arri&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Risalat al-Ghufran, a Divine Comedy.</i> Translated by G. Brackenbury 1943.</li> <li><i>The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volume One: A Vision of Heaven and Hell.</i> Translated by Geert Jan Van Gelder and Gregor Schoeler. Library of Arabic Literature, New York University Press 2013.</li> <li><i>The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volume Two: Hypocrites, Heretics, and Other Sinners.</i> Translated by Geert Jan Van Gelder and Gregor Schoeler. Library of Arabic Literature, New York University Press 2014.</li> <li>Those riddles of al-Maʿarrī that are cited in <a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B8%A4a%E1%BA%93%C4%ABr%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ḥaẓīrī">al-Ḥaẓīrī</a>'s twelfth-century <i>Kitāb al-Iʿjāz fī l-aḥājī wa-l-alghāz</i> have been edited as Abū l-ʿAlāˀ al-Maʿarrī, <i>Dīwān al-alġāz, riwāyat Abī l-Maʿālī al-Ḥaẓīrī</i>, ed. by Maḥmūd ʿAbdarraḥīm Ṣāliḥ (Riyadh [1990]).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27arri&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">List of vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27arri&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Maarri">"al-Maʿarrī"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180221090622/https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Maarri">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=al-Ma%CA%BFarr%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2Fal-Maarri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Or more often simply <b>Abulola</b>; see <i>Catalogue of Arabic Books in the British Museum</i>, vol. 1, 1894 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZR4YAAAAYAAJ&q=Abulola+Moarrensis">p. 115</a>); Christianus Benedictus Michaelis, <i>Dissertatio philologica de historia linguae Arabicae</i>, 1706 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=775QAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP27">p. 25</a>); in an English context: Charles Hole, <i>A Brief Biographical Dictionary</i> (<a href="//archive.org/details/briefbiographica00inhole/page/n22" class="extiw" title="iarchive:briefbiographica00inhole/page/n22"> p. 3</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poet-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poet_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poet_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poet_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poet_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poet_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poet_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoorMaruf2016" class="citation news cs1">Tharoor, Kanishk; Maruf, Maryam (8 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/magazine-35745962">"Museum of Lost Objects: The Unacceptable Poet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Museum+of+Lost+Objects%3A+The+Unacceptable+Poet&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Kanishk&rft.au=Maruf%2C+Maryam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Famp%2Fmagazine-35745962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridgeon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ridgeon_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridgeon_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ridgeon_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd Ridgeon (2003), <i>Major World Religions: From Their Origins To The Present</i>, Routledge: London, page 257. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-29796-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-29796-6">0-415-29796-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hastings-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hastings_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Hastings" title="James Hastings">James Hastings</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_of_Religion_and_Ethics" title="Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics">Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics</a></i>, Part 2, page 190. Kessinger Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luzumiyat-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luzumiyat_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luzumiyat_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luzumiyat_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma'arrat al-Nuʿman, <i>The Luzumiyat</i>, stanza 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vegan-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vegan_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010305091340/http://www.humanistictexts.org:80/al_ma'arri.htm">"Do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals"</a>. <i>Humanistictexts.org</i> (in poem #14). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanistictexts.org/al_ma'arri.htm">the original</a> on 5 March 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanistictexts.org&rft.atitle=Do+not+desire+as+food+the+flesh+of+slaughtered+animals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanistictexts.org%2Fal_ma%27arri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04wmklk">"Al-Ma'arri – Visionary Free Thinker, The Genius of Disability, The Essay"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Radio+3&rft.atitle=Al-Ma%27arri+%E2%80%93+Visionary+Free+Thinker%2C+The+Genius+of+Disability%2C+The+Essay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb04wmklk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1940 <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أبو العلاء المعري: نسبه وأخباره وشعره ومعتقده، تأليف أحمد تيمور باشا، ص.3، ط</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Miguel Asín Palacios, <i>Islam and the Divine comedy</i>, Routledge, 1968, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1995-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1995-8">978-0-7146-1995-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hbHv0Hi-VbsC&pg=PA55">p. 55</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyanswers.co.uk/medieval-renaissance/al-maarri-the-11th-century-poet-that-pissed-off-al-qaeda/">"The 11th Century poet who pissed off al-Qaeda | All About History"</a>. <i>historyanswers.co.uk</i>. 2 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historyanswers.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+11th+Century+poet+who+pissed+off+al-Qaeda+%7C+All+About+History&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyanswers.co.uk%2Fmedieval-renaissance%2Fal-maarri-the-11th-century-poet-that-pissed-off-al-qaeda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1971" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, Philip Khuri (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FklfLSxpIkC&q=al+ma'arri&pg=PA147"><i>Islam: A Way of Life</i></a>. U of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1040-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1040-6"><bdi>978-1-4529-1040-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Way+of+Life&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-1040-6&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+Khuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6FklfLSxpIkC%26q%3Dal%2Bma%27arri%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-Maarri-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al-Maarri_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al-Maarri_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Maarri2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Maarri, Abu l-Ala (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iiegAgAAQBAJ&q=epistle+of+forgiveness&pg=PR11"><i>Epistle of Forgiveness: Hypocrites, Heretics, and Other Sinners</i></a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814768969" title="Special:BookSources/9780814768969"><bdi>9780814768969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epistle+of+Forgiveness%3A+Hypocrites%2C+Heretics%2C+and+Other+Sinners&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=9780814768969&rft.aulast=al-Maarri&rft.aufirst=Abu+l-Ala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiiegAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Depistle%2Bof%2Bforgiveness%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb1954" class="citation book cs1">Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen (1 January 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_JY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA932"><i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></a>. Brill Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1954-01-01&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=Sir+Hamilton+Alexander+Rosskeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_JY3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Samuel_Margoliouth" title="David Samuel Margoliouth">D. S. Margoliouth</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journalroyalasi69irelgoog#page/n323/mode/1up">Abu 'l-ʿAla al-Ma'arri's correspondence on vegetarianism</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></i>, 1902, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biography.yourdictionary.com/abu-l-ala-al-maarri">"Abu-L-Ala al-Maarri Facts"</a>. <i>biography.yourdictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biography.yourdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Abu-L-Ala+al-Maarri+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiography.yourdictionary.com%2Fabu-l-ala-al-maarri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127200338/http://www.humanistictexts.org/al_ma'arri.htm">"Al Ma'arri"</a>. <i>Humanistictexts.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanistictexts.org/al_ma'arri.htm">the original</a> on 27 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanistictexts.org&rft.atitle=Al+Ma%27arri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanistictexts.org%2Fal_ma%27arri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson318-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson318_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynold Alleyne Nicholson, 1962, <i>A Literary History of the Arabs</i>, page 318. Routledge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Hastings" title="James Hastings">Hastings, James</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56055/page/n212"><i>Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. 2</i></a>. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a>. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics%2C+Vol.+2&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.56055%2Fpage%2Fn212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson319-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson319_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholson, <i>A Literary History of the Arabs</i>, 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson317-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson317_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholson, <i>A Literary History of the Arabs</i>, 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson323-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson323_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholson, <i>A Literary History of the Arabs</i>, 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynold A. Nicholson <i>Adapted from Studies in Islamic Poetry</i> Cambridge University Press, 1921, Cambridge, England. pp. 1–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaalouf1984" class="citation book cs1">Maalouf, Amin (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ie3ib8YbTcC"><i>The Crusades Through Arab Eyes</i></a>. Schocken Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ie3ib8YbTcC&pg=PA37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0898-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0898-6"><bdi>978-0-8052-0898-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades+Through+Arab+Eyes&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0898-6&rft.aulast=Maalouf&rft.aufirst=Amin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ie3ib8YbTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The full poem (in Arabic) to be found e.g. on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabic-poetry.com/أبو-العلاء-المعري/إن-هللت-أفواهكم-فقلوبكم/">arabic-poetry.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201141757/https://arabic-poetry.com/%d8%a3%d8%a8%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%8a/%d8%a5%d9%86-%d9%87%d9%84%d9%84%d8%aa-%d8%a3%d9%81%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%83%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%82%d9%84%d9%88%d8%a8%d9%83%d9%85/">Archived</a> 1 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aldiwan.net/poem23175.html">www.aldiwan.net</a> (direct links to the poem).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vegan2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vegan2_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010305091340/http://www.humanistictexts.org:80/al_ma'arri.htm">"Do not desire as food the flesh of slaughtered animals"</a>. <i>Humanistictexts.org</i> (in poem #14). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanistictexts.org/al_ma'arri.htm">the original</a> on 5 March 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanistictexts.org&rft.atitle=Do+not+desire+as+food+the+flesh+of+slaughtered+animals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanistictexts.org%2Fal_ma%27arri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Meditations of Al-Maʿarri", <i>Studies in Islamic Poetry</i> (1921) by <a href="/wiki/Reynold_A._Nicholson" title="Reynold A. Nicholson">Reynold A. Nicholson</a>, Verse 197, <a href="//archive.org/details/studiesinislamic00nichuoft/page/134" class="extiw" title="iarchive:studiesinislamic00nichuoft/page/134">pages 134-135</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk2013" class="citation news cs1">Fisk, Robert (22 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/syrian-rebels-have-taken-iconoclasm-to-new-depths-with-shrines-statues-and-even-a-tree-destroyed--but-to-what-end-9021017.html">"Syrian rebels have taken iconoclasm to new depths, with shrines, statues and even a tree destroyed – but to what end?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+have+taken+iconoclasm+to+new+depths%2C+with+shrines%2C+statues+and+even+a+tree+destroyed+%E2%80%93+but+to+what+end%3F&rft.date=2013-12-22&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fcomment%2Fsyrian-rebels-have-taken-iconoclasm-to-new-depths-with-shrines-statues-and-even-a-tree-destroyed--but-to-what-end-9021017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankinship2015" class="citation web cs1">Blankinship, Kevin (20 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/32488">"An Elegy by al-Ma'arri"</a>. <i>Jadaliyya</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jadaliyya&rft.atitle=An+Elegy+by+al-Ma%27arri&rft.date=2015-09-20&rft.aulast=Blankinship&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jadaliyya.com%2FDetails%2F32488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/France24" class="mw-redirect" title="France24">France24</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216053220/http://observers.france24.com/content/20130214-jihadists-behead-statue-syrian-poet-abul-ala-al-maari">Jihadists behead statue of Syrian poet Abul Ala al-Maari</a>", 14 February 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Reynold_Nicholson" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynold Nicholson">Reynold Nicholson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/studiesinislamic00nichuoft#page/134/mode/2up">Studies in Islamic Poetry and Mysticism</a>, 1921, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-MaarriGelderSchoeler2014" class="citation book cs1">al-Maarri, Abu l-Ala; Gelder, Geert Jan Van; Schoeler, Gregor (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780814768969"><i>The Epistle of Forgiveness: Volume Two: Hypocrites, Heretics, and Other Sinners</i></a>. New York: NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814768969" title="Special:BookSources/9780814768969"><bdi>9780814768969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epistle+of+Forgiveness%3A+Volume+Two%3A+Hypocrites%2C+Heretics%2C+and+Other+Sinners&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780814768969&rft.aulast=al-Maarri&rft.aufirst=Abu+l-Ala&rft.au=Gelder%2C+Geert+Jan+Van&rft.au=Schoeler%2C+Gregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbooks%2F9780814768969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaqeeninstitute.org/jonathan-brown/the-fate-of-non-muslims-perspectives-on-salvation-outside-of-islam">"The Fate of Non-Muslims: Perspectives on Salvation Outside of Islam"</a>. <i>Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yaqeen+Institute+for+Islamic+Research&rft.atitle=The+Fate+of+Non-Muslims%3A+Perspectives+on+Salvation+Outside+of+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyaqeeninstitute.org%2Fjonathan-brown%2Fthe-fate-of-non-muslims-perspectives-on-salvation-outside-of-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Montgomery Watt and Pierre Cachia, <i>A History of Islamic Spain</i>, 2nd edition, Edinburgh University Press, 1996, pp. 125–126, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0847-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0847-8">0-7486-0847-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2015" class="citation book cs1">Leaman, Oliver (16 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iX-8BwAAQBAJ&q=al+qifti+al-ma+arri&pg=PT364"><i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472569462" title="Special:BookSources/9781472569462"><bdi>9781472569462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.isbn=9781472569462&rft.aulast=Leaman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiX-8BwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dal%2Bqifti%2Bal-ma%2Barri%26pg%3DPT364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pieter Smoor, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43377840">The Weeping Wax Candle and Ma'arrī's Wisdom-tooth: Night Thoughts and Riddles from the Gāmi' al-awzān</a>', <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i>, 138 (1988), 283-312.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27arri&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeston" class="citation book cs1">Beeston, A. F. L. <i>The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Arabic+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Beeston&rft.aufirst=A.+F.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1999" class="citation book cs1">Browne, Edward Granville (1999) [1906]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fshmK9xYD6cC&pg=PA289"><i>A Literary History of Persia</i></a>. Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0406-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0406-4"><bdi>978-0-7007-0406-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literary+History+of+Persia&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0406-4&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Edward+Granville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfshmK9xYD6cC%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glassé, Cyril (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=RA1-PA278">"al-Ma'arrī, Abū-l-'Alā'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Introduction by Huston Smith. AltaMira Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759101906" title="Special:BookSources/9780759101906"><bdi>9780759101906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Ma%27arr%C4%AB%2C+Ab%C5%AB-l-%27Al%C4%81%27&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780759101906&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfocLrox-frUC%26pg%3DRA1-PA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Hitti" title="Philip K. Hitti">Hitti, Philip Khuri</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FklfLSxpIkC&pg=PA147"><i>Islam, a Way of Life</i></a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452910406" title="Special:BookSources/9781452910406"><bdi>9781452910406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+a+Way+of+Life&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9781452910406&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+Khuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6FklfLSxpIkC%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977" class="citation book cs1">Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UfQWT_esc5cC&pg=PA577">"Religion and Culture"</a>. <i>The Cambridge History of Islam</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29138-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29138-5"><bdi>978-0-521-29138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Culture&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29138-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUfQWT_esc5cC%26pg%3DPA577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tarif_Khalidi" title="Tarif Khalidi">Khalidi, Tarif</a> (1994). <i>Arabic Historical Thought in the Classical Period</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511583650">10.1017/CBO9780511583650</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46554-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46554-0"><bdi>0-521-46554-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Historical+Thought+in+the+Classical+Period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511583650&rft.isbn=0-521-46554-0&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Tarif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajid2007" class="citation book cs1">Majid, Anouar (18 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/callforheresywhy00maji/page/207"><i>A Call for Heresy: Why Dissent Is Vital to Islam and America</i></a>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5127-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5127-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-5127-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Call+for+Heresy%3A+Why+Dissent+Is+Vital+to+Islam+and+America&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2007-09-18&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5127-6&rft.aulast=Majid&rft.aufirst=Anouar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcallforheresywhy00maji%2Fpage%2F207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2006" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Reynold Alleyne (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jKIOJ4qAxMC&pg=PA166"><i>A Literary History of the Arabs</i></a>. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-3576-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4286-3576-0"><bdi>978-1-4286-3576-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literary+History+of+the+Arabs&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4286-3576-0&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Reynold+Alleyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7jKIOJ4qAxMC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmoor1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smoor, P. (1984). "al-Ma'arri". In Gibb, H. A. R. (ed.). <i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Vol. 3, Part 1. Brill. pp. 927–935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Ma%27arri&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=927-935&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Smoor&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmoor2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smoor, Pieter (2006). Meri, Josef W.; Bacharach, Jere L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA6"><i>Medieval Islamic Civilization</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96691-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96691-7"><bdi>978-0-415-96691-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96691-7&rft.aulast=Smoor&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMypbfKdMePIC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattCachia1996" class="citation book cs1">Watt, William Montgomery; Cachia, Pierre (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzWIgNm1NRYC&pg=PA125"><i>A History of Islamic Spain</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0847-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0847-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-0847-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Spain&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0847-8&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=William+Montgomery&rft.au=Cachia%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzWIgNm1NRYC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZayzafoon2005" class="citation book cs1">Zayzafoon, Lamia Ben Youssef (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u5dJj2dSp3AC&pg=PA168"><i>The Production of the Muslim Woman</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739110782" title="Special:BookSources/9780739110782"><bdi>9780739110782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Production+of+the+Muslim+Woman&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780739110782&rft.aulast=Zayzafoon&rft.aufirst=Lamia+Ben+Youssef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du5dJj2dSp3AC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Ma%27arri" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ma%27arri&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Al-Ma'arri</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Al-Ma%27arri" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Al-Ma'arri">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Al-Ma%CA%BFarri" class="extiw" title="q:Al-Maʿarri">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Abul_%CA%BFAla_Al-Ma%CA%BFarri" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Abul ʿAla Al-Maʿarri">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277073" class="extiw" title="d:Q277073">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/abu-al-ala-al-maarri">Works by Al-Ma'arri in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/26732">Works by Al-Ma'arri</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/13439">Works by Al-Ma'arri</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/AbAlAlAlMaarrTheEpistleOfForgivenessVolumeOneAVisionOfHeavenAndHell/page/n5/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:AbAlAlAlMaarrTheEpistleOfForgivenessVolumeOneAVisionOfHeavenAndHell/page/n5/mode/1up">The Epistle of Forgiveness: A Vision of Heaven and Hell (Volume One)</a>, Abū Al ʿAlāʾ Al Maʿarrī</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Abul-Ala-Veganism">Abu 'l-ʿAla al-Ma'arri's correspondence on vegetarianism, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1902, p. 289</a>, by <a href="/wiki/D._S._Margoliouth" class="mw-redirect" title="D. S. Margoliouth">D. S. Margoliouth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127200338/http://www.humanistictexts.org/al_ma'arri.htm">37 of al-Ma'arri's poems <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span>, posted by Humanistictexts.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idleworm.com/literature/luzumiyat.shtml">The Luzumiyat</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syria&#124;link=Syria_Aleppo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nairab" title="Bab al-Nairab">Bab al-Nairab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Aleppo_Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="New Aleppo Neighborhood">New Aleppo Neighborhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramouseh" title="Ramouseh">Ramouseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaheddine_District" title="Salaheddine District">Salaheddine District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Maqsood" title="Sheikh Maqsood">Sheikh Maqsood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Aleppo">Ancient City of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Aleppo" title="Citadel of Aleppo">Citadel of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Madina_Souq" title="Al-Madina Souq">Al-Madina Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jdayde" title="Al-Jdayde">Al-Jdayde quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo">Central Synagogue of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shibani_Church" title="Al-Shibani Church">Al-Shibani building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Bab_al-Ahmar" title="Hammam Bab al-Ahmar">Hammam Bab al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_al-Nahhasin" title="Hammam al-Nahhasin">Hammam al-Nahhasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam_Yalbugha" title="Hammam Yalbugha">Hammam Yalbugha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah_al-Farafira" title="Khanqah al-Farafira">Khanqah al-Farafira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bimaristan_Arghun_al-Kamili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili (page does not exist)">Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Junblatt" title="Beit Junblatt">Beit Junblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Ghazaleh" title="Beit Ghazaleh">Beit Ghazaleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Achiqbash" title="Beit Achiqbash">Beit Achiqbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_Clock_Tower" title="Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower">Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Hotel" title="Baron Hotel">Baron Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_railway_station" title="Aleppo railway station">Aleppo railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Rose" title="Villa Rose">Villa Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Serail_of_Aleppo" title="Grand Serail of Aleppo">Grand Serail of Aleppo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madrasas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahmadiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa">Al-Ahmadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Firdaws_Madrasa" title="Al-Firdaws Madrasa">Al-Firdaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Halawiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Halawiyah Madrasa">Al-Halawiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kameliyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Kameliyah Madrasa">Al-Kameliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddamiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa">Al-Muqaddamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shadbakhtiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa">Al-Shadbakhtiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharafiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa">Al-Sharafiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sultaniyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa">Al-Sultaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Turantaiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa">Al-Turantaiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthmaniyah_Madrasa_(Aleppo)" title="Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa (Aleppo)">Al-Uthmaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa">Al-Zahiriyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Aleppo" title="List of mosques in Aleppo">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shuaibiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque">Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nuqtah_Mosque" title="Al-Nuqtah Mosque">Al-Nuqtah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaiqan_Mosque" title="Al-Qaiqan Mosque">Al-Qaiqan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmandar_Mosque" title="Mahmandar Mosque">Mahmandar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altun_Bogha_Mosque" title="Altun Bogha Mosque">Altun Bogha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahibiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Sahibiyah Mosque">Al-Sahibiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahsita_Mosque" title="Bahsita Mosque">Bahsita Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tawashi_Mosque" title="Al-Tawashi Mosque">Al-Tawashi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otrush_Mosque" title="Al-Otrush Mosque">Al-Otrush Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffahiyah_Mosque" title="Al-Saffahiyah Mosque">Al-Saffahiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khusruwiyah_Mosque" title="Khusruwiyah Mosque">Khusruwiyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adiliyah_Mosque" title="Al-Adiliyah Mosque">Al-Adiliyah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behramiyah_Mosque" title="Behramiyah Mosque">Behramiyah Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rahman_Mosque,_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar-Rahman Mosque, Aleppo">Ar-Rahman Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid_Mosque" title="Tawhid Mosque">Tawhid Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Aleppo" title="List of churches in Aleppo">Churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites" title="Church of Saint Simeon Stylites">Church of Saint Simeon Stylites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_Cathedral" title="Forty Martyrs Cathedral">Forty Martyrs Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Dormition_of_Our_Lady" title="Church of the Dormition of Our Lady">Church of the Dormition of Our Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Assia_al-Hakim_Church" title="Mar Assia al-Hakim Church">Mar Assia al-Hakim Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Elijah,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Saint Elijah, Aleppo">Saint Elijah Cathedral</a> (Maronite)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Syria" title="Catholic Church in Syria">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi,_Aleppo" title="Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, Aleppo">Church of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Aleppo" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Aleppo">Church of the Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Saint Joseph, Aleppo">Cathedral of Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Cross,_Aleppo" title="Church of the Holy Cross, Aleppo">Church of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Assumption,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, Aleppo">Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church in Syria">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Elijah_the_Prophet,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Elijah the Prophet, Aleppo">Cathedral of Elijah the Prophet</a> (Greek Orthodox)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Syria">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God_(Aleppo)" title="Church of the Holy Mother of God (Aleppo)">Church of the Holy Mother of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Syria">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Church,_Aleppo" title="Emmanuel Church, Aleppo">Emmanuel Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Church,_Aleppo" title="Bethel Church, Aleppo">Bethel Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Church,_Aleppo" title="Martyrs' Church, Aleppo">Martyrs' Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic gates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Hadid" title="Bab al-Hadid">Bab al-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Ahmar" title="Bab al-Ahmar">Bab al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nairab" title="Bab al-Nairab">Bab al-Nairab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Maqam" title="Bab al-Maqam">Bab al-Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Qinnasrin" title="Bab Qinnasrin">Bab Qinnasrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Antakeya" title="Bab Antakeya">Bab Antakeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Jinan" title="Bab al-Jinan">Bab al-Jinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faraj_(Aleppo)" title="Bab al-Faraj (Aleppo)">Bab al-Faraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Aleppo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Aleppo)">Bab al-Nasr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and <br />education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleppo_Citadel_Amphitheatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleppo Citadel Amphitheatre (page does not exist)">Aleppo Citadel Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Citadel_Museum" title="Aleppo Citadel Museum">Aleppo Citadel Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Aleppo" title="National Library of Aleppo">National Library of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Aleppo" title="National Museum of Aleppo">National Museum of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Centre_for_Culture_and_Arts" title="Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts">Aleppo Centre for Culture and Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Aleppo" title="University of Aleppo">University of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordoba_Private_University" title="Cordoba Private University">Mamoun University for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahba_University" title="Al-Shahba University">Al-Shahba University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_College" title="Aleppo College">Aleppo College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Amal" title="École Amal">École Amal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Aleppo" title="International School of Aleppo">International School of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Alep" title="Lycée français d'Alep">Lycée français d'Alep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabil_Park" title="Al-Sabil Park">Al-Sabil Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Public_Park" title="Aleppo Public Park">Aleppo Public Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Snoubari_Park" title="Al-Snoubari Park">Al-Snoubari Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdo" title="Abu Abdo">Abu Abdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_d%27Alep" title="Club d'Alep">Club d'Alep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheraton_Aleppo_Hotel" title="Sheraton Aleppo Hotel">Sheraton Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahba_Mall" title="Shahba Mall">Shahba Mall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets and squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hatab_Square" title="Al-Hatab Square">Al-Hatab Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhat_Square" title="Farhat Square">Farhat Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaa_Bahrat_Square,_Aleppo" title="Sabaa Bahrat Square, Aleppo">Sabaa Bahrat Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri_Square" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri Square">Saadallah al-Jabiri Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Square,_Aleppo" title="Liberty Square, Aleppo">Liberty Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_Street" title="King Faisal Street">King Faisal Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al-Ma'arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhturi" title="Buhturi">Buhturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_Sassounian" title="Harut Sassounian">Harut Sassounian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion_Capucci" title="Hilarion Capucci">Hilarion Capucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld" title="Jerry Seinfeld">Jerry Seinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Safra" title="Joseph Safra">Joseph Safra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrossian" class="mw-redirect" title="Levon Ter-Petrossian">Levon Ter-Petrossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louay_Kayali" title="Louay Kayali">Louay Kayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moustapha_Akkad" title="Moustapha Akkad">Moustapha Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bey_Barmada" title="Mustafa Bey Barmada">Mustafa Bey Barmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_al-Kudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim al-Kudsi">Nazim al-Kudsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustaki_al-Himsi" title="Qustaki al-Himsi">Qustaki al-Himsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronaldo_Mouchawar" title="Ronaldo Mouchawar">Ronaldo Mouchawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushdi_al-Kikhya" title="Rushdi al-Kikhya">Rushdi al-Kikhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abu-Riche" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Abu-Riche">Omar Abu-Riche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Aleppo" title="Paul of Aleppo">Paul of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustaki_al-Himsi" title="Qustaki al-Himsi">Qustaki al-Himsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">Saadallah al-Jabiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Fakhri" title="Sabah Fakhri">Sabah Fakhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Maron" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Maron">Saint Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Stylites" title="Simeon Stylites">Simeon Stylites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queiq_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Queiq River">Queiq River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhahab_River" title="Dhahab River">Dhahab River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Simeon" title="Mount Simeon">Mount Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd Mountains">Kurd Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Barsa" title="Mount Barsa">Mount Barsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_al-Hass" title="Mount al-Hass">Mount al-Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_plateau" title="Aleppo plateau">Aleppo plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Massif" title="Limestone Massif">Limestone Massif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabkhat_al-Jabbul" title="Sabkhat al-Jabbul">Sabkhat al-Jabbul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_April_Stadium_(Aleppo)" title="7 April Stadium (Aleppo)">7 April Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ri%27ayet_al-Shabab_Stadium" title="Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium">Ri'ayet al-Shabab Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_Sports_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Assad Sports Arena">Al-Assad Sports Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Stadium" title="Al-Hamadaniah Stadium">Al-Hamadaniah Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ittihad_Stadium" title="Al-Ittihad Stadium">Al-Ittihad Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassel_al-Assad_Swimming_Complex" title="Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex">Bassel al-Assad Swimming Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Stadium" title="Aleppo International Stadium">Aleppo International Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Tennis_Complex" title="Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex">Al-Hamadaniah Tennis Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Olympic_Swimming_and_Diving_Complex" title="Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex">Al-Hamadaniah Olympic Swimming and Diving Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamadaniah_Sports_Arena" title="Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena">Al-Hamadaniah Sports Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ittihad_SC_Aleppo" title="Al-Ittihad SC Aleppo">Al-Ittihad SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hurriya_SC" title="Al-Hurriya SC">Al-Hurriya SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yarmouk_SC_(Syria)" title="Al-Yarmouk SC (Syria)">Al-Yarmouk SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Herafyeen_SC" title="Al-Herafyeen SC">Al-Herafyeen SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_SC" title="Jalaa SC">Jalaa SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommal_Aleppo_SC" title="Ommal Aleppo SC">Ommal Aleppo SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroube_SC" title="Ouroube SC">Ouroube SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorta_Aleppo_SC" title="Shorta Aleppo SC">Shorta Aleppo SC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Aleppo" title="Timeline of Aleppo">Historical timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">Rulers of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armi_(Syria)" title="Armi (Syria)">Kingdom of Armi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_soap" title="Aleppo soap">Aleppo soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Cities" title="Dead Cities">Dead Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(637)" title="Siege of Aleppo (637)">Siege of Aleppo (637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1138_Aleppo_earthquake" title="1138 Aleppo earthquake">1138 Aleppo earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1260)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1260)">Siege of Aleppo (1260)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Dabiq" title="Battle of Marj Dabiq">Battle of Marj Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Aleppo_(1850)" title="Massacre of Aleppo (1850)">Massacre of Aleppo (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Baghdad_railway" title="Berlin–Baghdad railway">Baghdad Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_International_Airport" title="Aleppo International Airport">Aleppo International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Syria)" title="People's Party (Syria)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">1947 Aleppo pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Railways#History" title="Syrian Railways">Chemins de Fer Syriens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Artillery_School_massacre" title="Aleppo Artillery School massacre">Aleppo Artillery School massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1980)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1980)">Siege of Aleppo (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2012_Aleppo_bombings" title="February 2012 Aleppo bombings">February 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2012_Aleppo_bombing" title="March 2012 Aleppo bombing">March 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2012_Aleppo_bombing" title="September 2012 Aleppo bombing">September 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2012_Aleppo_bombings" title="October 2012 Aleppo bombings">October 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_University_bombings" title="Aleppo University bombings">University bombings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Aleppo" title="Category:Aleppo">Category:Aleppo</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_literature" title="Template:Arabic literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_literature" title="Template talk:Arabic literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Old" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namara_inscription" title="Namara inscription">Namara inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions">Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pre-Islamic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27allaqat" title="Mu'allaqat">Pre-Islamic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Layla_al-Muhalhel" title="Abu Layla al-Muhalhel">Abu Layla al-Muhalhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_ibn_Zayd" title="Adi ibn Zayd">Adi ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afira_bint_%27Abbad" title="Afira bint 'Abbad">Afira bint 'Abbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-F%C4%81ri%CA%BFah_bint_Shadd%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād">Al-Fāriʿah bint Shaddād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hujayjah" title="Al-Hujayjah">Al-Hujayjah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B8%A4urqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ḥurqah">Al-Ḥurqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khirniq_bint_Badr" title="Al-Khirniq bint Badr">Al-Khirniq bint Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shanfara" title="Al-Shanfara">Al-Shanfara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nu%27man_ibn_Humaydah" title="Al-Nu'man ibn Humaydah">Al-Nu'man ibn Humaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Alqama_ibn_%27Abada" class="mw-redirect" title="'Alqama ibn 'Abada">'Alqama ibn 'Abada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Amir_ibn_al-Tufayl" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amir ibn al-Tufayl">'Amir ibn al-Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Kulthum" title="Amr ibn Kulthum">Amr ibn Kulthum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarah_ibn_Shaddad" title="Antarah ibn Shaddad">Antarah ibn Shaddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-A%27sha" title="Al-A'sha">Al-A'sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harith_ibn_Hilliza_Al-Yashkuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri">Harith ibn Hilliza Al-Yashkuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatim_al-Tai" title="Hatim al-Tai">Hatim al-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lab%C4%ABd" class="mw-redirect" title="Labīd">Labīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laila_bint_Lukaiz" title="Laila bint Lukaiz">Laila bint Lukaiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahd_al-Aadiyya" title="Mahd al-Aadiyya">Mahd al-Aadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27aqqir" title="Mu'aqqir">Mu'aqqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nabigha" title="Al-Nabigha">Al-Nabigha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imru%27_al-Qais" title="Imru' al-Qais">Imru' al-Qais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaw%27al_ibn_%27Adiya" title="Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya">Samaw'al ibn 'Adiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarafa" title="Tarafa">Tarafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_al-Huwayrith" title="Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith">Uthman ibn al-Huwayrith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuhayr_bin_Abi_Sulma" title="Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma">Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuhayr_ibn_Janab" title="Zuhayr ibn Janab">Zuhayr ibn Janab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktham_ibn_Saifi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktham ibn Saifi">Aktham ibn Saifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Munakhal" title="Al-Munakhal">Al-Munakhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Akhtal_al-Taghlibi" title="Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi">Al-Akhtal al-Taghlibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farazdaq" title="Al-Farazdaq">Al-Farazdaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Hamid_al-Katib" title="Abd al-Hamid al-Katib">Abd al-Hamid al-Katib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadl_Ashsha%27ira" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadl Ashsha'ira">Fadl Ashsha'ira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_ibn_Thabit" title="Hassan ibn Thabit">Hassan ibn Thabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Hasina" title="Ibn Abi Hasina">Ibn Abi Hasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysun_bint_Bahdal" title="Maysun bint Bahdal">Maysun bint Bahdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_ibn_Ma%27mar" title="Jamil ibn Ma'mar">Jamil ibn Ma'mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suraqa_bin_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Suraqa bin Malik">Suraqa bin Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarir_ibn_Atiyah" title="Jarir ibn Atiyah">Jarir ibn Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27b_bin_Zuhayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'b bin Zuhayr">Ka'b bin Zuhayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khansa">Al-Khansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthayyir" title="Kuthayyir">Kuthayyir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layla_al-Akhyaliyya" title="Layla al-Akhyaliyya">Layla al-Akhyaliyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suraqah_al-Bariqi" title="Suraqah al-Bariqi">Suraqah al-Bariqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutayla_ukht_al-Nadr" title="Qutayla ukht al-Nadr">Qutayla ukht al-Nadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddah_al-Yaman" title="Waddah al-Yaman">Waddah al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_al-Katib_al-Mughanni" title="Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni">Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zufar_ibn_al-Harith_al-Kilabi" title="Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi">Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_Jadan_al-Himyari" title="Dhu Jadan al-Himyari">Dhu Jadan al-Himyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorayd_bin_Al_Soma" title="Dorayd bin Al Soma">Dorayd bin Al Soma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_ibn_al-Fuja%27a" title="Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a">Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_al-Dabbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mufaddal al-Dabbi">al-Mufaddal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98Ulayya_bint_al-Mahd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Ulayya bint al-Mahdī">Bint al-Mahdī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Ibn_al-Ahnaf" title="Abbas Ibn al-Ahnaf">Ibn al-Ahnaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_al-Mu%27tazz" title="Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz">Ibn al-Mu'tazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Firas_al-Hamdani" title="Abu Firas al-Hamdani">Abu Firas al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tammam" title="Abu Tammam">Abu Tammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_Abdallah_ibn_al-Mudabbir" title="Abu'l-Hasan Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn al-Mudabbir">Al-Mudabbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Husayn_ibn_Ali_al-Maghribi" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Maghribi">Abu'l-Qasimbal-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arib_al-Ma%27muniyya" title="Arib al-Ma'muniyya">Arib al-Ma'muniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Asma%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Asma'i">Al-Asma'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tifashi" title="Ahmad al-Tifashi">Ahmad al-Tifashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Atahiya" title="Abu al-Atahiya">Abu al-Atahiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_ibn_al-%27Amid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid">ibn al-'Amid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badi%27_al-Zaman_al-Hamadani" title="Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani">Al-Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-din_Zuhair" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha' al-din Zuhair">Baha' al-din Zuhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashshar_ibn_Burd" title="Bashshar ibn Burd">Bashshar ibn Burd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhturi" title="Buhturi">Buhturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Busiri" title="Al-Busiri">Al-Busiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Faraj_al-Isfahani" title="Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani">Al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fath_ibn_Khaqan" title="Al-Fath ibn Khaqan">Al-Fath ibn Khaqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hariri_of_Basra" title="Al-Hariri of Basra">Al-Hariri of Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Farid" title="Ibn al-Farid">Ibn al-Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Rumi" title="Ibn al-Rumi">Ibn al-Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Duraid" title="Ibn Duraid">Ibn Duraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Sari_al-Zajjaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Sari al-Zajjaj">al-Zajjaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Azhari" title="Abu Mansur al-Azhari">Abu Mansur al-Azhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">ibn al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mudabbir" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mudabbir">ibn al-Mudabbir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al-Ma'arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_ibn_Abi_Hafsa" title="Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa">Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutanabbi" title="Al-Mutanabbi">Al-Mutanabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nuwas" title="Abu Nuwas">Abu Nuwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%81riyah" title="Shāriyah">Shāriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyya_Umm_Ali_bint_Ghaith_ibn_Ali_al-Armanazi" title="Taqiyya Umm Ali bint Ghaith ibn Ali al-Armanazi">Al-Armanazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aban_al-Lahiqi" title="Aban al-Lahiqi">Aban al-Lahiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani">Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabia of Basra">Rabia of Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_ibn_Habib" title="Yunus ibn Habib">Yunus ibn Habib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_al-Jawhari" title="Abu Nasr al-Jawhari">Abu Nasr al-Jawhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khalil_ibn_Ahmad_al-Farahidi" title="Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi">Al-Farahidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Muqaffa%27" title="Ibn al-Muqaffa'">Ibn al-Muqaffa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mubarrad" title="Al-Mubarrad">Al-Mubarrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Tahir_Tayfur" title="Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur">Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safiyya_al-Baghdadiyya" title="Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya">Safiyya al-Baghdadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Al-Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Anbari" title="Abu Muhammad al-Anbari">Abu Muhammad al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Anbari" title="Ibn al-Anbari">Ibn al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qasabani" title="Al-Qasabani">Al-Qasabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutaybah" title="Ibn Qutaybah">Ibn Qutaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dik_al-Jinn" title="Dik al-Jinn">Dik al-Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98In%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Inān">‘Inān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ahmad_Monajjem" title="Abu Ahmad Monajjem">Abu Ahmad Monajjem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zubayr_ibn_Bakkar" title="Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar">Ibn Bakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sar%C4%AB_al-Raff%C4%81%E2%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sarī al-Raffā’">Al-Sarī al-Raffā’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_bin_Yahya_al-Suli" title="Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli">Al-Suli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niftawayh" title="Niftawayh">Niftawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">Al-Tughrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layl%C4%81_bint_%E1%B9%ACar%C4%ABf" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylā bint Ṭarīf">Laylā bint Ṭarīf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%27alibi" title="Al-Tha'alibi">Al-Tha'alibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Mihyar_al-Daylami" title="Abu'l-Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami">Al-Daylami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Hayy%C4%81n_al-Tawh%C4%ABd%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī">al-Tawhīdī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Radi" title="Al-Sharif al-Radi">Al-Sharif al-Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hayyus" title="Ibn Hayyus">Ibn Hayyus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Raghib_al-Isfahani" title="Al-Raghib al-Isfahani">Al-Raghib al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_bin_al_Mugrab_Al_Uyuni" title="Ali bin al Mugrab Al Uyuni">Al Uyuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Al Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansur_Al-Hallaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansur Al-Hallaj"> Al-Hallaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usama_ibn_Munqidh" title="Usama ibn Munqidh">Usama ibn Munqidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qatta%27_al-Siqilli" title="Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli">Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shajari" title="Ibn al-Shajari">Ibn al-Shajari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Adlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Adlan">Ibn 'Adlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_Ahmad_ibn_Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Sa%27id" title="Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Sa'id">Abu Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rumaikiyya" title="Al-Rumaikiyya">Al-Rumaikiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Alphaizuli" title="Maria Alphaizuli">Maria Alphaizuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ammar" title="Muhammad ibn Ammar">Ibn Ammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buthaina_bint_al-Mu%27tamid_ibn_Abbad" title="Buthaina bint al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad">Buthaina </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsa_bint_al-Hajj_al-Rukuniyya" title="Hafsa bint al-Hajj al-Rukuniyya">Al-Rukuniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamda_bint_Ziyad_al-Muaddib" title="Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib">Hamda bint Ziyad al-Muaddib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hamdis" title="Ibn Hamdis">Ibn Hamdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_Rabbih" title="Ibn Abd Rabbih">Ibn Abd Rabbih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Abbar" title="Ibn al-Abbar">Ibn al-Abbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Zaqqaq" title="Ibn al-Zaqqaq">Ibn al-Zaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Amira" title="Ibn Amira">Ibn Amira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baqi" title="Ibn Baqi">Ibn Baqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bassam" title="Ibn Bassam">Ibn Bassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juzayy" title="Ibn Juzayy">Ibn Juzayy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khafaja" title="Ibn Khafaja">Ibn Khafaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Quzman" title="Ibn Quzman">Ibn Quzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sahl_of_Seville" title="Ibn Sahl of Seville">Ibn Sahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zamrak" title="Ibn Zamrak">Ibn Zamrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zayd%C3%BAn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Zaydún">Ibn Zaydún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubna_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Lubna of Córdoba">Lubna of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid_ibn_Abbad" title="Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad">Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Hani_al-Andalusi_al-Azdi" title="Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi">ibn Hani al-Azdi </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhya_bint_Al-Tayyani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhya bint Al-Tayyani">Muhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazhun_al-Garnatiya_bint_al-Qulai%E2%80%99iya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazhun al-Garnatiya bint al-Qulai’iya">Nazhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasmuna" title="Qasmuna">Qasmuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tutili" title="Al-Tutili">Al-Tutili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Al-Kiram" title="Umm Al-Kiram">Umm Al-Kiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallada_bint_al-Mustakfi" title="Wallada bint al-Mustakfi">Yusuf III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_III,_Sultan_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf III, Sultan of Granada">Yusuf III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Shushtari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari">al-Shushtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Madyan" title="Abu Madyan">Abu Madyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbad_al-Rundi" title="Ibn Abbad al-Rundi">al-Rundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Arif" title="Ibn al-Arif">Ibn al-Arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jalil_ibn_Wahbun" title="Abd al-Jalil ibn Wahbun">Ibn Wahbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Majid_ibn_Abdun" title="Abd al-Majid ibn Abdun">Ibn Abdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">al-Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fazazi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fazazi">al-Fazazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Yayyab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Yayyab">Ibn al-Yayyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="Ibn Jubayr">Ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Kattani" title="Ibn al-Kattani">Ibn al-Kattani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_al-Khisal" title="Ibn Abi al-Khisal">Ibn Abi al-Khisal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Arabshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Arabshah">Ahmad ibn Arabshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Busiri" title="Al-Busiri">Al-Busiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Manzur" title="Ibn Manzur">Ibn Manzur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27A%27isha_al-Ba%27uniyya" title="'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya">'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wardi" title="Ibn al-Wardi">Ibn al-Wardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nubata" title="Ibn Nubata">Ibn Nubata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_al-Nafzawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Nafzawi">al-Nafzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qalqashandi" title="Al-Qalqashandi">Al-Qalqashandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Al-Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuz%C3%BBl%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzûlî">Fuzûlî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_al-Baghdadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi">Abdul Qadir al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Diyab" title="Hanna Diyab">Hanna Diyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wannan" title="Ibn al-Wannan">Ibn al-Wannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Triki" title="Ahmed Ben Triki">Ahmed Ben Triki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_literature" title="Modern Arabic literature">Nahda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Samy_El_Baroudy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmoud Samy El Baroudy">El Baroudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruf_al_Rusafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruf al Rusafi">Maruf al Rusafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasif_al-Yaziji" title="Nasif al-Yaziji">Nasif al-Yaziji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Yaziji" title="Ibrahim al-Yaziji">Ibrahim al-Yaziji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Sidqi_al-Zahawi" title="Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi">Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Faris_Shidyaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Faris Shidyaq">Ahmad Faris Shidyaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naoum_Mokarzel" title="Naoum Mokarzel">Naoum Mokarzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Rida" title="Ahmad Rida">Ahmad Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qustaki_al-Himsi" title="Qustaki al-Himsi">Qustaki al-Himsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Kawakibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi">al-Kawakibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleyman_al-Boustani" title="Suleyman al-Boustani">Suleyman al-Boustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani" title="Butrus al-Bustani">Butrus al-Bustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zaki_Pasha" title="Ahmad Zaki Pasha">Ahmad Zaki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%27a_al-Tahtawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'a al-Tahtawi">Rifa'a al-Tahtawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Marrash" title="Abdallah Marrash">Abdallah Marrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Marrash" title="Francis Marrash">Francis Marrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryana_Marrash" title="Maryana Marrash">Maryana Marrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Ibrahim" title="Hafez Ibrahim">Hafez Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shawqi" title="Ahmed Shawqi">Ahmed Shawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Naimy" title="Mikhail Naimy">Mikhail Naimy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran" title="Kahlil Gibran">Kahlil Gibran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farah_Antun" title="Farah Antun">Farah Antun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurji_Zaydan" title="Jurji Zaydan">Jurji Zaydan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Ziadeh" title="May Ziadeh">May Ziadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Hussein" title="Taha Hussein">Taha Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_al-Hakim" title="Tawfiq al-Hakim">Tawfiq al-Hakim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_literature" title="Modern Arabic literature">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nawal_El_Saadawi" title="Nawal El Saadawi">Nawal El Saadawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Idris" title="Yusuf Idris">Yusuf Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonallah_Ibrahim" title="Sonallah Ibrahim">Sonallah Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi" title="Ahlam Mosteghanemi">Ahlam Mosteghanemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Darwish" title="Mahmoud Darwish">Mahmoud Darwish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adunis">Adunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Abd_al-Ghafur_Attar" title="Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar">Ahmad Abd al-Ghafur Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Kashgari" title="Abdur Rahman Kashgari">Abdur Rahman Kashgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Maghut" title="Muhammad al-Maghut">Muhammad al-Maghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_Qabbani" title="Nizar Qabbani">Nizar Qabbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C4%81s_al-Aqq%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbās al-Aqqād">Abbās al-Aqqād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Wahbi_al-Tal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal">Mustafa Wahbi al-Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Akl" title="Said Akl">Said Akl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayeq_Abdul-Jaleel" title="Fayeq Abdul-Jaleel">Fayeq Abdul-Jaleel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Antoon" title="Sinan Antoon">Sinan Antoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Tuqan" title="Ibrahim Tuqan">Ibrahim Tuqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Habibi" title="Emile Habibi">Emile Habibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Kanafani" title="Ghassan Kanafani">Ghassan Kanafani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghada_al-Samman" title="Ghada al-Samman">Ghada al-Samman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Munif" title="Abdul Rahman Munif">Abdul Rahman Munif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Abdul_Rahman_Al_Gosaibi" title="Ghazi Abdul Rahman Al Gosaibi">Al Gosaibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboul-Qacem_Echebbi" title="Aboul-Qacem Echebbi">Echebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Mina" title="Hanna Mina">Hanna Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Khoury" title="Colette Khoury">Colette Khoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_Wannous" title="Saadallah Wannous">Saadallah Wannous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Tamer" title="Zakaria Tamer">Zakaria Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayeb_Salih" title="Tayeb Salih">Tayeb Salih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Aboulela" title="Leila Aboulela">Leila Aboulela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan_Abdel_Quddous" title="Ihsan Abdel Quddous">Ihsan Abdel Quddous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaa_Al_Aswany" title="Alaa Al Aswany">Alaa Al Aswany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Choukri" title="Mohamed Choukri">Mohamed Choukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Abouzeid" title="Leila Abouzeid">Leila Abouzeid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Bennis" title="Mohammed Bennis">Mohammed Bennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdellatif_Laabi" title="Abdellatif Laabi">Abdellatif Laabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Said_Raihani" title="Mohamed Said Raihani">Mohamed Said Raihani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waciny_Laredj" title="Waciny Laredj">Waciny Laredj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahar_Djaout" title="Tahar Djaout">Tahar Djaout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alifa_Rifaat" title="Alifa Rifaat">Alifa Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Douagi" title="Ali Douagi">Ali Douagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssef_Rzouga" title="Youssef Rzouga">Youssef Rzouga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jahin" title="Salah Jahin">Salah Jahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Abul-Qassem_Donqol" class="mw-redirect" title="Amal Abul-Qassem Donqol">Amal Donqol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zaki_Abu_Shadi" title="Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi">Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tawfiq" title="Hasan Tawfiq">Hasan Tawfiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Mazini" title="Ibrahim al-Mazini">Ibrahim al-Mazini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mahdi_al-Jawahiri" title="Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri"> al-Jawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_Khulusi" title="Safa Khulusi">Safa Khulusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazik_Al-Malaika" title="Nazik Al-Malaika">Nazik Al-Malaika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Matar" title="Ahmed Matar">Ahmed Matar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahhab_Al-Bayati" title="Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati">Al-Bayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Shakir_al-Sayyab" title="Badr Shakir al-Sayyab">al-Sayyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Yousef" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi Yousef">Saadi Yousef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Nasrallah" title="Ibrahim Nasrallah">Ibrahim Nasrallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Abu_Madi" title="Elia Abu Madi">Elia Abu Madi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abu_Risha" title="Omar Abu Risha">Omar Abu Risha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Khal" title="Yusuf al-Khal">Yusuf al-Khal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourid_Barghouti" title="Mourid Barghouti">Mourid Barghouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabra_Ibrahim_Jabra" title="Jabra Ibrahim Jabra">Jabra Ibrahim Jabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samih_al-Qasim" title="Samih al-Qasim">Samih al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Tuqan" title="Fadwa Tuqan">Fadwa Tuqan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="National_literatures_of_Arab_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">National literatures of Arab states</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Djibouti" title="Literature of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copto-Arabic_literature" title="Copto-Arabic literature">Copto-Arabic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Saudi_Arabian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Saudi Arabian (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_literature" title="Syrian literature">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_literature" title="Tunisian literature">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">U.A.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veganism_and_vegetarianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template talk:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veganism_and_vegetarianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_veganism" title="Black veganism">Black veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism#History" title="Veganism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">Vegan school meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_vegetarianism" title="Economic vegetarianism">Economic vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country" title="Vegetarianism by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">Vegetarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">Vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_vegetarian_and_vegan_characters" title="List of fictional vegetarian and vegan characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_restaurants" title="List of vegetarian and vegan restaurants">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">Vegan media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_vegetarianism" title="Islamic vegetarianism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism#Vegetarianism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food<br />and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_chicken_fillet_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan chicken fillet roll">Chicken fillet roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut burger">Coconut burger</a></li> <li>Dairy alternatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cream" title="Plant cream">Plant cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_yogurt" title="Soy yogurt">Soy yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_cheese" title="Vegan cheese">Cheese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">Grains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_dessert#Gelatin_substitutes" title="Gelatin dessert">Gelatin substitutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrageenan" title="Carrageenan">Carrageenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulaman" title="Gulaman">Gulaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjac#Fruit_jelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjac">Konjac jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose#Food" title="Bacterial cellulose">Microbial cellulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_jambon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan jambon">Jambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">List of meat substitutes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">Miso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">Mochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_duck" title="Mock duck">Mock duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_yeast" title="Nutritional yeast">Nutritional yeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorn" title="Quorn">Quorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Seitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_bacon" title="Vegetarian bacon">Vegetarian bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_hot_dog" title="Vegetarian hot dog">Hot dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_non-vegetarian_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian and non-vegetarian marks">Vegetarian mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_sausage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_sausage_roll" title="Meat-free sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_beer" title="Vegetarianism and beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_wine" title="Vegetarianism and wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_burger" title="Veggie burger">Veggie burger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian organizations">Groups</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian festivals">events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Vegan_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="China Vegan Society">China Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Empowerment_Project" title="Food Empowerment Project">Food Empowerment Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_Vegan" title="Go Vegan">Go Vegan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Vereniging_voor_Veganisme" title="Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme">Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Hen_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Hen House">Our Hen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plamil_Foods" title="Plamil Foods">Plamil Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Awareness_Foundation" title="Vegan Awareness Foundation">Vegan Awareness Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan flag">Vegan flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Outreach" title="Vegan Outreach">Vegan Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Prisoners_Support_Group" title="Vegan Prisoners Support Group">Vegan Prisoners Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganmania" title="Veganmania">Veganmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganuary" title="Veganuary">Veganuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganz" title="Veganz">Veganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church_(vegetarian)" title="Bible Christian Church (vegetarian)">Bible Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Vegetarian_Society" title="Boston Vegetarian Society">Boston Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Vegetarian_Association" title="Christian Vegetarian Association">Christian Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union" title="European Vegetarian Union">European Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Vegetarian_Society" title="French Vegetarian Society">French Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Food_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna Food for Life">Hare Krishna Food for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_days" title="Meat-free days">Meat-free days</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meatless_Monday" title="Meatless Monday">Meatless Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday Fast">Friday Fast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Vegetarian_Society" title="North American Vegetarian Society">North American Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Deutschland" title="ProVeg Deutschland">ProVeg Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_International" title="ProVeg International">ProVeg International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Nederland" title="ProVeg Nederland">ProVeg Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Vegetarian_Society" title="Scottish Vegetarian Society">Scottish Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissveg" title="Swissveg">Swissveg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Vegetarian_Association" title="Toronto Vegetarian Association">Toronto Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Federal_Union" title="Vegetarian Federal Union">Vegetarian Federal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society_(Singapore)" title="Vegetarian Society (Singapore)">Vegetarian Society (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Pride" title="Veggie Pride">Veggie Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_Health" title="Viva! Health">Viva! Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Esperantist_Vegetarian_Association" title="World Esperantist Vegetarian Association">World Esperantist Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegetarian_Day" title="World Vegetarian Day">World Vegetarian Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_companies" title="List of vegetarian and vegan companies">List of vegetarian and vegan companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books,<br />reports,<br /> journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food,_as_a_Moral_Duty" title="An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty</a></i> (1802)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Cookery" title="Vegetable Cookery">Vegetable Cookery</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a></i> (1813)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reasons_for_not_Eating_Animal_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasons for not Eating Animal Food">Reasons for not Eating Animal Food</a></i> (1814)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Own_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature's Own Book">Nature's Own Book</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fruits_and_Farinacea" title="Fruits and Farinacea">Fruits and Farinacea</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Boat" title="The Pleasure Boat">The Pleasure Boat</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_is_Vegetarianism%3F" title="What is Vegetarianism?">What is Vegetarianism?</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Vegetarianism" title="Shelley's Vegetarianism">Shelley's Vegetarianism</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Scenes_in_Slaughter-Houses" title="Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses">Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Why I Am a Vegetarian">Why I Am a Vegetarian</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Figs_or_Pigs%3F" title="Figs or Pigs?">Figs or Pigs?</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Years_of_Food_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty Years of Food Reform">Fifty Years of Food Reform</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Reasons_Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian">Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meat_Fetish" title="The Meat Fetish">The Meat Fetish</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fleshless_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="A Fleshless Diet">A Fleshless Diet</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benefits_of_Vegetarianism" title="The Benefits of Vegetarianism">The Benefits of Vegetarianism</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Good_Life" title="Living the Good Life">Living the Good Life</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Talents_(cookbook)" title="Ten Talents (cookbook)">Ten Talents</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_Small_Planet" title="Diet for a Small Planet">Diet for a Small Planet</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Epicure" title="The Vegetarian Epicure">The Vegetarian Epicure</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective Cookbooks</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_Vegetarian_Cookbook" title="The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook">The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laurel%27s_Kitchen" title="Laurel's Kitchen">Laurel's Kitchen</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Cookbook" title="Moosewood Cookbook">Moosewood Cookbook</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fit_for_Life" title="Fit for Life">Fit for Life</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America" title="Diet for a New America">Diet for a New America</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sexual_Politics_of_Meat" title="The Sexual Politics of Meat">The Sexual Politics of Meat</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Cooking_for_Everyone" title="Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone">Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinny_Bitch" title="Skinny Bitch">Skinny Bitch</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bloodless_Revolution_(book)" title="The Bloodless Revolution (book)">The Bloodless Revolution</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eating_Animals" title="Eating Animals">Eating Animals</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Love_Dogs,_Eat_Pigs,_and_Wear_Cows" title="Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows">Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Studies_Project" title="The Vegan Studies Project">The Vegan Studies Project</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Animal_Farming" title="The End of Animal Farming">The End of Animal Farming</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Kingdom:_The_Abundant_World_of_Vegan_Recipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable Kingdom: The Abundant World of Vegan Recipes">Vegetable Kingdom</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meat_Atlas" title="Meat Atlas">Meat Atlas</a></i> (annual)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Films and shows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America_(film)" title="Diet for a New America (film)">Diet for a New America (film)</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Post_Punk_Kitchen" title="Post Punk Kitchen">Post Punk Kitchen</a></i> (2003–2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sacred_Duty" title="A Sacred Duty">A Sacred Duty</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fat,_Sick_and_Nearly_Dead" title="Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead">Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planeat" title="Planeat">Planeat</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Live_(2013_film)" title="Live and Let Live (2013 film)">Live and Let Live</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowspiracy" title="Cowspiracy">Cowspiracy</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eating_You_Alive" title="Eating You Alive">Eating You Alive</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maa_Ka_Doodh" title="Maa Ka Doodh">Maa Ka Doodh</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Are_What_You_Eat:_A_Twin_Experiment" title="You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment">You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Naked_Food" title="Naked Food">Naked Food</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Times" title="Vegetarian Times">Vegetarian Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VegNews" title="VegNews">VegNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Agenda">The Animals' Agenda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics, <br />activists, <br />authors, <br />physicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_Aaltola" title="Elisa Aaltola">Elisa Aaltola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_M._Babich" title="Suzanne M. Babich">Suzanne M. Babich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_D._Barnard" title="Neal D. Barnard">Neal D. Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">David Benatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bonsall" title="Will Bonsall">Will Bonsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bulsiewicz" title="Will Bulsiewicz">Will Bulsiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Butaud" title="Georges Butaud">Georges Butaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodey_Castricano" title="Jodey Castricano">Jodey Castricano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Colin_Campbell" title="T. Colin Campbell">T. Colin Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cook_(vegan)" title="Robert Cook (vegan)">Robert Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Davis" title="Brenda Davis">Brenda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Davis_(surgeon)" title="Garth Davis (surgeon)">Garth Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Deckers" title="Jan Deckers">Jan Deckers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Desmond" title="Alan Desmond">Alan Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freya_Dinshah" title="Freya Dinshah">Freya Dinshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Jay_Dinshah" title="H. Jay Dinshah">H. Jay Dinshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dornbusch" title="George Dornbusch">George Dornbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Esselstyn" title="Caldwell Esselstyn">Caldwell Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Fuhrman" title="Joel Fuhrman">Joel Fuhrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristi_Funk" title="Kristi Funk">Kristi Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Greger" title="Michael Greger">Michael Greger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Breeze_Harper" title="A. Breeze Harper">A. Breeze Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Kahn" title="Joel Kahn">Joel Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Yale_Kamila" title="Avery Yale Kamila">Avery Yale Kamila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Klaper" title="Michael Klaper">Michael Klaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aph_Ko" title="Aph Ko">Aph Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_G._Lee" title="Maxwell G. Lee">Maxwell G. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al-Ma'arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Mangels" title="Reed Mangels">Reed Mangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McDougall" title="John A. McDougall">John A. McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._McWilliams" title="James E. McWilliams">James E. McWilliams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesanto_Melina" title="Vesanto Melina">Vesanto Melina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Newman" title="Gemma Newman">Gemma Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emelia_Quinn" title="Emelia Quinn">Emelia Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunaura_Taylor" title="Sunaura Taylor">Sunaura Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Twine_(sociologist)" title="Richard Twine (sociologist)">Richard Twine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_A._Williams" title="Kim A. Williams">Kim A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Wright_(literary_scholar)" title="Laura Wright (literary scholar)">Laura Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Za%C3%AFkowska" title="Sophie Zaïkowska">Sophie Zaïkowska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_B._Acosta" title="Phyllis B. Acosta">Phyllis B. Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alcott" title="William Alcott">William Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_P._Allinson" title="Bertrand P. Allinson">Bertrand P. Allinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allinson" title="Thomas Allinson">Thomas Allinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Attwood" title="Charles R. Attwood">Charles R. Attwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Axon" class="mw-redirect" title="William Axon">William Axon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Baltzer" title="Eduard Baltzer">Eduard Baltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._S._Bathgate" title="H. S. Bathgate">H. S. Bathgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_A._Barrows" title="Horace A. Barrows">Horace A. Barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barstow" title="Geoffrey Barstow">Geoffrey Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Beard" title="Sidney H. Beard">Sidney H. Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bedborough" title="George Bedborough">George Bedborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bell_(physician)" title="Robert Bell (physician)">Robert Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Berg" title="Ragnar Berg">Ragnar Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rynn_Berry" title="Rynn Berry">Rynn Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Bircher-Benner" title="Maximilian Bircher-Benner">Maximilian Bircher-Benner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Black_(physician)" title="George Black (physician)">George Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bonnejoy" title="Ernest Bonnejoy">Ernest Bonnejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Duncan_Bulkley" title="Lucius Duncan Bulkley">Lucius Duncan Bulkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Buttner" title="J. L. Buttner">J. L. Buttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Carton" title="Paul Carton">Paul Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Caudwell" title="Job Caudwell">Job Caudwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Clark (Bible Christian)">James Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cheyne_(physician)" title="George Cheyne (physician)">George Cheyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Clubb" title="Henry S. Clubb">Henry S. Clubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cocchi" title="Antonio Cocchi">Antonio Cocchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Collier" title="Edwin Collier">Edwin Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenna_F._Cooper" title="Lenna F. Cooper">Lenna F. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_de_Clercq" title="Daniël de Clercq">Daniël de Clercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danjou" title="Georges Danjou">Georges Danjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Elmslie_Duncan" title="James Elmslie Duncan">James Elmslie Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Forward" title="Charles W. Forward">Charles W. Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Allen_Fox" title="Michael Allen Fox">Michael Allen Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Foxcroft" title="Peter Foxcroft">Peter Foxcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Gaard" title="Greta Gaard">Greta Gaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasinh_Narayan_Godbole" title="Narasinh Narayan Godbole">Narasinh Narayan Godbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Grand" title="Jules Grand">Jules Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Hacker" title="Jeremiah Hacker">Jeremiah Hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haddon" title="John Haddon">John Haddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hadwen" title="Walter Hadwen">Walter Hadwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig_(physician)" title="Alexander Haig (physician)">Alexander Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hare" title="Edward Hare">Edward Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harvey_(Bible_Christian)" title="William Harvey (Bible Christian)">William Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Hecquet" title="Philippe Hecquet">Philippe Hecquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hines" title="Brian Hines">Brian Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_Holbrook" title="Martin Luther Holbrook">Martin Luther Holbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jennings" title="Isaac Jennings">Isaac Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_Kellogg" title="John Harvey Kellogg">John Harvey Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kerr" title="Norman Kerr">Norman Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Kress" title="Daniel H. Kress">Daniel H. Kress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lambe_(physician)" title="William Lambe (physician)">William Lambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._C._Latson" title="W. R. C. Latson">W. R. C. Latson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Lee" title="Elmer Lee">Elmer Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Levin" title="Susan M. Levin">Susan M. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Marquette" title="Jacques de Marquette">Jacques de Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Garrett_Marsh" title="Alice Garrett Marsh">Alice Garrett Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_McCartney" title="Stella McCartney">Stella McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_McCollum" title="Elmer McCollum">Elmer McCollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Metcalfe" title="William Metcalfe">William Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Peck_Miller" title="Eli Peck Miller">Eli Peck Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Willis_Miller" title="Harry Willis Miller">Harry Willis Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_D._Mussey" title="Reuben D. Mussey">Reuben D. Mussey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Newman" title="Francis William Newman">Francis William Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._E._O%27Callaghan" title="R. E. O'Callaghan">R. E. O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Oldfield" title="Josiah Oldfield">Josiah Oldfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Ornish" title="Dean Ornish">Dean Ornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Ortt" title="Felix Ortt">Felix Ortt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_V._Pink" title="Cyril V. Pink">Cyril V. Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_Doyle_Register" title="Ulma Doyle Register">Ulma Doyle Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Romanes" title="Kenneth Romanes">Kenneth Romanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_Russell" title="Rollo Russell">Rollo Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Lindstr%C3%B6m_Saxon" title="Johan Lindström Saxon">Johan Lindström Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scholefield_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Scholefield (Bible Christian)">James Scholefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Schwartz" title="Richard H. Schwartz">Richard H. Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Shearn" title="W. B. Shearn">W. B. Shearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Simpson_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Simpson (Bible Christian)">James Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lester_Smith" title="Ernest Lester Smith">Ernest Lester Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Stephens" title="William O. Stephens">William O. Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stoddard" title="Alan Stoddard">Alan Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Thacher_Trall" title="Russell Thacher Trall">Russell Thacher Trall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Towgood" title="Frederick Towgood">Frederick Towgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Trist" title="Sidney Trist">Sidney Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Weilsh%C3%A4user" title="Emil Weilshäuser">Emil Weilshäuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severin_Wielobycki" title="Severin Wielobycki">Severin Wielobycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Williams_(humanitarian)" title="Howard Williams (humanitarian)">Howard Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wokes" title="Frank Wokes">Frank Wokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._Sibly" title="W. A. Sibly">W. A. Sibly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzachi_Zamir" title="Tzachi Zamir">Tzachi Zamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Keen_Zolber" title="Kathleen Keen Zolber">Kathleen Keen Zolber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chefs and<br />cookbook authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Anderson" title="Pamela Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_Atlas" title="Nava Atlas">Nava Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayim_Bialik" title="Mayim Bialik">Mayim Bialik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleigh_Bodrug" title="Carleigh Bodrug">Carleigh Bodrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Boots" title="Gypsy Boots">Gypsy Boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOSH!" title="BOSH!">BOSH!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Brotherton" title="Martha Brotherton">Martha Brotherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Espe_Brown" title="Edward Espe Brown">Edward Espe Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabitha_Brown_(actress)" title="Tabitha Brown (actress)">Tabitha Brown (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzy_Amis_Cameron" title="Suzy Amis Cameron">Suzy Amis Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Che" title="Hannah Che">Hannah Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinky_Cole" title="Pinky Cole">Pinky Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloe_Coscarelli" title="Chloe Coscarelli">Chloe Coscarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_Devi" title="Yamuna Devi">Yamuna Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Dragonwagon" title="Crescent Dragonwagon">Crescent Dragonwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Elliot" title="Rose Elliot">Rose Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_Esselstyn" title="Rip Esselstyn">Rip Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Fiore" title="Toni Fiore">Toni Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Lee_Flinders" title="Carol Lee Flinders">Carol Lee Flinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Gauthier" title="Alexis Gauthier">Alexis Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richa_Hingle" title="Richa Hingle">Richa Hingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhur_Jaffrey" title="Madhur Jaffrey">Madhur Jaffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollie_Katzen" title="Mollie Katzen">Mollie Katzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Moore_Lapp%C3%A9" title="Frances Moore Lappé">Frances Moore Lappé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Madison" title="Deborah Madison">Deborah Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_McCartney" title="Linda McCartney">Linda McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McCartney" title="Mary McCartney">Mary McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Lui_McKinnon" title="Hetty Lui McKinnon">Hetty Lui McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracye_McQuirter" title="Tracye McQuirter">Tracye McQuirter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Lee_Molinaro" title="Joanne Lee Molinaro">Joanne Lee Molinaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_Morgan" title="Charity Morgan">Charity Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Chandra_Moskowitz" title="Isa Chandra Moskowitz">Isa Chandra Moskowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawa_Muhaiyaddeen" title="Bawa Muhaiyaddeen">Bawa Muhaiyaddeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_Oakley" title="Gaz Oakley">Gaz Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleen_Patrick-Goudreau" title="Colleen Patrick-Goudreau">Colleen Patrick-Goudreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Pritchard" title="Mathew Pritchard">Mathew Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Satchidananda_Saraswati" title="Swami Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Sarno" title="Derek Sarno">Derek Sarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyoko_Schinner" title="Miyoko Schinner">Miyoko Schinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicia_Silverstone" title="Alicia Silverstone">Alicia Silverstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Sunderani" title="Hannah Sunderani">Hannah Sunderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Terry" title="Bryant Terry">Bryant Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Thomas" title="Anna Thomas">Anna Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Thomas" title="Haile Thomas">Haile Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Toyota" title="Lauren Toyota">Lauren Toyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeeca_Uy" title="Jeeca Uy">Jeeca Uy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Veronesi" title="Umberto Veronesi">Umberto Veronesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisha_Vora" title="Nisha Vora">Nisha Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Wakeman_(author)" title="Alan Wakeman (author)">Alan Wakeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Yonan" title="Joe Yonan">Joe Yonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restaurants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Esther%27s_Vegan_Jewish_Deli" title="Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli">Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnaholic" title="Cinnaholic">Cinnaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_Kitchen" title="Crossroads Kitchen">Crossroads Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Elephant_Vegetarian_Bistro" title="Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro">Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greens_Restaurant" title="Greens Restaurant">Greens Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltl_Restaurant" title="Hiltl Restaurant">Hiltl Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pine_(restaurant)" title="Little Pine (restaurant)">Little Pine (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purezza" title="Purezza">Purezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutty_Vegan" title="Slutty Vegan">Slutty Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souley_Vegan" title="Souley Vegan">Souley Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Lounge,_London" title="The Sound Lounge, London">The Sound Lounge, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Galaxy" title="Veggie Galaxy">Veggie Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Grill" title="Veggie Grill">Veggie Grill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former restaurants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cranks_(restaurant)" title="Cranks (restaurant)">Cranks (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Thought_(restaurant)" title="Food for Thought (restaurant)">Food for Thought (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSpiral_Lounge" title="InSpiral Lounge">InSpiral Lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentil_as_Anything" title="Lentil as Anything">Lentil as Anything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Caf%C3%A9" title="Minerva Café">Minerva Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Riverside_Cafe" title="New Riverside Cafe">New Riverside Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(restaurant)" title="Nix (restaurant)">Nix (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Cafeteria" title="Penny Cafeteria">Penny Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Peacock" title="Pink Peacock">Pink Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Reed" title="The Hollow Reed">The Hollow Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pitman_Vegetarian_Hotel" title="The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel">The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_symbolism" title="Vegetarian and vegan symbolism">Vegetarian and vegan symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juice_fasting" title="Juice fasting">Juice fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_dog_diet" title="Vegetarian and vegan dog diet">Vegetarian and vegan dog diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_action_plan" title="Plant-based action plan">Plant-based action plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low-carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Flexitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shurtleff" title="William Shurtleff">William Shurtleff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akiko_Aoyagi" title="Akiko Aoyagi">Akiko Aoyagi</a> (The Book of Tofu)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophical_pessimism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophical_pessimism" title="Template:Philosophical pessimism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophical_pessimism" title="Template talk:Philosophical pessimism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophical_pessimism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophical pessimism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophical_pessimism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophical_pessimists" title="List of philosophical pessimists">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hegesias_of_Cyrene" title="Hegesias of Cyrene">Hegesias of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Bahnsen" title="Julius Bahnsen">Julius Bahnsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Pl%C3%BCmacher" title="Olga Plümacher">Olga Plümacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Mainl%C3%A4nder" title="Philipp Mainländer">Philipp Mainländer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Hartmann" title="Eduard von Hartmann">Eduard von Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Taubert" title="Agnes Taubert">Agnes Taubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wessel_Zapffe" title="Peter Wessel Zapffe">Peter Wessel Zapffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Emil Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Cabrera_(philosopher)" title="Julio Cabrera (philosopher)">Julio Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">David Benatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Dalton" title="Drew Dalton">Drew Dalton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Duḥkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_evil" title="Radical evil">Radical evil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation"><i>The World as Will and Representation</i> (Arthur Schopenhauer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Moral_Works" title="Small Moral Works"><i>Small Moral Works</i> (Giacomo Leopardi)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tragical_as_World_Law_and_Humour_as_Aesthetic_Shape_of_the_Metaphysical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tragical as World Law and Humour as Aesthetic Shape of the Metaphysical (page does not exist)">The Tragical as World Law and Humour as Aesthetic Shape of the Metaphysical</a></i> (Julius Bahnsen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_the_Unconscious" title="Philosophy of the Unconscious"><i>Philosophy of the Unconscious</i> (Eduard von Hartmann)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Redemption" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philosophy of Redemption">The Philosophy of Redemption</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Philipp_Mainl%C3%A4nder" title="Philipp Mainländer">Philipp Mainländer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Messiah" title="The Last Messiah"><i>The Last Messiah</i> (Peter Wessel Zapffe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Short_History_of_Decay_(book)" title="A Short History of Decay (book)"><i>A Short History of Decay</i> (Emil Cioran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Predicament" title="The Human Predicament"><i>The Human Predicament</i> (David Benatar)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discomfort_and_Moral_Impediment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discomfort and Moral Impediment (page does not exist)">Discomfort and Moral Impediment</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Julio_Cabrera_(philosopher)" title="Julio Cabrera (philosopher)">Julio Cabrera</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Matter_of_Evil:_From_Speculative_Realism_to_Ethical_Pessimism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Matter of Evil: From Speculative Realism to Ethical Pessimism (page does not exist)">The Matter of Evil: From Speculative Realism to Ethical Pessimism</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Drew_Dalton" title="Drew Dalton">Dalton, Drew M.</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_pessimism_as_authors" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Philosophers of pessimism as authors">Works by philosophical pessimists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pessimism:_A_History_and_a_Criticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pessimism: A History and a Criticism (page does not exist)">Pessimism: A History and a Criticism</a></i> (James Sully)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Philosophy_of_Disenchantement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Philosophy of Disenchantement (page does not exist)">The Philosophy of Disenchantement</a></i> (Edgar Saltus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conspiracy_Against_the_Human_Race" title="The Conspiracy Against the Human Race">The Conspiracy Against the Human Race: A Contrivance of Horror</a></i> (Thomas Ligotti)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Natalism:_Rejectionist_Philosophy_from_Buddhism_to_Benatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Natalism: Rejectionist Philosophy from Buddhism to Benatar (page does not exist)">Anti-Natalism: Rejectionist Philosophy from Buddhism to Benatar</a></i>, (Ken Coates)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weltschmerz:_Pessimism_in_German_Philosophy,_1860%E2%80%931900&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weltschmerz: Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860–1900 (page does not exist)">Weltschmerz: Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860–1900</a></i> (Frederick C. Beiser)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depressive_Realism:_Interdisciplinary_perspectives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Depressive Realism: Interdisciplinary perspectives (page does not exist)">Depressive Realism: Interdisciplinary perspectives</a></i> (Colin Feltham)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_Matters:_Pessimism_and_the_Problem_of_Suffering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dark Matters: Pessimism and the Problem of Suffering (page does not exist)">Dark Matters: Pessimism and the Problem of Suffering</a></i> (Mara van der Lugt)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressive_realism" title="Depressive realism">Depressive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophical_pessimism" title="History of philosophical pessimism">History of philosophical pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benatar%27s_asymmetry_argument" title="Benatar's asymmetry argument">Benatar's asymmetry argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophical_pessimists" title="List of philosophical pessimists">List of philosophical pessimists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119306883">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028301773">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ebul-ala-el-maarri">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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