CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Poverty threshold - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"566d2b70-b849-41e1-91d1-57c95d41bae2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Poverty_threshold","wgTitle":"Poverty threshold","wgCurRevisionId":1252707572,"wgRevisionId":1252707572,"wgArticleId":170584,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2022","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2019","United States-centric","Use dmy dates from February 2021", "Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2022","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019","Articles to be split from September 2020","All articles to be split","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2019","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005","All articles containing potentially dated statements","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from August 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012","Macroeconomic indicators","Measurements and definitions of poverty","Welfare economics"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Poverty_threshold","wgRelevantArticleId":170584,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Relative_poverty","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Poverty_threshold#Relative_poverty","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q205660","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg/1200px-Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg/800px-Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg/640px-Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Poverty threshold - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold#Relative_poverty"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold#Relative_poverty"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Poverty_threshold rootpage-Poverty_threshold skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Poverty+threshold" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Poverty+threshold" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Poverty+threshold" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Poverty+threshold" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absolute_poverty_and_the_International_Poverty_Line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_poverty_and_the_International_Poverty_Line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Absolute poverty and the International Poverty Line</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Absolute_poverty_and_the_International_Poverty_Line-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Absolute poverty and the International Poverty Line subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Absolute_poverty_and_the_International_Poverty_Line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_needs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_needs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Basic needs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_needs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relative poverty</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relative_poverty-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relative poverty subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relative_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_the_concept_of_relative_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_concept_of_relative_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History of the concept of relative poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_concept_of_relative_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_poverty_compared_with_other_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_poverty_compared_with_other_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Relative poverty compared with other standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_poverty_compared_with_other_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_Income_Concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_Income_Concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Living Income Concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_Income_Concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relevance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relevance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relevance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relevance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threshold_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threshold_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Threshold limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threshold_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_poverty_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_poverty_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>National poverty lines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_poverty_lines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National poverty lines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_poverty_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Women and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Racial minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span> <span>Impacts on education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.4</span> <span>Impacts on healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty_mobility_and_healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty_mobility_and_healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.5</span> <span>Poverty mobility and healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty_mobility_and_healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty_dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty_dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.6</span> <span>Poverty dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty_dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cutoff_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cutoff_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.7</span> <span>Cutoff issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cutoff_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.7.1</span> <span>Variability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_transfers_to_alleviate_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_transfers_to_alleviate_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.8</span> <span>Government transfers to alleviate poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_transfers_to_alleviate_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Poverty threshold</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B1" title="خط الفقر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خط الفقر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="দারিদ্র্যসীমা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দারিদ্র্যসীমা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Жизнен минимум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жизнен минимум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llindar_de_pobresa" title="Llindar de pobresa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llindar de pobresa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1h_chudoby" title="Práh chudoby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Práh chudoby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fattigdomsgr%C3%A6nse" title="Fattigdomsgrænse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fattigdomsgrænse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armutsgrenze" title="Armutsgrenze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Armutsgrenze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaesuspiir" title="Vaesuspiir – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaesuspiir" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnea_de_pobreza" title="Línea de pobreza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Línea de pobreza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linio_de_malri%C4%89eco" title="Linio de malriĉeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Linio de malriĉeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobrezia_muga" title="Pobrezia muga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pobrezia muga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B1" title="خط فقر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط فقر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seuil_de_pauvret%C3%A9" title="Seuil de pauvreté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seuil de pauvreté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmoedegrins" title="Earmoedegrins – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Earmoedegrins" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiar_de_pobreza" title="Limiar de pobreza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Limiar de pobreza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%88%EA%B3%A4%EC%84%A0" title="빈곤선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빈곤선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="निर्धनता सीमा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निर्धनता सीमा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povreso-lineo" title="Povreso-lineo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Povreso-lineo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_kemiskinan" title="Garis kemiskinan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Garis kemiskinan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1t%C3%A6ktarm%C3%B6rk" title="Fátæktarmörk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fátæktarmörk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soglia_di_povert%C3%A0" title="Soglia di povertà – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Soglia di povertà" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="קו העוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קו העוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deraz%C3%AEnka_xizaniy%C3%AA" title="Derazînka xizaniyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Derazînka xizaniyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeg%C3%A9nys%C3%A9gi_k%C3%BCsz%C3%B6b" title="Szegénységi küszöb – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szegénységi küszöb" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Линија на сиромаштија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Линија на сиромаштија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokonam-pahantrana" title="Tokonam-pahantrana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tokonam-pahantrana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="दारिद्र्यरेषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दारिद्र्यरेषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_kemiskinan" title="Garis kemiskinan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Garis kemiskinan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoedegrens" title="Armoedegrens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Armoedegrens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E5%9B%B0%E7%B7%9A" title="貧困線 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貧困線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fattigdomsgrense" title="Fattigdomsgrense – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fattigdomsgrense" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fattigdomsgrense" title="Fattigdomsgrense – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fattigdomsgrense" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindal_de_pauretat" title="Lindal de pauretat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lindal de pauretat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗ਼ਰੀਬੀ ਰੇਖਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ਼ਰੀਬੀ ਰੇਖਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%8E%D8%A8%DB%81_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="عتَبہ غربت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عتَبہ غربت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatywna_granica_ub%C3%B3stwa" title="Relatywna granica ubóstwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Relatywna granica ubóstwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linha_de_pobreza" title="Linha de pobreza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linha de pobreza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Черта бедности – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Черта бедности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line" title="Poverty line – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poverty line" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hranica_chudoby" title="Hranica chudoby – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hranica chudoby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%DA%B5%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ھێڵی ھەژاری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێڵی ھەژاری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Апсолутно сиромаштво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Апсолутно сиромаштво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6yhyysraja" title="Köyhyysraja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Köyhyysraja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fattigdomsgr%C3%A4ns" title="Fattigdomsgräns – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fattigdomsgräns" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="வறுமைக் கோடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வறுமைக் கோடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="เส้นแบ่งความยากจน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เส้นแบ่งความยากจน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoksulluk_s%C4%B1n%C4%B1r%C4%B1" title="Yoksulluk sınırı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yoksulluk sınırı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Межа бідності – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Межа бідності" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="خط غربت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خط غربت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng_ngh%C3%A8o" title="Ngưỡng nghèo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngưỡng nghèo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E7%AA%AE%E9%96%80%E6%AA%BB" title="貧窮門檻 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貧窮門檻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinor%C3%AA_x%C4%B1zaniye" title="Sinorê xızaniye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sinorê xızaniye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E7%AA%AE%E9%96%80%E6%AA%BB" title="貧窮門檻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="貧窮門檻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q205660#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Poverty_threshold" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Poverty_threshold" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Poverty_threshold" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&oldid=1252707572" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Poverty_threshold&id=1252707572&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPoverty_threshold%23Relative_poverty"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPoverty_threshold%23Relative_poverty"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Poverty_threshold&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Poverty_rates" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q205660" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relative_poverty&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative poverty">Relative poverty</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Minimum income deemed adequate to live in a specific country or place</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Poverty_threshold" title="Talk:Poverty threshold">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg/220px-Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg/330px-Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg/440px-Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Graph of global population living on under 1, 1.25 and 2 equivalent of 2005 US dollars daily (red) and as a proportion of world population (blue) based on 1981–2008 World Bank data<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (August 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poverty_Thresholds_for_2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Poverty_Thresholds_for_2013.png/390px-Poverty_Thresholds_for_2013.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Poverty_Thresholds_for_2013.png/585px-Poverty_Thresholds_for_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Poverty_Thresholds_for_2013.png/780px-Poverty_Thresholds_for_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Poverty thresholds for 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>poverty threshold</b>, <b>poverty limit</b>, <b>poverty line</b>, or <b>breadline</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the minimum level of <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> deemed adequate in a particular country.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poverty line is usually calculated by estimating the total cost of one year's worth of necessities for the average adult.<sup id="cite_ref-nb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of housing, such as the <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rent</a> for an apartment, usually makes up the largest proportion of this estimate, so economists track the real estate market and other housing cost indicators as a major influence on the poverty line.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual factors are often used to account for various circumstances, such as whether one is a parent, elderly, a child, married, etc. The poverty threshold may be adjusted annually. In practice, like the definition of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly higher in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a> than in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2022, the World Bank updated the <b>International Poverty Line</b> (<b>IPL</b>), a global absolute minimum, to $2.15 per day<sup id="cite_ref-World_Bank_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>). In addition, as of 2022, $3.65 per day in PPP for lower-middle income countries, and $6.85 per day in PPP for upper-middle income countries.<sup id="cite_ref-WBPL_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WBPL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PLWB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLWB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per the $1.90/day standard, the percentage of the global population living in absolute poverty fell from over 80% in 1800 to 10% by 2015, according to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> estimates, which found roughly 734 million people remained in absolute poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-PovcalNet_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PovcalNet-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vox_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vox-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a>, a pioneering investigator of poverty in London at the turn of the 20th century, popularised the idea of a <i>poverty line</i>, a concept originally conceived by the <a href="/wiki/London_School_Board" title="London School Board">London School Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Booth set the line at 10 (50p) to 20 shillings (£1) per week, which he considered to be the minimum amount necessary for a family of four or five people to subsist on.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seebohm_Rowntree" title="Seebohm Rowntree">Seebohm Rowntree</a> (1871–1954), a British sociological researcher, social reformer and industrialist, surveyed rich families in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, and drew a poverty line in terms of a minimum weekly sum of money "necessary to enable families … to secure the necessaries of a healthy life", which included fuel and light, rent, food, clothing, and household and personal items. Based on data from leading <a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">nutritionists</a> of the period, he calculated the cheapest price for the minimum <a href="/wiki/Calorific" class="mw-redirect" title="Calorific">calorific</a> intake and nutritional balance necessary, before people get ill or lose weight. He considered this amount to set his poverty line and concluded that 27.84% of the total population of York lived below this poverty line.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowntree1901_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowntree1901-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This result corresponded with that from Booth's study of poverty in London and so challenged the view, commonly held at the time, that abject poverty was a problem particular to London and was not widespread in the rest of Britain. Rowntree distinguished between <a href="/wiki/Primary_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary poverty">primary poverty</a>, those lacking in income and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_poverty" title="Secondary poverty">secondary poverty</a>, those who had enough income, but spent it elsewhere (1901:295–96).<sup id="cite_ref-Rowntree1901_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowntree1901-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poverty threshold was first developed by <a href="/wiki/Mollie_Orshansky" title="Mollie Orshansky">Mollie Orshansky</a> between 1963 and 1964. She attributed the poverty threshold as a measure of income inadequacy by taking the cost of food plan per family of three or four and multiplying it by a factor of three. In 1969 the inter agency poverty level review committee adjusted the threshold for only price changes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Absolute_poverty_and_the_International_Poverty_Line">Absolute poverty and the International Poverty Line</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Absolute poverty and the International Poverty Line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">Extreme poverty</a></div> <p>The term "absolute poverty" is also sometimes used as a synonym for extreme poverty. Absolute poverty is the absence of enough resources to secure basic life necessities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png/330px-Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png/495px-Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png/660px-Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png 2x" data-file-width="6300" data-file-height="3590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">Poverty headcount ratio</a> at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population). Based on <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> data ranging from 1998 to 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>To assist in measuring this, the World Bank has a daily per capita <b>international poverty line</b> (IPL), a global absolute minimum, of $2.15 a day as of September 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldBank_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldBank-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new IPL replaces the $1.25 per day figure, which used 2005 data.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> came out with a figure (revised largely due to inflation) of $1.25 a day at 2005 <a href="/wiki/Purchasing-power_parity" class="mw-redirect" title="Purchasing-power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (PPP).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new figure of $1.90 is based on ICP PPP calculations and represents the international equivalent of what $1.90 could buy in the US in 2011. Most scholars agree that it better reflects today's reality, particularly new price levels in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common IPL has in the past been roughly $1 a day.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These figures are artificially low according to Peter Edward of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>. He believes the real number as of 2015 was $7.40 per day.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using a single monetary poverty threshold is problematic when applied worldwide, due to the difficulty of comparing prices between countries. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prices of the same goods vary dramatically from country to country; while this is typically corrected for by using PPP exchange rates, the basket of goods used to determine such rates is usually unrepresentative of the poor, most of whose expenditure is on basic foodstuffs rather than the relatively luxurious items (washing machines, air travel, healthcare) often included in PPP baskets. The economist <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Allen">Robert C. Allen</a> has attempted to solve this by using standardized baskets of goods typical of those bought by the poor across countries and historical time, for example including a fixed calorific quantity of the cheapest local grain (such as corn, rice, or oats).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_needs">Basic needs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic needs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Basic_needs" title="Basic needs">Basic needs</a></div> <p>The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute poverty">absolute poverty</a> in developing countries. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term <a href="/wiki/Physical_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical well-being">physical well-being</a>, usually in terms of <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption goods</a>. The poverty line is then defined as the amount of <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> required to satisfy those needs. The 'basic needs' approach was introduced by the International Labour Organization's World Employment Conference in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-ILO_WEC1976_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILO_WEC1976-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ILO1976_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILO1976-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Perhaps the high point of the WEP was the World Employment Conference of 1976, which proposed the satisfaction of basic human needs as the overriding objective of national and international development policy. The basic needs approach to development was endorsed by governments and workers' and employers' organizations from all over the world. It influenced the programs and policies of major multilateral and bilateral development agencies, and was the precursor to the human development approach."<sup id="cite_ref-ILO_WEC1976_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILO_WEC1976-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ILO1976_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILO1976-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A traditional list of immediate "basic needs" is food (including water), shelter, and clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-930390-94-6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-930390-94-6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of 'basic needs' of not just food, water, and shelter, but also sanitation, education, and health care. Different agencies use different lists. According to a UN declaration that resulted from the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Social_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission for Social Development">World Summit on Social Development</a> in Copenhagen in 1995, absolute poverty is "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information. It depends not only on income, but also on access to services."<sup id="cite_ref-Indicators_of_Poverty_and_Hunger_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indicators_of_Poverty_and_Hunger-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Gordon's paper, "Indicators of Poverty and Hunger", for the United Nations, further defines absolute poverty as the absence of any two of the following eight basic needs:<sup id="cite_ref-Indicators_of_Poverty_and_Hunger_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indicators_of_Poverty_and_Hunger-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homeless_man_sleeping_under_a_bench.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Homeless_man_sleeping_under_a_bench.jpg/220px-Homeless_man_sleeping_under_a_bench.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Homeless_man_sleeping_under_a_bench.jpg/330px-Homeless_man_sleeping_under_a_bench.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Homeless_man_sleeping_under_a_bench.jpg/440px-Homeless_man_sleeping_under_a_bench.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2630" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>A homeless man seeks shelter under a public bench.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Food: <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">Body mass index</a> must be above 16.</li> <li>Safe drinking water: Water must not come solely from rivers and ponds, and must be available nearby (fewer than 15 minutes' walk each way).</li> <li>Sanitation facilities: Toilets or <a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">latrines</a> must be accessible in or near the home.</li> <li>Health: Treatment must be received for serious illnesses and pregnancy.</li> <li>Shelter: Homes must have fewer than four people living in each room. Floors must not be made of soil, mud, or clay.</li> <li>Education: Everyone must attend school or otherwise learn to read.</li> <li>Information: Everyone must have access to newspapers, radios, televisions, computers, or telephones at home.</li> <li>Access to services: This item is undefined by Gordon, but normally is used to indicate the complete panoply of education, health, legal, social, and financial (<a href="/wiki/Credit_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (finance)">credit</a>) services.</li></ul> <p>In 1978, Ghai investigated the literature that criticized the basic needs approach. Critics argued that the basic needs approach lacked scientific rigour; it was consumption-oriented and antigrowth. Some considered it to be "a recipe for perpetuating economic backwardness" and for giving the impression "that poverty elimination is all too easy".<sup id="cite_ref-basicneeds1978_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basicneeds1978-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> focused on 'capabilities' rather than consumption. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">development</a> discourse, the basic needs model focuses on the measurement of what is believed to be an eradicable level of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relative_poverty">Relative poverty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relative poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relative_deprivation" title="Relative deprivation">Relative deprivation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/wiki/Relative_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative poverty">Relative poverty</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Poverty_threshold" title="Talk:Poverty threshold">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(September 2020)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Income_percentiles,_with_median_and_relative_poverty_levels_marked.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Income_percentiles%2C_with_median_and_relative_poverty_levels_marked.png/220px-Income_percentiles%2C_with_median_and_relative_poverty_levels_marked.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Income_percentiles%2C_with_median_and_relative_poverty_levels_marked.png/330px-Income_percentiles%2C_with_median_and_relative_poverty_levels_marked.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Income_percentiles%2C_with_median_and_relative_poverty_levels_marked.png/440px-Income_percentiles%2C_with_median_and_relative_poverty_levels_marked.png 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>The blue bars represent the amount of money made by different people. The thin red line shows the relative poverty level. Anyone earning less than that, in this society, is relatively poor.</figcaption></figure> <p>Relative poverty means low income relative to others in a country:<sup id="cite_ref-Eskelinen_2011_942–943_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eskelinen_2011_942–943-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, below 60% of the median income of people in that country. </p><p>Relative poverty measurements, unlike absolute poverty measurements, take the social economic environment of the people observed into consideration. It is based on the assumption that whether a person is considered poor depends on her/his income share relative to the income shares of other people who are living in the same economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Eskelinen_2011_942–943_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eskelinen_2011_942–943-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The threshold for relative poverty is considered to be at 50% of a country's median equivalised disposable income after <a href="/wiki/Transfer_payment" title="Transfer payment">social transfers</a>. Thus, it can vary greatly from country to country even after adjusting for <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_Power_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Purchasing Power Standard">purchasing power standards</a> (PPS).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person can be poor in relative terms but not in absolute terms as the person might be able to meet her/his basic needs, but not be able to enjoy the same standards of living that other people in the same economy are enjoying.<sup id="cite_ref-habitatforhumanity.org.uk_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habitatforhumanity.org.uk-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relative poverty is thus a form of <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a> that can for example affect peoples access to decent housing, education or job opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-habitatforhumanity.org.uk_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habitatforhumanity.org.uk-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relative poverty measure is used by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Program">United Nations Development Program</a> (UNDP), the <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">United Nations Children's Fund</a> (UNICEF), the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) and Canadian poverty researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-Raphael2009_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raphael2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Innocenti2005_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innocenti2005-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OECD2008_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD2008-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNDP2008_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ConferenceBoard2013_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConferenceBoard2013-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the European Union, the "relative poverty measure is the most prominent and most–quoted of the EU social inclusion indicators."<sup id="cite_ref-povinequalityCSP_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-povinequalityCSP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Relative poverty reflects better the cost of social inclusion and equality of opportunity in a specific time and space."<sup id="cite_ref-relativeBradshawInnocenti2012_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativeBradshawInnocenti2012-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Once economic development has progressed beyond a certain minimum level, the rub of the poverty problem – from the point of view of both the poor individual and of the societies in which they live – is not so much the effects of poverty in any absolute form but the effects of the contrast, daily perceived, between the lives of the poor and the lives of those around them. For practical purposes, the problem of poverty in the industrialized nations today is a problem of relative poverty (page 9)."<sup id="cite_ref-relativeBradshawInnocenti2012_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativeBradshawInnocenti2012-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNICEF2000_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNICEF2000-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have argued that as relative poverty is merely a measure of inequality, using the term 'poverty' for it is misleading. For example, if everyone in a country's income doubled, it would not reduce the amount of 'relative poverty' at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_concept_of_relative_poverty">History of the concept of relative poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of the concept of relative poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1776, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> argued that poverty is the inability to afford "not only the commodities which are indispensably necessary for the support of life, but whatever the custom of the country renders it indecent for creditable people, even of the lowest order, to be without."<sup id="cite_ref-AdamSmith1776_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdamSmith1776-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Innocenti2012_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innocenti2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> argued, "People are poverty stricken when their income, even if adequate for survival, falls markedly behind that of their community."<sup id="cite_ref-Innocenti2012_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innocenti2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galbraith1958_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galbraith1958-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, in a joint committee economic President's report in the United States, Republicans endorsed the concept of relative poverty: "No objective definition of poverty exists. ... The definition varies from place to place and time to time. In America as our standard of living rises, so does our idea of what is substandard."<sup id="cite_ref-Innocenti2012_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innocenti2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rep1964_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rep1964-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose Friedman</a> argued for the use of relative poverty claiming that the definition of poverty changes with general living standards. Those labelled as poor in 1995, would have had "a higher standard of living than many labelled not poor" in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Innocenti2012_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innocenti2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedman1965_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman1965-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, American economist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Fuchs" title="Victor Fuchs">Victor Fuchs</a> proposed that "we define as poor any family whose income is less than one-half the median family income."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first introduction of the relative poverty rate as typically computed today<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, British sociologist, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Townsend_(sociologist)" title="Peter Townsend (sociologist)">Peter Townsend</a> published his famous definition: "individuals... can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or are at least widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they belong (page 31)."<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend1979_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend1979-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brian Nolan and Christopher T. Whelan of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Institute" title="Economic and Social Research Institute">Economic and Social Research Institute</a> (ESRI) in Ireland explained that "poverty has to be seen in terms of the standard of living of the society in question."<sup id="cite_ref-CallanNolan1993_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CallanNolan1993-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relative poverty measures are used as official poverty rates by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, UNICEF and the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. The main poverty line used in the OECD and the European Union is based on "economic distance", a level of income set at 60% of the median household income.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_poverty_compared_with_other_standards">Relative poverty compared with other standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relative poverty compared with other standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A measure of <i>relative poverty</i> defines "poverty" as being below some relative poverty threshold. For example, the statement that "those individuals who are employed and whose household equivalised disposable income is below 60% of national median equivalised income are poor" uses a relative measure to define poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-In-Work_Poverty_New_commonly_agreed_indicators_at_the_EU_level_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In-Work_Poverty_New_commonly_agreed_indicators_at_the_EU_level-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>relative poverty</i> can also be used in a different sense to mean "moderate poverty" – for example, a <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> or level of income that is high enough to satisfy basic needs (like <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, housing, and basic <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>), but still significantly lower than that of the majority of the population under consideration. An example of this could be a person living in poor conditions or squalid housing in a high crime area of a developed country and struggling to pay their bills every month due to low wages, debt or unemployment. While this person still benefits from the infrastructure of the developed country, they still endure a less than ideal lifestyle compared to their more affluent countrymen or even the more affluent individuals in less developed countries who have lower living costs.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_Income_Concept">Living Income Concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Living Income Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Living Income refers to the income needed to afford a decent standard of living in the place one lives. The distinguishing feature between a living income and the poverty line is the concept of decency, wherein people thrive, not only survive. Based on years of stakeholder dialogue and expert consultations, the Living Income Community of Practice, an open learning community, established the formal definition of living income drawing on the work of Richard and Martha Anker, who co-authored "Living Wages Around the World: Manual for Measurement". They define a living income as:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The net annual income required for a household in a particular place to afford a decent standard of living for all members of that household. Elements of a decent standard of living include food, water, housing, education, healthcare, transport, clothing, and other essential needs including provision for unexpected events.</p></blockquote><p>Like the poverty line calculation, using a single global monetary calculation for Living Income is problematic when applied worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Living Income should be adjusted quarterly due to inflation and other significant changes such as currency adjustments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual income or proxy income can be used when measuring the gap between initial income and the living income benchmarks. The World Bank notes that poverty and standard of living can be measured by social perception as well, and found that in 2015, roughly one-third of the world's population was considered poor in relation to their particular society.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Living Income Community of Practice (LICOP) was founded by The Sustainable Food Lab, GIZ and ISEAL Alliance to measure the gap between what people around the world earn versus what they need to have a decent standard of living, and find ways to bridge this gap.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variation on the LICOP's Living Income is the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>'s Living Wage Calculator, which compares the local <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> to the amount of money needed to cover expenses beyond what is needed to merely survive across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a> varies greatly if there are children or other dependents in the household. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relevance">Relevance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relevance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An outdated or flawed poverty measure is an obstacle for policymakers, researchers and academics trying to find solutions to the problem of poverty. This has implications for people. The federal poverty line is used by dozens of federal, state, and local agencies, as well as several private organizations and charities, to decide who needs assistance. The assistance can take many forms, but it is often difficult to put in place any type of aid without measurements which provide data. In a rapidly evolving economic climate, poverty assessment often aids developed countries in determining the efficacy of their programs and guiding their development strategy. In addition, by measuring poverty one receives knowledge of which poverty reduction strategies work and which do not,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> helping to evaluate different projects, policies and institutions. To a large extent, measuring the poor and having strategies to do so keep the poor on the agenda, making the problem of political and moral concern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threshold_limitations">Threshold limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Threshold limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is hard to have exact number for poverty, as much data is collected through interviews, meaning income that is reported to the interviewer must be taken at face value.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, data could not rightly represent the situations true nature, nor fully represent the income earned illegally. In addition, if the data were correct and accurate, it would still not mean serving as an adequate measure of the living standards, the well-being or economic position of a given family or household. Research done by Haughton and Khandker<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finds that there is no ideal measure of well-being, arguing that all measures of poverty are imperfect. That is not to say that measuring poverty should be avoided; rather, all indicators of poverty should be approached with caution, and questions about how they are formulated should be raised. </p><p>As a result, depending on the indicator of economic status used, an estimate of who is disadvantaged, which groups have the highest poverty rates, and the nation's progress against poverty varies significantly. Hence, this can mean that defining poverty is not just a matter of measuring things accurately, but it also necessitates fundamental social judgments, many of which have moral implications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_poverty_lines">National poverty lines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National poverty lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percent_Poverty_World_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Percent_Poverty_World_Map.png/300px-Percent_Poverty_World_Map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Percent_Poverty_World_Map.png/450px-Percent_Poverty_World_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Percent_Poverty_World_Map.png/600px-Percent_Poverty_World_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>2008 CIA World Factbook-based map showing the percentage of population by country living below that country's official poverty line</figcaption></figure> <p>National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. Definitions of the poverty line do vary considerably among nations. For example, rich nations generally employ more generous standards of poverty than poor nations. Even among rich nations, the standards differ greatly. Thus, the numbers are not comparable among countries. Even when nations do use the same method, some issues may remain.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>In the UK in 2006, "more than five million people – over a fifth (23 percent) of all employees – were paid less than £6.67 an hour". This value is based on a low pay rate of 60 percent of full-time median earnings, equivalent to a little over £12,000 a year for a 35-hour working week. In April 2006, a 35-hour week would have earned someone £9,191 a year – before tax or National Insurance".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Pay_Commission" title="Low Pay Commission">Low Pay Commission</a> estimated that about 7% of people employed in the UK were earning at or below the <a href="/wiki/National_Minimum_Wage_Act_1998" title="National Minimum Wage Act 1998">National Minimum Wage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BFD_2021_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFD_2021-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> found that 3.8% of jobs were paid below the National Minimum Wage, a decrease from 7.4% in 2020 but an increase from 1.4% in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_2021_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_2021-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They note that this increase from 2019 to 2021 is connected to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ONS_2021_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_2021-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian (newspaper)">The Guardian</a> reported in 2021 that "almost 5m jobs, or one in six nationally, pay below the real living wage".<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_2021_PT_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_2021_PT-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_states_by_poverty_in_percentage_(1999-2000).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Indian_states_by_poverty_in_percentage_%281999-2000%29.png/220px-Indian_states_by_poverty_in_percentage_%281999-2000%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Indian_states_by_poverty_in_percentage_%281999-2000%29.png/330px-Indian_states_by_poverty_in_percentage_%281999-2000%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Indian_states_by_poverty_in_percentage_%281999-2000%29.png/440px-Indian_states_by_poverty_in_percentage_%281999-2000%29.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Poverty rate map of India by prevalence in 2000, among its states and union territories</figcaption></figure> <p>India's official poverty level as of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> is split according to rural versus urban thresholds. For urban dwellers, the poverty line is defined as living on less than 538.60 rupees (approximately US$12) per month, whereas for rural dwellers, it is defined as living on less than 356.35 rupees per month (approximately US$7.50)<sup id="cite_ref-POVERTY_ESTIMATES_FOR_2004-05_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POVERTY_ESTIMATES_FOR_2004-05-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the Indian government stated that 6.7% of its population is below its official poverty limit. As India is one of the fastest-growing economies in 2018, poverty is on the decline in the country, with close to 44 Indians escaping extreme poverty every minute, as per the <a href="/wiki/World_Poverty_Clock" title="World Poverty Clock">World Poverty Clock</a>. India lifted 271 million people out of poverty in a 10-year time period from 2005/06 to 2015/16.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008 Iran government report by central statistics had recommended 9.5 around million people living below poverty line.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 2022 the Iranian economy suffered the highest inflation in 75 years; official statistics put the poverty line at 10 million tomans ($500), while the minimum wage given in the same year has been 5 million toman.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singapore has experienced strong economic growth over the last ten years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> and has consistently ranked among the world's top countries in terms of GDP per capita. </p><p>Inequality has however increased dramatically over the same time span, yet there is no official poverty line in the country. Given Singapore's high level of growth and prosperity, many believe that poverty does not exist in the country, or that domestic poverty is not comparable to global absolute poverty. Such a view persists for a selection of reasons, and since there is no official poverty line, there is no strong acknowledgement that it exists.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet, Singapore is not considering establishing an official poverty line, with Minister for Social and Family Development Chan Chun Sing claiming it would fail to represent the magnitude and scope of problems faced by the poor. As a result, social benefits and aids aimed at the poor would be a missed opportunity for those living right above such a line.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty in the United States</a></div> <p>In the United States, the poverty thresholds are updated every year by Census Bureau. The threshold in the United States is updated and used for statistical purposes. In 2020, in the United States, the poverty threshold for a single person under 65 was an annual income of US$12,760, or about $35 per day. The threshold for a family group of four, including two children, was US$26,200, about $72 per day.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey 2018 One-year Estimates, 13.1% of Americans lived below the poverty line.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women_and_children">Women and children</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Women and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women and children find themselves impacted by poverty more often when a part of single mother families.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poverty rate of women has increasingly exceeded that of men's.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the overall poverty rate is 12.3%, women poverty rate is 13.8% which is above the average and men are below the overall rate at 11.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women and children (as single mother families) find themselves as a part of low class communities because they are 21.6% more likely to fall into poverty. However, extreme poverty, such as homelessness, disproportionately affects males to a high degree.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racial_minorities">Racial minorities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Racial minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A minority group is defined as "a category of people who experience relative disadvantage as compared to members of a dominant social group."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minorities are traditionally separated into the following groups: African Americans, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the current US Poverty statistics, Black Americans – 21%, Foreign born non-citizens – 19%, Hispanic Americans – 18%, and adults with a disability – 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not include all minority groups, but these groups alone account for 85% of people under the poverty line in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whites have a poverty rate of 8.7%; the poverty rate is more than double for Black and Hispanic Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impacts_on_education">Impacts on education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Impacts on education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Living below the poverty threshold can have a major impact on a child's education.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psychological stresses induced by poverty may affect a student's ability to perform well academically.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the risk of poor health is more prevalent for those living in poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Health issues commonly affect the extent to which one can continue and fully take advantage of his or her education.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poor students in the United States are more likely to dropout of school at some point in their education.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has also found that children living in poverty perform poorly academically and have lower graduation rates.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impoverished children also experience more disciplinary issues in school than others.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schools in impoverished communities usually do not receive much funding, which can also set their students apart from those living in more affluent neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is much dispute over whether upward mobility that brings a child out of poverty may or may not have a significant positive impact on his or her education; inadequate academic habits that form as early as preschool typically are unknown to improve despite changes in socioeconomic status.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impacts_on_healthcare">Impacts on healthcare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Impacts on healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nation's poverty threshold is issued by the Census Bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Office of Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation the threshold is statistically relevant and can be a solid predictor of people in poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasoning for using <a href="/wiki/Federal_poverty_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal poverty level">Federal Poverty Level</a> (FPL) is due to its action for distributive purposes under the direction of Health and Human Services. So FPL is a tool derived from the threshold but can be used to show eligibility for certain federal programs.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federal poverty levels have direct effects on individuals' healthcare. In the past years and into the present government, the use of the poverty threshold has consequences for such programs like <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program" title="Children's Health Insurance Program">Children's Health Insurance Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  The benefits which different families are eligible for are contingent on FPL. The FPL, in turn, is calculated based on federal numbers from the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The benefits and qualifications for federal programs are dependent on number of people on a plan and the income of the total group.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For 2019, the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services enumerate what the line is for different families. For a single person, the line is $12,490 and up to $43,430 for a family of 8, in the lower 48 states.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another issue is reduced-cost coverage. These reductions are based on income relative to FPL, and work in connection with public health services such as Medicaid.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The divisions of FPL percentages are nominally, above 400%, below 138% and below 100% of the FPL.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the advent of the American Care Act, Medicaid was expanded on states bases.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, enrolling in the ACA kept the benefits of Medicaid when the income was up to 138% of the FPL.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poverty_mobility_and_healthcare">Poverty mobility and healthcare</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Poverty mobility and healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Health Affairs along with analysis by Georgetown found that public assistance does counteract poverty threats between 2010 and 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to Medicaid, <a href="/wiki/Child_poverty" title="Child poverty">child poverty</a> is decreased by 5.3%, and Hispanic and Black poverty by 6.1% and 4.9% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reduction of family poverty also has the highest decrease with Medicaid over other public assistance programs.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expanding state Medicaid decreased the amount individuals paid by an average of $42, while it increased the costs to $326 for people not in expanded states. The same study analyzed showed 2.6 million people were kept out of poverty by the effects of Medicaid.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a 2013–2015 study, expansion states showed a smaller gap in health insurance between households making below $25,000 and above $75,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expansion also significantly reduced the gap of having a primary care physician between impoverished and higher income individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of education level and employment, health insurance differences were also reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-expansion also showed poor residents went from a 22% chance of being uninsured to 66% from 2013 to 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poverty_dynamics">Poverty dynamics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Poverty dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Living above or below the poverty threshold is not necessarily a position in which an individual remains static.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as one in three impoverished people were not poor at birth; rather, they descended into poverty over the course of their life.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a study which analyzed data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) found that nearly 40% of 20-year-olds received food stamps at some point before they turned 65.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicates that many Americans will dip below the poverty line sometime during adulthood, but will not necessarily remain there for the rest of their life.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, 44% of individuals who are given transfer benefits (other than Social Security) in one year do not receive them the next.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 90% of Americans who receive transfers from the government stop receiving them within 10 years, indicating that the population living below the poverty threshold is in flux and does not remain constant.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cutoff_issues">Cutoff issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cutoff issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most experts and the public agree that the official poverty line in the United States is substantially lower than the actual cost of basic needs. In particular, a 2017 <a href="/wiki/Urban_Institute" title="Urban Institute">Urban Institute</a> study found that 61% of non-elderly adults earning between 100 and 200% of the poverty line reported at least one material hardship, not <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">significantly</a> different from those below the poverty line. The cause of the discrepancy is believed to be an outdated model of spending patterns based on actual spending in the year 1955; the number and proportion of material needs has risen substantially since then. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Variability">Variability</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Variability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The US Census Bureau calculates the poverty line the same throughout the US regardless of the cost-of-living in a state or urban area. For instance, the cost-of-living in California, the most populous state, was 42% greater than the US average in 2010, while the cost-of-living in Texas, the second-most populous state, was 10% less than the US average.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2017, California had the highest poverty rate in the country when housing costs are factored in, a measure calculated by the Census Bureau known as "the supplemental poverty measure".<sup id="cite_ref-cen_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cen-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_transfers_to_alleviate_poverty">Government transfers to alleviate poverty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Government transfers to alleviate poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to wage and salary income, investment income and government transfers such as <a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">SNAP</a> (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, also known as food stamps) and housing subsidies are included in a household's income. Studies measuring the differences between income before and after taxes and government transfers, have found that without social support programs, poverty would be roughly 30% to 40% higher than the official poverty line indicates.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenworthy_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenworthy-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_et_al._94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley_et_al.-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_poverty" title="Asset poverty">Asset poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_deficit" title="Income deficit">Income deficit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">Living wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measuring_poverty" title="Measuring poverty">Measuring poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_person" title="Poor person">Poor person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">Social safety net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_1" title="Sustainable Development Goal 1">Sustainable Development Goal 1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFwebster" class="citation web cs1">webster, The breadline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20breadline">"The breadline"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+breadline&rft.aulast=webster&rft.aufirst=The+breadline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fthe%2520breadline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravallion, Martin <i>Poverty freak: A Guide to Concepts and Methods</i>. Living Standards Measurement Papers, The World</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nb_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poverty Lines – Martin Ravallion, in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, London: Palgrave Macmillan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChassagnon2019" class="citation web cs1">Chassagnon, A (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parisschoolofeconomics.eu/docs/chassagnon-arnold/welfareeconomy_chapter4(1).pdf">"Efficiency and equity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Paris School of Economics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paris+School+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Efficiency+and+equity&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Chassagnon&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parisschoolofeconomics.eu%2Fdocs%2Fchassagnon-arnold%2Fwelfareeconomy_chapter4%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagenaars, Aldi & de Vos, Klaas <i>The Definition and Measurement of Poverty</i>. Journal of Human Resources, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagenaars, Aldi & van Praag, Bernard <i>A Synthesis of Poverty Line Definitions</i>. Review of Income and Wealth, 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Bank-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/factsheet/2022/05/02/fact-sheet-an-adjustment-to-global-poverty-lines">"Fact Sheet: An Adjustment to Global Poverty Lines"</a>. World Bank. 14 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+An+Adjustment+to+Global+Poverty+Lines&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffactsheet%2F2022%2F05%2F02%2Ffact-sheet-an-adjustment-to-global-poverty-lines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WBPL-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WBPL_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/home">"World Bank 2022 poverty lines"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+2022+poverty+lines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpovertydata.worldbank.org%2Fpoverty%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLWB-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PLWB_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/10/07/covid-19-to-add-as-many-as-150-million-extreme-poor-by-2021">"COVID-19 to Add as Many as 150 Million Extreme Poor by 2021"</a>. <i>World Bank</i>. 7 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=COVID-19+to+Add+as+Many+as+150+Million+Extreme+Poor+by+2021&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpress-release%2F2020%2F10%2F07%2Fcovid-19-to-add-as-many-as-150-million-extreme-poor-by-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PovcalNet-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PovcalNet_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327161528/http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povDuplicateWB.aspx">"PovcalNet"</a>. <i>iresearch.worldbank.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povDuplicateWB.aspx">the original</a> on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iresearch.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=PovcalNet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firesearch.worldbank.org%2FPovcalNet%2FpovDuplicateWB.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vox-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vox_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2014" class="citation web cs1">Beauchamp, Zach (14 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2014/12/14/7384515/extreme-poverty-decline">"The world's victory over extreme poverty, in one chart"</a>. Vox<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+victory+over+extreme+poverty%2C+in+one+chart&rft.pub=Vox&rft.date=2014-12-14&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2014%2F12%2F14%2F7384515%2Fextreme-poverty-decline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillie1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gillie, Alan (1996). "The Origin of the Poverty Line". <i>Economic History Review</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 715–730 [p. 726]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2597970">10.2307/2597970</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2597970">2597970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Poverty+Line&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=715-730+p.+726&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2597970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2597970%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gillie&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2000" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, David (2000). <i>The Tyranny of Numbers</i>. HarperCollins. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-257157-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-257157-9"><bdi>0-00-257157-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tyranny+of+Numbers&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-00-257157-9&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowntree1901-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowntree1901_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowntree1901_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowntree1901" class="citation book cs1">Rowntree, Benjamin Seebohm (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.90969"><i>Poverty: A Study in Town Life</i></a>. Macmillan and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty%3A+A+Study+in+Town+Life&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Rowntree&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Seebohm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.90969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span> p. 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aspe.hhs.gov/history-poverty-thresholds">"History of poverty thresholds"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+poverty+thresholds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faspe.hhs.gov%2Fhistory-poverty-thresholds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?view=map">"Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) | Data"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Poverty+headcount+ratio+at+%241.90+a+day+%282011+PPP%29+%28%25+of+population%29+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.DDAY%3Fview%3Dmap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldBank-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WorldBank_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/01/13/principles-and-practice-in-measuring-global-poverty">"Principles and Practice in Measuring Global Poverty"</a>. The World Bank. 13 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principles+and+Practice+in+Measuring+Global+Poverty&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2016%2F01%2F13%2Fprinciples-and-practice-in-measuring-global-poverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/04/world-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030">"World Bank Forecasts Global Poverty to Fall Below 10% for First Time; Major Hurdles Remain in Goal to End Poverty by 2030"</a>. <i>www.worldbank.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Forecasts+Global+Poverty+to+Fall+Below+10%25+for+First+Time%3B+Major+Hurdles+Remain+in+Goal+to+End+Poverty+by+2030&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpress-release%2F2015%2F10%2F04%2Fworld-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravallion, Martin; Chen Shaohua & Sangraula, Prem <i>Dollar a day</i> The World Bank Economic Review, 23, 2, 2009, pp. 163–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildegard_Lingnau2016" class="citation web cs1">Hildegard Lingnau (19 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/what-last-years-update-world-banks-poverty-line-means">"Major breakthrough"</a>. D+C, development&cooperation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+breakthrough&rft.pub=D%2BC%2C+development%26cooperation&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.au=Hildegard+Lingnau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandc.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwhat-last-years-update-world-banks-poverty-line-means&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachs, Jeffrey D. <i>The End of Poverty</i> 2005, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickel2015" class="citation news cs1">Hickel, Jason (1 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/nov/01/global-poverty-is-worse-than-you-think-could-you-live-on-190-a-day">"Could you live on $1.90 a day? That's the international poverty line"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Could+you+live+on+%241.90+a+day%3F+That%27s+the+international+poverty+line&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft.aulast=Hickel&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development-professionals-network%2F2015%2Fnov%2F01%2Fglobal-poverty-is-worse-than-you-think-could-you-live-on-190-a-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Robert C. Allen, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/p/nad/wpaper/20170005.html">" Absolute Poverty: When Necessity Displaces Desire REVISED</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/s/nad/wpaper.html">" Working Papers</a> 20170005, New York University Abu Dhabi, Department of Social Science, revised Jun 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILO_WEC1976-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ILO_WEC1976_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ILO_WEC1976_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319063854/http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/genericdocument/wcms_193047.pdf">"The World Employment Programme at ILO"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/genericdocument/wcms_193047.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Employment+Programme+at+ILO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fwcmsp5%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2F---dgreports%2F---dcomm%2Fdocuments%2Fgenericdocument%2Fwcms_193047.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILO1976-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ILO1976_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ILO1976_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolly1976" class="citation journal cs1">Jolly, Richard (October 1976). "The World Employment Conference: The Enthronement of Basic Needs". <i>Development Policy Review</i>. <b>A9</b> (2): 31–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7679.1976.tb00338.x">10.1111/j.1467-7679.1976.tb00338.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Development+Policy+Review&rft.atitle=The+World+Employment+Conference%3A+The+Enthronement+of+Basic+Needs&rft.volume=A9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=31-44&rft.date=1976-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7679.1976.tb00338.x&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-930390-94-6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-930390-94-6_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenton,_John_A.1990" class="citation book cs1">Denton, John A. (1990). <i>Society and the official world: a reintroduction to sociology</i>. Dix Hills, N.Y: General Hall. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930390-94-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930390-94-5"><bdi>978-0-930390-94-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+the+official+world%3A+a+reintroduction+to+sociology&rft.place=Dix+Hills%2C+N.Y&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=General+Hall&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-930390-94-5&rft.au=Denton%2C+John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indicators_of_Poverty_and_Hunger-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indicators_of_Poverty_and_Hunger_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indicators_of_Poverty_and_Hunger_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/ydiDavidGordon_poverty.pdf">"Indicators of Poverty and Hunger"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indicators+of+Poverty+and+Hunger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fsocdev%2Funyin%2Fdocuments%2FydiDavidGordon_poverty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-basicneeds1978-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-basicneeds1978_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhai1978" class="citation journal cs1">Ghai, Dharam (June 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/10859">"Basic Needs and its Critics"</a>. <i>Institute of Development Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 16–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1759-5436.1978.mp9004004.x">10.1111/j.1759-5436.1978.mp9004004.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Development+Studies&rft.atitle=Basic+Needs+and+its+Critics&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=16-18&rft.date=1978-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1759-5436.1978.mp9004004.x&rft.aulast=Ghai&rft.aufirst=Dharam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopendocs.ids.ac.uk%2Fopendocs%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F10859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eskelinen_2011_942–943-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eskelinen_2011_942–943_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eskelinen_2011_942–943_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEskelinen2011" class="citation book cs1">Eskelinen, Teppo (2011). "Relative Poverty". <i>Encyclopedia of Global Justice</i>. pp. 942–943. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9160-5_182">10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9159-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9159-9"><bdi>978-1-4020-9159-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relative+Poverty&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Justice&rft.pages=942-943&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9160-5_182&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9159-9&rft.aulast=Eskelinen&rft.aufirst=Teppo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission._Statistical_Office_of_the_European_Union2018" class="citation book cs1">European Commission. Statistical Office of the European Union (2018). <i>Living conditions in Europe</i>. Publications Office. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2785%2F39876">10.2785/39876</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-79-86498-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-79-86498-8"><bdi>978-92-79-86498-8</bdi></a>. p. 8: <q>In 2016, median equivalised net income varied considerably across the EU Member States</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+conditions+in+Europe&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Publications+Office&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2785%2F39876&rft.isbn=978-92-79-86498-8&rft.au=European+Commission.+Statistical+Office+of+the+European+Union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-habitatforhumanity.org.uk-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-habitatforhumanity.org.uk_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-habitatforhumanity.org.uk_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/blog/2018/09/relative-absolute-poverty/">"Relative vs Absolute Poverty: Defining Different Types of Poverty"</a>. <i>Habitat for Humanity GB</i>. 6 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Habitat+for+Humanity+GB&rft.atitle=Relative+vs+Absolute+Poverty%3A+Defining+Different+Types+of+Poverty&rft.date=2018-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.habitatforhumanity.org.uk%2Fblog%2F2018%2F09%2Frelative-absolute-poverty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raphael2009-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raphael2009_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael2009" class="citation journal cs1">Raphael, Dennis (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cjnr.archive.mcgill.ca/article/download/2189/2183/0">"Poverty, Human Development, and Health in Canada: Research, Practice, and Advocacy Dilemmas"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Nursing Research</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 7–18. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19650510">19650510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Nursing+Research&rft.atitle=Poverty%2C+Human+Development%2C+and+Health+in+Canada%3A+Research%2C+Practice%2C+and+Advocacy+Dilemmas&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-18&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19650510&rft.aulast=Raphael&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcjnr.archive.mcgill.ca%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F2189%2F2183%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Innocenti2005-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Innocenti2005_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Child poverty in rich nations: Report card no. 6 (Report). <a href="/wiki/UNICEF#Innocenti_Research_Centre" title="UNICEF">Innocenti Research Centre</a>. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Child+poverty+in+rich+nations%3A+Report+card+no.+6&rft.pub=Innocenti+Research+Centre&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD2008-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OECD2008_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/growingunequalincomedistributionandpovertyinoecdcountries.htm">"Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries"</a>. <i>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</i>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.atitle=Growing+unequal%3F+Income+distribution+and+poverty+in+OECD+countries&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fels%2Fsoc%2Fgrowingunequalincomedistributionandpovertyinoecdcountries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNDP2008-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNDP2008_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Human development report: Capacity development: Empowering people and institutions (Report). Geneva: United Nations Development Program. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Human+development+report%3A+Capacity+development%3A+Empowering+people+and+institutions&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Program&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConferenceBoard2013-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ConferenceBoard2013_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/details/society/child-poverty.aspx">"Child Poverty"</a>. Ottawa, ON: Conference Board of Canada. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+Poverty&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+ON&rft.pub=Conference+Board+of+Canada&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conferenceboard.ca%2Fhcp%2Fdetails%2Fsociety%2Fchild-poverty.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-povinequalityCSP-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-povinequalityCSP_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIve_MarxKarel_van_den_Bosch" class="citation web cs1">Ive Marx; Karel van den Bosch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/conferences/documents/34th_ceies_seminar_documents/34th%20CEIES%20Seminar/1.1%20%20I.%20MARX.PDF">"How poverty differs from inequality on poverty management in an enlarged EU context: Conventional and alternate approaches"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Antwerp, Belgium: Centre for Social Policy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+poverty+differs+from+inequality+on+poverty+management+in+an+enlarged+EU+context%3A+Conventional+and+alternate+approaches&rft.place=Antwerp%2C+Belgium&rft.pub=Centre+for+Social+Policy&rft.au=Ive+Marx&rft.au=Karel+van+den+Bosch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2Fconferences%2Fdocuments%2F34th_ceies_seminar_documents%2F34th%2520CEIES%2520Seminar%2F1.1%2520%2520I.%2520MARX.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-relativeBradshawInnocenti2012-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-relativeBradshawInnocenti2012_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-relativeBradshawInnocenti2012_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshawChzhenMainMartorano2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bradshaw, Jonathan; Chzhen, Yekaterina; Main, Gill; Martorano, Bruno; Menchini, Leonardo; de Neubourg, Chris (31 January 2012). "Relative Income Poverty Among Children in Rich Countries". <i>Innocenti Working Papers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18356%2F3afdf450-en">10.18356/3afdf450-en</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Innocenti+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Relative+Income+Poverty+Among+Children+in+Rich+Countries&rft.date=2012-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18356%2F3afdf450-en&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Chzhen%2C+Yekaterina&rft.au=Main%2C+Gill&rft.au=Martorano%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Menchini%2C+Leonardo&rft.au=de+Neubourg%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNICEF2000-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNICEF2000_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">A League Table of Child Poverty in Rich Nations (Report). Innocenti Report Card No.1. Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+League+Table+of+Child+Poverty+in+Rich+Nations&rft.place=Florence%2C+Italy&rft.series=Innocenti+Report+Card+No.1&rft.pub=UNICEF+Innocenti+Research+Centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdamSmith1776-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AdamSmith1776_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Smith1776" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> (1776). <a href="/wiki/An_Inquiry_Into_the_Nature_and_Causes_of_the_Wealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"><i>An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations</i></a>. Vol. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inquiry+Into+the+Nature+and+Causes+of+the+Wealth+of+Nations&rft.date=1776&rft.au=Adam+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Innocenti2012-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Innocenti2012_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Innocenti2012_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Innocenti2012_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Innocenti2012_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_AdamsonUNICEF_Innocenti_Research_Centre2012" class="citation report cs1">Peter Adamson; UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612021633/http://www.unicef.ca/sites/default/files/imce_uploads/DISCOVER/OUR%20WORK/ADVOCACY/DOMESTIC/POLICY%20ADVOCACY/DOCS/unicefreportcard10-eng.pdf">Measuring child poverty: New league tables of child poverty in the world's rich countries</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Report Card. Florence, Italy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.ca/sites/default/files/imce_uploads/DISCOVER/OUR%20WORK/ADVOCACY/DOMESTIC/POLICY%20ADVOCACY/DOCS/unicefreportcard10-eng.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Measuring+child+poverty%3A+New+league+tables+of+child+poverty+in+the+world%27s+rich+countries&rft.place=Florence%2C+Italy&rft.series=UNICEF+Innocenti+Research+Centre+Report+Card&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Peter+Adamson&rft.au=UNICEF+Innocenti+Research+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fimce_uploads%2FDISCOVER%2FOUR%2520WORK%2FADVOCACY%2FDOMESTIC%2FPOLICY%2520ADVOCACY%2FDOCS%2Funicefreportcard10-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galbraith1958-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galbraith1958_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith,_J._K.1958" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, J. K. (1958). <i>The Affluent Society</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Affluent+Society&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Galbraith%2C+J.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rep1964-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rep1964_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Minority [Republican] views, p. 46 in U.S. Congress, Report of the Joint Economic Committee on the January 1964 Economic Report of the President with Minority and Additional Views (Report). Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. January 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Minority+%5BRepublican%5D+views%2C+p.+46+in+U.S.+Congress%2C+Report+of+the+Joint+Economic+Committee+on+the+January+1964+Economic+Report+of+the+President+with+Minority+and+Additional+Views&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1964-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman1965-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedman1965_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman,_Rose._D.1965" class="citation report cs1">Friedman, Rose. D. (1965). Poverty: Definition and Perspective. <i>American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research</i> (Report). Washington, D.C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Poverty%3A+Definition+and+Perspective&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Rose.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs1967" class="citation journal cs1">Fuchs, Victor (Summer 1967). "Redefining Poverty and Redistributing Income". <i>The Public Interest</i>. <b>8</b>: 88. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1298125552">1298125552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Interest&rft.atitle=Redefining+Poverty+and+Redistributing+Income&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavallionChen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ravallion, Martin; Chen, Shaohua (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w23739">"Welfare-Consistent Global Poverty Measures"</a>. <i>National Bureau of Economic Research</i>. Working Paper Series. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw23739">10.3386/w23739</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3027843">3027843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft.atitle=Welfare-Consistent+Global+Poverty+Measures&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3027843%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw23739&rft.aulast=Ravallion&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Shaohua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw23739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1998" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, James E. (1998). "Absolute versus Relative Poverty". <i>The American Economic Review</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 335–341. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/116944">116944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Absolute+versus+Relative+Poverty&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=335-341&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F116944%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Townsend1979-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Townsend1979_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend,_P.1979" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, P. (1979). <i>Poverty in the United Kingdom</i>. London: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Townsend%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CallanNolan1993-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CallanNolan1993_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallanNolanWhelan1993" class="citation journal cs1">Callan, T; Nolan, Brian; Whelan, Christopher T (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/1061/3/nolanb_article_pub_033.pdf">"Resources, Deprivation and the Measurement of Poverty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Social Policy</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 141–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0047279400019280">10.1017/s0047279400019280</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F1061">10197/1061</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55675120">55675120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Policy&rft.atitle=Resources%2C+Deprivation+and+the+Measurement+of+Poverty&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-72&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F1061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55675120%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0047279400019280&rft.aulast=Callan&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Nolan%2C+Brian&rft.au=Whelan%2C+Christopher+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.ucd.ie%2Fbitstream%2F10197%2F1061%2F3%2Fnolanb_article_pub_033.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Blastland2009" class="citation news cs1">Michael Blastland (31 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8177864.stm">"Just what is poor?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Just+what+is+poor%3F&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft.au=Michael+Blastland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F8177864.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-In-Work_Poverty_New_commonly_agreed_indicators_at_the_EU_level-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-In-Work_Poverty_New_commonly_agreed_indicators_at_the_EU_level_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardoneGuio2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bardone, Laura; Guio, Anne-Catherine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-statistics-in-focus/-/ks-nk-05-005">"In-Work Poverty: New commonly agreed indicators at the EU level"</a>. <i>Statistics in Focus</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistics+in+Focus&rft.atitle=In-Work+Poverty%3A+New+commonly+agreed+indicators+at+the+EU+level&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bardone&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Guio%2C+Anne-Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fweb%2Fproducts-statistics-in-focus%2F-%2Fks-nk-05-005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/publication/inequality-in-focus-october-2013">"Inequality in Focus, October 2013: Analyzing the World Bank's Goal of Achieving "Shared Prosperity"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>World Bank</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Inequality+in+Focus%2C+October+2013%3A+Analyzing+the+World+Bank%27s+Goal+of+Achieving+%22Shared+Prosperity%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Ftopic%2Fpoverty%2Fpublication%2Finequality-in-focus-october-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.living-income.com/">"Living Income | Living Income Community of Practice"</a>. <i>livingincome</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livingincome&rft.atitle=Living+Income+%7C+Living+Income+Community+of+Practice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.living-income.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guidance manual on calculating and visualizing the income gap to a Living Income Benchmark Prepared for the Living Income Community of Practice The Committee on Sustainability Assessment (COSA) and KIT Royal Tropical Institute July 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity">"Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020"</a>. <i>World Bank</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Poverty+and+Shared+Prosperity+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fpublication%2Fpoverty-and-shared-prosperity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingwage.mit.edu/">"Living Wage Calculator"</a>. <i>livingwage.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livingwage.mit.edu&rft.atitle=Living+Wage+Calculator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivingwage.mit.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/measuringpoverty">"Measuring Poverty"</a>. <i>World Bank</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Measuring+Poverty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Ftopic%2Fmeasuringpoverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaveman1993" class="citation journal cs1">Haveman, Robert (1993). "Who Are the Nation's 'Truly Poor'? Problems and Pitfalls in (Re)defining and Measuring Poverty". <i>The Brookings Review</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 24–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20080360">10.2307/20080360</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20080360">20080360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brookings+Review&rft.atitle=Who+Are+the+Nation%27s+%27Truly+Poor%27%3F+Problems+and+Pitfalls+in+%28Re%29defining+and+Measuring+Poverty&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-27&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20080360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20080360%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haveman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaughtonKhandker2009" class="citation book cs1">Haughton, Jonathan; Khandker, Shahidur R. (2009). <i>Handbook on Poverty + Inequality</i>. World Bank Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-7614-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-7614-0"><bdi>978-0-8213-7614-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/568421757">568421757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+Poverty+%2B+Inequality&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F568421757&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-7614-0&rft.aulast=Haughton&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Khandker%2C+Shahidur+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://inequalitywatch.eu/spip.php?article99">http://inequalitywatch.eu/spip.php?article99</a>" Eurostat 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookeLawton2008" class="citation web cs1">Cooke, Graeme; Lawton, Kayte (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ippr.org/files/images/media/files/publication/2011/05/working_out_of_poverty_1616.pdf">"Working out of Poverty: A study of the low paid and the working poor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Institute for Public Policy Research</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Public+Policy+Research&rft.atitle=Working+out+of+Poverty%3A+A+study+of+the+low+paid+and+the+working+poor&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft.au=Lawton%2C+Kayte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ippr.org%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2F2011%2F05%2Fworking_out_of_poverty_1616.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ippr.org.uk/pressreleases/?id=2965">IPPR Article: "Government must rescue 'forgotten million children' in poverty"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825015655/http://www.ippr.org.uk/pressreleases/?id=2965">Archived</a> 25 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFD_2021-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BFD_2021_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis-Devine2021" class="citation web cs1">Francis-Devine, Brigid (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7735">"National Minimum Wage Statistics: Research Briefing"</a>. <i>UK Parliament</i>. House of Commons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament&rft.atitle=National+Minimum+Wage+Statistics%3A+Research+Briefing&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Francis-Devine&rft.aufirst=Brigid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.parliament.uk%2Fresearch-briefings%2Fcbp-7735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_2021-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONS_2021_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONS_2021_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2021" class="citation web cs1">White, Nicola (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/lowandhighpayuk/2021#national-minimum-wage-and-national-living-wage">"Low and high pay in the UK: 2021"</a>. Office for National Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Low+and+high+pay+in+the+UK%3A+2021&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Femploymentandlabourmarket%2Fpeopleinwork%2Fearningsandworkinghours%2Fbulletins%2Flowandhighpayuk%2F2021%23national-minimum-wage-and-national-living-wage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_2021_PT-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_2021_PT_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbee2021" class="citation news cs1">Toynbee, Polly (16 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/16/levelling-up-lowest-paid-uk-job-vacancies-cost-of-living">"Levelling up? If anything, things are getting worse for the lowest paid in the UK"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Levelling+up%3F+If+anything%2C+things+are+getting+worse+for+the+lowest+paid+in+the+UK&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Polly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2021%2Fnov%2F16%2Flevelling-up-lowest-paid-uk-job-vacancies-cost-of-living&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-POVERTY_ESTIMATES_FOR_2004-05-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-POVERTY_ESTIMATES_FOR_2004-05_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120917001050/http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/prmar07.pdf">"Poverty Estimates for 2004-05"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planningcommission.gov.in/news/prmar07.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poverty+Estimates+for+2004-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanningcommission.gov.in%2Fnews%2Fprmar07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2018/06/19/the-start-of-a-new-poverty-narrative/">"The start of a new poverty narrative"</a>. 19 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+start+of+a+new+poverty+narrative&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Ffuture-development%2F2018%2F06%2F19%2Fthe-start-of-a-new-poverty-narrative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span> Brookings Institution, June 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/millions-live-below-the-poverty-line-in-iran-1.506872">"Millions live below the poverty line in Iran"</a>. Thenationalnews.com. 4 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Millions+live+below+the+poverty+line+in+Iran&rft.date=2008-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Fworld%2Fmena%2Fmillions-live-below-the-poverty-line-in-iran-1.506872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kayhanlife.com/news/kayhan/iranian-families-pushed-below-poverty-line-by-low-national-minimum-wage/">"Iranian Families Pushed Below Poverty Line by Low National Minimum Wage"</a>. 30 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iranian+Families+Pushed+Below+Poverty+Line+by+Low+National+Minimum+Wage&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkayhanlife.com%2Fnews%2Fkayhan%2Firanian-families-pushed-below-poverty-line-by-low-national-minimum-wage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iranian-workers-get-wage-increase/30544404.html">"Iranian Workers Get A 'Humiliating' Wage Increase"</a>. En.radiofarda.com. 9 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iranian+Workers+Get+A+%27Humiliating%27+Wage+Increase&rft.pub=En.radiofarda.com&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.radiofarda.com%2Fa%2Firanian-workers-get-wage-increase%2F30544404.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldsonLohMudaliarKadir2013" class="citation journal cs1">Donaldson, John A.; Loh, Jacqueline; Mudaliar, Sanushka; Kadir, Mumtaz Md; Wu, Biqi; Yeoh, Lam Keong (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/lien_research/110/">"Measuring Poverty in Singapore: Frameworks for Consideration"</a>. <i>Social Space</i>: 58–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Space&rft.atitle=Measuring+Poverty+in+Singapore%3A+Frameworks+for+Consideration&rft.pages=58-66&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Loh%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=Mudaliar%2C+Sanushka&rft.au=Kadir%2C+Mumtaz+Md&rft.au=Wu%2C+Biqi&rft.au=Yeoh%2C+Lam+Keong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fink.library.smu.edu.sg%2Flien_research%2F110%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmigration2013" class="citation web cs1">migration (23 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/why-setting-a-poverty-line-may-not-be-helpful-minister-chan-chun-sing">"Why setting a poverty line may not be helpful: Minister Chan Chun Sing"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Why+setting+a+poverty+line+may+not+be+helpful%3A+Minister+Chan+Chun+Sing&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft.au=migration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fwhy-setting-a-poverty-line-may-not-be-helpful-minister-chan-chun-sing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-01-17/pdf/2020-00858.pdf">"Annual Update of the HHS Poverty Guidelines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Federal Register</i>. <b>85</b>: 3060. 17 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Annual+Update+of+the+HHS+Poverty+Guidelines&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=3060&rft.date=2020-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FFR-2020-01-17%2Fpdf%2F2020-00858.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2018-poverty-rate.html">"2018 Poverty Rate in the United States"</a>. <i>The United States Census Bureau</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=2018+Poverty+Rate+in+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2F2018-poverty-rate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.americanprogressaction.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2008/10/pdf/women_poverty.pdf">"The Straight Facts on Women in Poverty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cdn.americanprogressaction.org</i>. October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdn.americanprogressaction.org&rft.atitle=The+Straight+Facts+on+Women+in+Poverty&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.americanprogressaction.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fissues%2F2008%2F10%2Fpdf%2Fwomen_poverty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLanahanKelly2006" class="citation book cs1">McLanahan, Sara S.; Kelly, Erin L. (2006). "The Feminization of Poverty". <i>Handbook of the Sociology of Gender</i>. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. pp. 127–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-387-36218-5_7">10.1007/0-387-36218-5_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-32460-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-32460-9"><bdi>978-0-387-32460-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Feminization+of+Poverty&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Sociology+of+Gender&rft.series=Handbooks+of+Sociology+and+Social+Research&rft.pages=127-145&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F0-387-36218-5_7&rft.isbn=978-0-387-32460-9&rft.aulast=McLanahan&rft.aufirst=Sara+S.&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Erin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talkpoverty.org/basics/">"Basic Statistics"</a>. <i>Talk Poverty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Talk+Poverty&rft.atitle=Basic+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftalkpoverty.org%2Fbasics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://endhomelessness.org/demographic-data-project-gender-and-individual-homelessness/">"Demographic Data Project: Gender and Individual Homelessness"</a>. <i>endhomelessness.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=endhomelessness.org&rft.atitle=Demographic+Data+Project%3A+Gender+and+Individual+Homelessness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fendhomelessness.org%2Fdemographic-data-project-gender-and-individual-homelessness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://federalsafetynet.com/us-poverty-statistics.html">"U.S. Poverty Statistics"</a>. <i>federalsafetynet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=federalsafetynet.com&rft.atitle=U.S.+Poverty+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffederalsafetynet.com%2Fus-poverty-statistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://federalsafetynet.com/us-poverty-statistics.html">"U.S. Poverty Statistics"</a>. <i>federalsafteynet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=federalsafteynet.com&rft.atitle=U.S.+Poverty+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffederalsafetynet.com%2Fus-poverty-statistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://federalsafetynet.com/us-poverty-statistics.html">"U.S Poverty Stats"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S+Poverty+Stats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffederalsafetynet.com%2Fus-poverty-statistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://federalsafetynet.com/us-poverty-statistics.html">"U.S. Poverty Statistics"</a>. <i>federalfasteynet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=federalfasteynet.com&rft.atitle=U.S.+Poverty+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffederalsafetynet.com%2Fus-poverty-statistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/united-states-population/">"United States Population"</a>. <i>worldpopulationreveiw.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreveiw.com&rft.atitle=United+States+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountries%2Funited-states-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngleBlack2008" class="citation journal cs1">Engle, Patrice L.; Black, Maureen M. (25 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=psycd_fac">"The Effect of Poverty on Child Development and Educational Outcomes"</a>. <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>1136</b> (1): 243–256. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NYASA1136..243E">2008NYASA1136..243E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1425.023">10.1196/annals.1425.023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18579886">18579886</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7576265">7576265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Poverty+on+Child+Development+and+Educational+Outcomes&rft.volume=1136&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=243-256&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1196%2Fannals.1425.023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7576265%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18579886&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NYASA1136..243E&rft.aulast=Engle&rft.aufirst=Patrice+L.&rft.au=Black%2C+Maureen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.calpoly.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1002%26context%3Dpsycd_fac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty-guidelines">"Poverty Guidelines"</a>. <i>ASPE</i>. 23 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASPE&rft.atitle=Poverty+Guidelines&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faspe.hhs.gov%2Fpoverty-guidelines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/federal-poverty-level-fpl/">"Federal Poverty Level (FPL) - HealthCare.gov Glossary"</a>. <i>HealthCare.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HealthCare.gov&rft.atitle=Federal+Poverty+Level+%28FPL%29+-+HealthCare.gov+Glossary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthcare.gov%2Fglossary%2Ffederal-poverty-level-fpl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthinsurance.org/obamacare/will-you-receive-an-obamacare-premium-subsidy/">"Will you receive an Obamacare premium subsidy?"</a>. <i>healthinsurance.org</i>. 27 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=healthinsurance.org&rft.atitle=Will+you+receive+an+Obamacare+premium+subsidy%3F&rft.date=2018-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthinsurance.org%2Fobamacare%2Fwill-you-receive-an-obamacare-premium-subsidy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccf.georgetown.edu/2018/03/08/research-update-medicaid-pulls-americans-out-of-poverty-updated-edition/">"Research Update: Medicaid Pulls Americans Out Of Poverty, Updated Edition"</a>. <i>Center For Children and Families</i>. 8 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+For+Children+and+Families&rft.atitle=Research+Update%3A+Medicaid+Pulls+Americans+Out+Of+Poverty%2C+Updated+Edition&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccf.georgetown.edu%2F2018%2F03%2F08%2Fresearch-update-medicaid-pulls-americans-out-of-poverty-updated-edition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffithEvansBor2017" class="citation journal cs1">Griffith, Kevin; Evans, Leigh; Bor, Jacob (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8087201">"The Affordable Care Act Reduced Socioeconomic Disparities In Health Care Access"</a>. <i>Health Affairs</i>. <b>36</b> (8): 1503–1510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2017.0083">10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0083</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8087201">8087201</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28747321">28747321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Affordable+Care+Act+Reduced+Socioeconomic+Disparities+In+Health+Care+Access&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1503-1510&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8087201%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28747321&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2017.0083&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Evans%2C+Leigh&rft.au=Bor%2C+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8087201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullertonRao2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fullerton, Don; Rao, Nirupama (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w22580">"The Lifecycle of the 47%"</a>. <i>National Bureau of Economic Research</i>. Working Paper Series. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw22580">10.3386/w22580</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157334511">157334511</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2832584">2832584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft.atitle=The+Lifecycle+of+the+47%25&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157334511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2832584%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw22580&rft.aulast=Fullerton&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Rao%2C+Nirupama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw22580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriegerDanziger2011" class="citation journal cs1">Grieger, Lloyd D.; Danziger, Sheldon H. (1 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13524-011-0056-x">"Who Receives Food Stamps During Adulthood? Analyzing Repeatable Events With Incomplete Event Histories"</a>. <i>Demography</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 1601–1614. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13524-011-0056-x">10.1007/s13524-011-0056-x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21853399">21853399</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45907852">45907852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demography&rft.atitle=Who+Receives+Food+Stamps+During+Adulthood%3F+Analyzing+Repeatable+Events+With+Incomplete+Event+Histories&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1601-1614&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45907852%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21853399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13524-011-0056-x&rft.aulast=Grieger&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+D.&rft.au=Danziger%2C+Sheldon+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs13524-011-0056-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cen-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cen_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Levin2017" class="citation news cs1">Matt Levin (2 October 2017). "Expensive homes make California poorest state". <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>. p. C1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Expensive+homes+make+California+poorest+state&rft.pages=C1&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.au=Matt+Levin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenworthy-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kenworthy_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenworthy1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kenworthy, L (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/188.pdf">"Do social-welfare policies reduce poverty? A cross-national assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Social Forces</i>. <b>77</b> (3): 1119–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsf%2F77.3.1119">10.1093/sf/77.3.1119</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F160860">10419/160860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Do+social-welfare+policies+reduce+poverty%3F+A+cross-national+assessment&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1119-39&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F160860&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fsf%2F77.3.1119&rft.aulast=Kenworthy&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lisdatacenter.org%2Fwps%2Fliswps%2F188.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley_et_al.-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_et_al._94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradleyHuberMollerNielson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bradley, D; Huber, E; Moller, S.; Nielson, F; Stephens, JD (2003). "Determinants of relative poverty in advanced capitalist democracies". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>68</b> (3): 22–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3088901">10.2307/3088901</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3088901">3088901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Determinants+of+relative+poverty+in+advanced+capitalist+democracies&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=22-51&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3088901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3088901%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Huber%2C+E&rft.au=Moller%2C+S.&rft.au=Nielson%2C+F&rft.au=Stephens%2C+JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShwepardeRobert_W._Greene2003" class="citation book cs1">Shweparde, Jon; Robert W. Greene (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308100024/http://www.glencoe.com/catalog/index.php/program?c=1675&s=21309&p=4213&parent=4526"><i>Sociology and You</i></a>. Ohio: Glencoe McGraw-Hill. p. A-22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-828576-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-828576-9"><bdi>978-0-07-828576-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glencoe.com/catalog/index.php/program?c=1675&s=21309&p=4213&parent=4526">the original</a> on 8 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+and+You&rft.place=Ohio&rft.pages=A-22&rft.pub=Glencoe+McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-828576-9&rft.aulast=Shweparde&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Robert+W.+Greene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glencoe.com%2Fcatalog%2Findex.php%2Fprogram%3Fc%3D1675%26s%3D21309%26p%3D4213%26parent%3D4526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Alan Gillie, "The Origin of the Poverty Line", <i>Economic History Review</i>, XLIX/4 (1996), 726</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillemez2001" class="citation book cs1">Villemez, Wayne J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hse.ru/data/2010/01/20/1229134130/Gale%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Sociology%20Vol%201.pdf"><i>"Poverty". Encyclopedia of Sociology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: Gale Virtual Reference Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Poverty%22.+Encyclopedia+of+Sociology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Gale+Virtual+Reference+Library&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Villemez&rft.aufirst=Wayne+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hse.ru%2Fdata%2F2010%2F01%2F20%2F1229134130%2FGale%2520Encyclopedia%2520of%2520Sociology%2520Vol%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/power-market/critiquing-dollar-day-idea-poverty">Critiquing the Dollar-a-Day Idea of Poverty</a>, Harald Eustachius Tomintz, 27 January 2021, Mises Institute</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/about/history-of-the-poverty-measure.html">The History of the Official Poverty Measure</a>, United States Bureau of the Census</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2005" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Gordon (16 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aspe.hhs.gov/POVERTY/papers/relabs.htm">"Relative or Absolute – New Light on the Behavior of Poverty Lines Over Time"</a>. Department of Health and Human Services<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relative+or+Absolute+%E2%80%93+New+Light+on+the+Behavior+of+Poverty+Lines+Over+Time&rft.pub=Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.date=2005-12-16&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faspe.hhs.gov%2FPOVERTY%2Fpapers%2Frelabs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+threshold" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deprivation_and_poverty_indicators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deprivation_Indicators" title="Template:Deprivation Indicators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Deprivation_Indicators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Deprivation Indicators (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deprivation_Indicators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deprivation Indicators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deprivation_and_poverty_indicators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Relative_deprivation" title="Relative deprivation">Deprivation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> indicators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_out" title="Acting out">Acting out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">Disadvantaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fush%C5%ABgaku" title="Fushūgaku">Fushūgaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_failure" title="Governance failure">Governance failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_deprivation" title="Relative deprivation">Relative deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">Self-image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_deprivation" title="Social deprivation">Social deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_vulnerability" title="Social vulnerability">Social vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">Social Progress Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Topics:" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman_or_degrading_treatment" title="Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_helplessness" title="Learned helplessness">Learned helplessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet#Freud" title="Pierre Janet">psychological poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_mental_disorders#Poverty" title="Causes of mental disorders">Poverty and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_poverty" title="Asset poverty">Asset poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">Culture of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_poverty" title="Energy poverty">Energy poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">Extreme poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_stress" title="Housing stress">Housing stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_deficit" title="Income deficit">Income deficit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poverty threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_poverty" title="Secondary poverty">Secondary poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Below_Poverty_Line_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Below Poverty Line (India)">Below Poverty Line (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeless_Vulnerability_Index" title="Homeless Vulnerability Index">Homeless Vulnerability Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misery_index_(economics)" title="Misery index (economics)">Misery index (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator" title="Genuine progress indicator">Genuine progress indicator</a> (GPI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatum_Prosperity_Index" title="Legatum Prosperity Index">Legatum Prosperity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_gap_index" title="Poverty gap index">Poverty gap index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence#Connection_with_poverty" title="Structural violence">Poverty and violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_State_Hunger_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="India State Hunger Index">India State Hunger Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index" title="Global Hunger Index">Global Hunger Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> (DALYs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a> (GPI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complex measures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a> (HPI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">Multidimensional Poverty Index</a> (MPI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_Quality_of_Life_Index" title="Physical Quality of Life Index">Physical Quality of Life Index</a> (PQLI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laeken_indicators" title="Laeken indicators">Laeken indicators</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_index_of_multiple_deprivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish index of multiple deprivation">Scottish index of multiple deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsend_deprivation_index" title="Townsend deprivation index">Townsend deprivation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Index" title="Living Planet Index">Living Planet Index</a> (LPI)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_out_of_Poverty_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress out of Poverty Index (page does not exist)">Progress out of Poverty Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_of_poverty" title="Feminization of poverty">Feminization of poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-related_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-related Development Index">Gender-related Development Index</a> (GDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Parity_Index" title="Gender Parity Index">Gender Parity Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Income_inequality_metrics" title="Category:Income inequality metrics">Income inequality metrics</a> · <a href="/wiki/Category:Measurements_and_definitions_of_poverty" title="Category:Measurements and definitions of poverty">Measurements and definitions of poverty</a> · <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_responsibility_organizations" title="Category:Social responsibility organizations">Social responsibility organizations</a> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indices_of_Deprivation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indices_of_Deprivation" title="Template:Indices of Deprivation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Indices_of_Deprivation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Indices of Deprivation (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indices_of_Deprivation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indices of Deprivation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indices_of_Deprivation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multiple_deprivation_index" title="Multiple deprivation index">Indices of Deprivation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National (general deprivation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carstairs_index" title="Carstairs index">Carstairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Multiple_Deprivation_2000" title="Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000">Multiple Deprivation 2000 (IMD2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2004" title="Indices of deprivation 2004">Deprivation 2004 (ID2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2007" title="Indices of deprivation 2007">Deprivation 2007 (ID2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2010" title="Indices of deprivation 2010">Deprivation 2010 (ID2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsend_deprivation_index" title="Townsend deprivation index">Townsend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National (subject specific deprivation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underprivileged_area_score" title="Underprivileged area score">Underprivileged area score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_Index" title="Department of Environment Index">Department of Environment's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Commons categories: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Information_graphics_about_poverty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Information graphics about poverty">Information graphics about poverty</a> · <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Poverty-related_maps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Poverty-related maps">Poverty-related maps</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&oldid=1252707572#Relative_poverty">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&oldid=1252707572#Relative_poverty</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Macroeconomic_indicators" title="Category:Macroeconomic indicators">Macroeconomic indicators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Measurements_and_definitions_of_poverty" title="Category:Measurements and definitions of poverty">Measurements and definitions of poverty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welfare_economics" title="Category:Welfare economics">Welfare economics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2018">Articles with dead external links from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_April_2019" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2019">Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States-centric" title="Category:United States-centric">United States-centric</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2021">Use dmy dates from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_August_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2022">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_split_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles to be split from September 2020">Articles to be split from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_split" title="Category:All articles to be split">All articles to be split</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2019" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2019">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2005" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_August_2022" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from August 2022">Vague or ambiguous time from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 16:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty_threshold&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Relative_poverty" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-zl6fr","wgBackendResponseTime":188,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.933","walltime":"1.050","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6563,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":214177,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6156,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":333344,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 918.504 1 -total"," 56.62% 520.086 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.20% 240.650 45 Template:Cite_web"," 13.95% 128.099 7 Template:Navbox"," 10.97% 100.780 19 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.02% 82.869 1 Template:Deprivation_Indicators"," 7.32% 67.251 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.44% 59.108 7 Template:Fix"," 5.58% 51.224 12 Template:Cite_book"," 5.13% 47.122 2 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.564","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7122666,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bxzm6","timestamp":"20241122143051","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Poverty threshold","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poverty_threshold#Relative_poverty","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q205660","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q205660","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-18T06:52:01Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T16:18:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6d\/Extreme_poverty_1981-2008.svg","headline":"minimum income deemed adequate to live in a specific country or place"}</script> </body> </html>