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Cultura - Wikipedia, a enciclopedia libre

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open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gl" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> Este artigo <b>precisa de máis <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citar_as_fontes?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citar as fontes">fontes ou referencias</a></b> que aparezan nunha <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilidade?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilidade">publicación acreditada</a> que poidan verificar o seu contido, como libros ou outras publicacións especializadas no tema. Por favor, axude <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DCultura%26action%3Dedit">mellorando este artigo</a>. </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Cultura</b> (do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_latina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua latina">latín</a> <i>cultura</i>, cultivar o solo, coidar) é un termo con varias acepcións, é dicir, é un termo <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polisemia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polisemia">polisémico</a>, en diferentes niveis de profundidade e diferente especificidade. No uso cotián, a palabra cultura emprégase para dous conceptos diferentes:</p> <ul> <li>Excelencia no gusto polas belas artes e as humanidades, tamén coñecida como alta cultura.</li> <li>Os conxuntos de saberes, crenzas e pautas de conduta dun grupo social, incluídos os medios materiais que usan os seus membros para comunicarse entre si e resolver necesidades de todo tipo</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg/220px-Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg/330px-Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg/440px-Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="768"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petr%C3%B3glifo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petróglifo">Petróglifos</a> en Gobustán, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acerbaix%C3%A1n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acerbaixán">Acerbaixán</a>, datan duns 10.000 anos a.C. indicando unha cultura próspera. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Segundo a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filosofía">filosofía</a> é o conxunto de manifestacións humanas que contrastan coa natureza ou comportamento natural. Pola súa quenda, en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biolox%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bioloxía">bioloxía</a> unha cultura é normalmente unha creación especial de organismos (en xeral microscópicos) para fins determinados (por exemplo: estudo de modos de vida bacterianos, estudos microecolóxicos etc). No día-a-día das sociedades <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civilización">civilizadas</a> (especialmente a sociedade occidental) e no vulgo acostuma ser asociada á adquisición de coñecementos e prácticas de vida recoñecidas como mellores, superiores, ou sexa, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Erudici%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Erudición (a páxina aínda non existe)">erudición</a>; este sentido normalmente se asocia ao que é tamén descrito como “<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alta_cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alta cultura (a páxina aínda non existe)">alta cultura</a>”, e é empregado apenas no singular (non existen <i>culturas</i>, apenas unha <i>cultura</i> ideal, á cal os homes indistintamente deben se encadrar).</p> <p>A <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antropolox%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antropoloxía">antropoloxía</a> encara a cultura como o total de padróns aprendidos e desenvolvidos polo ser humano. Segundo a definición pioneira de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Edward Burnett Tylor (a páxina aínda non existe)">Edward Burnett Tylor</a>, baixo a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etnolox%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etnoloxía">etnoloxía</a> (ciencia relativa especificamente do estudo da cultura) a cultura sería “o complexo que inclúe coñecemento, crenzas, arte, morais, leis, costumes e outras aptitudes e hábitos adquiridos polo ser humano como membro da sociedade.”</p> <p>Polo tanto corresponde, neste último sentido, ás formas de organización dun pobo, os seus costumes e tradicións transmitidas de xeración para xeración que, a partir dunha vivencia e tradición común, se presentan como a identidade dese <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pobo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pobo">pobo</a>.</p> <p>O uso de abstracción é unha característica do que é cultura: os elementos culturais só existen na mente das persoas, nos seus símbolos tales como patróns artísticos e mitos. Mentres fálase tamén en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura_material?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultura material">cultura material</a> (por analoxía a cultura simbólica) cando do estudo de produtos culturais concretos (obras de arte, escritos, ferramentas etc). Esa forma de cultura (material) é preservada no tempo con máis facilidade, unha vez que a cultura simbólica é extremadamente fráxil.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="gl" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Índice</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Natureza_e_cultura"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Natureza e cultura</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Formaci%C3%B3n_do_concepto_de_cultura"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Formación do concepto de cultura</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etimolox%C3%ADa"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Etimoloxía</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Concepci%C3%B3n_cl%C3%A1sica_da_cultura"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Concepción clásica da cultura</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultura_e_civilizaci%C3%B3n"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cultura e civilización</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definici%C3%B3ns_de_cultura_nas_disciplinas_sociais"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Definicións de cultura nas disciplinas sociais</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definici%C3%B3ns_descritivas_de_cultura"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Definicións descritivas de cultura</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definici%C3%B3n_de_Tylor"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Definición de Tylor</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definici%C3%B3n_dos_culturalistas"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Definición dos culturalistas</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultura_e_sociedade"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cultura e sociedade</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vantaxes_da_cultura"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Vantaxes da cultura</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mudanza_cultural"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mudanza cultural</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Percepci%C3%B3n_e_etnocentrismo"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Percepción e etnocentrismo</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultura_en_animais"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Cultura en animais</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notas"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#V%C3%A9xase_tam%C3%A9n"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Véxase tamén</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliograf%C3%ADa"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliografía</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Outros_artigos"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Outros artigos</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Natureza_e_cultura">Natureza e cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Natureza e cultura»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Unha primeira distinción no coñecemento científico é a que se establece entre natureza e cultura. Esa distinción significa que o mundo da natureza é o que non foi creado polo home, polo menos nas súas orixes; mentres que a cultura é o mundo creado polos seres humanos, tal como explícase cumpridamente no libro <i>The Man-Made World</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Cando o termo <b>cultura</b> xurdiu en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europa</a>, entre os séculos <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XVIII">XVIII</a> e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIX?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XIX"> XIX</a>, referíase a un proceso de tecnoloxía ou mellora, como na <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agricultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a> ou <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horticultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horticultura">horticultura</a>. No século XIX, pasou primeiro a referirse ao melloramento ou refinamento do individuo, especialmente a través da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educación">educación</a>, e logo ao logro das <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacionalismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacionalismo">aspiracións ou ideais nacionais</a>. A mediados do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIX?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XIX">século XIX</a>, algúns científicos utilizaron o termo «cultura» para referirse á capacidade humana universal. Para o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Antipositivismo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Antipositivismo (a páxina aínda non existe)">antipositivista</a> e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociolox%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socioloxía">sociólogo</a> alemán <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Georg_Simmel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Georg Simmel (a páxina aínda non existe)">Georg Simmel</a>, a cultura referíase a «a cultivación dos individuos a través da inxerencia de formas externas que foron obxetificadas no transcurso da historia».<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>No <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XX?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XX">século XX</a>, a «cultura» xurdiu como un concepto central da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antropolox%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antropoloxía">antropoloxía</a>, abarcando todos os fenómenos humanos que non son o total resultado da xenética. Especificamente, o termo «cultura» na antropoloxía americana ten dous significados: (1) a evolucionada capacidade humana de clasificar e representar as experiencias con <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%ADmbolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Símbolo">símbolos</a> e actuar de forma imaxinativa e creativa; e (2) as distintas maneiras en que a xente vive en diferentes partes do mundo, clasificando e representando as súas experiencias e actuando creativamente. Despois da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Segunda_guerra_mundial?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Segunda guerra mundial">segunda guerra mundial</a>, o termo volveuse importante, aínda que con diferentes significados, noutras disciplinas como <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Estudos_culturais&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Estudos culturais (a páxina aínda non existe)">estudos culturais</a>, psicoloxía organizacional, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sociolox%C3%ADa_da_cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Socioloxía da cultura (a páxina aínda non existe)">socioloxía da cultura</a> e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Administraci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Administración">estudos xerenciais</a>.</p> <p>Algúns <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etolox%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etoloxía">etólogos</a> falaron de «cultura» para referirse a costumes, actividades ou comportamentos transmitidos dunha xeración a outra en grupos de animais por imitación consciente dos devanditos comportamentos.<sup>[<i><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:C%C3%B3mpre_referencia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Cómpre referencia">Cómpre referencia</a></i>]</sup> As crenzas e prácticas dunha cultura determinada poden ser exercidas como mecanismos de control que limitan a conduta social. A cultura asóciase coa liberdade, xa que é o vehículo entre o coñecemento e novas formas de conciencia que permiten unha desestabilización na hexemonía. Ademais pode recoñecerse como conxuntos ou modos de vida e costumes dunha época ou grupo social. O termo cultura pode alcanzar extensión e usos diversos, como diversidade cultural, obxecto do coñecemento empírico, e a diferenza cultural.<sup id="cite_ref-#1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#1-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p><b>Outros conceptos de cultura:</b></p> <ul> <li>A palabra cultura asóciase coa acción de cultivar ou practicar algo, tamén segundo a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real_Academia_Galega?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real Academia Galega">RAG</a> pode ser o resultado ou efecto de prevalecer coñecementos humanos e conxuntos de modos de vida.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <ul> <li>A cultura foi vista dentro dos proxectos de modernidade.</li> <li>Unha dimensión e expresión da vida humana, realízase mediante a utilización de símbolos e artefactos, nos que hai un campo de produción, circulación e consumo de signos e como unha praxe que se articula nunha teoría.</li> <li>No dicionario noméanse diferentes tipos de culturas e entre elas as dúas máis emblemáticas son a cultura popular e a cultura de masas.<sup id="cite_ref-#1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-#1-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Formación_do_concepto_de_cultura"><span id="Formaci.C3.B3n_do_concepto_de_cultura"></span>Formación do concepto de cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Formación do concepto de cultura»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Etimoloxía"><span id="Etimolox.C3.ADa"></span>Etimoloxía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Etimoloxía»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etimolox%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etimoloxía">etimoloxía</a> do concepto moderno “cultura” ten unha orixe antiga. En varias linguas europeas, a palabra “cultura” está baseada no termo latino utilizado por <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cicer%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cicerón">Cicerón</a>, no seu <i>Tusculanae Disputationes</i>, quen escribiu acerca dun cultivo da alma ou <i>“cultura animi”</i>, utilizando así unha metáfora agrícola para describir o desenvolvemento dunha alma filosófica, que foi comprendida <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teleolox%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teleoloxía">teleoloxicamente</a> como un dos ideais máis altos posibles para o desenvolvemento humano. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Pufendorf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Samuel Pufendorf (a páxina aínda non existe)">Samuel Pufendorf</a> levou esta metáfora a un concepto moderno, cun significado similar, pero xa sen asumir que a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filosofía">filosofía</a> é a perfección natural do home. Para este autor, os significados de cultura, que moitos escritores posteriores retoman, “refírense a todas as formas na que os humanos comezan a superar o seu barbarismo orixinal e, a través de artificios, vólvense completamente humanos”.<sup id="cite_ref-velkley_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-velkley-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Como o describe Velkley:<sup id="cite_ref-velkley_5-1" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-velkley-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6856698">.mw-parser-output .flexquote{display:flex;flex-direction:column;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border-left:3px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);font-size:90%;margin:1em 4em;padding:.4em .8em}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex>.quote{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex>.separator{border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);margin:.4em .8em}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.cite{text-align:right}@media all and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex{flex-direction:column}}</style></p> <blockquote class="flexquote"> <div class="flex"> <div class="quote"> O termo “cultura”, que orixinalmente significaba a cultivación da alma ou a mente, adquire a maioría dos seus posteriores significados nos escritos dos pensadores alemáns do século XVIII, quen en varios niveis desenvolveron a crítica de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> ao <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberalismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberalismo">liberalismo</a> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Modernidade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Modernidade (a páxina aínda non existe)">moderno</a> e a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ilustraci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ilustración">Ilustración</a>. Ademais, un contraste entre “cultura” e “<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civilización">civilización</a>” está usualmente implícito por estes autores, aínda cando non o expresen así. Dous significados primarios de cultura xorden deste período: cultura como un espírito folclórico cunha identidade única, e cultura como a cultivación da espiritualidade ou a individualidade libre. O primeiro significado é predominante dentro do noso uso actual do termo “cultura”, pero o segundo xoga aínda un importante rol no que cremos debería lograr a cultura, como a “expresión” plena do ser único e “auténtico”. </div> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Concepción_clásica_da_cultura"><span id="Concepci.C3.B3n_cl.C3.A1sica_da_cultura"></span>Concepción clásica da cultura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Concepción clásica da cultura»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Field,_corn,_Liechtenstein,_Mountains,_Alps,_Vaduz,_sky,_clouds,_landscape.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg/170px-Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg/170px-Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg/255px-Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg/340px-Field%2C_corn%2C_Liechtenstein%2C_Mountains%2C_Alps%2C_Vaduz%2C_sky%2C_clouds%2C_landscape.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Nas súas primeiras acepcións, <i>cultura</i> designaba o cultivo dos campos. </figcaption> </figure> <p>O termo cultura provén do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_latina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua latina">latín</a> <i>cultus</i> que á súa vez deriva da voz <i>colere</i> que significa coidado do campo ou do gando. Pola metade do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVI?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XVI">século XVI</a>, o termo adquire unha connotación metafórica, como o cultivo de calquera facultade. Cara ao <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XIII">século XIII</a>, o termo empregábase para designar unha parcela cultivada, e tres séculos máis tarde cambiara o seu sentido de estado dunha cousa á propia acción que leva ao devandito estado: o cultivo da terra ou o coidado do gando (Cuche, 1999: 10), aproximadamente no sentido en que se emprega no galego dos nosos días en vocábulos como <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agricultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a>, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apicultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apicultura">apicultura</a>, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piscifactor%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piscifactoría">piscicultura</a> e outros. De calquera xeito, a acepción figurativa de cultura non se estenderá ata o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVII?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XVII">século XVII</a>, cando tamén aparece en certos textos académicos.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Atelier_de_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re,_portrait_de_Voltaire,_d%C3%A9tail_(mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet)_-002.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Atelier_de_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet%29_-002.jpg/170px-Atelier_de_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet%29_-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Atelier_de_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet%29_-002.jpg/170px-Atelier_de_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet%29_-002.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Atelier_de_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet%29_-002.jpg/255px-Atelier_de_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet%29_-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Atelier_de_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet%29_-002.jpg/340px-Atelier_de_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire%2C_d%C3%A9tail_%28mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet%29_-002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voltaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, un dos poucos pensadores franceses do século XVIII que se mostraban partidarios dunha concepción relativista da historia humana. </figcaption> </figure> <p>O <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ilustraci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ilustración">século das luces</a> (<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XVIII">século XVIII</a>) é a época en que o sentido figurado do termo como “cultivo do espírito” imponse en amplos campos académicos. Por exemplo, o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dicionario_da_Academia_Francesa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dicionario da Academia Francesa (a páxina aínda non existe)"><i>Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française</i></a> de 1718. E aínda que a <i><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopédie">Enciclopedia</a></i> inclúeo só no seu sentido restrinxido de cultivo de terras, non descoñece o sentido figurado, que aparece nos artigos dedicados á literatura, a pintura, a filosofía e as ciencias. Co paso do tempo, como cultura entenderase a formación da mente. É dicir, convértese novamente nunha palabra que designa un estado, aínda que nesta ocasión é o estado da mente humana, e non o estado das parcelas.</p> <p>A clásica oposición entre cultura e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natureza?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natureza">natureza</a> tamén ten as súas raíces nesta época. En 1798, o <i>Dictionnaire</i> inclúe unha acepción de cultura en que se estigmatiza o “espírito natural”. Para moitos dos pensadores da época, como <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, a cultura é un fenómeno distintivo dos seres humanos, que os coloca nunha posición diferente á do resto de animais. A cultura é o conxunto dos coñecementos e saberes acumulados pola humanidade ao longo dos seus milenios de historia. En tanto unha característica universal (o vocábulo), emprégase en número singular, debido a que se atopa en todas as sociedades sen distinción de etnias, localización xeográfica ou momento histórico.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cultura_e_civilización"><span id="Cultura_e_civilizaci.C3.B3n"></span>Cultura e civilización</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Cultura e civilización»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Tamén é no contexto da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ilustraci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ilustración">Ilustración</a> cando xorde outra das clásicas oposicións en que se involucra á cultura, esta vez, como sinónimo da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civilización">civilización</a>. Esta palabra aparece por primeira vez na <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_francesa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua francesa">lingua francesa</a> do século XVIII, e con ela significábase a refinación dos costumes. Civilización é un termo relacionado coa idea de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Progreso&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Progreso (a páxina aínda non existe)">progreso</a>. Segundo isto, a civilización é un estado da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ser_humano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ser humano">Humanidade</a> no cal a ignorancia foi abatida e os costumes e relacións sociais áchanse no seu máis elevada expresión. A civilización non é un proceso terminado, é constante, e implica o perfeccionamento progresivo das leis, as formas de goberno, o coñecemento. Como a cultura, tamén é un proceso universal que inclúe a todos os pobos, mesmo aos máis atrasados na liña da evolución social. Desde logo, os parámetros cos que se medía se unha <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociedade?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sociedade">sociedade</a> era máis civilizada ou máis salvaxe eran os da súa propia sociedade. Nos albores do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIX?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XIX">século XIX</a>, ambos os termos, cultura e civilización eran empregados case do mesmo xeito, sobre todo en francés e inglés (Thompson, 2002: 186).</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker,_1775.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg/170px-Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="950"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg/170px-Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg/255px-Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg/340px-Johann_Gottfried_von_Herder_by_Johann_Ludwig_Strecker%2C_1775.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Johann Gottfried Herder. Segundo el, a cultura podía entenderse como a realización do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_do_pobo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espírito do pobo">xenio nacional</a> (<i>Volksgeist</i>). </figcaption> </figure> <p>É necesario sinalar que non todos os intelectuais franceses empregaron o termo. Rousseau e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voltaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> mostráronse reticentes a esta concepción progresista da historia. Tentaron propoñer unha versión máis <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Relativismo_cultural&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Relativismo cultural (a páxina aínda non existe)">relativista</a> da historia, aínda que sen éxito, pois a corrente dominante era a dos progresistas. Non foi en Francia, senón en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alemaña">Alemaña</a> onde as posturas relativistas gañaron maior prestixio. O termo <i>Kultur</i> en sentido figurado aparece en Alemaña cara ao <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVII?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XVII">século XVII</a> -aproximadamente coa mesma connotación que en francés. Para o século XVIII goza de gran prestixio entre os pensadores burgueses alemáns. Isto debeuse a que foi empregado para deostar aos aristócratas, aos que acusaban de tratar de imitar as maneiras <i>“civilizadas”</i> da corte francesa. Por exemplo, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Immanuel_Kant?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> apuntaba que “cultivamonos por medio da arte e da ciencia, civilizámonos [ao adquirir] bos modos e refinamentos sociais” (Thompson, 2002: 187). Polo tanto, en Alemaña o termo civilización foi equiparado cos valores cortesáns, cualificados de superficiais e pretenciosos. En sentido contrario, a cultura identificouse cos valores profundos e orixinais da burguesía (Cuche, 1999:13).</p> <p>No proceso de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cr%C3%ADtica_social&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Crítica social (a páxina aínda non existe)">crítica social</a>, o acento na dicotomía cultura/civilización trasládase as diferenzas entre estratos sociais ás diferenzas nacionais. Mentres Francia era o escenario dunha das <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Francesa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolución Francesa">revolucións</a> burguesas máis importantes da historia, Alemaña estaba fragmentada en múltiples Estados. Por iso, unha das tarefas que se propuxeron os pensadores alemáns era a unificación política. A unidade nacional pasaba tamén pola reivindicación das especificidades nacionais, que o universalismo dos pensadores franceses pretendía borrar en nome da civilización. Xa en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1774?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1774">1774</a>, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Johann_Gottfried_Herder&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Johann Gottfried Herder (a páxina aínda non existe)">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> proclamaba que o xenio de cada pobo (<i><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_do_pobo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espírito do pobo">Volksgeist</a></i>) inclinábase sempre pola diversidade cultural, a riqueza humana e en contra do universalismo. Por iso, o orgullo nacional radicaba na cultura, a través da que cada pobo debía cumprir un destino específico. A cultura, como a entendía Herder, era a expresión da humanidade diversa, e non excluía a posibilidade de comunicación entre os pobos.</p> <p>Durante o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIX?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XIX">século XIX</a>, en Alemaña o termo cultura evoluciona baixo a influencia do nacionalismo.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>n. 1<span>]</span></a></sup> Mentres tanto, en Francia, o concepto ampliouse para incluír non só o desenvolvemento intelectual do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Individuo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Individuo">individuo</a>, senón o da humanidade no seu conxunto. De aquí, o sentido francés da palabra presenta unha continuidade co de civilización: non obstante a influencia alemá, persiste a idea de que máis aló das diferenzas entre “cultura alemá” e “cultura francesa” (por poñer un exemplo), hai algo que as unifica a todas: a cultura humana.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>n. 2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Definicións_de_cultura_nas_disciplinas_sociais"><span id="Definici.C3.B3ns_de_cultura_nas_disciplinas_sociais"></span>Definicións de cultura nas disciplinas sociais</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Definicións de cultura nas disciplinas sociais»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Para efecto das <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ciencias_sociais?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ciencias sociais">ciencias sociais</a>, as primeiras acepcións de cultura foron construídas a finais do século XIX. Por esta época, a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociolox%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socioloxía">socioloxía</a> e a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antropolox%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antropoloxía">antropoloxía</a> eran disciplinas relativamente novas, e a pauta no debate sobre o tema que aquí nos ocupa levábaa a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filosofía">filosofía</a>. Os primeiros sociólogos, como <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, rexeitaban o uso do termo. Hai que lembrar que na súa perspectiva, a ciencia da sociedade debía abordar problemas relacionados coa <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estrutura_social?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estrutura social">estrutura social</a>.A estrutura social está constituída polas relacións entre os axentes sociais. Ditas relacións son de subordinación ou de reciprocidade, e na perspectiva estructuralista das ciencias sociais, son a base da sociedade Aínda que é opinión xeneralizada que <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> deixou de lado á cultura, iso vese refutado polas mesmas obras do autor, sostendo que as relacións sociais de produción (a organización que adoptan os seres humanos para o traballo e a distribución social dos seus froitos) constitúen a base da superestrutura xurídico-política e ideolóxica, pero en ningún caso un aspecto secundario da sociedade. Non é concebible unha relación social de produción sen regras de conduta, sen discursos de lexitimación, sen prácticas de poder, sen costumes e hábitos permanentes de comportamento, sen obxectos valorados tanto pola clase dominante como pola clase dominada. O desvelo das obras xuvenís de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>, tanto de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Die_deutsche_Ideologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Die deutsche Ideologie">A ideoloxía alemá</a> (1845-1846) en 1932 pola soada edición do Instituto Marx-Engels da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unión Soviética">URSS</a> baixo dirección de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=David_Riazanov&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="David Riazanov (a páxina aínda non existe)">David Riazanov</a>, como dos <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuscritos_de_econom%C3%ADa_e_filosof%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuscritos de economía e filosofía">Manuscritos económicos e filosóficos</a> (1844) posibilitou que varios partidarios das súas propostas teóricas desenvolvesen unha teoría da cultura marxista.</p> <p>Xeralmente, o significado de cultura relaciónase coa <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antropolox%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antropoloxía">antropoloxía</a>, unha das ramas máis importantes da disciplina social que se encarga precisamente do estudo comparativo da cultura. Quizais pola centralidade que a palabra ten na teoría da antropoloxía, o termo foi desenvolto de diversas maneiras, que supoñen o uso dunha metodoloxía analítica baseada en premisas que en ocasións distan moito únalas das outras. Foi <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Boas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> fronte a esta empresa etnocentrista, quen opera o gran cambio epistemológico na antropoloxía. A partir de Boas, pai do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Relativismo_cultural&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Relativismo cultural (a páxina aínda non existe)">relativismo cultural</a>, o antropólogo faise tradutor, podendo entrar na cosmovisión do estudado e entender o mundo das súas significacións. Ese mundo da significación,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> irá conducindo, lentamente, cara a un concepto que non é antropolóxico, e é o da construción social do sentido. #Ante este aumento da sensibilidade vinculada coas cuestións da linguaxe, desenvolveranse disciplinas novas, vinculadas co mundo da significación humana e da linguaxe, que completarán a idea da cultura entendida desde o mundo da significación.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>n. 3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>De acordo coa Declaración Universal sobre a Diversidade Cultural da UNESCO "a cultura debe ser considerada como o conxunto dos trazos distintivos espirituais e materiais, intelectuais e afectivos que caracterizan a unha sociedade ou a un grupo social e que abarca, ademais das artes e as letras, os modos de vida, as maneiras de vivir xuntos, os sistemas de valores, as tradicións e as crenzas"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Os etnólogos e antropólogos británicos e estadounidenses das postrimerías do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIX?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XIX">século XIX</a> retomaron o debate sobre o contido de <i>cultura</i>. Estes autores tiñan case sempre unha formación profesional en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dereito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dereito">dereito</a>, pero estaban particularmente interesados no funcionamento das sociedades exóticas coas que Occidente se atopaba nese momento.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>n. 4<span>]</span></a></sup> Na opinión destes pioneiros da etnoloxía e a antropoloxía social (como Bachoffen, McLennan, Maine e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Henry_Morgan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lewis Henry Morgan (a páxina aínda non existe)">Morgan</a>), a cultura é o resultado do devir histórico da sociedade. Pero a historia da humanidade nestes escritores era fortemente debedora das teorías ilustradas da civilización, e sobre todo, do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darwinismo_social?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darwinismo social">darwinismo social</a> de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herbert_Spencer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Definicións_descritivas_de_cultura"><span id="Definici.C3.B3ns_descritivas_de_cultura"></span>Definicións descritivas de cultura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Definicións descritivas de cultura»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Definición_de_Tylor"><span id="Definici.C3.B3n_de_Tylor"></span>Definición de Tylor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Definición de Tylor»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg/170px-Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="396"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 231px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg/170px-Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="231" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg/255px-Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> E. B. Tylor, etnólogo británico, dixo: “A principal tendencia da cultura desde as orixes aos tempos modernos foi do salvajismo cara á civilización” (1995:43). </figcaption> </figure> <p>Como sinala Thompson (2002:190), a definición descritiva de cultura atopábase presente neses primeiros autores da antropoloxía decimonónica. O interese principal na obra destes autores (que abordaba problemáticas tan disímbolas como a orixe da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Familia_(sociolox%C3%ADa)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Familia (socioloxía)">familia</a> e o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matriarcado?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matriarcado">matriarcado</a>, e as supervivencias de culturas antiquísimas na civilización occidental do seu tempo) era a procura dos motivos que levaban aos pobos para comportarse de tal ou cal modo. Nesas exploracións, meditarente, ou entre a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tecnolox%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tecnoloxía">tecnoloxía</a> e o resto do sistema social.</p> <p>Un dos máis importantes <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etnograf%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etnografía">etnógrafos</a> da época foi <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Klemm&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gustav Klemm (a páxina aínda non existe)">Gustav Klemm</a>. Nos dez tomos da súa obra <i>Allgemeine Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit</i> (1843-1852)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> tentou mostrar o desenvolvemento gradual da humanidade por medio da análise da tecnoloxía, costumes, arte, ferramentas, prácticas relixiosas. Unha obra monumental, pois incluía exemplos etnográficos de pobos de todo o mundo. O traballo de Klemm tería eco nos seus contemporáneos, empeñados en definir o campo dunha disciplina científica que estaba a nacer. Uns vinte anos máis tarde, en 1871, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Edward_Burnett_Tylor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Edward Burnett Tylor (a páxina aínda non existe)">Edward B. Tylor</a> publicou en <i>Primitive Culture</i> unha das definicións máis amplamente aceptadas de cultura. Segundo Tylor, a cultura é:</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6856698"> <blockquote class="flexquote"> <div class="flex"> <div class="quote"> ...aquel todo complexo que inclúe o coñecemento, as crenzas, a arte, a moral, o dereito, os costumes, e calquera outros hábitos e capacidades adquiridos polo home. A situación da cultura nas diversas sociedades da especie humana, na medida en que pode ser investigada segundo principios xerais, é un obxecto apto para o estudo das leis do pensamento e a acción do home. </div> </div> <div class="cite"> (Tylor, 1995: 29) </div> </blockquote> <p>Desta sorte, un das principais achegas de Tylor foi a elevación da cultura como materia de estudo sistemático. A pesar deste notable avance conceptual, a proposta de Tylor adoecía de dúas grandes debilidades. Por unha banda, sacou do concepto a súa énfase humanista ao converter á cultura en obxecto de ciencia. Polo outro, o seu procedemento analítico era demasiado descritivo. No texto citado arriba, Tylor expón que “un primeiro paso para o estudo da civilización<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>n. 5<span>]</span></a></sup> consiste en diseccionala en detalles, e clasificar estes nos grupos adecuados” (Tylor, 1995:33). Segundo esta premisa, a mera recompilación dos “detalles” permitiría o coñecemento dunha cultura. Unha vez coñecida, sería posible clasificala nunha gradación de máis a menos civilizada, premisa que herdou dos darwinistas sociais.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Definición_dos_culturalistas"><span id="Definici.C3.B3n_dos_culturalistas"></span>Definición dos culturalistas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Definición dos culturalistas»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg/170px-Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="2451"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg/170px-Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg/255px-Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg/340px-Hopi_woman_dressing_hair_of_unmarried_girl.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Unha muller hopi arranxa o peiteado dunha moza solteira da súa tribo. Os antropólogos estadounidenses da primeira metade do século XX estaban moi interesados na documentación etnográfica dos pobos indios, algúns dos cales estaban en proceso de extinción. </figcaption> </figure> <p>A proposta teórica de Tylor foi retomada e reelaborada posteriormente, tanto en Gran Bretaña como nos Estados Unidos. Neste último país, a antropoloxía evolucionaba cara a unha posición relativista, representada en primeira instancia por <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Boas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>. Esta posición representaba un rompemento coas ideas anteriores sobre a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n_cultural?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evolución cultural">evolución cultural</a>, en especial as propostas polos autores británicos e o estadounidense <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Henry_Morgan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lewis Henry Morgan (a páxina aínda non existe)">Lewis Henry Morgan</a>. Para este último, contra quen Boas dirixiu as súas críticas nun dos seus poucos textos teóricos, o proceso da evolución social humana (tecnoloxía, relacións sociais e cultura) podía ser equiparado co proceso de crecemento dun individuo da especie. Por tanto, Morgan comparaba o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Salvaxismo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Salvaxismo (a páxina aínda non existe)">salvaxismo</a> coa “infancia da especie humana”, e a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civilización">civilización</a>, coa madurez.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Boas foi sumamente duro coas propostas de Morgan e o resto dos antropólogos evolucionistas contemporáneos. Ao que os seus autores chamaban “teorías” sobre a evolución da sociedade, Boas cualificounas de “puras conxecturas” sobre o ordenamento histórico de “fenómenos observados conforme a principios admitidos [de antemán]” (1964:184).</p> <p>A crítica de Boas en contra dos evolucionistas é un eco da perspectiva dos filósofos alemáns como Herder e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a>. O núcleo da proposta radica na súa inclinación a considerar a cultura como un fenómeno plural. Noutras palabras, máis que falar de cultura, Boas falaba de <i>culturas</i>. Para a maior parte dos antropólogos e etnólogos adscritos á escola culturalista estadounidense, o estado da arte etnográfico ao principio do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XX?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Século XX">século XX</a> non permitía a conformación dunha teoría xeral sobre a evolución das culturas. Por tanto, o labor máis importante dos estudosos do fenómeno debía ser a documentación <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etnograf%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etnografía">etnográfica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>n. 6<span>]</span></a></sup> De feito, Boas escribiu moi poucos textos teóricos, en comparación coas súas monografías sobre os pobos indíxenas da costa <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ano_Pac%C3%ADfico?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Océano Pacífico">pacífica</a> de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_do_Norte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="América do Norte">América do Norte</a>.</p> <p>Os antropólogos formados por Robin Reid deberon herdar moitas das premisas do seu mestre. Entre outros casos notables, están o de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruth_Benedict?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedict</a>. Na súa obra <i>Patterns of culture</i> (1939), Benedict sinala que cada cultura é un todo comprensible só nos seus propios termos<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>n. 7<span>]</span></a></sup> e constitúe unha sorte de matriz que dá sentido á actuación dos individuos nunha sociedade. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Kroeber&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alfred Kroeber (a páxina aínda non existe)">Alfred Kroeber</a>, retomando a oposición entre cultura e natureza, tamén sinalaba que as culturas son fenómenos <i>sui generis</i> pero, en sentido estrito, eran dunha categoría exterior á natureza. Por tanto, segundo Kroeber, o estudo das culturas debía saírse do dominio das ciencias naturais e encarar ás primeiras como o que eran: fenómenos superorgánicos.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>n. 8<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Melville_Herskovits&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Melville Herskovits (a páxina aínda non existe)">Melville Herskovits</a> e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Clyde_Kluckhohn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Clyde Kluckhohn (a páxina aínda non existe)">Clyde Kluckhohn</a> retomaron de Tylor a súa definición cientificista do estudo da cultura. Para o primeiro, tamén a recolección de trazos definitorios das culturas permitiría a súa clasificación. Aínda que, neste caso, a clasificación non se realizaba en sentido <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diacron%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacronía">diacrónico</a>, senón espacial-xeográfico que debería permitir o coñecemento das relacións entre os diferentes pobos asentados nun <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%81rea_cultural&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Área cultural (a páxina aínda non existe)">área cultural</a>. Kluckhonn, pola súa banda, resume no seu texto <i>Antropoloxía</i> a maior parte dos postulados vistos nesta sección, e reclama o dominio do cultural como o campo específico da actividade antropolóxica.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Cultura_e_sociedade">Cultura e sociedade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Cultura e sociedade»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociedade?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sociedade">Sociedade</a> e cultura son dous termos que deben distinguirse. Aínda que toda cultura precise dunha sociedade para se desenvolver, unha sociedade non contén necesariamente unha única cultura (aínda que non sexa posíbel unha sociedade prescindir de cultura). A sociedade é entón a base para a existencia da cultura, e a cultura só de desenvolve pola interacción social.</p> <p>Hai diversas clasificacións canto ao nivel de agregación cultural das sociedades. Pódese, por exemplo, partir de construcións culturais de carácter universal, patróns que existen en calquera culturas existentes; algúns destes padróns son:</p> <ul> <li>división sexual e/ou sectaria dos <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traballo_(sociolox%C3%ADa)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traballo (socioloxía)">traballos</a></li> <li>distinción entre bo e mal comportamento</li> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linguaxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linguaxe">linguaxe</a> oral</li> <li>manifestacións <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arte">artísticas</a></li> <li>concepto de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Privacidade?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Privacidade">privacidade</a></li> <li>regras para <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sexo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sexo">actividade sexual</a></li> </ul> <p>Un segundo nivel sería representado por culturas <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nación">nacionais</a>, pouco homoxéneas mais que conservan trazos fundamentais de semellanza (lingua, padrón de trocas monetarias, por exemplo). A seguir existirían culturas locais, subculturas etc.</p> <p>A participación cultural dáse inicialmente a través da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educación">educación</a> (entendida no sentido da <i><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Paidea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Paidea (a páxina aínda non existe)">Paidea</a></i> grega) pola cal os xoves membros dunha sociedade aprenden o que é esperado deles. Aparecen desde entón as restricións canto a sexo, idade, e clase social, no que concirne tanto ao aprendizaxe de certos elementos culturais canto á práctica de certas actividades. É moito común a distinción entre os <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=X%C3%A9nero_sexual&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Xénero sexual (a páxina aínda non existe)">xéneros</a> na aprendizaxe dos patróns culturais. Outra distinción que fica plenamente caracterizada é a división en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Profesi%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Profesión">profesións</a>: determinados membros se especializan nalgún aspecto da cultura, séndolles innecesario coñecer outros aspectos que fican por conta doutras profesións.</p> <p>Aquilo que foi chamado <i>padrón cultural</i> non debe ser entendido como unha norma ríxida, a respecto do cal calquera <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Desv%C3%ADo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Desvío (a páxina aínda non existe)">desvío</a> é rexeitado. Os padróns culturais son flexíbeis, uns máis do que outros, mais no xeral existe unha gama de comportamentos aceptados.</p> <p>Aprendese a cultura de modo non-instintivo. Os nenos teñen a propensión de aprender máis rápido do que os adultos, por iso é case imposíbel integrar completamente un estranxeiro nunha cultura nova. Esta é a razón pola cal <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etnolox%C3%ADa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etnoloxía">etnólogos</a> precisan pasar ata décadas convivindo con grupos sobre os cales realizan estudos, se desexan realmente facer eses estudos baixo unha observación participativa.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Vantaxes_da_cultura">Vantaxes da cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Vantaxes da cultura»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>A principal vantaxe da cultural é o chamado <b>mecanismo adaptativo</b>: a capacidade de responder ao medio por medio da mudanza de hábitos, máis rápida do que unha posíbel <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evoluci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evolución">evolución</a> biolóxica. O home non precisou, por exemplo, desenvolver longa <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pelaxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pelaxe">pelaxe</a> e grosas capas de gordura baixo a pel para vivir en ambientes máis fríos – el simplemente adaptouse co uso de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roupa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roupa">roupas</a>, do <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lume?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lume">lume</a> e de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vivenda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivenda">vivendas</a>. A evolución cultural é máis rápida que a biolóxica. Así e todo, ao rexeitar a evolución biolóxica, o home tórnase dependente da cultura, pois esta actúa substituíndo elementos que constituirían o ser humano; a falta dun destes elementos (i.e., a supresión dun aspecto da cultura) causaría o mesmo efecto dunha amputación ou defecto físico, talvez aínda peor.</p> <p>Alén diso a cultura é tamén un <b>mecanismo cumulativo</b>. As modificacións realizadas por unha xeración pasan á xeración seguinte, de modo que a cultura transformase perdendo e incorporando aspectos máis adecuados á sobrevivencia, reducindo o esforzo das novas xeracións.</p> <p>Un exemplo de vantaxe obtida a través da cultura é o desenvolvemento do cultivo do solo, a <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agricultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a>. Con ela o home pode ter maior control sobre o fornecemento de alimentos, minimizando os efectos de escaseza de caza ou colecta. Tamén pode abandonar o <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nomadismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadismo">nomadismo</a>; de aí a fixación en aldeas, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cidade?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cidade">cidades</a> e estados.</p> <p>A agricultura tamén permitiu o crecemento demográfico dun xeito acentuado, que xerou un novo problema: producir alimento para unha poboación maior. Desenvolvementos técnicos – facilitados polo maior número de <i>mentes pensantes</i> – permiten que esa dificultade sexa superada, mais á súa vez inducen a un novo aumento da poboación; o aumento de poboación é así causa e consecuencia do avance cultural.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mudanza_cultural">Mudanza cultural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Mudanza cultural»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Como mecanismo adaptativo e acumulativo, a cultura sofre mudanzas. Pérdense trazos, engádense outros, en velocidades variadas nas diferentes sociedades.</p> <p>Dous mecanismos básicos permiten a mudanza cultural: a <b><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Invenci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Invención (a páxina aínda non existe)">invención</a></b> ou introdución de novos conceptos e a <b><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Difusi%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Difusión">difusión</a></b> de conceptos a partir outras culturas (fálase en <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aculturaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aculturación">aculturación</a> cando é algo imposto, e <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Transculturaci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Transculturación (a páxina aínda non existe)">transculturación</a> cando é algo feito de común acordo). Hai tamén a <b><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Descuberta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Descuberta (a páxina aínda non existe)">descuberta</a></b>, que é un tipo de mudanza cultural orixinado pola revelación de algo descoñecido pola propia sociedade e que ela decide adoptar.</p> <p>A mudanza carrexa normalmente resistencia. Visto que os aspectos da vida cultural están ligados entre si, a alteración mínima de tan só un deles pode ocasionar efectos en todos os outros. Modificacións na maneira de producir poden, por exemplo, interferir na escolla de membros para o goberno ou na aplicación de leis. A resistencia á mudanza representa unha vantaxe, no sentido de que tan só se adoptarán modificacións realmente proveitosas e que sexan por iso inevitábeis, evitándose así o esforzo da sociedade en dotar e despois rexeitar determinado concepto novo.</p> <p>O <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ambiente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ambiente">ambiente</a> exerce un papel fundamental sobre as mudanzas culturais, aínda que non único: os homes mudan a súa maneira de encarar o mundo tanto por continxencias ambientais canto por transformacións da <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Consciencia_social&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Consciencia social (a páxina aínda non existe)">consciencia social</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Percepción_e_etnocentrismo"><span id="Percepci.C3.B3n_e_etnocentrismo"></span>Percepción e etnocentrismo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Percepción e etnocentrismo»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>A percepción da cultura é difícil para o ser humano común. Inmerso na súa propia cultura, el tende a encarar as súas <i>escollas</i> como naturais, os seus patróns culturais como os máis racionais e máis axustados a unha boa vida. Cando moito, percebe algo que é inadecuado e que “podería ser doutra forma.” O que permite unha percepción cultural máis intensa é o contacto con outras culturas.</p> <p>Mais, unha vez que se dá este contacto, a tendencia natural é rexeitar a outra cultura como inferior, como inatural. É o chamado <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etnocentrismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etnocentrismo">etnocentrismo</a>, unha barreira que, a despeito de prexudicar o entendemento e relación con outras culturas, serve xustamente para preservar a identidade dunha cultura fronte á posíbel difusión de preceptos doutras culturas.</p> <p>Os estudosos da cultura utilizan o chamado <b>relativismo cultural</b> contra o etnocentrismo: consideran cada aspecto cultural en relación á cultura estudada, e non en relación á a súa propia cultura, senón suxeitos formados dentro doutro sistema de valores.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Cultura_en_animais">Cultura en animais</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Cultura en animais»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>É posíbel identificar cultura nalgúns <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal">animais</a> superiores, especialmente <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mam%C3%ADfero?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamífero">mamíferos</a> (e dentro destes, especialmente <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate">primates</a>). Mentres os animais inferiores utilízanse de adaptacións físicas e biolóxicas para resistir aos perigos do meo (por exemplo, reprodución exaxerada para manter a especie - contorna as facilidades na extinción de individuos), grupos como os primates utilízanse do comportamento adaptábel para sobrevivir. Os primates posúen como características culturais, entre outras: o uso de instrumentos rudimentarios (para quebrar cascas de alimentos, para se defender), a transmisión para os fillotes de coñecemento canto a alimentos perigosos, o comportamento social, o coidado coa prole (<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Familia_(sociolox%C3%ADa)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Familia (socioloxía)">familia</a>), e o comportamento sexual segundo determinadas regras.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Feito que levou mesmo a propoñer a superioridade da cultura alemá, que en certas malas interpretacións, deu orixe ao <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazismo">nazismo</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernest Renan, nunha conferencia ditada na <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sorbona?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sorbona">Sorbona</a>, dixo: “Antes que a cultura francesa, a cultura alemá, a cultura italiana, existe a «cultura humana»”. (Cuche, 1999: 17).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O mundo dos signos e a función social dos signos, ou a función que os signos teñen na vida das sociedades, son elementos privilexiados para entender as estruturas de significación dunha cultura. Son os integrantes dunha sociedade, en tanto produtores colectivos, quen incorpora os sistemas de signos durante os procesos de socialización. Cada cultura ten múltiples sistemas de signos, que fai posible entón, a comunicación, a interacción e a identificación.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">O momento histórico é o do expansionismo imperialista das potencias occidentais, particularmente Gran Bretaña e Francia. Estados Unidos, pola súa banda, atopábase nunha situación de choque entre as tribos indíxenas e a sociedade criolla dominante.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Á que consideraba igual á cultura, segundo a súa definición, en oposición á definición clásica.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Nese sentido é importante sinalar o interese desta corrente na recolección de datos sobre as culturas indíxenas nos Estados Unidos, que se atopaban en proceso de extinción. Quizais un dos casos máis coñecidos é o de <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Kroeber&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alfred Kroeber (a páxina aínda non existe)">Alfred Kroeber</a>, etnógrafo dos californianos, cuxa relación con <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ishi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ishi">Ishi</a> (último membro da tribo yahi) serviu como base para un guión cinematográfico.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">É moi coñecida en antropoloxía a metáfora de Ruth Benedict sobre a cultura, empregando unha imaxe recollida dunha lenda indíxena. A pasaxe en cuestión, que aparece en <i>Patterns of culture</i>, di: “‘No principio’, dixo [Ramón, un xefe da tribo dos indios cavadores], ‘Deus deu a cada pobo unha vasija, unha vasija de barro, e desta vasija bebían a súa vida... Todos abeberaban na auga, pero as súas vasijas eran diferentes. Agora, nosa vasija está rota [a dos indios cavadores]. Marchouse lonxe’ [...] Houbo outras vasijas de vida que se foron, e seica elas contiñan o mesmo auga, pero a perda era irreparable. Non se trataba soamente dun problema de reparación da vasija cun engadido por aquí, cortando algo por alá. O modelado era fundamental, en certo xeito era toda a peza e constitúe unha sorte de matriz que dá sentido á actuación dos individuos nunha sociedade.” A proposta de Benedict foi duramente criticada, sobre todo polas correntes posmodernistas.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Superorgánico significa algo que está fóra e por encima da natureza. Nese sentido, a definición de cultura de Kroeber aproxímao coa dos ilustrados.</span></li> </ol> </div> <dl> <dt> Referencias </dt> </dl> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn <i>The Man-Made World</i>. The Engineering Concepts Curriculum Project (ECCP), McGRAW HILL-BOOK COMPANY, 1971</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, Donald (ed) 'Simmel: On individuality and social forms' Chicago University Press, 1971. p. 6.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-#1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#1_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-#1_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Zabalgoitia Herrera, Mauricio (1 de xaneiro de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/mitologias.62">"Szurmuk, Mónica y Mckee, Robert (coords.), Diccionario de estudios culturales latinoamericanos, México, D.F.: Siglo XXI, 2009."</a>. <i>Mitologías hoy</i> <b>1</b>: 126. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2014-1130">2014-1130</a>. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dx.doi.org/10.5565%252Frev%252Fmitologias.62">10.5565/rev/mitologias.62</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 22 de marzo do 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACultura&amp;rft.atitle=Szurmuk%2C+M%C3%B3nica+y+Mckee%2C+Robert+%28coords.%29%2C+Diccionario+de+estudios+culturales+latinoamericanos%2C+M%C3%A9xico%2C+D.F.%3A+Siglo+XXI%2C+2009.&amp;rft.aufirst=Mauricio&amp;rft.aulast=Zabalgoitia+Herrera&amp;rft.chron=1+de+xaneiro+de+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=2014-1130&amp;rft.jtitle=Mitolog%C3as+hoy&amp;rft.pages=126&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5565%2Frev%2Fmitologias.62&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5565%2Frev%2Fmitologias.62&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Definicións no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://academia.gal/dicionario/-/termo/cultura"><i>Dicionario da Real Academia Galega</i></a> e no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://portaldaspalabras.gal/dicionario/procura/cultura">Portal das Palabras</a> para <i>cultura</i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-velkley-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-velkley_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-velkley_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVelkley2002" class="citation book">Velkley, Richard (2002). "The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy". <i>Being after Rousseau: Philosophy and Culture in Question</i>. The <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="University of Chicago Press (a páxina aínda non existe)">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp.&nbsp;11–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACultura&amp;rft.atitle=The+Tension+in+the+Beautiful%3A+On+Culture+and+Civilization+in+Rousseau+and+German+Philosophy&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.aulast=Velkley&amp;rft.btitle=Being+after+Rousseau%3A+Philosophy+and+Culture+in+Question&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=11-30&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Boas. (Minden, Alemaña, 1858 - Nova York, 1942) É importante considerar a súa orixe alemá, polo peso da tradición romántica, en oposición á Ilustración, na que cada cultura ten o seu propio orzamento.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Margulis, Mario (2009). <i>Sociología de la cultura&nbsp;: conceptos y problemas</i>. Buenos Aires: Biblos. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9789507867002?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9789507867002">9789507867002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACultura&amp;rft.aufirst=Mario&amp;rft.aulast=Margulis&amp;rft.btitle=Sociolog%C3a+de+la+cultura+%3A+conceptos+y+problemas&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9789507867002&amp;rft.place=Buenos+Aires&amp;rft.pub=Biblos&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stenou, Katérina (2002). <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000127162_spa"><i>Declaración Universal sobre Diversidad Cultural. Una visión, una plataforma conceptual, un semillero de ideas, un paradigma nuevo.</i></a> p.&nbsp;4 4. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9972-841-07-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/9972-841-07-3">9972-841-07-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 16 de xaneiro do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ACultura&amp;rft.aufirst=Kat%C3%A9rina&amp;rft.aulast=Stenou&amp;rft.btitle=Declaraci%C3%B3n+Universal+sobre+Diversidad+Cultural.+Una+visi%C3%B3n%2C+una+plataforma+conceptual%2C+un+semillero+de+ideas%2C+un+paradigma+nuevo.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9972-841-07-3&amp;rft.pages=4+4&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000127162_spa&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&nbsp;</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://archive.org/details/allgemeinecultu05klemgoog">Google Books</a> (en inglés)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Véxase o artigo sobre os “Períodos étnicos”, en Morgan, 1990.</span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portada_galega" class="extiw" title="commons:Portada galega">Wikimedia Commons</a> ten máis contidos multimedia na categoría:  <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture">Cultura</a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliografía"><span id="Bibliograf.C3.ADa"></span>Bibliografía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Bibliografía»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small"> <ul> <li>Groh, Arnold (2019). <i>Theories of Culture</i>. Londres: Routledge. <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9781138668652?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-138-66865-2</a></li> <li>DR.Jorge Osvaldo Arias 1999 Instrucciones de la vida Marzo Pg 32 Libre Vida de Vivirla.</li> <li>Boas, Franz (1964): <i>Cuestiones fundamentales en antropología cultural.</i> Solar/Hachette. Buenos Aires.</li> <li>Cuche, Denys (1999): <i>La noción de cultura en las ciencias sociales</i>. Nueva Visión. Buenos Aires.</li> <li>Durkheim, Émile (2002) [1895]: <i>Las reglas del método sociológico</i>. Colofón. México.</li> <li>Eliot, Thomas Stearns (2003). <i>La unidad de la cultura europea. Notas para la definición de la cultura</i>. Encuentro. Madrid.</li> <li>Geertz, Clifford (1990): <i>La interpretación de las culturas</i>. Gedisa. Buenos Aires.</li> <li>Girard, René (2006): <i>Los orígenes de la cultura</i>. Trotta. Madrid.</li> <li>Gombrich, Ernst H. (2004): <i>Breve historia de la cultura</i>. Península. Barcelona.</li> <li>González Quirós, José Luis (2003): <i>Repensar la cultura</i>. Eiunsa. Madrid.</li> <li>Heritier, Françoise (1996): <i>Masculin/fémenin: la pensée de la diference.</i> Odile Jacob. París.</li> <li>Herskovits, Melville (1952): <i>El hombre y sus obras</i>. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México.</li> <li>Kluckhonn, Clyde: <i>Antropología</i>. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México.</li> <li>Kroeber, Alfred (1995): “Lo superorgánico”. En: Kahn, J.S. (comp.): <i>El concepto de cultura</i>. Anagrama. Barcelona.</li> <li>Adam (1996) [1994]: <i>El primate elegido</i>. Crítica. Barcelona.</li> <li>Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1977) [1953]: <i>Antropología estructural</i>. Eudeba. Buenos Aires.</li> <li>Lévi-Strauss, Claude (2001) [1962]: <i>El pensamiento salvaje</i>. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México.</li> <li>Malinowski, Bronislaw: <i>Los argonautas del Pacífico Occidental.</i> Península. Barcelona.</li> <li>Morán, Emilio (1993) [1990]: <i>La ecología cultural de los pueblos de la Amazonía</i>. j JOSÉ LUIS ALBERTO BAROJAS SOTO Y MARICELA QUECHOL CUATECO.</li> <li>Mosterín, Jesús (1993): <i>Filosofía de la cultura</i>. Alianza Editorial, Madrid.</li> <li>Mosterín, Jesús (2009): <i>La cultura humana</i>. Espasa Calpe, Madrid.</li> <li>Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred R. (1975): <i>Estructura y función en la sociedad primitiva</i>. Península. Barcelona.</li> <li>Ramírez Centeno, Mario. (1993): <i>Kultura o estudios con qué parir el nuevo milenio</i>. Editorial Cibertaria, México.</li> <li>Rappaport, Roy (1998) [1955]: “IX. Naturaleza, cultura y antropología ecológica”, en: Shapiro, H.: <i>Hombre, cultura y sociedad.</i> p. 261-292. Fondo de Cultura Económica. México.</li> <li>Sahlins, Marshall (1992): “Evolución específica y evolución general”. En: Bohannan, P y Glazer, M. (comp): <i>Antropología. Lecturas</i>. McGraw-Hill. Madrid.</li> <li>Schwanitz, Dietrich (2002): <i>La Cultura. Todo lo que hay que saber.</i> Taurus. Madrid.</li> <li>Sperber, Dan (1996): <i>Explaining Culture. A Naturalistic Approach.</i> Blackwell. Oxford.</li> <li>Steward, Julian (1992): “El concepto y el método de la ecología cultural”. En: Bohannan, P y Glazer, M. (comp): <i>Antropología. Lecturas</i>. McGraw-Hill. Madrid.</li> <li>UPC. Profesor César Romero, Comprensión y producción de Lenguaje 1.</li> <li>Thompson, John B. (2002) [1990]: <i>Ideología y cultura moderna. Teoría crítica social en la era de la comunicación de masas.</i> División de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Unidad Xochimilco. México.</li> <li>Tylor, Edward B. (1995) [1871]: “La ciencia de la cultura”. En: Kahn, J. S. (comp.): <i>El concepto de cultura</i>. Anagrama. Barcelona.</li> <li>Ward, Thomas (2004): <i>La resistencia cultural: la nación en el ensayo de las Américas</i>. Universidad Ricardo Palma. Lima.</li> <li>White, Leslie A. (1992): “La energía y la evolución de la cultura”. En: Bohannan, P y Glazer, M. (comp): <i>Antropología. Lecturas</i>. McGraw-Hill. Madrid.</li> <li>Luca Corchia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://books.google.it/books?id%3DU56Sag72eSoC%26pg%3DPP1%26dq%3Dhabermas%2Bcorchia%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse"><i>La lógica dei processi culturali. Jürgen Habermas tra filosofía e sociología</i></a>, Génova, Edizioni ECIG, 2010, <a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9788875441951?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-88-7544-195-1</a>.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Outros_artigos">Outros artigos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar a sección: «Outros artigos»" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>editar</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antropolox%C3%ADa_cultural?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antropoloxía cultural">Antropoloxía cultural</a></li> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Difusi%C3%B3n_transcultural?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Difusión transcultural">Difusión transcultural</a></li> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etnocentrismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etnocentrismo">Etnocentrismo</a></li> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Materialismo_cultural?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Materialismo cultural">Materialismo cultural</a></li> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Cultural?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolución Cultural">Revolución Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura_da_violaci%C3%B3n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultura da violación">Cultura da violación</a></li> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura_popular?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultura popular">Cultura popular</a></li> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lenda_urbana?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lenda urbana">Lenda urbana</a></li> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neocolonialismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neocolonialismo">Neocolonialismo</a></li> <li><a href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subcultura?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subcultura">Subcultura</a></li> </ul><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6b7f745dd4‐779sj Cached time: 20241125115316 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.406 seconds Real time usage: 0.653 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1182/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 28246/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6944/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 14/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15363/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.221/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7607013/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 15/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 436.415 1 -total 57.04% 248.935 1 Modelo:Control_de_autoridades 14.99% 65.399 2 Modelo:Listaref 8.77% 38.284 1 Modelo:Commonscat 8.61% 37.582 1 Modelo:Cita_publicación_periódica 8.33% 36.335 1 Modelo:Irmáns 7.91% 34.542 1 Modelo:Caixa_lateral 7.07% 30.846 1 Modelo:Sen_referencias 6.47% 28.234 2 Modelo:Ifsubst 6.02% 26.274 1 Modelo:Ambox --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key glwiki:pcache:18916:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241125115316 and revision id 6809697. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.012 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Traído desde «<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DCultura%26oldid%3D6809697">https://gl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;oldid=6809697</a>» </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://gl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura&amp;action=history&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Alfonso Márquez" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1723265582"> <span>Última edición o 10 de agosto de 2024 ás 04:53</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Linguas</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – alemán suízo" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemán suízo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2589%25A3%25E1%2588%2595%25E1%2588%258D" title="ባሕል – amhárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባሕል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25A9" title="ثقافة – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%25A1%25DC%25AA%25DC%2595%25DC%2598%25DC%25AC%25DC%2590" title="ܡܪܕܘܬܐ – arameo" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܪܕܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%2587" title="ثقافه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثقافه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2583%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="সংস্কৃতি – assamés" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2582" title="Маданият – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Маданият" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yati" title="Yati – aimará" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Yati" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimará" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C9%2599d%25C9%2599niyy%25C9%2599t" title="Mədəniyyət – acerbaixano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədəniyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="acerbaixano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="مدنیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مدنیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D3%2599%25D2%2599%25D3%2599%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D3%2599%25D1%2582" title="Мәҙәниәт – baxkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәҙәниәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – balinés" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuitua" title="Kuitua – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kuitua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolt%25C5%25ABra" title="Koltūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Koltūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – belaruso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belaruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Култура – búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF" title="संस्कृति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AC%25EA%25A9%25BB%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%258F%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B2%25E1%2580%25B8" title="ထာꩻယေန်ႏငဲး – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ထာꩻယေန်ႏငဲး" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2583%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="সংস্কৃতি – bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258D" title="རིག་གནས། – tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རིག་གནས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2583%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="সংস্কৃতি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সংস্কৃতি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenadur" title="Sevenadur – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sevenadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – bosníaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2591%25D0%25BB" title="Соёл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Соёл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2599ng-hu%25C3%25A1" title="Ùng-huá – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ùng-huá" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuttura" title="Kuttura – chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Kuttura" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258F%2584%25E1%258F%258D%25E1%258F%259B%25E1%258E%25A0%25E1%258F%2581%25E1%258E%25B2" title="ᏄᏍᏛᎠᏁᎲ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏄᏍᏛᎠᏁᎲ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF" title="چاند – kurdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeniyet" title="Medeniyet – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Medeniyet" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25B9ltura" title="Kùltura – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kùltura" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – chuvaxo" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvaxo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwylliant" title="Diwylliant – galés" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diwylliant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya_ni_taada" title="Kaya ni taada – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kaya ni taada" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagon" title="Zagon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zagon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2590%25DE%25A6%25DE%258E%25DE%25A7%25DE%258A%25DE%25A6%25DE%258C%25DE%25AA" title="ސަގާފަތު – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސަގާފަތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259A%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25BB%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%258D%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1" title="Κουλτούρα – grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουλτούρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult%25C3%25B9ra" title="Cultùra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cultùra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo" title="Kulturo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coltura" title="Coltura – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Coltura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF" title="فرهنگ – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuuri" title="Kulttuuri – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – frisón setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisón setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – friulano" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuer" title="Kultuer – frisón occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kultuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisón occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult%25C3%25BAr" title="Cultúr – irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cultúr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiltir" title="Kiltir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kiltir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultar" title="Cultar – gaélico escocés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cultar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arandupy" title="Arandupy – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arandupy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultoor" title="Cultoor – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cultoor" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%2527ada" title="Al'ada – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Al'ada" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C3%25B9n-fa" title="Vùn-fa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vùn-fa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%25CA%25BBomeheu" title="Moʻomeheu – hawaiano" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Moʻomeheu" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25AA%25D7%25A8%25D7%2591%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA" title="תרבות – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF" title="संस्कृति – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskriti" title="Sanskriti – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sanskriti" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilti" title="Kilti – crioulo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kilti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioulo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%25C3%25BAra" title="Kultúra – húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kultúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2584%25D5%25B7%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B5%25D5%25A9" title="Մշակույթ – armenio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – inguxo" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguxo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo" title="Kulturo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kulturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menning" title="Menning – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Menning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596" title="文化 – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolcha" title="Kolcha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kolcha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kulnu" title="kulnu – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kulnu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – xavanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="xavanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590" title="კულტურა – xeorxiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yidles" title="Yidles – cabila" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Yidles" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D3%2599%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582" title="Мәдениет – kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәдениет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturi" title="Kulturi – kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Kulturi" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%259C%25E1%259E%2594%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%2594%25E1%259E%2592%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259F%258C" title="វប្បធម៌ – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វប្បធម៌" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%2583%25E0%25B2%25A4%25E0%25B2%25BF" title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ – kannará" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannará" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25AC%25B8%25ED%2599%2594" title="문화 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – carachaio-bálcara" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="carachaio-bálcara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%258E%25D9%2586%25D9%259B%25D8%25B3" title="سَنٛس – caxemirés" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَنٛس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="caxemirés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587and" title="Çand – kurdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çand" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonisogeth" title="Gonisogeth – córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gonisogeth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2582" title="Маданият – kirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маданият" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – latín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – luxemburgués" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur" title="Cultur – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cultur" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebyobuwangwa_(Culture)" title="Ebyobuwangwa (Culture) – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ebyobuwangwa (Culture)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur – limburgués" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cultuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%25A7%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%2599%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%25B3" title="ວັດທະນະທຳ – laosiano" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວັດທະນະທຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%25C5%25ABra" title="Kultūra – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%25C5%25ABra" title="Kultūra – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kultūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B8%2584u%25E1%25B8%258D%25C3%25A2j%25C3%25A2" title="Ḅuḍâjâ – madurés" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ḅuḍâjâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolontsaina" title="Kolontsaina – malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kolontsaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D3%25B1%25D0%25B2%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Тӱвыра – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тӱвыра" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budayo" title="Budayo – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Budayo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Култура – macedonio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%2582%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%2582" title="സംസ്കാരം – malabar" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D1%2591%25D0%25BB" title="Соёл – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Соёл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%2580" title="संस्कृती – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संस्कृती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – maltés" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%2589%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BE%25E1%2580%25AF" title="ယဉ်ကျေးမှု – birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယဉ်ကျေးမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D1%258C_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Культуранть мазычись – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Культуранть мазычись" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A8" title="دب – mazandaraní" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – napolitano" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – baixo alemán" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – baixo saxón" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baixo saxón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2583%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF" title="संस्कृति – nepalí" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25BF" title="तजिलजि – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तजिलजि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – noruegués nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruegués nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulture" title="Kulture – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kulture" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul%2527tuuru" title="Kul'tuuru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kul'tuuru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25C3%25A6" title="Культурæ – ossetio" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Культурæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A9%25B1%25E0%25A8%25AD%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2586%25E0%25A8%259A%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B0" title="ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ – panxabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੱਭਿਆਚਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panxabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA" title="ثقافت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2587%25DA%2585%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8" title="هڅوب – paxto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هڅوب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay_saphi" title="Kawsay saphi – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay saphi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur%25C4%2583" title="Cultură – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cultură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Култура – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Култуура – iacuto" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Култуура" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacuto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultur" title="Cultur – escocés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cultur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA" title="ثقافت – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – serbocroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B6%2582%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B7%2598%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="සංස්කෘතිය – cingalés" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංස්කෘතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Culture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%25C3%25BAra_(spolo%25C4%258Densk%25C3%25A9_vedy)" title="Kultúra (spoločenské vedy) – eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kultúra (spoločenské vedy)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA" title="ثقافت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulttuur" title="Kulttuur – saami de Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kulttuur" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="saami de Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsika" title="Tsika – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tsika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaqan" title="Dhaqan – somalí" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhaqan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Култура – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Култура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlonipho" title="Inhlonipho – suazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Inhlonipho" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="suazi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kultuur" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya – sundanés" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Budaya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo recomendado"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kultur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utamaduni" title="Utamaduni – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utamaduni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lalangawan" title="lalangawan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lalangawan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2581" title="பண்பாடு – támil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="támil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B0%2582%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B1%2583%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B0%25BF" title="సంస్కృతి – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సంస్కృతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D2%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3" title="Фарҳанг – taxico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фарҳанг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="taxico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2592%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1" title="วัฒนธรรม – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัฒนธรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25BClt%25C3%25BCr" title="Kültür – turkmeno" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kültür" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C9%2599d%25C9%2599nij%25C9%2599t" title="Mədənijət – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mədənijət" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25BClt%25C3%25BCr" title="Kültür – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kültür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndzhavuko" title="Ndzhavuko – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ndzhavuko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D3%2599%25D0%25B4%25D3%2599%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2582" title="Мәдәният – tártaro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәдәният" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tártaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amamer%25C9%259B" title="Amamerɛ – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Amamerɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2583%25DB%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25DB%2588%25D8%25B1" title="كۈلتۈر – uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۈلتۈر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Культура – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25AA" title="ثقافت – urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ثقافت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaniyat" title="Madaniyat – uzbeko" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madaniyat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cultura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul%2527tur" title="Kul'tur – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kul'tur" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C4%2583n_h%25C3%25B3a" title="Văn hóa – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuliv" title="Kuliv – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kuliv" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzance" title="Tuzance – valón" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tuzance" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kultura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596" title="文化 – chinés wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinés wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590" title="კულტურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კულტურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%2598%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8" title="קולטור – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קולטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2580%25E1%25B9%25A3%25C3%25A0" title="Àṣà – ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àṣà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vwnzva" title="Vwnzva – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vwnzva" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuur" title="Cultuur – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Cultuur" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596" title="文化 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596" title="文化 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25BBn-h%25C3%25B2a" title="Bûn-hòa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596" title="文化 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">A última edición desta páxina foi o 10 de agosto de 2024 ás 04:53.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Todo o contido está dispoñible baixo a licenza <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.gl">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, agás que se indique o 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