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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Substructures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substructures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Substructures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substructures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superstructures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superstructures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Superstructures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superstructures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Akashi Kaikyo Bridge: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88" title="جسر أكاشي كايكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جسر أكاشي كايكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka%C5%9Fi_Kaykyo_k%C3%B6rp%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Akaşi Kaykyo körpüsü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akaşi Kaykyo körpüsü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88" title="آکاشی کایکیو کؤرپوسو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آکاشی کایکیو کؤرپوسو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="আকাশি কাইকিও সেতু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আকাশি কাইকিও সেতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%91" title="Акаси-Кайкё – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Акаси-Кайкё" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%BE" title="Акаши Кайкьо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Акаши Кайкьо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D" title="Pont Akashi Kaikyō – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pont Akashi Kaikyō" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Akashi-Kaikyo" title="Pont Akashi-Kaikyo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pont Akashi-Kaikyo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%91" title="Акаси-Кайкё – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Акаси-Кайкё" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Aka%C5%A1i-Kaikj%C3%B3" title="Most Akaši-Kaikjó – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Most Akaši-Kaikjó" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-Kaikyo-broen" title="Akashi-Kaikyo-broen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Akashi-Kaikyo-broen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-Kaiky%C5%8D-Br%C3%BCcke" title="Akashi-Kaikyō-Brücke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Akashi-Kaikyō-Brücke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-Kaiky%C5%8D_sild" title="Akashi-Kaikyō sild – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Akashi-Kaikyō sild" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AD%CF%86%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9-%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%8C" title="Γέφυρα Ακάσι-Καϊκιό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γέφυρα Ακάσι-Καϊκιό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Puente_de_Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D" title="Gran Puente de Akashi Kaikyō – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Puente de Akashi Kaikyō" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_Aka%C5%9Di-Kaikj%C5%8D" title="Ponto Akaŝi-Kaikjō – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ponto Akaŝi-Kaikjō" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_zubia" title="Akashi Kaikyō zubia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akashi Kaikyō zubia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88" title="پل آکاشی کای کیو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل آکاشی کای کیو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_d%C3%A9troit_d%27Akashi" title="Pont du détroit d'Akashi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pont du détroit d'Akashi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-Kaiky%C5%8D_Br%C3%AAge" title="Akashi-Kaikyō Brêge – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Akashi-Kaikyō Brêge" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droichead_Akashi-Kaikyo" title="Droichead Akashi-Kaikyo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Droichead Akashi-Kaikyo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D" title="Ponte Akashi Kaikyō – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ponte Akashi Kaikyō" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B4%EC%8B%9C_%ED%95%B4%ED%98%91_%EB%8C%80%EA%B5%90" title="아카시 해협 대교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아카시 해협 대교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B8" title="Ակասի Կայկիո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակասի Կայկիո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Akashi_Kaikyo" title="Most Akashi Kaikyo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Most Akashi Kaikyo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jembatan_Akashi-Kaiky%C5%8D" title="Jembatan Akashi-Kaikyō – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jembatan Akashi-Kaikyō" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_dello_stretto_di_Akashi" title="Ponte dello stretto di Akashi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ponte dello stretto di Akashi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%99-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95" title="גשר אקשי-קייקיו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גשר אקשי-קייקיו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98-%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="აკაში-კაიკიოს ხიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აკაში-კაიკიოს ხიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%91_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96" title="Акаши-Кайкё көпірі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Акаши-Кайкё көпірі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-Kaiky%C5%8D-Br%C3%A9ck" title="Akashi-Kaikyō-Bréck – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Akashi-Kaikyō-Bréck" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didysis_Aka%C5%A1io_s%C4%85siaurio_tiltas" title="Didysis Akašio sąsiaurio tiltas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didysis Akašio sąsiaurio tiltas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akasi_Kaikj%C3%B3_h%C3%ADd" title="Akasi Kaikjó híd – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Akasi Kaikjó híd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D1%98%D0%BE" title="Акаши-Кајкјо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Акаши-Кајкјо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%89_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88" title="كوبرى اكاشى كايكيو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوبرى اكاشى كايكيو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambatan_Akashi-Kaiky%C5%8D" title="Jambatan Akashi-Kaikyō – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jambatan Akashi-Kaikyō" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD_%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%90%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အခါရှိ ခိုင်ခရော တံတား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အခါရှိ ခိုင်ခရော တံတား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-Kaikyo-brug" title="Akashi-Kaikyo-brug – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Akashi-Kaikyo-brug" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B" title="明石海峡大橋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="明石海峡大橋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-Kaikyo-broen" title="Akashi-Kaikyo-broen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akashi-Kaikyo-broen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-Kaikyo-brua" title="Akashi-Kaikyo-brua – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Akashi-Kaikyo-brua" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D" title="Most Akashi Kaikyō – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Most Akashi Kaikyō" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_Akashi-Kaikyo" title="Ponte Akashi-Kaikyo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponte Akashi-Kaikyo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podul_Akashi-Kaikyo" title="Podul Akashi-Kaikyo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Podul Akashi-Kaikyo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%91" title="Акаси-Кайкё – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Акаси-Кайкё" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D3%A9_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Акаси-Кайкүө күргэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Акаси-Кайкүө күргэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_Bridge" title="Akashi Kaikyō Bridge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Akashi Kaikyō Bridge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka%C5%A1i-kaikj%C3%B3_%C3%B3ha%C5%A1i" title="Akaši-kaikjó óhaši – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akaši-kaikjó óhaši" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Aka%C5%A1i-Kaikjo" title="Most Akaši-Kaikjo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Most Akaši-Kaikjo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge" title="Akashi Kaikyo Bridge – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Akashi Kaikyo Bridge" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%98%D0%BE" title="Мост Акаши-каикјо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мост Акаши-каикјо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Kaikyo" title="Akashi Kaikyo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Akashi Kaikyo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasak_Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D" title="Sasak Akashi Kaikyō – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sasak Akashi Kaikyō" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-kaiky%C5%8Dn_silta" title="Akashi-kaikyōn silta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akashi-kaikyōn silta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D-bron" title="Akashi Kaikyō-bron – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Akashi Kaikyō-bron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulay_ng_Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D" title="Tulay ng Akashi Kaikyō – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tulay ng Akashi Kaikyō" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8B" title="அகாசி கைக்ஜோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகாசி கைக்ஜோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka%C5%9Fi-Kaiky%C3%B6_k%C3%BCpere" title="Akaşi-Kaikyö küpere – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Akaşi-Kaikyö küpere" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="สะพานอากาชิไคเกียว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สะพานอากาชิไคเกียว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Akashi Kaikyō Köprüsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akashi Kaikyō Köprüsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96" title="Великий міст протоки Акасі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий міст протоки Акасі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_Akashi-Kaiky%C5%8D" title="Cầu Akashi-Kaikyō – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cầu Akashi-Kaikyō" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulay_nga_Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D" title="Tulay nga Akashi Kaikyō – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tulay nga Akashi Kaikyō" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5" title="明石海峡大桥 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="明石海峡大桥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B" title="明石海峽大橋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="明石海峽大橋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1%E5%A4%A7%E6%A1%A5" 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edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&oldid=1249161264" title="Akashi Kaikyo Bridge">Latest revision as of 14:55, 3 October 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&action=edit" title="Akashi Kaikyo Bridge">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-10-03T14:55:35Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&action=edit&undoafter=1188031524&undo=1249161264" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:A_cart_behind_the_horse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:A cart behind the horse (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1249161264"><bdi>A cart behind the horse</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:A_cart_behind_the_horse" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:A cart behind the horse">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/A_cart_behind_the_horse" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/A cart behind the horse">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>217</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><span class="comment mw-comment-none">No edit summary</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(7 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 35:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 35:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The {{nihongo|'''Akashi Kaikyo Bridge'''|明石海峡大橋|Akashi Kaikyō Ōhashi|lead=yes}} is a [[suspension bridge]] which links the city of [[Kobe]] on the Japanese island of [[Honshu]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>Iwaya<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del> on [[Awaji Island]]. It is part of the [[Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway]], and crosses the busy and turbulent [[Akashi Strait]] (''Akashi Kaikyō'' in Japanese). It was completed in 1998,<ref name=structurae /> and at the time, was the [[List of longest suspension bridge spans|longest central span of any suspension bridge]] in the world,<ref name=hsbe /> at {{convert|1991|m|ft}}. Currently, it is the second-longest, behind the [[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]] that was opened in March 2022.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The {{nihongo|'''Akashi Kaikyo Bridge'''|明石海峡大橋|Akashi Kaikyō Ōhashi|lead=yes}} is a [[suspension bridge]] which links the city of [[Kobe]] on the Japanese island of [[Honshu]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{ill|</ins>Iwaya<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, Awaji|ja|岩屋町}}</ins> on [[Awaji Island]]. It is part of the [[Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway]], and crosses the busy and turbulent [[Akashi Strait]] (''Akashi Kaikyō'' in Japanese). It was completed in 1998,<ref name=structurae /> and at the time, was the [[List of longest suspension bridge spans|longest central span of any suspension bridge]] in the world,<ref name=hsbe /> at {{convert|1991|m|ft}}. Currently, it is the second-longest, behind the [[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> in Turkey</ins> that was opened in March 2022.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It</del> is one of the key links of the [[Honshū–Shikoku Bridge Project]], which created three routes across the [[Seto <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Inland Sea|</del>Inland Sea]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge</ins> is one of the key links of the [[Honshū–Shikoku Bridge Project]], which created three routes across the [[Seto Inland Sea]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==History==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==History==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 44:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 44:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge forms part of the [[Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway]], the easternmost route of the [[Honshū–Shikoku Bridge Project|bridge system linking the islands of Honshu and Shikoku]].<ref name=Ogihara /> The bridge crosses the [[Akashi Strait]] (width 4&nbsp;km) between Kobe on Honshu and Iwaya on [[Awaji Island]]; the other major part of the crossing is completed by the [[Ōnaruto Bridge]], which links Awaji Island to Ōge Island across the [[Naruto Strait]].<ref name=Ogihara /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge forms part of the [[Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway]], the easternmost route of the [[Honshū–Shikoku Bridge Project|bridge system linking the islands of Honshu and Shikoku]].<ref name=Ogihara /> The bridge crosses the [[Akashi Strait]] (width 4&nbsp;km) between Kobe on Honshu and Iwaya on [[Awaji Island]]; the other major part of the crossing is completed by the [[Ōnaruto Bridge]], which links Awaji Island to Ōge Island across the [[Naruto Strait]].<ref name=Ogihara /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Before the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge was built, ferries carried passengers across the Akashi Strait. A major passageway for shipping, it is also known for its gales, heavy rain, storms, and natural disasters.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|access-date=July 29, 2021|title=BUILDING BIG: Databank: Akashi Kaikyo Bridge|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/akashi_kaikyo.html|website=www.pbs.org|archive-date=December 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220180910/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/akashi_kaikyo.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The {{ill|Sekirei Maru sinking|ja|せきれい丸沈没事故}} in 1945, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which</del> killed 304 people, first <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">stirred</del> public discussion on the possibility of a bridge over the span. In 1955, two ferries sank in the [[Shiun Maru disaster]] during a storm, killing 168 people. The ensuing shock and public outrage convinced the Japanese government to develop plans for a bridge to cross the strait.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/674864414 |title=本州四国連絡橋のはなし : 長大橋を架ける |author=Hiroyuki Fujikawa |date=2003 |publisher=交通研究協会 |isbn=4-425-76111-1 |pages=2–5 |trans-title=The story of the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project: How the great spans were erected |oclc=674864414 |access-date=July 29, 2021 |archive-date=February 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218202205/https://www.worldcat.org/title/honshu-shikoku-renrakukyo-no-hanashi-chodaikyo-o-kakeru/oclc/674864414 |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Before the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge was built, ferries carried passengers across the Akashi Strait. A major passageway for shipping, it is also known for its gales, heavy rain, storms, and<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> other</ins> natural disasters.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|access-date=July 29, 2021|title=BUILDING BIG: Databank: Akashi Kaikyo Bridge<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/akashi_kaikyo.html|website=www.pbs.org|archive-date=December 20, 2020<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220180910/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/akashi_kaikyo.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The {{ill|Sekirei Maru sinking|ja|せきれい丸沈没事故}} in<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> stormy weather in December</ins> 1945,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">while</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">carrying more than three times its capacity of 100 passengers,</ins> killed 304 people, first <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">stirring</ins> public discussion on the possibility of a bridge over the span. In 1955, two ferries sank in the [[Shiun Maru disaster]] during a storm, killing 168 people. The ensuing shock and public outrage convinced the Japanese government to develop plans for a bridge to cross the strait.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/674864414 |title=本州四国連絡橋のはなし : 長大橋を架ける |author=Hiroyuki Fujikawa |date=2003 |publisher=交通研究協会 |isbn=4-425-76111-1 |pages=2–5 |trans-title=The story of the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project: How the great spans were erected |oclc=674864414 |access-date=July 29, 2021 |archive-date=February 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218202205/https://www.worldcat.org/title/honshu-shikoku-renrakukyo-no-hanashi-chodaikyo-o-kakeru/oclc/674864414 |url-status=live }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Investigations===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Investigations===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Investigations for a bridge across the strait were first conducted by the Kobe municipal government in 1957, followed by an evaluation by the national [[Ministry of Construction (Japan)|Ministry of Construction]] in 1959. In 1961, the Ministry of Construction and [[Japan National Railways]] jointly commissioned the [[Japan Society of Civil Engineers]] (JSCE) to conduct a technical study, and the JSCE established a committee to investigate five potential routes between Honshu and Shikoku. In 1967, the committee compiled the results of the technical study, concluding that a bridge across the Akashi Strait would face "extremely severe design and construction conditions, which have no similar examples in the world's long-span bridges" and recommending additional study.<ref name="Yoshida">{{cite journal |last1=Yoshida |first1=Iwao |title=Basic Survey and Planning of Akashi Kaikyo Bridge |journal=Proceedings of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers |date=1990 |volume=418 |pages=1–15<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jscej1984/1990/418/1990_418_1/_pdf</del> |language=ja<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503023606/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jscej1984/1990/418/1990_418_1/_pdf |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 21, 2021</del> | issn=0289-7806 | doi=10.2208/jscej.1990.418_1 }}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Investigations for a bridge across the strait were first conducted by the Kobe municipal government in 1957, followed by an evaluation by the national [[Ministry of Construction (Japan)|Ministry of Construction]] in 1959. In 1961, the Ministry of Construction and [[Japan National Railways]] jointly commissioned the [[Japan Society of Civil Engineers]] (JSCE) to conduct a technical study, and the JSCE established a committee to investigate five potential routes between Honshu and Shikoku. In 1967, the committee compiled the results of the technical study, concluding that a bridge across the Akashi Strait would face "extremely severe design and construction conditions, which have no similar examples in the world's long-span bridges" and recommending<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> an</ins> additional study.<ref name="Yoshida">{{cite journal |last1=Yoshida |first1=Iwao |title=Basic Survey and Planning of Akashi Kaikyo Bridge |journal=Proceedings of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers |date=1990 |volume=418 |pages=1–15 |language=ja | issn=0289-7806 | doi=10.2208/jscej.1990.418_1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> |doi-access=free</ins> }}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In response to the report, the Honshu–Shikoku Bridge Authority (now the [[Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company]]<ref name=Ogihara>{{cite book |last1=Ogihara |first1=Katsuya |chapter=Akashi Kaikyo Bridge |editor1-last=Alampalli |editor1-first=Sreenivas |editor2-last=Moreau |editor2-first=William J. |title=Inspection, Evaluation and Maintenance of Suspension Bridges: Case Studies |date=2016 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |pages=40–58 |isbn=9781466596894 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5yXSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |access-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928060653/https://books.google.com/books?id=5yXSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |url-status=live }}</ref>) was established in 1970, which conducted extensive investigations, including sea trials to establish the construction method of a submarine foundation. In 1973, a bridge with a central span of 1,780 meters on the route was approved, but construction was halted due to poor economic conditions.<ref name="Yoshida" /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In response to the report, the Honshu–Shikoku Bridge Authority (now the [[Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company]]<ref name=Ogihara>{{cite book |last1=Ogihara |first1=Katsuya |chapter=Akashi Kaikyo Bridge |editor1-last=Alampalli |editor1-first=Sreenivas |editor2-last=Moreau |editor2-first=William J. |title=Inspection, Evaluation and Maintenance of Suspension Bridges: Case Studies |date=2016 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |pages=40–58 |isbn=9781466596894 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5yXSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |access-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928060653/https://books.google.com/books?id=5yXSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |url-status=live }}</ref>) was established in 1970, which conducted extensive investigations, including sea trials to establish the construction method of a submarine foundation. In 1973, a bridge with a central span of 1,780 meters on the route was approved, but construction was halted due to poor economic conditions.<ref name="Yoshida" /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Construction===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Construction===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_14_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_9_0_rhs"></a>[[File:Akashi-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kaikyo</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bridge</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h008</ins>.jpg|left|thumb|Akashi Kaikyo Bridge<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">under</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">construction</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">December</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1995</ins>]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_12_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_9_1_rhs"></a>The original plan called for a mixed railway-road bridge, but when construction on the bridge began in April 1988, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it</ins> was restricted to road only, with six lanes. Actual construction did not begin until May 1988 and involved more than 100 contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Great Hanshin Earthquake]] in January 1995 did not do substantial damage to the bridge due to anti-seismic building methods.<ref name=Ogihara /> Construction was finished on time in September 1996.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Kashima|first1=Satoshi|last2=Kitagawa|first2=Makoto|date=1997|title=The Longest Suspension Bridge|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24996048|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=277|issue=6|pages=88–92B|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1297-88|jstor=24996048|bibcode=1997SciAm.277f..88K|issn=0036-8733|access-date=September 29, 2021|archive-date=September 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929003831/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24996048|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kyodo News">{{cite web|access-date=July 29, 2021|title=World's longest suspension bridge marks 20 years since opening|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2018/04/d161a56fc707-worlds-longest-suspension-bridge-marks-20-years-since-opening.html|website=Kyodo News+|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729010737/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2018/04/d161a56fc707-worlds-longest-suspension-bridge-marks-20-years-since-opening.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The bridge was opened for traffic on April 5, 1998, in a ceremony officiated by the [[Naruhito|then-Crown Prince Naruhito]] and his spouse [[Masako, Crown Princess of Japan|Crown Princess Masako]] of Japan along with Construction Minister Tsutomu Kawara.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Cooper|first=James D.|title=World's Longest Suspension Bridge Opens in Japan|url=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https</ins>://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">highways</ins>.dot.gov/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">public-roads</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">julyaugust-1998</ins>/worlds<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-longest-suspension-bridge-opens-japan</ins>|work=United States Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration|access-date=February 14, 2012|archive-date=January 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101152145/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98julaug/worlds.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_15_1_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_9_2_rhs"></a>==Structure==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_18_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_11_0_rhs"></a>===Substructures===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_9_1_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_12_0_lhs"></a>The original plan called for a mixed railway-road bridge, but when construction on the bridge began in April 1988, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the construction</del> was restricted to road only, with six lanes. Actual construction did not begin until May 1988 and involved more than 100 contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Great Hanshin Earthquake]] in January 1995 did not do substantial damage to the bridge due to anti-seismic building methods.<ref name=Ogihara /> Construction was finished on time in September 1996.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Kashima|first1=Satoshi|last2=Kitagawa|first2=Makoto|date=1997|title=The Longest Suspension Bridge|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24996048|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=277|issue=6|pages=88–92B|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1297-88|jstor=24996048|bibcode=1997SciAm.277f..88K|issn=0036-8733|access-date=September 29, 2021|archive-date=September 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929003831/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24996048|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kyodo News">{{cite web|access-date=July 29, 2021|title=World's longest suspension bridge marks 20 years since opening|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2018/04/d161a56fc707-worlds-longest-suspension-bridge-marks-20-years-since-opening.html|website=Kyodo News+|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729010737/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2018/04/d161a56fc707-worlds-longest-suspension-bridge-marks-20-years-since-opening.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The bridge was opened for traffic on April 5, 1998, in a ceremony officiated by the [[Naruhito|then-Crown Prince Naruhito]] and his spouse [[Masako, Crown Princess of Japan|Crown Princess Masako]] of Japan along with Construction Minister Tsutomu Kawara.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Cooper|first=James D.|title=World's Longest Suspension Bridge Opens in Japan|url=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">http</del>://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www.fhwa</del>.dot.gov/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">publications</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">publicroads/98julaug</del>/worlds<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.cfm</del>|work=United States Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration|access-date=February 14, 2012|archive-date=January 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101152145/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98julaug/worlds.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_19_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_13_0_rhs"></a><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:Akashi-kaikyo bridge night shot small.jpg|left|thumb|Akashi Kaikyo Bridge illuminated at night; April 2003]]</ins>The bridge has four substructures: two main piers (located beneath the water) and two anchorages (on land). These are denoted 1A, 2P, 3P, and 4A in sequence from the Kobe side. 1A consists of an underground circular retaining wall filled with [[roller-compacted concrete]], 2P and 3P are circular underwater [[Shallow foundation|spread-foundation]] [[Caisson (engineering)|caisson]] structures, and 4A is a rectangular direct foundation.<ref name=Ogihara /> 2P is located at the edge of the sea plateau at a level depth of 40–50 m and a bearing depth of 60 m, and 3P is located at the symmetrical point to 2P with respect to the bridge's center, at a level depth of 36–39 m and a bearing depth of 57 m.<ref name=Ogihara /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_9_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_14_0_lhs"></a>[[File:Akashi-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kaikyo</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bridge night shot</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">small</del>.jpg|left|thumb|Akashi Kaikyo Bridge <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">illuminated</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">night;</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">April</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2003</del>]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_9_2_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_15_1_lhs"></a>==Structure==</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv|thumbtime=5|thumb|Video of the bridge, as seen from a ship passing underneath]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv|thumbtime=5|thumb|Video of the bridge, as seen from a ship passing underneath]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_19_2_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_17_0_rhs"></a>The towers are located in an area of strong tidal currents where water velocity exceeds 7 knots (about 3.6&nbsp;m/s). The selected scour protection measure includes the installation of a filtering layer with a thickness of 2 m in a range of 10 m around the caisson, covered with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[riprap]]</ins> of 8 m thick.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|others=Satoshi Kashima, Mitsushige Sakamoto, Yukihiro Sano, Kozoo Higuchi|title=Construction of Akashi Kaikyo bridge foundation|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.5169/seals-59833|url-status=live|access-date=September 29, 2021|website=E-Periodica | publisher=IABSE |year=1998|doi=10.5169/seals-59833|archive-date=February 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218202158/https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=bse-re-003:1998:79::84}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_11_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_18_0_lhs"></a>===Substructures===<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_13_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_19_0_lhs"></a>The bridge has four substructures: two main piers (located beneath the water) and two anchorages (on land). These are denoted 1A, 2P, 3P, and 4A in sequence from the Kobe side. 1A consists of an underground circular retaining wall filled with [[roller-compacted concrete]], 2P and 3P are circular underwater [[Shallow foundation|spread-foundation]] [[Caisson (engineering)|caisson]] structures, and 4A is a rectangular direct foundation.<ref name=Ogihara /> 2P is located at the edge of the sea plateau at a level depth of 40–50 m and a bearing depth of 60 m, and 3P is located at the symmetrical point to 2P with respect to the bridge's center, at a level depth of 36–39 m and a bearing depth of 57 m.<ref name=Ogihara /></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_17_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_19_2_lhs"></a>The towers are located in an area of strong tidal currents where water velocity exceeds 7 knots (about 3.6&nbsp;m/s). The selected scour protection measure includes the installation of a filtering layer with a thickness of 2 m in a range of 10 m around the caisson, covered with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rip raps</del> of 8 m thick.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|others=Satoshi Kashima, Mitsushige Sakamoto, Yukihiro Sano, Kozoo Higuchi|title=Construction of Akashi Kaikyo bridge foundation|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.5169/seals-59833|url-status=live|access-date=September 29, 2021|website=E-Periodica | publisher=IABSE |year=1998|doi=10.5169/seals-59833|archive-date=February 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218202158/https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=bse-re-003:1998:79::84}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Superstructures===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Superstructures===</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 14:55, 3 October 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Suspension bridge in Kobe, Japan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn org">Akashi Kaikyo Bridge</div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="nickname" lang="ja"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">明石海峡大橋</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akashi_Bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Akashi_Bridge.JPG/250px-Akashi_Bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Akashi_Bridge.JPG/375px-Akashi_Bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Akashi_Bridge.JPG/500px-Akashi_Bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Akashi Kaikyo Bridge from the air, December 2005</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&params=34.6162_N_135.0205_E_region:JP_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°36′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">135°01′14″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.6162°N 135.0205°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.6162; 135.0205</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Carries</th><td class="infobox-data">Six lanes of the <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="E28" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/JP_Expressway_E28.svg/25px-JP_Expressway_E28.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/JP_Expressway_E28.svg/38px-JP_Expressway_E28.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/JP_Expressway_E28.svg/50px-JP_Expressway_E28.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="436" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kobe-Awaji-Naruto_Expressway" title="Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway">Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway</a> and four emergency lanes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crosses</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Akashi_Strait" title="Akashi Strait">Akashi Strait</a><sup id="cite_ref-structurae_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structurae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Locale</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Awaji_Island" title="Awaji Island">Awaji Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a><sup id="cite_ref-structurae_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structurae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Pearl Bridge<sup id="cite_ref-roadtraffic-technology.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roadtraffic-technology.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maintained by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Honshu-Shikoku_Bridge_Expressway_Company" title="Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company">Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company Limited</a> (JB Honshi Kōsoku)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">Suspension bridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-structurae_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structurae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total length</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space:nowrap">3,911 metres (12,831 ft)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">282.8 metres (928 ft) (pylons)<sup id="cite_ref-structurae_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structurae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Longest span</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space:nowrap">1,991 metres (6,532 ft)</span><sup id="cite_ref-structurae_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structurae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Air_draft#Clearance_below" title="Air draft">Clearance below</a></th><td class="infobox-data">65.72 metres (215.6 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Kashima" title="Satoshi Kashima">Satoshi Kashima</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction start</th><td class="infobox-data">1988<sup id="cite_ref-structurae_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structurae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction end</th><td class="infobox-data">1998<sup id="cite_ref-structurae_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structurae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opened</th><td class="infobox-data">April 5, 1998</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Toll</th><td class="infobox-data">¥2,300</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Location</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-lat="34.6162" data-lon="135.0205" data-overlays="["_625a0f9f56d68714d8f533edad54f02838c3bc48"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/34.6162/135.0205/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,34.6162,135.0205,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&revid=1249161264&groups=_625a0f9f56d68714d8f533edad54f02838c3bc48" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,34.6162,135.0205,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&revid=1249161264&groups=_625a0f9f56d68714d8f533edad54f02838c3bc48 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Akashi Kaikyo Bridge</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">明石海峡大橋</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Akashi Kaikyō Ōhashi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridge</a> which links the city of <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a> on the Japanese island of <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iwaya,_Awaji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iwaya, Awaji (page does not exist)">Iwaya, Awaji</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E5%B1%8B%E7%94%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:岩屋町">ja</a>]</span> on <a href="/wiki/Awaji_Island" title="Awaji Island">Awaji Island</a>. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Kobe-Awaji-Naruto_Expressway" title="Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway">Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway</a>, and crosses the busy and turbulent <a href="/wiki/Akashi_Strait" title="Akashi Strait">Akashi Strait</a> (<i>Akashi Kaikyō</i> in Japanese). It was completed in 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-structurae_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structurae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the time, was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_suspension_bridge_spans" title="List of longest suspension bridge spans">longest central span of any suspension bridge</a> in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-hsbe_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsbe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at 1,991 metres (6,532 ft). Currently, it is the second-longest, behind the <a href="/wiki/1915_%C3%87anakkale_Bridge" title="1915 Çanakkale Bridge">1915 Çanakkale Bridge</a> in Turkey that was opened in March 2022. </p><p>The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge is one of the key links of the <a href="/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB%E2%80%93Shikoku_Bridge_Project" title="Honshū–Shikoku Bridge Project">Honshū–Shikoku Bridge Project</a>, which created three routes across the <a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Kobe-Awaji-Naruto_Expressway" title="Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway">Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway</a>, the easternmost route of the <a href="/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB%E2%80%93Shikoku_Bridge_Project" title="Honshū–Shikoku Bridge Project">bridge system linking the islands of Honshu and Shikoku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogihara_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogihara-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bridge crosses the <a href="/wiki/Akashi_Strait" title="Akashi Strait">Akashi Strait</a> (width 4 km) between Kobe on Honshu and Iwaya on <a href="/wiki/Awaji_Island" title="Awaji Island">Awaji Island</a>; the other major part of the crossing is completed by the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnaruto_Bridge" title="Ōnaruto Bridge">Ōnaruto Bridge</a>, which links Awaji Island to Ōge Island across the <a href="/wiki/Naruto_Strait" title="Naruto Strait">Naruto Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogihara_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogihara-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge was built, ferries carried passengers across the Akashi Strait. A major passageway for shipping, it is also known for its gales, heavy rain, storms, and other natural disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekirei_Maru_sinking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekirei Maru sinking (page does not exist)">Sekirei Maru sinking</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%9B%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8C%E3%81%84%E4%B8%B8%E6%B2%88%E6%B2%A1%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85" class="extiw" title="ja:せきれい丸沈没事故">ja</a>]</span> in stormy weather in December 1945,while carrying more than three times its capacity of 100 passengers, killed 304 people, first stirring public discussion on the possibility of a bridge over the span. In 1955, two ferries sank in the <a href="/wiki/Shiun_Maru_disaster" title="Shiun Maru disaster">Shiun Maru disaster</a> during a storm, killing 168 people. The ensuing shock and public outrage convinced the Japanese government to develop plans for a bridge to cross the strait.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigations">Investigations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Investigations for a bridge across the strait were first conducted by the Kobe municipal government in 1957, followed by an evaluation by the national <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Construction (Japan)">Ministry of Construction</a> in 1959. In 1961, the Ministry of Construction and <a href="/wiki/Japan_National_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan National Railways">Japan National Railways</a> jointly commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Japan Society of Civil Engineers">Japan Society of Civil Engineers</a> (JSCE) to conduct a technical study, and the JSCE established a committee to investigate five potential routes between Honshu and Shikoku. In 1967, the committee compiled the results of the technical study, concluding that a bridge across the Akashi Strait would face "extremely severe design and construction conditions, which have no similar examples in the world's long-span bridges" and recommending an additional study.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the report, the Honshu–Shikoku Bridge Authority (now the <a href="/wiki/Honshu-Shikoku_Bridge_Expressway_Company" title="Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company">Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ogihara_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogihara-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was established in 1970, which conducted extensive investigations, including sea trials to establish the construction method of a submarine foundation. In 1973, a bridge with a central span of 1,780 meters on the route was approved, but construction was halted due to poor economic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridge_h008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridge_h008.jpg/220px-Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridge_h008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridge_h008.jpg/330px-Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridge_h008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridge_h008.jpg/440px-Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridge_h008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, under construction in December 1995</figcaption></figure> <p>The original plan called for a mixed railway-road bridge, but when construction on the bridge began in April 1988, it was restricted to road only, with six lanes. Actual construction did not begin until May 1988 and involved more than 100 contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_Earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Hanshin Earthquake">Great Hanshin Earthquake</a> in January 1995 did not do substantial damage to the bridge due to anti-seismic building methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogihara_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogihara-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction was finished on time in September 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kyodo_News_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyodo_News-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bridge was opened for traffic on April 5, 1998, in a ceremony officiated by the <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">then-Crown Prince Naruhito</a> and his spouse <a href="/wiki/Masako,_Crown_Princess_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Masako, Crown Princess of Japan">Crown Princess Masako</a> of Japan along with Construction Minister Tsutomu Kawara.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substructures">Substructures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Substructures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akashi-kaikyo_bridge_night_shot_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Akashi-kaikyo_bridge_night_shot_small.jpg/220px-Akashi-kaikyo_bridge_night_shot_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Akashi-kaikyo_bridge_night_shot_small.jpg/330px-Akashi-kaikyo_bridge_night_shot_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Akashi-kaikyo_bridge_night_shot_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Akashi Kaikyo Bridge illuminated at night; April 2003</figcaption></figure><p>The bridge has four substructures: two main piers (located beneath the water) and two anchorages (on land). These are denoted 1A, 2P, 3P, and 4A in sequence from the Kobe side. 1A consists of an underground circular retaining wall filled with <a href="/wiki/Roller-compacted_concrete" title="Roller-compacted concrete">roller-compacted concrete</a>, 2P and 3P are circular underwater <a href="/wiki/Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">spread-foundation</a> <a href="/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">caisson</a> structures, and 4A is a rectangular direct foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogihara_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogihara-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2P is located at the edge of the sea plateau at a level depth of 40–50 m and a bearing depth of 60 m, and 3P is located at the symmetrical point to 2P with respect to the bridge's center, at a level depth of 36–39 m and a bearing depth of 57 m.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogihara_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogihara-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv/220px-seek%3D5-Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="59" data-mwtitle="Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv/Akashikaikyobridge-sunnyday-fromriver2013.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of the bridge, as seen from a ship passing underneath</figcaption></figure> <p>The towers are located in an area of strong tidal currents where water velocity exceeds 7 knots (about 3.6 m/s). The selected scour protection measure includes the installation of a filtering layer with a thickness of 2 m in a range of 10 m around the caisson, covered with <a href="/wiki/Riprap" title="Riprap">riprap</a> of 8 m thick.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superstructures">Superstructures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Superstructures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akashi-Bridge-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Akashi-Bridge-2.jpg/170px-Akashi-Bridge-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Akashi-Bridge-2.jpg/255px-Akashi-Bridge-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Akashi-Bridge-2.jpg/340px-Akashi-Bridge-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Main supporting towers</figcaption></figure> <p>The bridge has three <a href="/wiki/Span_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Span (architecture)">spans</a>. The central span is 1,991 m (6,532 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-structurae_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structurae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the two other sections are each 960 m (3,150 ft). The bridge is 3,911 m (12,831 ft) long overall. The two towers were originally 1,990 m (6,530 ft) apart, but the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a> on January 17, 1995 (magnitude 7.3, with epicenter 20 km west of Kobe) moved the towers (the only structures that had been erected at the time) such that the central span had to be increased by 1 m (3.3 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-structurae_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structurae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central span was required to be greater than 1,500 m to accommodate maritime traffic; it was concluded before construction began that a larger span between 1950 and 2050 meters would minimize construction costs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogihara_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogihara-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bridge was designed with a dual-hinged stiffening girder system, allowing the structure to withstand winds of 286 kilometres per hour (178 mph), earthquakes measuring up to magnitude 8.5, and harsh sea currents. The bridge also contains <a href="/wiki/Tuned_mass_damper" title="Tuned mass damper">tuned mass dampers</a> that are designed to operate at the <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance frequency</a> of the bridge to damp forces. The two main supporting towers rise 282.8 m (928 ft) above sea level, and the bridge can expand because of heat by up to 2 m (6.6 ft) over the course of a day.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each anchorage required 350,000 tonnes (340,000 long tons; 390,000 short tons) of concrete. The steel cables have 300,000 kilometres (190,000 mi) of wire: each cable is 112 centimetres (44 in) in diameter and contains 36,830 strands of wire.<sup id="cite_ref-structurae_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-structurae-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Akashi–Kaikyo bridge has a total of 1,737 illumination lights: 1,084 for the main cables, 116 for the main towers, 405 for the girders and 132 for the anchorages. Sets of three <a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge lamps</a> in the colors red, green and blue are mounted on the main cables. The <a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> color model and computer technology make for a variety of combinations. Twenty-eight patterns are used for occasions such as <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Japan" title="Public holidays in Japan">national or regional holidays</a>, memorial days or festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_notable_bridges_SMIL.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A comparison of the side elevation of the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge to the side elevations of some of the most notable bridges around the world on the same scale (click for interactive version)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Comparison_of_notable_bridges_SMIL.svg/1000px-Comparison_of_notable_bridges_SMIL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1000" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Comparison_of_notable_bridges_SMIL.svg/1500px-Comparison_of_notable_bridges_SMIL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Comparison_of_notable_bridges_SMIL.svg/2000px-Comparison_of_notable_bridges_SMIL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_notable_bridges_SMIL.svg" title="File:Comparison of notable bridges SMIL.svg"> </a></div><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><big>A comparison of the side elevation of the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge to the side elevations of some of the most notable bridges around the world on the same scale <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Comparison_of_notable_bridges_SMIL.svg"><span class="nowrap">(click for interactive version)</span></a></big></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost">Cost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total cost is estimated at <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">¥</a>500 billion or US$3.6 billion (per 1998 exchange rates).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is expected to be repaid by charging drivers a toll to cross the bridge. The toll is 2,300 yen and the bridge is used by approximately 23,000 cars per day.<sup id="cite_ref-roadtraffic-technology.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roadtraffic-technology.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Bridge_(Tokyo)" title="Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)">Rainbow Bridge (Tokyo)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-structurae-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-structurae_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-structurae_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-structurae_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-structurae_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-structurae_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-structurae_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-structurae_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-structurae_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-structurae_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-structurae_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-structurae_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://structurae.net/structures/akashi-kaikyo-bridge">Akashi Kaikyo Bridge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930173727/http://structurae.net/structures/akashi-kaikyo-bridge">Archived</a> September 30, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Structurae" title="Structurae">Structurae</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roadtraffic-technology.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roadtraffic-technology.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roadtraffic-technology.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/akashi-kaikyo-bridge-strait-japan/">"Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, Akashi Strait, Japan"</a>. Road Traffic Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002160336/http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/akashi-kaikyo-bridge-strait-japan">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Akashi+Kaikyo+Bridge%2C+Akashi+Strait%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Road+Traffic+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadtraffic-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fakashi-kaikyo-bridge-strait-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkashi+Kaikyo+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hsbe-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hsbe_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jb-honshi.co.jp/english/technology/akashi.html">Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630132040/http://www.jb-honshi.co.jp/english/technology/akashi.html">Archived</a> June 30, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – HSBE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogihara-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ogihara_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogihara_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogihara_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogihara_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogihara_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogihara_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogihara_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgihara2016" class="citation book cs1">Ogihara, Katsuya (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5yXSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">"Akashi Kaikyo Bridge"</a>. In Alampalli, Sreenivas; Moreau, William J. (eds.). <i>Inspection, Evaluation and Maintenance of Suspension Bridges: Case Studies</i>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 40–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466596894" title="Special:BookSources/9781466596894"><bdi>9781466596894</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928060653/https://books.google.com/books?id=5yXSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akashi+Kaikyo+Bridge&rft.btitle=Inspection%2C+Evaluation+and+Maintenance+of+Suspension+Bridges%3A+Case+Studies&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=40-58&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781466596894&rft.aulast=Ogihara&rft.aufirst=Katsuya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5yXSCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkashi+Kaikyo+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/akashi_kaikyo.html">"BUILDING BIG: Databank: Akashi Kaikyo Bridge"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220180910/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/akashi_kaikyo.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=BUILDING+BIG%3A+Databank%3A+Akashi+Kaikyo+Bridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fbuildingbig%2Fwonder%2Fstructure%2Fakashi_kaikyo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkashi+Kaikyo+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiroyuki_Fujikawa2003" class="citation book cs1">Hiroyuki Fujikawa (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/674864414"><i>本州四国連絡橋のはなし : 長大橋を架ける</i></a> [<i>The story of the Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project: How the great spans were erected</i>]. 交通研究協会. pp. 2–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-425-76111-1" title="Special:BookSources/4-425-76111-1"><bdi>4-425-76111-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/674864414">674864414</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218202205/https://www.worldcat.org/title/honshu-shikoku-renrakukyo-no-hanashi-chodaikyo-o-kakeru/oclc/674864414">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%AC%E5%B7%9E%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%A1%E6%A9%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%97+%3A+%E9%95%B7%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B%E3%82%92%E6%9E%B6%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B&rft.pages=2-5&rft.pub=%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F674864414&rft.isbn=4-425-76111-1&rft.au=Hiroyuki+Fujikawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F674864414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkashi+Kaikyo+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoshida-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yoshida_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yoshida_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshida1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yoshida, Iwao (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2208%2Fjscej.1990.418_1">"Basic Survey and Planning of Akashi Kaikyo Bridge"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers</i> (in Japanese). <b>418</b>: 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2208%2Fjscej.1990.418_1">10.2208/jscej.1990.418_1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0289-7806">0289-7806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Japan+Society+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.atitle=Basic+Survey+and+Planning+of+Akashi+Kaikyo+Bridge&rft.volume=418&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2208%2Fjscej.1990.418_1&rft.issn=0289-7806&rft.aulast=Yoshida&rft.aufirst=Iwao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2208%252Fjscej.1990.418_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkashi+Kaikyo+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, James D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://highways.dot.gov/public-roads/julyaugust-1998/worlds-longest-suspension-bridge-opens-japan">"World's Longest Suspension Bridge Opens in Japan"</a>. <i>United States Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101152145/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/98julaug/worlds.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Transportation+%E2%80%93+Federal+Highway+Administration&rft.atitle=World%27s+Longest+Suspension+Bridge+Opens+in+Japan&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhighways.dot.gov%2Fpublic-roads%2Fjulyaugust-1998%2Fworlds-longest-suspension-bridge-opens-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkashi+Kaikyo+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashimaKitagawa1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kashima, Satoshi; Kitagawa, Makoto (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24996048">"The Longest Suspension Bridge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>277</b> (6): 88–92B. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997SciAm.277f..88K">1997SciAm.277f..88K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1297-88">10.1038/scientificamerican1297-88</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24996048">24996048</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929003831/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24996048">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Longest+Suspension+Bridge&rft.volume=277&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=88-92B&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1297-88&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24996048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997SciAm.277f..88K&rft.aulast=Kashima&rft.aufirst=Satoshi&rft.au=Kitagawa%2C+Makoto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24996048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkashi+Kaikyo+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyodo_News-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kyodo_News_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2018/04/d161a56fc707-worlds-longest-suspension-bridge-marks-20-years-since-opening.html">"World's longest suspension bridge marks 20 years since opening"</a>. <i>Kyodo News+</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729010737/https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2018/04/d161a56fc707-worlds-longest-suspension-bridge-marks-20-years-since-opening.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyodo+News%2B&rft.atitle=World%27s+longest+suspension+bridge+marks+20+years+since+opening&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.kyodonews.net%2Fnews%2F2018%2F04%2Fd161a56fc707-worlds-longest-suspension-bridge-marks-20-years-since-opening.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkashi+Kaikyo+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5169/seals-59833">"Construction of Akashi Kaikyo bridge foundation"</a>. <i>E-Periodica</i>. Satoshi Kashima, Mitsushige Sakamoto, Yukihiro Sano, Kozoo Higuchi. IABSE. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5169%2Fseals-59833">10.5169/seals-59833</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218202158/https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=bse-re-003:1998:79::84">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Periodica&rft.atitle=Construction+of+Akashi+Kaikyo+bridge+foundation&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5169%2Fseals-59833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5169%2Fseals-59833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkashi+Kaikyo+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/akashi-kaikyo-bridge-strait-japan/">"Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, Akashi Strait, Japan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150420105515/http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/akashi-kaikyo-bridge-strait-japan/">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Akashi+Kaikyo+Bridge%2C+Akashi+Strait%2C+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadtraffic-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fakashi-kaikyo-bridge-strait-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkashi+Kaikyo+Bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akashi_Kaikyo_Bridge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_longest_suspension_bridge_span" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="World&#039;s_longest_suspension_bridge_span" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_suspension_bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest suspension bridges">World's longest</a> <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridge</a> span</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table width="100%"><tbody><tr> <td width="33%"><b>Preceded by</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Humber_Bridge" title="Humber Bridge">Humber Bridge</a></td> <td width="34%" style="border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa;border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Akashi Kaikyo Bridge</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Bridges_completed_in_1998" title="Category:Bridges completed in 1998">1998</a>–<a href="/wiki/Category:Bridges_completed_in_2022" title="Category:Bridges completed in 2022">2022</a></td> <td width="33%"><b>Superseded by</b><br /><a href="/wiki/1915_%C3%87anakkale_Bridge" title="1915 Çanakkale Bridge">1915 Çanakkale Bridge</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crossings_of_the_Kobe–Awaji–Naruto_Expressway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Crossings_of_the_Kobe–Awaji–Naruto_Expressway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Crossings of the <a href="/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB-Shikoku_Bridge_Project#Kobe-Awaji-Naruto_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshū-Shikoku Bridge Project">Kobe–Awaji–Naruto Expressway</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table width="100%"><tbody><tr> <td width="33%"><b>North</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshū">Honshū</a><br /></td> <td width="34%" style="border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa;border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa;"><b>Akashi Kaikyo Bridge</b><br /></td> <td width="33%"><b>South</b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnaruto_Bridge" title="Ōnaruto Bridge">Ōnaruto Bridge</a><br /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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