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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asmakizunak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marion Donovan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 18 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ماريون دونوفان – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماريون دونوفان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ماريون دونوفان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماريون دونوفان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Donovan" title="Marion Donovan – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Marion Donovan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Donovan" title="Marion Donovan – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marion Donovan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Donovanov%C3%A1" title="Marion Donovanová – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marion Donovanová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Donovan" title="Marion Donovan – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marion Donovan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Donovan" title="Marion Donovan – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Marion Donovan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Donovan" title="Marion Donovan – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marion Donovan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Donovan" title="Marion Donovan – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marion Donovan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Donovan" title="Marion Donovan – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marion Donovan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9F" title="מריון דונובן – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מריון דונובן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մարիոն Դոնովան – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարիոն Դոնովան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_O%27Brien" title="Marion O'Brien – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marion O'Brien" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Донован, Марион – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Донован, Марион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Donovan" title="Marion Donovan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marion Donovan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Donovan" title="Marion Donovan – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marion Donovan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merion_Donovan" title="Merion Donovan – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Merion Donovan" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மரியோன் தொனோவன் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரியோன் தொனோவன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q543278#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Marion_Donovan" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Marion_Donovan" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Marion_Donovan"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Marion_Donovan"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Marion_Donovan" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Marion_Donovan" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&oldid=8452221" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen 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class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Marion_O%27Brien_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Marion_O%27Brien_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Marion_O%27Brien_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Marion_O%27Brien_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-Marion_O%27Brien_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Marion_O%27Brien_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-Marion_O%27Brien_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="835" /></a></span><br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Bizitza</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Jaiotzako izen-deiturak</th><td class="infobox-data">Marion O'Brien</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Jaiotza</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Txile" title="Txile">Txile</a>, <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Urriaren_15" title="Urriaren 15">urriaren 15a</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Herrialdea</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Ameriketako Estatu Batuak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Heriotza</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Azaroaren_4" title="Azaroaren 4">azaroaren 4a</a> (81 urte)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Hezkuntza</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Heziketa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_Unibertsitatea" title="Yale Unibertsitatea">Yale Unibertsitatea</a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1514480" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1514480">Yale School of Architecture</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514480?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7368476" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q7368476">Rosemont College</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7368476?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: lightsteelblue">Jarduerak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Jarduerak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ekintzaile_(enpresa_arlokoa)" title="Ekintzaile (enpresa arlokoa)">ekintzailea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asmatzaile" title="Asmatzaile">asmatzailea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Arkitekto" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkitekto">arkitektoa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Jasotako sariak</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background: transparent; text-align: left;">ikusi</div> <ul class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0; text-align: left; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame (sortu gabe)">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> <small> (2015)</small> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marion Donovan</b> <b>Marion O'Brien</b> (<a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a> <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Urriaren_15" title="Urriaren 15">urriaren 15a</a> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Urriaren_15" title="Urriaren 15">-</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York,</a> <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Azaroaren_4" title="Azaroaren 4">azaroaren 4a</a>) estatubatuar asmatzailea eta ekintzailea izan zen. 2015ean Inbentore Ospearen Areto Nazionalerako izendatua izan zen. <a href="/wiki/Pixoihal" title="Pixoihal">Pixoihalaren</a> asmakuntzagatik da ezaguna.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Biografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Biografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asmatzaile familia batean jaio zen, fabrika bat zeukaten eta bertan makinak eta asmakizun berriak ziren ohikoena. Hain giro sortzailean hazteak lagundu egin zion Marioni bere hastapenetan. </p><p>Bere familiaren asmakizunen artean, nabarmentzekoak dira automobilaren engranajeak erabiltzen dituen "South Bend tornua", bere aita eta osabaren asmakizuna. Marion amaz umezurtz geratu zen gaztetan (zazpi urte zituenean), beraz, familiako lantegian ordu asko eman zituen. </p><p>Marion O'Brienek ingelesezko literatura ikasi zuen Rosemont Unibertsitatean, <a href="/wiki/Filadelfia" title="Filadelfia">Filadelfiako</a> auzoan, <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939an</a> lizentziatu zen eta New Yorkeko Vogue aldizkarian edergintzako erredaktore laguntzaile gisa hasi zen lanean. </p><p>Urte batzuk geroago James Donovan larruzko inportatzailearekin ezkondu zen eta bikote berria <a href="/wiki/Westport_(Connecticut)" title="Westport (Connecticut)">Westportera</a> ( <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut)</a> joan zen bizitzera. 1946an jaio zen bere lehen alaba eta Marionek pixoihal garbigarriei eta hauen deserosotasunei aurre egin behar izan zien.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asmakizunak">Asmakizunak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Asmakizunak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Asmakizunak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1946an, emakumeek beren seme-alaben pixoihalak garbitu eta lehortzeko zuten arazoa konpontzea planteatu zion bere buruari. Bere asmakizunaren lehen fase honetan, pixoihalaren estalki iragazgaitz bat egin zuen, jausgailu baten oihala erabiliz, nylonezko oihalezko pixoihal bat, pixa arropari pasatzen uzten ez ziona, haurrak, bere jantziak eta sehaskako arropak busti ez zitzan. </p><p>Asmakizun hau bere alabarekin erabili zuen harik eta 1949an patentea lortzeko eta merkaturatzen hasteko eskaera aurkeztea lortu zuen arte. Hasieran <a href="/wiki/Bosgarren_Etorbidea" title="Bosgarren Etorbidea">Bosgarren Etorbideko</a> Saks dendan saltzen ziren. Pixoihal horiek "Boaters" izena zuten, eta 1951ko ekainaren 12an lortu zuen patentea. Arrakasta handia izan zuten, eta bi urteren buruan bazituen bi milioi dolarreko eskaintzak.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arrakasta honen ondorioz, Marionek bere produktua hobetzea erabaki zuen, eta ikertzen eta berritzen jarraitu zuen, material hobeak, isolatzaileagoak (pixak ihes egin ez zezan) eta, aldi berean, haurtxoen dermisaren babesle gehiago aurkitzen saiatuz.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Hobekuntza horiek egiteko eragozpen handienetako bat zen pixoihalak zelulosa geruza batzuk behar zituztela. Hori lortzeko, Marionek laguntza eskatu zien garaiko paper fabrikei, baina ez zuen kasu handirik egiterik lortu, eta, beraz, 10 urte inguru igaro ziren <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a> konpainia batek asmakizunarekiko interesa agertu zuen arte. Horrela jarri zen Marionki Victor Millsen harremanetan, enpresa horretako ingeniari kimikoarekin, eta hari saldu zion bere ideia, eta horrela garatu eta merkaturatuko zituen erabili eta botatzeko pixoihalak, "Pamperak", gaur egun ezagutzen ditugun bezala.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pixoihalak ez ziren Marionen asmakizun bakarra izan, baizik eta askoz gehiago egin zituen, horietatik hogei 1949 eta 1996 artean asmatu zituen, eta ezagunak dira, hala nola, hortzetako haria, soinekoa ixten laguntzen duen goma elastikoa edo xaboia, guztiak ere emakumeen bizitza erosoagoa eta errazagoa egiteko, eta, zehazki, etxekoandreena.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Yorken hil zen, 81 urte zituela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mujeresconciencia.com/2017/10/15/marion-donovan-inventora/">«Marion Donovan, inventora | Efemérides»</a> <i>Mujeres con ciencia</i> 2017-10-15 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mujeresconciencia.com/2016/12/07/marion-obrien-donovan-1917-1998/">«Marion O’Brien Donovan (1917-1998) | Ciencia y más»</a> <i>Mujeres con ciencia</i> 2016-12-07 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mujeresenlahistoria.com/2016/11/marion-donovan.html"><i>Inventando pañales, Marion Donovan (1917-1998). </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.historia.com/magazine/marion-donovan-la-inventora-del-panal-desechable/">«Marion Donovan la inventora del pañal desechable»</a> <i>Magazine Historia</i> 2017-05-17 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinterest.com/jessicagalvezvega/marion-donovan/">«11 mejores imágenes de marion donovan | Pañales desechables, Inventores, Ciencia»</a> <i>Pinterest</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.20minutos.es/yaestaellistoquetodolosabe/tag/marion-donovan/">«Marion Donovan»</a> <i>Ya está el listo que todo lo sabe</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fseneca.es/descubriendo-cientificas/marion-donovan/"><i>Marion Donovan | Descubriendo Científicas. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFIlecara2008-09-26">Ilecara.  (2008-09-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mujeresquehacenlahistoria.blogspot.com/2008/09/siglo-xx-marion-donovan.html">«MUJERES QUE HACEN LA HISTORIA - BREVES BIOGRAFIAS: Siglo XX - Marion Donovan»</a> <i>MUJERES QUE HACEN LA HISTORIA - BREVES BIOGRAFIAS</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-08)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Donovan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Gehitu atala</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-588f8cd696-xzjz2","wgBackendResponseTime":129,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.569","walltime":"0.697","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6834,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":38551,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7018,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":10904,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":5,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 646.470 1 -total"," 56.92% 367.947 1 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