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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Present morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newer_explorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newer_explorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Newer explorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newer_explorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Villages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Villages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Villages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Villages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Human history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greek,_Persian,_Roman_and_Byzantine_eras_(pre-1453)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greek,_Persian,_Roman_and_Byzantine_eras_(pre-1453)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient Greek, Persian, Roman and Byzantine eras (pre-1453)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greek,_Persian,_Roman_and_Byzantine_eras_(pre-1453)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_era_(1453–1922)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_era_(1453–1922)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ottoman era (1453–1922)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_era_(1453–1922)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summer_Embassies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summer_Embassies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Summer Embassies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summer_Embassies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_republican_era_(1923–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_republican_era_(1923–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Turkish republican era (1923–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_republican_era_(1923–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istanbul_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istanbul_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Istanbul Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istanbul_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Crossings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crossings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crossings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maritime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Maritime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Land bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submarine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Submarine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Strategic importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sightseeing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sightseeing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sightseeing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sightseeing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egyptian_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Egyptian legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bosporus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A6%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%96%E1%88%AE%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%88%E1%88%BD%E1%88%98%E1%8C%A5" title="የቦስፖሮስ ወሽመጥ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የቦስፖሮስ ወሽመጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporos" title="Bosporos – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bosporos" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%82)" title="البوسفور (مضيق) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البوسفور (مضيق)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosforo" title="Bosforo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bosforo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sforu" title="Bósforu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bósforu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sforo" title="Bósforo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Bósforo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ایستانبول بوغازی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستانبول بوغازی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="বসফরাস প্রণালী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বসফরাস প্রণালী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Басфор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Басфор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Басфор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Басфор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Босфорой хоолой – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Босфорой хоолой" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2sfor" title="Bòsfor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bòsfor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporo" title="Bosporo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bosporo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bospor" title="Bospor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bospor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorus" title="Bosphorus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bosphorus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βόσπορος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόσπορος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sforo" title="Bósforo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bósforo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporo" title="Bosporo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bosporo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sforu" title="Bósforu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bósforu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosforo" title="Bosforo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bosforo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1" title="تنگه بسفر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنگه بسفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphore" title="Bosphore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bosphore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhosparais" title="An Bhosparais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhosparais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2sfaras" title="Bòsfaras – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bòsfaras" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sforo" title="Bósforo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bósforo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%ED%95%B4%ED%98%91" title="보스포루스 해협 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보스포루스 해협" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Բոսֆոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոսֆոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="बोस्पोरुस जलसन्धि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोस्पोरुस जलसन्धि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bospor" title="Bospor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bospor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretajo_Bosforo" title="Stretajo Bosforo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stretajo Bosforo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Bosporus" title="Selat Bosporus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Selat Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporo" title="Bosporo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bosporo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporussund" title="Bosporussund – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bosporussund" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosforo" title="Bosforo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bosforo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="בוספורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוספורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Bosporus" title="Selat Bosporus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Selat Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბოსფორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოსფორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B1%D2%B1%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Босфор бұғазы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Босфор бұғазы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengava_Stembol%C3%AA" title="Tengava Stembolê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tengava Stembolê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfors" title="Bosfors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bosfors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosforo_s%C4%85siauris" title="Bosforo sąsiauris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bosforo sąsiauris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boszporusz" title="Boszporusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Boszporusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബോസ്ഫറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോസ്ഫറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="बोस्फोरस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बोस्फोरस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბოსფორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბოსფორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1" title="البوسفور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البوسفور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87" title="بسفر تنگه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بسفر تنگه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Босфорын хоолой – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Босфорын хоолой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus_(zeestraat)" title="Bosporus (zeestraat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bosporus (zeestraat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="बस्फरस जलसन्धि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बस्फरस जलसन्धि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9D%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="ボスポラス海峡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボスポラス海峡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporos" title="Bosporos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bosporos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporos" title="Bosporos – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bosporos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosf%C3%B2r" title="Bosfòr – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bosfòr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="آبنائے باسفورس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آبنائے باسفورس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sforo" title="Bósforo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bósforo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Боспор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Боспор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="آبنائے باسفورس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آبنائے باسفورس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2sforu" title="Bòsforu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bòsforu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfori" title="Bosfori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bosfori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfuru" title="Bosfuru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bosfuru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bospor" title="Bospor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bospor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bospor" title="Bospor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bospor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosfoor" title="Boosfoor – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boosfoor" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Bosporus" title="Selat Bosporus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Selat Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporinsalmi" title="Bosporinsalmi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bosporinsalmi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporen" title="Bosporen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bosporen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பொசுபோரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொசுபோரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Босфор бугазы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Босфор бугазы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ช่องแคบบอสพอรัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ช่องแคบบอสพอรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Bo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1" title="İstanbul Boğazı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İstanbul Boğazı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="آبنائے باسفورس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آبنائے باسفورس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfore" title="Bosfore – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bosfore" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosforo" title="Bosforo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bosforo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="博斯普鲁斯海峡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="博斯普鲁斯海峡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="באספארוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באספארוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="伊斯坦堡海峽 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊斯坦堡海峽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="博斯普鲁斯海峡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bosporus&params=41_07_10_N_29_04_31_E_region:TR_type:waterbody_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°07′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">29°04′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.11944°N 29.07528°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.11944; 29.07528</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Narrow strait in northwestern Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bosphorus" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bosphorus (disambiguation)">Bosphorus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Bosporus Strait</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">İstanbul Boğazı</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_Istanbul_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bosporus Strait is located in Istanbul"><img alt="Bosporus Strait is located in Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Turkey_Istanbul_location_map.svg/256px-Turkey_Istanbul_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Turkey_Istanbul_location_map.svg/384px-Turkey_Istanbul_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Turkey_Istanbul_location_map.svg/512px-Turkey_Istanbul_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="845" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.791%;left:55.782%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bosporus Strait"><img alt="Bosporus Strait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Bosporus Strait</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Istanbul</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bosporus Strait is located in Turkey"><img alt="Bosporus Strait is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/256px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/384px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/512px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.722%;left:18.751%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bosporus Strait"><img alt="Bosporus Strait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Bosporus Strait</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Turkey</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bosporus Strait is located in Europe"><img alt="Bosporus Strait is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/256px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/384px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/512px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.363%;left:69.14%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bosporus Strait"><img alt="Bosporus Strait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Bosporus Strait</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bosporus Strait is located in Asia"><img alt="Bosporus Strait is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/256px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/384px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/512px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.56%;left:10.554%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bosporus Strait"><img alt="Bosporus Strait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Bosporus Strait</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bosporus&params=41_07_10_N_29_04_31_E_region:TR_type:waterbody_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°07′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">29°04′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.11944°N 29.07528°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.11944; 29.07528</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">31 km (19 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Min. width</th><td class="infobox-data">700 m (2,300 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">110 m (360 ft)</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bosporus is located in Europe"><img alt="Bosporus is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Locator_map_of_Turkey.svg/250px-Locator_map_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Locator_map_of_Turkey.svg/375px-Locator_map_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Locator_map_of_Turkey.svg/500px-Locator_map_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.59%;left:71.591%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bosporus"><img alt="Bosporus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.435%;left:68.382%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dardanelles"><img alt="Dardanelles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/6px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/9px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Turkey.svg" title="File:Locator map of Turkey.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>A map depicting the locations of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a>, with the Bosporus in red, and the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> in yellow. The territory of Turkey is highlighted in green.</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg/220px-Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg/330px-Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg/440px-Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Location of the Bosporus (red) relative to the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> (yellow) and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/220px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/330px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/440px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>Close-up satellite image of the Bosporus Strait, taken from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> in April 2004. The body of water at the top is the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, the one at the bottom is the Marmara Sea, and the Bosporus is the winding waterway that connects the two. The western banks of the Bosporus constitute the geographic starting point of the European continent, while the banks to the east are the geographic beginnings of the continent of Asia. The city of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> is visible along both banks.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosphorus_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bosphorus_aerial_view.jpg/220px-Bosphorus_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bosphorus_aerial_view.jpg/330px-Bosphorus_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bosphorus_aerial_view.jpg/440px-Bosphorus_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Bosporus taken from its northern end near the Black Sea (bottom), looking south (top) toward the Marmara Sea, with the city center of Istanbul visible along the strait's hilly banks</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Bosporus</b> or <b>Bosphorus Strait</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BOSS</span>-pər-əs, <span style="font-size:90%">BOSS</span>-fər-əs</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-spelling_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spelling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">İstanbul Boğazı</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Istanbul strait', colloquially <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Boğaz</i></span>) is a natural <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">strait</a> and an internationally significant waterway located in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The Bosporus connects the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> and forms one of the continental <a href="/wiki/Boundary_between_Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary between Asia and Europe">boundaries between Asia and Europe</a>. It also divides Turkey by separating <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia minor</a> from <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">Thrace</a>. It is the world's narrowest strait used for <a href="/wiki/International_waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="International waterway">international navigation</a>. </p><p>Most of the shores of the Bosporus Strait, except for the area to the north, are heavily settled, with the city of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan</a> population of 17 million inhabitants extending inland from both banks. </p><p>The Bosporus Strait and the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> Strait at the opposite end of the Sea of Marmara are together known as the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a>. </p><p>Sections of the shore of the Bosporus in Istanbul have been reinforced with concrete or rubble and those sections of the Strait prone to <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a> are periodically dredged. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of the strait comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βόσπορος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Bósporos</i></span>), which was folk-etymologised as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βοὸς πόρος</span></span>, i.e. "cattle strait" (like "Ox-ford"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), from the genitive of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">boûs</i></span> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:βοῦς">βοῦς</a></span> 'ox, cattle' + <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">poros</i></span> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πόρος">πόρος</a></span> 'passage', thus meaning 'cattle-passage', or 'cow passage'.<sup id="cite_ref-Bosporos_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosporos-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythological story</a> of <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a>, who was transformed into a cow and condemned to wander the Earth until she crossed the Bosporus, where she met the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan</a> <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, who comforted her by telling her that she would be restored to human form by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and become the ancestor of the greatest of all heroes, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> (Hercules). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a> supposedly went ashore near <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar#Chrysopolis" title="Üsküdar">Chrysopolis</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Üsküdar</a>), which was named <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Bous</i></span> 'the Cow'. The same site was also known as <a href="/wiki/Damalis_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Damalis (town)">Damalis</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Δάμαλις</span></span>), as it was where the Athenian general <a href="/wiki/Chares_of_Athens" title="Chares of Athens">Chares</a> had erected a monument to his wife Damalis, which included a colossal statue of a cow (the name <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:δαμάλις">δαμάλις</a></span> translating to 'heifer').<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English spelling with <i>-ph-</i> (<i>Bosphor</i>) is not justified by the ancient Greek name, and dictionaries prefer the spelling with <i>-p-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-spelling_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spelling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However <i>-ph-</i> occurs as a variant in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">medieval Latin</a> (as <i>Bosphor</i>, and occasionally <i>Bosphorus</i> or <i>Bospherus</i>), and in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">medieval Greek</a> sometimes as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βόσφορος</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving rise to the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bosphore</i></span>, the Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Bósforo</i></span>, the Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Bosforo</i></span> and the Russian <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Босфор</span></span>. The 12th-century Greek scholar <a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">John Tzetzes</a> calls it <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Damaliten Bosporon</i></span> (after <i>Damalis</i>), but he also reports that in popular usage the strait was known as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Prosphorion</i></span> during his day,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the name of <a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">the most ancient northern harbour</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. In English, the preferred spelling tends to be Bosphorus. </p><p>Historically, the Bosporus was also known as the "Strait of Constantinople", or the <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thracian</a> Bosporus to distinguish it from the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimmerian Bosporus">Cimmerian Bosporus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. These are expressed in <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i>, 4.83; as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Bosporus Thracius</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Bosporus Thraciae</i></span>, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βόσπορος Θρᾴκιος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Bósporos Thráikios</i></span>), respectively. Other names used by Herodotus to refer to the strait include <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedonian</a> Bosporus (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Bosporus Chalcedoniae</i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βόσπορος τῆς Χαλκηδονίης</span></span> [<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Bosporos tes Khalkedonies</i></span>], Herodotus 4.87), or <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysian</a> Bosporus (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Bosporus Mysius</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term eventually came to be used as the common noun <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">βόσπορος</span></span>, meaning "a strait", and was also formerly applied to the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">Classical Greek</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a maritime waterway, the Bosporus connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and thence to the Aegean and Mediterranean seas via the Dardanelles. It also connects various seas along the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Eurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Eurasia">Western Eurasia</a>. Thus, the Bosporus allows maritime connections from the Black Sea all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and to the Indian Ocean through the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, making it a crucial international waterway, in particular for the passage of goods coming from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p><p>There is one very small island in the Bosporus just off Kuruçeşme. Now generally known as <a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_Islet" title="Galatasaray Islet">Galatasaray Island</a> (<i>Galatasaray Adası),</i> this was given to the Armenian architect <a href="/wiki/Sarkis_Balyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarkis Balyan">Sarkis Balyan</a> by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdülhamid II</a> in 1880. The house he built on it was later demolished. The island became a walled garden and then a water sports centre, before it was given to the <a href="/wiki/Galatasaray_S.K." title="Galatasaray S.K.">Galatasaray Sports Club</a>, hence its name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETonguçYale2010421_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonguçYale2010421-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the 2010s it was completely overbuilt with nightclubs. In another change, the government had these torn down in 2017. It reopened to the public in the summer of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis" title="Black Sea deluge hypothesis">Black Sea deluge hypothesis</a></div> <p>The exact cause and date of the formation of the Bosporus remain a subject of debate among geologists. One recent hypothesis, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis" title="Black Sea deluge hypothesis">Black Sea deluge hypothesis</a>, which was launched by a study of the same name in 1997 by two scientists from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, postulates that the Bosporus was flooded around 5600 BCE (revised to 6800 BCE in 2003) when the rising waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Marmara broke through to the Black Sea, which at the time, according to the hypothesis, was a low-lying body of fresh water.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many geologists,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> however, claim that the strait is much older, even if relatively young on a geologic timescale.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_morphology">Present morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Present morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The limits of the Bosporus are defined as the line connecting the lighthouses of <a href="/wiki/Rumeli_Feneri" title="Rumeli Feneri">Rumeli Feneri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Feneri" title="Anadolu Feneri">Anadolu Feneri</a> in the north, and between the <a href="/wiki/Ah%C4%B1rkap%C4%B1_Feneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahırkapı Feneri">Ahırkapı Feneri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y_%C4%B0nciburnu_Feneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadıköy İnciburnu Feneri">Kadıköy İnciburnu Feneri</a> in the south ("Fener" is Turkish for lighthouse). Between these limits, the strait is 31 km (17 nmi) long, with a width of 3,329 m (1.798 nmi) at the northern entrance and 2,826 m (1.526 nmi) at the southern entrance. Its maximum width is 3,420 m (1.85 nmi) between Umuryeri and Büyükdere Limanı, and minimum width is 700 m (0.38 nmi) between <a href="/wiki/Kandilli,_%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Kandilli, Üsküdar">Kandilli Point</a> and <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Fiyan" title="Aşiyan">Aşiyan</a>. </p><p>The depth of the Bosporus varies from 13 to 110 m (43 to 361 ft) in midstream with an average of 65 m (213 ft). The deepest point is between Kandilli and <a href="/wiki/Bebek,_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Bebek, Istanbul">Bebek</a>, at 110 m (360 ft). The shallowest locations are off Kadıköy İnciburnu at 18 m (59 ft) and off Aşiyan Point at 13 m (43 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-d_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The southbound flow of water is 16 000 m<sup>3</sup>/s (fresh water at the surface) and the northbound flow is 11 000 m<sup>3</sup>/s (salt water near the bottom).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dan Parsons and researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a> School of Earth and Environment describe a <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_undersea_river" title="Black Sea undersea river">Black Sea undersea river</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> off the main strait that historically acted as a moat to protect Constantinople from attack, as well as providing sheltered anchorage for the imperial navies of various empires until the 19th century, after which it became a historic neighbourhood at the heart of Istanbul. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newer_explorations">Newer explorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Newer explorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the 20th century it was already known that the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara flow into each other in a geographic example of "density flow". Then in August 2010, a continuous 'underwater channel' of <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspension</a> composition was discovered flowing along the floor of the Bosporus, which would be the sixth largest river on Earth if it were on land.<sup id="cite_ref-leeds.ac.uk_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeds.ac.uk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2010 team of scientists, led by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>, used a robotic "yellow submarine" to observe detailed flows within this "undersea river", scientifically referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine channel">submarine channel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-leeds.ac.uk_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeds.ac.uk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the first time. Submarine channels are similar to land rivers, but they are formed by density currents—underwater flow mixtures of sand, mud and water that are denser than sea water and so sink and flow along the bottom. These channels are the main transport pathway for sediments to the deep sea where they form sedimentary deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-leeds.ac.uk_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leeds.ac.uk-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The team studied the detailed flow within these channels and its findings included that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The channel complex and the density flow provide the ideal natural laboratory for investigating and detailing the structure of the flow field through the channel. Our initial findings show that the flow in these channels is quite different to the flow in river channels on land. Specifically, as flow moves around a bend it spirals in the opposite direction in the deep sea compared to the spiral found in river channels on land. This is important in understanding the sedimentology and layers of sediment deposited by these systems.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The central tenet of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis" title="Black Sea deluge hypothesis">Black Sea deluge hypothesis</a> is that as the ocean rose 72.5 metres (238 ft) at the end of the last Ice Age when the massive ice sheets melted, the sealed Bosporus was overwhelmed by a spectacular flood that increased the then fresh water Black Sea Lake by 50%, and drove people back from the shores for many months. This hypothesis was supported by the findings of undersea explorer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a>, who discovered settlements along the old shoreline; scientists dated the <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> to 7500 BP or 5500 BC from fresh-salt water microflora. Driven out by the rapidly rising water, which must have been terrifying and inexplicable, people spread to all corners of the Western world carrying the story of a major flood. As the waters surged, they scoured a network of sea-floor channels less resistant to denser suspended solids in liquid, which remains a very active layer today. </p><p>The first images of these submarine channels showing them to be of great size,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were obtained in 1999 during a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/SACLANT_ASW_Research_Centre" title="SACLANT ASW Research Centre">SACLANT Undersea Research</a> project using jointly the NATO RV <i>Alliance</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Navy">Turkish Navy</a> survey ship <i>Çubuklu</i>. In 2002, a survey carried out on board the Ifremer RV <i>Le Suroit</i> for BlaSON project (Lericolais, et al., 2003<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) completed the multibeam mapping of this underwater channel fan-delta. A complete map was published in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using these previous results together with high quality mapping obtained in 2006 (by researchers at <a href="/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland" title="Memorial University of Newfoundland">Memorial University of Newfoundland</a> who were project partners in the study). </p><p>The project was led by Jeff Peakall and Daniel Parsons at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>, in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland" title="Memorial University of Newfoundland">Memorial University of Newfoundland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dokuz_Eyl%C3%BCl_University" title="Dokuz Eylül University">Institute of Marine Sciences</a>. The survey was run and coordinated from the Institute of Marine Sciences research ship, the <a href="/wiki/RV_K._Piri_Reis" title="RV K. Piri Reis">R/V <i>Koca Piri Reis</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Villages">Villages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Villages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shores of the Bosporus were once lined with small fishing villages that had grown up since Byzantine times but really came into their own in the 19th century. Until the early 20th century most were only accessible by boat (known as caiques) along the Bosporus since there were no coast roads. Today the villages are no more than suburbs of Greater Istanbul but many retain the memory of their original village status in the suffix '-<i>köy (</i>village' to their names. e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y" title="Ortaköy">Ortaköy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yenik%C3%B6y,_Sar%C4%B1yer" title="Yeniköy, Sarıyer">Yeniköy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnavutk%C3%B6y" title="Arnavutköy">Arnavutköy</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87engelk%C3%B6y" title="Çengelköy">Çengelköy</a> and Vaniköy. These villages often had distinct identities associated with agriculture: Arnavutköy, for example, was associated with strawberry-growing while Çengelköy was famous for its sweet cucumbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_history">Human history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the only passage between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, the Bosporus has always been of great importance from a commercial and military point of view, and it remains strategically important today. It is a major sea access route for numerous countries, including <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Control over it has been an objective of a number of conflicts in modern history, notably the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)</a>, as well as of the attack of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> during the 1915 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Battle of Gallipoli</a> in the course of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In 2022 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine the Bosporus' importance as a route by which grain reached the world was thrown into sharp profile.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek,_Persian,_Roman_and_Byzantine_eras_(pre-1453)"><span id="Ancient_Greek.2C_Persian.2C_Roman_and_Byzantine_eras_.28pre-1453.29"></span>Ancient Greek, Persian, Roman and Byzantine eras (pre-1453)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek, Persian, Roman and Byzantine eras (pre-1453)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Constantinople_(1422)_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg/250px-Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg/375px-Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg/500px-Map_of_Constantinople_%281422%29_by_Florentine_cartographer_Cristoforo_Buondelmonte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption> Map of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), designed in 1422 by <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> cartographer <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Buondelmonti" title="Cristoforo Buondelmonti">Cristoforo Buondelmonti</a>. This is the oldest surviving map of the city, and the only surviving map that predates the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Turkish conquest</a> of 1453. The Bosporus is visible along the right-hand side of the map, wrapping vertically around the historic city.</figcaption></figure> <p>The strategic importance of the Bosporus dates back millennia. In the 5th century BC the Greek city-state of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, which depended on grain imports from the Black Sea ports of <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>, maintained critical alliances with cities which controlled the straits, such as the <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megarian</a> colony <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">of Byzantium</a>. </p><p>In an attempt to subdue the <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythian</a> horsemen who roamed across the north of the Black Sea, the Persian King <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> the Great (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 522 BC – 486 BC</span>) crossed the Bosporus, then marched towards the <a href="/wiki/River_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="River Danube">River Danube</a>. His army crossed the Bosporus using an enormous bridge made by connecting boats.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bridge essentially connected the farthest geographic tip of Asia to Europe, encompassing at least some 1,000 metres of open.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> would construct a similar <a href="/wiki/Xerxes%27_Pontoon_Bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges">boat bridge</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a>) strait (480 BC), during his <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">invasion of Greece</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> called the Bosporus "Stenon" and used the following major toponyms in the area:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>on the European side: <ul><li>Bosporios Akra</li> <li>Argyropolis</li> <li>St. Mamas</li> <li>St. Phokas</li> <li>Hestiai or Michaelion</li> <li>Phoneus</li> <li>Anaplous or Sosthenion</li></ul></li> <li>on the Asian side: <ul><li>Hieron tower</li> <li>Eirenaion</li> <li>Anthemiou</li> <li>Sophianai</li> <li>Bithynian Chrysopolis</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The strategic significance of the Strait was one of the factors in the decision of the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a> the Great to found his new capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, there in AD 330. This then became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_era_(1453–1922)"><span id="Ottoman_era_.281453.E2.80.931922.29"></span>Ottoman era (1453–1922)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ottoman era (1453–1922)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allum_Bosphorus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Allum_Bosphorus.jpg/250px-Allum_Bosphorus.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Allum_Bosphorus.jpg/375px-Allum_Bosphorus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Allum_Bosphorus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption><i>The Bosphorus, with the Castles of Europe & Asia</i>. 19th-century engraving by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allom" title="Thomas Allom">Thomas Allom</a>. The castles are <a href="/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1" title="Rumelihisarı">Rumelihisarı</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anadoluhisar%C4%B1" title="Anadoluhisarı">Anadoluhisarı</a>, respectively. The original is a watercolor available in the online collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>On 29 May 1453, the then-emergent <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">conquered</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> following a lengthy campaign during which the Ottomans constructed fortifications on each side of the strait, the <a href="/wiki/Anadoluhisar%C4%B1" title="Anadoluhisarı">Anadoluhisarı</a> (Anatolian Castle, 1393) and the <a href="/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1" title="Rumelihisarı">Rumelihisarı</a> (European Castle, 1451), in preparation for not only the primary battle but to assert long-term control over the Bosporus and surrounding waterways. The final 53-day campaign, which resulted in Ottoman victory, constituted an important turn in world history. Together with <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>'s first voyage to the Americas in 1492, the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Constantinople">1453 conquest of Constantinople</a> is commonly noted as among <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages#Terminology_and_periodisation" title="Middle Ages">the events that brought an end to the Middle Ages</a> and marked the transition to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>. </p><p>The event also marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>—the final remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>—and the transfer of the control of the Bosporus into Ottoman hands. The Ottomans then made Constantinople their new capital, and the base from which they expanded their empire in the centuries that followed. </p><p>At its peak between the 16th and 18th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was able to use the strategic importance of the Bosporus to wrest control of the entire <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> area, which they regarded as an "Ottoman lake", from which Russian warships were prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, several international treaties have governed access to the Strait. Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_H%C3%BCnk%C3%A2r_%C4%B0skelesi" title="Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi">Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi</a> of 8 July 1833, the Bosporus and <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> straits were to be closed to the naval vessels of other powers on Russian demand.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the terms of the <a href="/wiki/London_Straits_Convention" title="London Straits Convention">London Straits Convention</a>, concluded on 13 July 1841 between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>), the "ancient rule" of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was re-established by closing the Turkish Straits to all <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a>, barring those of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan</a>'s allies during wartime. This benefited <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British naval</a> power at the expense of the Russians, as the latter then lacked direct access to the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-Rozakis_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozakis-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Summer_Embassies">Summer Embassies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Summer Embassies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 19th century many of the foreign powers represented in Constantinople maintained second embassies up the Bosporus and would relocate their staff there during the hot, humid summer months. Most of these summer embassies were on the European shore at <a href="/wiki/Yenik%C3%B6y,_Sar%C4%B1yer" title="Yeniköy, Sarıyer">Yeniköy</a> (Austrian), <a href="/wiki/Tarabya" title="Tarabya">Tarabya</a> (German, English, French, Italian) and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkdere,_Sar%C4%B1yer" title="Büyükdere, Sarıyer">Büyükdere</a> (Spanish, Russian). Some of the buildings still survive today although the British Summer Embassy burnt down in 1911 and the Italian Summer Embassy, a fine building by <a href="/wiki/Raimondo_D%27Aronco" title="Raimondo D'Aronco">Raimondo d'Aronco</a>, survives in very dilapidated condition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETonguçYale2010455,_460,_463_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonguçYale2010455,_460,_463-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_republican_era_(1923–present)"><span id="Turkish_republican_era_.281923.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Turkish republican era (1923–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Turkish republican era (1923–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> demilitarised the Strait and made it an international territory under the control of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. This was amended by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne_(1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lausanne (1923)">Treaty of Lausanne (1923)</a>, which restored the straits to Turkey but allowed all foreign warships and commercial shipping to traverse the straits freely. Turkey eventually rejected the terms of that treaty, and remilitarised the straits area. The reversion was formalised under the <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits">Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits</a> of 20 July 1936. That convention - which is still in force - treats the straits as an international shipping lane except that Turkey retains the right to restrict the naval traffic of non–Black Sea states. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/440px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/660px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/880px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>Modern (2012) view of the European side of Istanbul from the southern entrance to the Bosporus</figcaption></figure> <p>Turkey was neutral in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> until February 1945, and the straits were closed to the warships of belligerent nations during this time, although some German <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">auxiliary vessels</a> were permitted to transit. In diplomatic conferences, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> representatives had expressed an <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">interest</a> in obtaining naval bases on the straits. This, together with Stalin's demands for the restitution of the Turkish provinces of <a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artvin" title="Artvin">Artvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ardahan" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (which were lost by Turkey in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, but were regained with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a> in 1921), was a consideration in Turkey's decision to abandon <a href="/wiki/Country_neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Country neutrality (international relations)">neutrality in foreign affairs</a>. Turkey declared war against Germany in February 1945, but did not engage in offensive actions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkey joined <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 1952, thus affording the straits even more strategic importance as a commercial and military waterway. </p><p>During the early 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a> have become particularly important for the oil industry. Russian oil, from ports such as <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a>, was exported by tankers primarily to the U.S. via the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Istanbul_Canal">Istanbul Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Istanbul Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, Turkey proposed to build a 50 km (31 mi) <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Canal" title="Istanbul Canal">canal</a> west of the Bosporus, suggesting that it would reduce the risk presented to the Bosporus by oil tankers and other cargo ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Turkey_to_build_Bosphorus_bypass_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkey_to_build_Bosphorus_bypass-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ing.dk_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ing.dk-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project proved highly controversial and, as of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, work had not been started on building the canal even though a route for it had been established.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_mythology">In mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bosphorus takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythological story</a> of <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a>, who was transformed into a cow and, pursued by a gadfly, was condemned to wander the Earth until she reached the Strait. There she met the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan</a> <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, who comforted her by telling her that she would be restored to human form by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and become the ancestor of the greatest of all heroes, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> (Hercules). </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek mythology">ancient Greek mythology</a>, it was said that colossal floating rocks known as the <a href="/wiki/Symplegades" title="Symplegades">Symplegades</a>, or Clashing Rocks, once guarded both sides of the Bosporus and destroyed any ship that attempted to pass through the strait by crushing them. Their destructive power was finally overcome by the Argonaut hero <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a> who managed to pass between them unscathed, whereupon the rocks became fixed, opening Greek access to the Black Sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crossings">Crossings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg/250px-Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg/375px-Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg/500px-Bosphorus_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/15_July_Martyrs_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="15 July Martyrs Bridge">15 July Martyrs Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bosphorus_Bridge" title="Bosphorus Bridge">Bosphorus Bridge</a>), the first to be built across the Bosporus, completed in 1973</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge_panorama.jpg/250px-Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge_panorama.jpg/375px-Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge_panorama.jpg/500px-Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4782" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge" title="Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge</a>, the second crossing built in 1988, looking from the Asian side towards <a href="/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1" title="Rumelihisarı">Rumelihisarı</a> on the European side of the Bosporus</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge_(30881432865).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge_%2830881432865%29.jpg/250px-Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge_%2830881432865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge_%2830881432865%29.jpg/375px-Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge_%2830881432865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge_%2830881432865%29.jpg/500px-Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge_%2830881432865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge" title="Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge">Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge</a>, the third and most recent crossing, in September 2016. The bridge was opened on 26 August 2016.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime">Maritime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Maritime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bosporus is traversed by numerous passenger and vehicular ferries daily, as well as by recreational and fishing boats ranging from dinghies to yachts owned by both public and private entities. </p><p>The Strait also serves a significant amount of international commercial shipping traffic in the form of <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">freighters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tankers</a>. Between its northern limits at <a href="/wiki/Rumeli_Feneri" title="Rumeli Feneri">Rumeli Feneri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Feneri" title="Anadolu Feneri">Anadolu Feneri</a> and its southern ones at <a href="/wiki/Ah%C4%B1rkap%C4%B1_Feneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahırkapı Feneri">Ahırkapı Feneri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y_%C4%B0nciburnu_Feneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadıköy İnciburnu Feneri">Kadıköy İnciburnu Feneri</a>, there are numerous dangerous points for large-scale maritime traffic that require sharp turns and management of visual obstructions. Famously, the stretch between <a href="/wiki/Kandilli,_%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Kandilli, Üsküdar">Kandilli Point</a> and <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Fiyan" title="Aşiyan">Aşiyan</a> requires a 45-degree course alteration in a location where the currents can reach 7 to 8 knots (3.6 to 4.1 m/s). To the south, at <a href="/wiki/Yenik%C3%B6y,_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeniköy, Istanbul">Yeniköy</a>, the necessary course alteration is 80 degrees. Compounding these difficult changes in trajectory, the rear and forward sight lines at <a href="/wiki/Kandilli,_%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Kandilli, Üsküdar">Kandilli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yenik%C3%B6y,_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeniköy, Istanbul">Yeniköy</a> are also completely blocked prior to and during the course alteration, making it impossible for ships approaching from the opposite direction to see around the bends. The risks posed by this geography are further multiplied by the heavy ferry traffic across the Strait, linking the European and Asian sides of the city. As such, all the dangers and obstacles characteristic of narrow waterways are present and acute in this vital sea lane. </p><p>In 2011, the Turkish Government started to discuss creating a man-made canal roughly 80 kilometres (50 mi) long that would run north–south through <a href="/wiki/Silivri" title="Silivri">the western edges of Istanbul Province</a> as a second route from the Black Sea to the Marmara. It was suggested that this would reduce the risk from shipping to the Bosporus.<sup id="cite_ref-Turkey_to_build_Bosphorus_bypass_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkey_to_build_Bosphorus_bypass-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ing.dk_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ing.dk-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controverislal <a href="/wiki/Kanal_%C4%B0stanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanal İstanbul">Kanal İstanbul</a> project continues to be debated.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022 the dues levied by Turkey for freight ships increased 500% to US$4 per ton, the first change since 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bosporus is fairly deep and there is no definite limit on the depth and length of a ship, but ships over 150 metres long or 10 metres deep must pre-book their passage. Those over 300 metres long must follow a special clearance procedure. There is an air draft limit of 57 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_bridges">Land bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Land bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridges</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed bridge</a> cross the Bosporus. The first of these, the 1,074 m (3,524 ft) long <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus_Bridge" title="Bosphorus Bridge">15th July Martyrs Bridge</a> was completed in 1973 when it was called the Bosporus Bridge. The second, named <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge" title="Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge">Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Bosporus II) Bridge</a>, is 1,090 m (3,576 ft) long, and was completed in 1988 about 5 km (3 mi) north of the first bridge. The first Bosporus Bridge forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Otoyol_1" title="Otoyol 1">O1 Motorway</a>, while the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-European Motorway">Trans-European Motorway</a>. The third and most recent bridge, the <a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge" title="Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge">Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge</a>, is 2,164 m (7,100 ft) long and was completed in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-trt_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trt-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dailysabah.com_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailysabah.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located near the northern end of the Bosporus, between the villages of <a href="/wiki/Garip%C3%A7e,_Istanbul" title="Garipçe, Istanbul">Garipçe</a> on the European side and <a href="/wiki/Poyrazk%C3%B6y" title="Poyrazköy">Poyrazköy</a> on the Asian side,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of the "<a href="/wiki/Northern_Marmara_Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Marmara Motorway">Northern Marmara Motorway</a>", integrated into the existing Black Sea Coastal Highway, and allowing transit traffic to bypass city traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-trt_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trt-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dailysabah.com_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailysabah.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Opening date</th> <th>Design</th> <th>Total length</th> <th>Width</th> <th>Height</th> <th>Longest span</th> <th>Clearance below</th> <th>Lanes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosphorus_Bridge" title="Bosphorus Bridge">15 July Martyrs Bridge</a></td> <td>30 October 1973</td> <td>Suspension bridge</td> <td>1,560 m (5,120 ft)</td> <td>33.4 m (110 ft)</td> <td>165 m (541 ft)</td> <td>1,074 m (3,524 ft)</td> <td>64 m (210 ft)</td> <td>6 lanes of <a href="/wiki/Otoyol_1" title="Otoyol 1">Motorway O1</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge" title="Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge">Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge</a></td> <td>3 July 1988</td> <td>Suspension bridge</td> <td>1,510 m (4,950 ft)</td> <td>39 m (128 ft)</td> <td>105 m (344 ft)</td> <td>1,090 m (3,580 ft)</td> <td>64 m (210 ft)</td> <td>8 lanes of <a href="/wiki/Otoyol_2" title="Otoyol 2">Motorway O2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge" title="Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge">Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge</a></td> <td>26 August 2016</td> <td>Hybrid cable-stayed, suspension bridge</td> <td>2,164 m (7,100 ft)</td> <td>58.4 m (192 ft)</td> <td>322 m (1,056 ft)</td> <td>1,408 m (4,619 ft)</td> <td>73 m (240 ft)</td> <td>8 lanes of <a href="/wiki/Otoyol_7" title="Otoyol 7">Motorway O7</a> and 1 double-track railway </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submarine">Submarine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Submarine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray">Marmaray</a> project, featuring a 13.7 km (8.5 mi) long undersea <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railway</a> <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnel</a>, opened on 29 October 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 1,400 m (4,593 ft) of the tunnel runs under the strait, at a depth of about 55 m (180 ft). </p><p>An undersea <a href="/wiki/Water_tunnel_(physical_infrastructure)" title="Water tunnel (physical infrastructure)">water supply tunnel</a> with a length of 5,551 m (18,212 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-CNNTurkTunnel_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNTurkTunnel-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Water_Tunnel" title="Bosporus Water Tunnel">Bosporus Water Tunnel</a>, was constructed in 2012 to transfer water from the Melen Creek in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzce_Province" title="Düzce Province">Düzce Province</a> (to the east of the Bosporus strait, in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>) to the European side of Istanbul, a distance of 185 km (115 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-CNNTurkTunnel_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNTurkTunnel-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Tunnel" title="Eurasia Tunnel">Eurasia Tunnel</a> is a 5.4 km (3.4 mi) undersea <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highway</a> tunnel designed for vehicular traffic between <a href="/wiki/Kazl%C4%B1%C3%A7e%C5%9Fme" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazlıçeşme">Kazlıçeşme</a> on the European side of Istanbul and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ztepe,_Istanbul" class="mw-redirect" title="Göztepe, Istanbul">Göztepe</a> on the Asian side. Construction began in February 2011, and the tunnel opened on 20 December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up to four submarine fibre optics lines (<a href="/wiki/MedNautilus" title="MedNautilus">MedNautilus</a> and possibly others) approach Istanbul, coming from the Mediterranean through the Dardanelles.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategic_importance">Strategic importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Strategic importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_fleet_in_the_Bosphorus_Strait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Russian_fleet_in_the_Bosphorus_Strait.jpg/220px-Russian_fleet_in_the_Bosphorus_Strait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Russian_fleet_in_the_Bosphorus_Strait.jpg/330px-Russian_fleet_in_the_Bosphorus_Strait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Russian_fleet_in_the_Bosphorus_Strait.jpg/440px-Russian_fleet_in_the_Bosphorus_Strait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2213" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Russian fleet under the command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Ushakov" title="Fyodor Ushakov">Fyodor Ushakov</a>, sailing through the Bosporus</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bosporus is the only way for <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (south-western part) and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> to reach the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and other seas. Thus sovereignty over the straits is an important issue for these countries, as well as <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the state the Bosporus actually flows through. </p><p>Turkey does not receive tolls from ships passing through the strait. Turkey's military has broad powers in accordance with the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Montreux Convention</a>. As of 2021, the Bosporus Command is located on the shores of the Bosporus and the military ships connected to the Command are anchored in the Bosporus waters. </p><p>Located on a peninsula at the intersection of the Black Sea, the Bosporus and the Marmara Sea, Istanbul has historically been one of the most protected and hardest-to-conquer cities from Roman times to the Ottoman Empire. Divided by the Bosporus, it is one of very few intercontinental cities in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sightseeing">Sightseeing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sightseeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yal%C4%B1" title="Yalı">Yalı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferries_in_Istanbul" title="Ferries in Istanbul">Ferries in Istanbul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0DO" title="İDO">İDO</a></div> <p>The Bosporus has 620 <a href="/wiki/Yal%C4%B1" title="Yalı">waterfront houses (<i>yalı</i>)</a> built during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> period along the Strait's European and Asian shorelines. Ottoman palaces such as the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Palace" title="Yıldız Palace">Yıldız Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1ra%C4%9Fan_Palace" title="Çırağan Palace">Çırağan Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feriye_Palaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Feriye Palaces">Feriye Palaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Palace" title="Beylerbeyi Palace">Beylerbeyi Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Küçüksu Palace">Küçüksu Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ihlamur_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ihlamur Palace">Ihlamur Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatice_Sultan_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatice Sultan Palace">Hatice Sultan Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adile_Sultan_Palace" title="Adile Sultan Palace">Adile Sultan Palace</a> also stand on or near its shores. Other buildings and landmarks on the Bosporus include the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7_Ali_Pasha_Complex" title="Kılıç Ali Pasha Complex">Kılıç</a> Egyptian Consulate at <a href="/wiki/Bebek,_Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F" title="Bebek, Beşiktaş">Bebek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bebek_Mosque" title="Bebek Mosque">Bebek Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_University" title="Boğaziçi University">Boğaziçi University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_College" title="Robert College">Robert College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1" title="Rumelihisarı">Rumeli Castle</a> (RumelihisarI), <a href="/wiki/Perili_K%C3%B6%C5%9Fk" title="Perili Köşk">Borusan Museum of Contemporary Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sak%C4%B1p_Sabanc%C4%B1_Museum" title="Sakıp Sabancı Museum">Sakıp Sabancı Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadberk_Han%C4%B1m_Museum" title="Sadberk Hanım Museum">Sadberk Hanım Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_Mosque_(%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar)">Üsküdar Mihrimah Sultan Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eemsi_Pasha_Mosque" title="Şemsi Pasha Mosque">Şemsipaşa Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maiden%27s_Tower" title="Maiden's Tower">Maiden's Tower</a> (Kızkulesi), <a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Mosque" title="Beylerbeyi Mosque">Beylerbeyi Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anadoluhisar%C4%B1" title="Anadoluhisarı">Anadolu Castle</a> (Anadoluhisarı), <a href="/wiki/Kuleli_Military_High_School" title="Kuleli Military High School">Kuleli Military High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adile_Sultan_Palace" title="Adile Sultan Palace">Adile Sultan Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCksu_Pavilion" title="Küçüksu Pavilion">Küçüksu Pavilion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khedive%27s_Palace" title="Khedive's Palace">Khedive's Villa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beykoz_Mecidiye_Pavilion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beykoz Mecidiye Pavilion (page does not exist)">Beykoz Mecidiye Pavilion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoros_Castle" title="Yoros Castle">Yoros Castle</a> (Anadaolu Kavağı). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007_0919_Bosporus_Rumelihisar%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2007_0919_Bosporus_Rumelihisar%C4%B1.jpg/220px-2007_0919_Bosporus_Rumelihisar%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2007_0919_Bosporus_Rumelihisar%C4%B1.jpg/330px-2007_0919_Bosporus_Rumelihisar%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2007_0919_Bosporus_Rumelihisar%C4%B1.jpg/440px-2007_0919_Bosporus_Rumelihisar%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rumelihisar%C4%B1" title="Rumelihisarı">Rumelihisarı</a>, one of the castles on the Bosporus, with two of the <a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">suspension bridges</a> which span the strait</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Ferries_in_Istanbul" title="Ferries in Istanbul">public ferries</a> that traverse the Strait leave from <a href="/wiki/Emin%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Eminönü">Eminönü</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">historic peninsula</a> of Istanbul and travel as far as <a href="/wiki/Yoros_Castle#Anadolu_Kavağı" title="Yoros Castle">Anadolu Kavağı</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. On the way they call briefly at points on both the European and Asian shores. Private ferries, also leaving from Eminönü, travel only as far as one of the first two Bosporus bridges. Ferries from Eminönü also travel as far as Rumeli Kavaği, stopping only at points on the European shore, while other ferries from Üsküdar travel as far as Anadolu Kavağı, stopping only at points on the Asian shore. Frequent public ferries from Eminõnü, <a href="/wiki/Karak%C3%B6y" title="Karaköy">Karaköy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F" title="Beşiktaş">Beşiktaş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kadıköy">Kadıköy</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Usküdar</a> offer short hops from one side of the Bosporus to the other throughout the day.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catamaran <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0DO" title="İDO">sea buses</a> offer high-speed commuter services between the European and Asian shores of the Bosporus, but they stop at fewer <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">piers</a> in comparison to the public ferries. Both the public ferries and the sea buses also provide commuter services between the Bosporus and the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Islands">Prince Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>. </p><p>Tourist cruises are available from various points along the Bosporus, including <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y" title="Ortaköy">Ortaköy</a>. The prices vary considerably, and some feature music and dining. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:36,_Bosforo-ko_yali_gehiago_ferrytik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/36%2C_Bosforo-ko_yali_gehiago_ferrytik.jpg/220px-36%2C_Bosforo-ko_yali_gehiago_ferrytik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/36%2C_Bosforo-ko_yali_gehiago_ferrytik.jpg/330px-36%2C_Bosforo-ko_yali_gehiago_ferrytik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/36%2C_Bosforo-ko_yali_gehiago_ferrytik.jpg/440px-36%2C_Bosforo-ko_yali_gehiago_ferrytik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Yal%C4%B1" title="Yalı">waterfront houses</a> (<i>yalıs</i>) on the Bosporus</figcaption></figure> <p>The many <i><a href="/wiki/Yal%C4%B1" title="Yalı">yalı</a></i> (waterside mansions) which were constructed along the shores of the Bosporus during the Ottoman period have long been synonymous with the Strait. Those that still preserve their original form are among the most expensive real estate in Turkey although many have been lost to time, weather and 'accidental' fires. The oldest <i>yalı</i> on the European shore is the Şerifler Yalı at <a href="/wiki/Emirgan" title="Emirgan">Emirgan</a> which was built in the 18th century and belonged for a while to the Şerifs, the hereditary rulers of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. It is still in good condition unlike the oldest <i>yalı</i> on the Asian side which is the Köprülü Amcazade Hüseyin Paşa Yalı at <a href="/wiki/Anadoluhisar%C4%B1" title="Anadoluhisarı">Anadolu Hisarı</a>, built in 1698. Only the central section of this <i>yalı</i> survives and it has been behind hoardings promising restoration since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETonguçYale2010442,_544_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonguçYale2010442,_544-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the <i>yalıs</i> originally sat right on the water's edge and came with private docks and ports where boats (caiques) could be stored. On the Anatolian shore some yalıs are still right beside the water but on the European shore most now stand back behind a coast road built on reclaimed land.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmet_Rasim_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_(A%27ija_Hotel)_on_the_Bosphorus,_Turkey_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ahmet_Rasim_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_%28A%27ija_Hotel%29_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Turkey_001.jpg/220px-Ahmet_Rasim_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_%28A%27ija_Hotel%29_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Turkey_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ahmet_Rasim_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_%28A%27ija_Hotel%29_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Turkey_001.jpg/330px-Ahmet_Rasim_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_%28A%27ija_Hotel%29_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Turkey_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ahmet_Rasim_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_%28A%27ija_Hotel%29_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Turkey_001.jpg/440px-Ahmet_Rasim_Pa%C5%9Fa_Yal%C4%B1s%C4%B1_%28A%27ija_Hotel%29_on_the_Bosphorus%2C_Turkey_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4248" data-file-height="2772" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Yal%C4%B1" title="Yalı">yalı</a> of Ahmet Rasim Pasha</figcaption></figure> <p>The original <i>yalıs</i> usually had two main sections: the <i>selamlık</i> which was the public area and the part of the house used by the men, and the <i>haremlik</i> which was the private part of the house reserved for women and the family. These were the luxurious dwellings of the wealthy and some came with their own private <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hamams</a> (Turkish baths).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_legacy">Egyptian legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Egyptian legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Egyptian royal family took a great liking to the Bosporus and often spent their summers on its shores. They left behind a legacy of fine buildings on or overlooking its shores, including the building at Bebek that now houses the Egyptian Consulate and the <a href="/wiki/Khedive%27s_Palace" title="Khedive's Palace">Khedive's Villa</a> (<i>Hıdiv Kasrı</i>) high on the hill above <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ubuklu" title="Çubuklu">Çubuklu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_trade_and_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea trade and economy">Black Sea trade and economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Istanbul_Tunnel" title="Great Istanbul Tunnel">Great Istanbul Tunnel</a>, a proposed three-level road-rail undersea tunnel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Canal" title="Istanbul Canal">Istanbul Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_incidents_in_the_Turkish_Straits" title="List of maritime incidents in the Turkish Straits">List of maritime incidents in the Turkish Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_in_Istanbul" title="Public transport in Istanbul">Public transport in Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Rail transport in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bosphorus" title="Eastern Bosphorus">Eastern Bosphorus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-spelling-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spelling_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spelling_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The spelling <i>Bosporus</i> is listed first or exclusively in all major British and American dictionaries (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexico.com">Lexico.com</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Longman_Dictionary_of_Contemporary_English" title="Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English">Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Dictionary">Merriam-Webster</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="American Heritage Dictionary">American Heritage Dictionary</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House Dictionary">Random House</a></i>) as well as the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>American Heritage Dictionary</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s online version has only this spelling and its search function does not find anything for the spelling <i>Bosphorus</i>. The <i>Columbia Encyclopedia</i> specifies that the pronunciation of the alternative spelling <i>ph</i> is also <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, but dictionaries also list the pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> for this spelling.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a certain (Oxonian) tradition of equating the name "Oxford" with "Bosporus", see e.g. Wolstenholme Parr (1820), <i>Memoir on the propriety of the word Oxford</i>, esp. p. 18.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729144935/https://www.lexico.com/definition/bosporus">"Bosporus"</a>. <i>Lexico.com</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/bosporus">the original</a> on 29 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bosporus&rft.btitle=Lexico.com&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fbosporus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bosporus">"Bosporus"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>. HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bosporus&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fbosporus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/bosporus">"Bosporus"</a>. <i>Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English</i>. Pearson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bosporus&rft.btitle=Longman+Dictionary+of+Contemporary+English&rft.pub=Pearson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldoceonline.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbosporus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Bosporus">"Bosporus"</a>. <i>American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i>. HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bosporus&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DBosporus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/bosporus">"Bosporus"</a>. <i>Columbia Encyclopedia</i>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bosporus&rft.btitle=Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2Fbosporus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParr1820" class="citation book cs1">Parr, Wolstenholme (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSwrr71vA7IC&pg=PA18"><i>Memoir on the propriety of the word Oxford, as applied to a seminary of learning; read to the Instituto of Padoua, in the month of July last</i></a>. Liverpool: William Grapel. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47642720">47642720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+on+the+propriety+of+the+word+Oxford%2C+as+applied+to+a+seminary+of+learning%3B+read+to+the+Instituto+of+Padoua%2C+in+the+month+of+July+last.&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=William+Grapel&rft.date=1820&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47642720&rft.aulast=Parr&rft.aufirst=Wolstenholme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSwrr71vA7IC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bosporos-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bosporos_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320416">"<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βόσπορος</span></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press – via <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Ancient+Greek+%28to+1453%29-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22grc%22%3E%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=A+Greek%E2%80%93English+Lexicon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0057%253Aentry%253D%252320416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSickler1824" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sickler, Friedrich (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_07JCAAAAcAAJ"><i>Handbuch der alten Geographie für Gymnasien und zum Selbstunterricht</i></a> (in German). Kassel: J. J. Bonné. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_07JCAAAAcAAJ/page/n632">551</a>. <q><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Die ihr entgegenstehende Landspitze hieß auch <i>Bous</i> oder <i>Damalis</i>, mit einer ehernen coloss. Bildsäule einer <i>Kuh</i>; aber hier war es auch, wo der Athen. Chares seiner Frau, der <i>Damalis</i>, ein Grabmal errichten ließ so dass die größere Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür ist, daß wenigstens diese Landspitze eher von der <i>Frau Damalis</i> als von der <i>Prinzessin Jo</i> ihren Namen erhalten habe.</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+alten+Geographie+f%C3%BCr+Gymnasien+und+zum+Selbstunterricht&rft.place=Kassel&rft.pages=551&rft.pub=J.+J.+Bonn%C3%A9&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Sickler&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_07JCAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisShort1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DBosporus">"Bosporus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press – via <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Digital_Library" title="Perseus Digital Library">Perseus Digital Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bosporus&rft.btitle=A+Latin+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Charlton+T.&rft.au=Short%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0059%253Aentry%253DBosporus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller1861" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Müller, Carl (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2VxFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Geographi graeci minores</i></a> (in Latin). Paris: Didot. p. 7. <q><span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la">Herodotus (4, 85) nominat Bosporum Calchedoniæ (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τῆς Καλχηδονίς τὸν Βόσπορον</span></span>); Strabo, os Byzantiacum (p. 125 <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στόμα Βυζαντιακόν</span></span>, p. 318 <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στόμα τὸ κατὰ Βυζάντιον</span></span>); Joannes Tzetzes (Chil. 1, 886) appellat Bosporum Damaliten (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τὸν Δαμαλίτην Βόσπορον</span></span>) sua ætate nuncupatum vulgo Prosphorium.</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographi+graeci+minores&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Didot&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2VxFAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBischoff1829" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bischoff, Friedrich Heinrich Theodor (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NvYRAAAAYAAJ"><i>Verleichendes wörterbuch der alten, mittleren und neuen geographie</i></a> (in German). Gotha: Becker. pp. 195–196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verleichendes+w%C3%B6rterbuch+der+alten%2C+mittleren+und+neuen+geographie&rft.place=Gotha&rft.pages=195-196&rft.pub=Becker&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Bischoff&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Heinrich+Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_NvYRAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETonguçYale2010421-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETonguçYale2010421_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTonguçYale2010">Tonguç & Yale 2010</a>, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFfanatik2022" class="citation web cs1">fanatik (27 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fanatik.com.tr/galatasaray-adasi-hizmete-acildi-2293801">"Galatasaray Adası hizmete açıldı"</a>. <i>Fanatik</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fanatik&rft.atitle=Galatasaray+Adas%C4%B1+hizmete+a%C3%A7%C4%B1ld%C4%B1&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft.au=fanatik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fanatik.com.tr%2Fgalatasaray-adasi-hizmete-acildi-2293801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksuHiscott2022" class="citation journal cs1">Aksu, A.E.; Hiscott, R.N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sabah+Ekonomi&rft.atitle=Melen+Bo%C4%9Faz%27%C4%B1+ge%C3%A7iyor&rft.date=2012-05-19&rft.au=Nay%C4%B1r%2C+Mehmet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabah.com.tr%2FEkonomi%2F2012%2F05%2F19%2Fmelen-bogazi-geciyor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uc-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uc_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030427/http://events.unicredit-cib.eu/uploads/media/Presentation_Basar_Arioglu_Yapi_Merkezi_Insaat.pdf">"Eurasia Tunnel Project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Unicredit - Yapı Merkezi, SK EC Joint Venture. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://events.unicredit-cib.eu/uploads/media/Presentation_Basar_Arioglu_Yapi_Merkezi_Insaat.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurasia+Tunnel+Project&rft.pub=Unicredit+-+Yap%C4%B1+Merkezi%2C+SK+EC+Joint+Venture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevents.unicredit-cib.eu%2Fuploads%2Fmedia%2FPresentation_Basar_Arioglu_Yapi_Merkezi_Insaat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYüce2016" class="citation conference cs1">Yüce, Gülnazi (7–8 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043054/http://hro-cigre.hr/downloads/SEERC_CD/papers/topic_2/2-03_presentation.pdf"><i>Submarine Cable Projects (2-03)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. First South East European Regional CIGRÉ Conference. Portorož, Slovenia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hro-cigre.hr/downloads/SEERC_CD/papers/topic_2/2-03_presentation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Submarine+Cable+Projects+%282-03%29&rft.place=Portoro%C5%BE%2C+Slovenia&rft.date=2016-06-07%2F2016-06-08&rft.aulast=Y%C3%BCce&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClnazi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhro-cigre.hr%2Fdownloads%2FSEERC_CD%2Fpapers%2Ftopic_2%2F2-03_presentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://submarine-cable-map-2017.telegeography.com">"Submarine Cable Map 2017"</a>. <i>TeleGeography</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928152213/http://submarine-cable-map-2017.telegeography.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TeleGeography&rft.atitle=Submarine+Cable+Map+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsubmarine-cable-map-2017.telegeography.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sehirhatlari.istanbul/en">"Şehir Hatları A.Ş. ®"</a>. <i>www.sehirhatlari.istanbul</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sehirhatlari.istanbul&rft.atitle=%C5%9Eehir+Hatlar%C4%B1+A.%C5%9E.+%C2%AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sehirhatlari.istanbul%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETonguçYale2010442,_544-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETonguçYale2010442,_544_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTonguçYale2010">Tonguç & Yale 2010</a>, pp. 442, 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>From the Shores of the Nile to the Bosphorus: Traces of Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Pasha Dynasty in Istanbul</i> (in English and Turkish) (1st ed.). Istanbul: Istanbul Arıştırmaları Enstitüsü. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789759123956" title="Special:BookSources/9789759123956"><bdi>9789759123956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Shores+of+the+Nile+to+the+Bosphorus%3A+Traces+of+Kavalal%C4%B1+Mehmed+Ali+Pasha+Dynasty+in+Istanbul&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Istanbul+Ar%C4%B1%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789759123956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Metz, Helen Chapin</a>, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/95049612"><i>Turkey : a country study</i></a>. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0864-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0864-6"><bdi>0-8444-0864-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Area+handbook+series&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8444-0864-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flccn.loc.gov%2F95049612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖztürk2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zhan_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Özhan Öztürk">Öztürk, Özhan</a> (2011). <i>Pontus : Antikçağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi</i> (in Turkish). Ankara: Genesis Kitap. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-5410-17-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-5410-17-9"><bdi>978-605-5410-17-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontus+%3A+Antik%C3%A7a%C4%9F%27dan+G%C3%BCn%C3%BCm%C3%BCze+Karadeniz%27in+Etnik+ve+Siyasi+Tarihi&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=Genesis+Kitap&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-605-5410-17-9&rft.aulast=%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk&rft.aufirst=%C3%96zhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonguçYale2010" class="citation book cs1">Tonguç, Saffet Emre; Yale, Pat (2010). <i>Istanbul The Ultimate Guide</i> (1st ed.). Istanbul: Boyutl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789752307346" title="Special:BookSources/9789752307346"><bdi>9789752307346</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istanbul+The+Ultimate+Guide&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Boyutl&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789752307346&rft.aulast=Tongu%C3%A7&rft.aufirst=Saffet+Emre&rft.au=Yale%2C+Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Istanbul/Bosphorus#Q35958" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Istanbul/Bosphorus">Istanbul/Bosphorus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bosphorus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Bosphorus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Bosphorus">"Bosphorus" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bosphorus&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABosporus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35958#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35958#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85015919">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152399830">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152399830">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bospor (Turecko : průliv)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge399174&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX459080">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=2520">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/23069">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283829705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/520977">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029821630">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038195">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&oldid=1254744467">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bosporus&oldid=1254744467</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bosphorus" 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