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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_and_food_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Population and food security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_and_food_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salt_export_needs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt_export_needs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Salt export needs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt_export_needs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_reserves_and_loss_in_groundwater_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_reserves_and_loss_in_groundwater_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Current reserves and loss in groundwater level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_reserves_and_loss_in_groundwater_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Discussion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discussion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discussion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_and_environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_and_environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ecological and environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_and_environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Displacement_of_people_and_fisheries_profession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Displacement_of_people_and_fisheries_profession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Displacement of people and fisheries profession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Displacement_of_people_and_fisheries_profession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty_and_population_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty_and_population_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Poverty and population issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty_and_population_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>International issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technological_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Technological developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Political views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Plan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Himalayan_component" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Himalayan_component"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Himalayan component</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Himalayan_component-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peninsular_Component" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peninsular_Component"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Peninsular Component</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peninsular_Component-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intra-state_inter-linking_of_rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intra-state_inter-linking_of_rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Intra-state inter-linking of rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intra-state_inter-linking_of_rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Progress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>International comparisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8" title="भारतीय नदी अन्तराबन्धन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय नदी अन्तराबन्धन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಭಾರತದ ಅಂತರ್ ನದಿಗಳ ಜೋಡಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತದ ಅಂತರ್ ನದಿಗಳ ಜೋಡಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="وصلة الانهار الهنديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وصلة الانهار الهنديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Поворот индийских рек – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поворот индийских рек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தேசிய நதிநீர் இணைப்புத் திட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேசிய நதிநீர் இணைப்புத் திட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12984583#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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Inter-link</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Project to interlink rivers in India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Indian rivers interlinking project</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1_NWDA_India_River_Inter-Linking_Project_Himalayan_and_Peninsular_Components.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/1_NWDA_India_River_Inter-Linking_Project_Himalayan_and_Peninsular_Components.png/220px-1_NWDA_India_River_Inter-Linking_Project_Himalayan_and_Peninsular_Components.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/1_NWDA_India_River_Inter-Linking_Project_Himalayan_and_Peninsular_Components.png/330px-1_NWDA_India_River_Inter-Linking_Project_Himalayan_and_Peninsular_Components.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/1_NWDA_India_River_Inter-Linking_Project_Himalayan_and_Peninsular_Components.png/440px-1_NWDA_India_River_Inter-Linking_Project_Himalayan_and_Peninsular_Components.png 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1338" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Rivers Inter-Link, Himalayan and Peninsular Components</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type of project</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Interbasin_transfer" title="Interbasin transfer">Interbasin transfer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">In study</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Map_based_on_Survey_of_India_rivers.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/India_Map_based_on_Survey_of_India_rivers.PNG/240px-India_Map_based_on_Survey_of_India_rivers.PNG" decoding="async" width="240" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/India_Map_based_on_Survey_of_India_rivers.PNG/360px-India_Map_based_on_Survey_of_India_rivers.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/India_Map_based_on_Survey_of_India_rivers.PNG/480px-India_Map_based_on_Survey_of_India_rivers.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Map of India based on survey of <a href="/wiki/List_of_major_rivers_of_India" title="List of major rivers of India">rivers of India</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Indian rivers interlinking project</b> is a proposed large-scale <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> project that aims to effectively manage <a href="/wiki/Water_resources_in_India" title="Water resources in India">water resources in India</a> by linking <a href="/wiki/List_of_major_rivers_of_India" title="List of major rivers of India">rivers</a> using a network of reservoirs and canals to <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_India" title="Irrigation in India">enhance irrigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">groundwater recharge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_India" title="Floods in India">reduce persistent floods</a> in some parts and <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_India" title="Water scarcity in India">water shortages</a> in other parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-nwdagov_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwdagov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jbsp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India accounts for 18% of <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">global population</a> and about 4% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>. One of the solutions to solve the country's water woes is to link its rivers and lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interlinking project has been split into three parts: a northern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan</a> rivers interlink component, a <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">southern peninsular</a> component, and starting in 2005, an intrastate river-linking component.<sup id="cite_ref-nwdareports_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwdareports-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project is being managed by India's National Water Development Agency, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jal_Shakti" title="Ministry of Jal Shakti">Ministry of Jal Shakti</a>. NWDA has studied and prepared reports on 14 interlink projects for the Himalayan component, 16 for the peninsular component, and 37 intrastate river-linking projects.<sup id="cite_ref-nwdareports_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwdareports-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Average <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">rainfall in India</a> is about 4,000 billion cubic metres, but most of the country's rainfall falls over a <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia" title="Monsoon of South Asia">4-month period</a>—June through September. Furthermore, rain across the large nation is not uniform, with the east and north getting most rainfall and the west and south getting less.<sup id="cite_ref-ncaer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncaer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iwmi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwmi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India also sees years of excess monsoons and floods, followed by below-average or late monsoons accompanied by droughts. This geographical and time variance in availability of natural water versus year-round demand for irrigation, drinking, and industrial water creates a demand–supply gap that has been worsening with India's rising population.<sup id="cite_ref-iwmi_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwmi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of the river interlinking projects claim the answer to India's water problem is to conserve the abundant monsoon water bounty, store it in reservoirs, and deliver this water—using the planned project—to areas and over times when water becomes scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-ncaer_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncaer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water security</a>, the project is also seen to offer potential benefits to transport infrastructure through <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">navigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_India" title="Hydroelectric power in India">hydro power</a> as well as broadening income sources in rural areas through <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">fish farming</a>. Opponents are concerned about well-known environmental, ecological, and social displacement impacts as well as unknown risks associated with tinkering with nature.<sup id="cite_ref-jbsp_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others are concerned that some projects may have international impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-misra_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-misra-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_rivers_and_lakes_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/India_rivers_and_lakes_map.svg/220px-India_rivers_and_lakes_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/India_rivers_and_lakes_map.svg/330px-India_rivers_and_lakes_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/India_rivers_and_lakes_map.svg/440px-India_rivers_and_lakes_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>Map of the major rivers, lakes and reservoirs in India.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colonial_era">British colonial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: British colonial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A proposal regarding the interlinking of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">rivers in India</a> has a long history. During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial rule</a>, for example, the 19th century engineer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cotton" title="Arthur Cotton">Arthur Cotton</a> proposed the plan to interlink major Indian rivers in order to hasten import and export of goods from its colony in <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">indian_subcontinent</a>,<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, as well as to address <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water shortages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a> in southeastern India, now <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_independence">Post independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_Lakshmana_Rao" title="Kanuri Lakshmana Rao">Dr. K.L. Rao</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> designer and former irrigation minister proposed "National Water Grid".<sup id="cite_ref-aks_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aks-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was concerned about the <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_India" title="Water scarcity in India">severe shortages of water</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> and repetitive flooding in the <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> every year. He suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a> basins are water surplus areas, and central and south India as water deficit areas. He proposed that surplus water be diverted to areas of deficit. When Rao made the proposal, several inter-basin transfer projects had already been successfully implemented in India, and Rao suggested that the success be scaled up.<sup id="cite_ref-aks_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aks-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, India's then <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Water_Resources,_River_Development_and_Ganga_Rejuvenation" title="Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation">Ministry of Water Resources</a> came out with a report entitled "National Perspectives for Water Resources Development". This report split the water development project in two parts – the Himalayan and Peninsular components. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> came to power and it abandoned the plan. In 1982, India financed and set up a committee of nominated experts, through National Water Development Agency (NWDA)<sup id="cite_ref-nwdagov_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwdagov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to complete detailed studies, surveys and investigations in respect of reservoirs, canals and all aspects of feasibility of interlinking peninsular rivers and related water resource management. NWDA has produced many reports over 30 years, from 1982 through 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-nwdagov_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwdagov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the projects were not pursued. </p><p>The river inter-linking idea was revived in 1999, after the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance" title="National Democratic Alliance">National Democratic Alliance</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>, but this time with a major strategic shift. The proposal was modified to intra-basin development as opposed to inter-basin water transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-gourdji_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gourdji-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka,_India,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_2012.jpg/220px-Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_2012.jpg/330px-Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_2012.jpg/440px-Drought_affected_area_in_Karnataka%2C_India%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Drought affected area farm lands in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 2004, the <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">United Progressive Alliance (UPA)</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> was in power, and it resurrected its opposition to the project concept and plans. Social activists campaigned that the project may be disastrous in terms of cost, potential environmental and ecological damage, water table and the dangers inherent with tinkering with nature. The central government of India, from 2005 through 2013, instituted a number of committees, rejected a number of reports, and financed a series of feasibility and impact studies, each with changing environmental law and standards.<sup id="cite_ref-gourdji_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gourdji-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-konka_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konka-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2012, while disposing a <a href="/wiki/Public_interest_litigation_in_India" title="Public interest litigation in India">Public Interest Litigation</a> (PIL) lodged in the year 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> (SC) refused to give any direction for implementation of the Rivers Interlinking Project. SC stated that it involves policy decisions which are part of legislative competence of state and central governments. However, SC directed the Ministry of Water Resources to constitute an experts committee, the 'Special Committee on ILR' (SC ILR), to pursue the matter with the governments as no party had pleaded against the implementation of the Rivers Interlinking Project.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_need">The need</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The need"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_flood_zone_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/India_flood_zone_map.svg/220px-India_flood_zone_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/India_flood_zone_map.svg/330px-India_flood_zone_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/India_flood_zone_map.svg/440px-India_flood_zone_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>Map showing rivers and flood prone areas in India</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pollution_of_the_Ganges#Ganga_Manthan" title="Pollution of the Ganges">Pollution of the Ganges § Ganga Manthan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drought,_floods_and_shortage_of_drinking_water"><span id="Drought.2C_floods_and_shortage_of_drinking_water"></span>Drought, floods and shortage of drinking water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Drought, floods and shortage of drinking water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India receives about 4,000 cubic kilometers of rain annually, or about 1 million gallons of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> <i>per person</i> every year.<sup id="cite_ref-jbsp_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the precipitation pattern in India varies dramatically across distance and over calendar months. Much of the precipitation in India, about 85%, is received during summer months through <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia" title="Monsoon of South Asia">monsoons</a> in the Himalayan catchments of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) basin.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeastern region</a> of the country receives heavy precipitation, in comparison with the northwestern, <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">western</a> and southern parts. The uncertainty of the start date of the monsoons, sometimes marked by prolonged dry spells and fluctuations in seasonal and annual rainfall is a serious problem for the country.<sup id="cite_ref-nwdagov_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwdagov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nation sees cycles of <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_India" title="Drought in India">drought</a> years and flood years, with large parts of the west and south experiencing more deficits and large variations, resulting in immense hardship, particularly for the poorest farmers and rural populations. Lack of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_India" title="Irrigation in India">irrigation water</a> regionally leads to crop failures and <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_India" title="Farmers' suicides in India">farmer suicides</a>. Despite abundant rains during July–September, some regions in other seasons see shortages of drinking water. Some years, the problem temporarily becomes too much rainfall and weeks of havoc from floods.<sup id="cite_ref-cwc.gov.in_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cwc.gov.in-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This excess-scarcity, regional disparity and flood-drought cycles have created the need for water resources management.<sup id="cite_ref-cri_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cri-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rivers inter-linking is one proposal to address that need.<sup id="cite_ref-nwdagov_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwdagov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jbsp_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global warming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> use is discouraged and <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">carbon neutral</a>, clean, and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources like <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a> power are encouraged which are intermittent and variable types of electricity generation. <a href="/wiki/Pumped_storage_hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumped storage hydroelectric">Pumped storage hydroelectric</a> power plants are needed to store the surplus electricity generated during daylight time by the solar power plants and supply the required electricity during the night hours. <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> can be achieved by interlinking rivers by envisaging multipurpose freshwater <a href="/wiki/Coastal_reservoir" title="Coastal reservoir">coastal reservoirs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cri_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cri-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_and_food_security">Population and food security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Population and food security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Population increase in India</a> is the other driver of the need for river inter-linking. India's population growth rate has been falling but still continues to increase by about 10 to 15 million people every year. The resulting demand for food must be satisfied with higher yields and better crop security, both of which require adequate irrigation of about 140 million hectares of land.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, just a fraction of that land is irrigated, and most irrigation relies on monsoon. River interlinking is claimed to be a possible means of assured and better irrigation for more farmers, and thus better <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> for a growing population.<sup id="cite_ref-nwdagov_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwdagov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a tropical country like India with high <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>, food security can be achieved with water security which in turn is achieved with <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India#Solar_energy" title="Energy policy of India">energy security</a> to pump water to uplands from water surplus lower elevation river points up to sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt_export_needs">Salt export needs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Salt export needs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When sufficient <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_load" title="Dissolved load">salt export</a> is not taking place from a <a href="/wiki/River_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="River basin">river basin</a> to the sea in an attempt to harness the river water fully, it leads to river basin closure, and the available water in the downstream area of the river basin closer to the sea becomes <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline</a> and/ or <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline water">alkaline water</a>. Land irrigated with saline or alkaline water gradually turns into <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity_control" title="Soil salinity control">saline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alkali_soil" title="Alkali soil">alkali soils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water percolation in alkali soils is very poor leading to <a href="/wiki/Waterlogging_(agriculture)" title="Waterlogging (agriculture)">waterlogging</a> problems. Proliferation of alkali soils would compel the farmers to cultivate <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasses">grasses</a> only as the soil productivity is poor with other crops and tree <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> is the preferred crop in saline soils compared to many other crops.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interlinking water surplus rivers with water deficit rivers is needed for the long-term sustainable productivity of the river basins and for mitigating the <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic influences</a> on the rivers by allowing adequate salt export to the sea in the form of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_flow" title="Environmental flow">environmental flows</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation">Navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> India needs infrastructure for logistics and the movement of freight. Using connected rivers as navigation is a cleaner, low carbon footprint form of <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">transport infrastructure</a>, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">food grains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nwdagov_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwdagov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv/220px--Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv/Mass_Balance_Change_over_India_from_GRACE.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>India's worsening water problem – satellite evidence of critical groundwater levels. The blue and purple regions have the greatest levels of <a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">groundwater depletion</a>. Courtesy – Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, United States (2010).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_reserves_and_loss_in_groundwater_level">Current reserves and loss in groundwater level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Current reserves and loss in groundwater level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India currently stores only 30 days of rainfall, while developed nations strategically store 900 days worth of water demand in arid areas river basins, and reservoirs. <a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_India" title="List of dams and reservoirs in India">India's dam reservoirs</a> store only 200 cubic meters per person. India also relies excessively on groundwater, which accounts for over 50 percent of the irrigated area with 20 million tube wells installed. About 15 percent of India's food is being produced using rapidly depleting <a href="/wiki/Water_resources_in_India" title="Water resources in India">groundwater</a>. The end of the era of massive expansion in <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> use is going to demand greater reliance on surface water supply systems. Proponents of the project suggest India's water situation is already critical, and it needs sustainable development and management of surface water and groundwater usage.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some proponents feel that India is not running out of water but water is running out of India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discussion">Discussion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs">Costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rivers inter-linking feasibility reports completed by 2013, suggest the following investment needs and potential economic impact: </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Inter-link project</th> <th>Length<br />(km)</th> <th>Estimated<br />Cost in the year 2003 or earlier<sup>#</sup></th> <th>New irrigation<br />capacity added<br />(hectares)</th> <th>Potential<br />Electricity generation<br /> capacity</th> <th>Drinking &<br />Industrial water<br />added (<a href="/wiki/Million_cubic_metre" class="mw-redirect" title="Million cubic metre">MCM</a>)</th> <th>Reference </th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <td>Krishna–Pennar Link</td> <td>587.2</td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>6,599.80 crore</span> (US$790 million)</td> <td align="center">258,334</td> <td align="center">42.5 MW</td> <td>56</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Under Construction </td></tr> <tr> <td>Godavari–Krishna Link</td> <td>299.3</td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>26,289 crore</span> (US$3.1 billion)</td> <td align="center">287,305</td> <td align="center">70 MW</td> <td>237</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Completed<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parbati Kalisindh Chambal</td> <td>243.7</td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>6,114.5 crore</span> (US$730 million)</td> <td align="center">225,992</td> <td align="center">17 MW</td> <td>89</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nagarjunasagar Somasila Link</td> <td>393</td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>6,320.54 crore</span> (US$760 million)</td> <td align="center">168,017</td> <td align="center">90 MW</td> <td>124</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Under Construction </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ken Betwa Link</td> <td>231.5</td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1,988.74 crore</span> (US$240 million)</td> <td align="center">47,000</td> <td align="center">72 MW</td> <td>2,225</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Under Construction </td></tr> <tr> <td>Srisailam Pennar Link</td> <td>203.6</td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1,580 crore</span> (US$190 million)</td> <td align="center">187,372</td> <td align="center">17 MW</td> <td>49</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damanganga Pinjal Link</td> <td>42.5</td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1,278 crore</span> (US$150 million)</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td>44</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaveri-Vaigai-Gundar Link</td> <td>255.6</td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>2,673 crore</span> (US$320 million)</td> <td align="center">337,717</td> <td align="center">-</td> <td>185</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Under Construction<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polavaram-Vijayawada Link</td> <td>174</td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1,483.91 crore</span> (US$180 million)</td> <td align="center">314,718</td> <td align="center">72 MW</td> <td>664</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Under Construction<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mahanadi Godavari Link</td> <td>827.7</td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>17,540.54 crore</span> (US$2.1 billion)</td> <td align="center">363,959</td> <td align="center">70 MW</td> <td>802</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Par Tapi Narmada Link</td> <td>395</td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>6,016 crore</span> (US$720 million)</td> <td align="center">169,000</td> <td align="center">93 MW</td> <td>91</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pamba Achankovil Vaippar Link</td> <td>50.7</td> <td align="center"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1,397.91 crore</span> (US$170 million)</td> <td align="center">91,400</td> <td align="center">500 MW</td> <td>150</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup>#</sup>The cost conversion in US $ is at latest conversion price on the historical cost estimates in Indian rupees </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_and_environmental_issues">Ecological and environmental issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecological and environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coastal_reservoir" title="Coastal reservoir">Coastal reservoir</a></div> <p>Some activists and scholars have, between 2002 and 2008, questioned the merits of Indian rivers inter-link projects, and questioned if appropriate study of benefits and risks to environment and ecology has been completed so far. Bandyopadhyay et al. claim there are knowledge gaps between the claimed benefits and potential threats from environment and ecological impact.<sup id="cite_ref-jbsp_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbsp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also question whether the inter-linking project will deliver the benefits of <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a>. Vaidyanathan claimed, in 2003, that there are uncertainty and unknowns about operations, how much water will be shifted and when, whether this may cause water logging, salinity/alkalinity and the resulting desertification in the command areas of these projects.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have asked whether there are other technologies to address the cycle of droughts and flood havoc's, with less uncertainties about potential environmental and ecological impact.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rivers may change their courses every (approximately) 100 years, so the interlinking may not be useful after 100 years. Interlinking may also lead to deforestation and cause ecological imbalances, widely expected to alter fish communities.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study concluded that the project could reduce rainfall and change rainfall patterns in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Displacement_of_people_and_fisheries_profession">Displacement of people and fisheries profession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Displacement of people and fisheries profession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water storage and distributed reservoirs are likely to displace people – a rehabilitation process that has attracted concern of sociologists and political groups. Further, the inter-link would create a path for <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a> to be affected by movement of species from one river to another, which in turn may affect the livelihoods of people who rely on specific aquatic species for their income. Lakra et al., in their 2011 study, claim<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> large dams, interbasin transfers and water withdrawal from rivers is likely to have negative as well as positive impacts on freshwater aquatic ecosystem. As regards to the impact on fish and aquatic <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, there could be positive as well as negative impacts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty_and_population_issues">Poverty and population issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Poverty and population issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India has a growing population, and large impoverished rural population that relies on monsoon-irrigated agriculture. Weather uncertainties, and potential climate change induced weather volatilities, raise concerns of social stability and impact of floods and droughts on rural poverty. The population of India is expected to grow further at a decelerating pace and stabilize around 1.5 billion by 2050, or another 300 million people – the size of United States – compared to the 2011 census. This will increase demand for reliable sources of food and improved agriculture yields – both of which, claims India's National Council of Applied Economic Research,<sup id="cite_ref-ncaer_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncaer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> require significantly improve irrigation network than the current state. The average rainfall in India is about 4,000 billion cubic meters, of which annual surface water flow in India is estimated at 1,869 billion cubic meters. Of this, for topological and other reasons, only about 690 billion cubic meter of the available surface water can be utilised for irrigation, industrial, drinking and ground water replenishment purposes. In other words, about 1,100 billion cubic meter of water is available, on average, every year for irrigation in India.<sup id="cite_ref-ncaer_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncaer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This amount of water is adequate for irrigating 140 million hectares. As of 2007, about 60% of this potential was realized through irrigation network or natural flow of Indian rivers, lakes and adoption of pumps to pull ground water for irrigation. </p><p>80% of the water India receives through its annual rains and surface water flow, happens over a 4-month period – June through September.<sup id="cite_ref-ncaer_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncaer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iwmi_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwmi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This spatial and time variance in availability of natural water versus year-round demand for irrigation, drinking and industrial water creates a demand-supply gap, that only worsens with India's rising population. Proponents claim the answers to India's water problem is to conserve the abundant monsoon water bounty, store it in reservoirs, and use this water in areas which have occasional inadequate rainfall, or are known to be drought-prone or in those times of the year when water supplies become scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-ncaer_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncaer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_issues">International issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2007 article<sup id="cite_ref-misra_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-misra-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the authors claim inter-linking of rivers to initially appear to be a costly proposition in ecological, geological, hydrological and economical terms, but in the long run the net benefits coming from it will far outweigh these costs or losses. However, they suggest that there is a lack of an international legal framework for the projects India is proposing. In at least some inter-link projects, neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh may be affected, and international concerns for the project must be negotiated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technological_developments">Technological developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Technological developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cost of power generation by <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">solar power projects</a> would be below Rs. 1.0 per Kwh in few years.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Availability of cheaper, clean and perennial/renewable power would favour more water lifting/pumping and tunnels in the river link projects rather than purely gravity links to economize on cost, reduce construction time and reduce land submergence by optimum use of existing reservoirs/less storage, etc. <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnelling</a> technology/methodology has also undergone drastic improvements to make them alternate choice to the gravity open canal links with shortest distance and cost effective manner.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_views">Political views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bhartiya_Janta_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhartiya Janta Party">BJP</a>-led <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Alliance_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Democratic Alliance (India)">NDA</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> had propagated the idea of interlinking of rivers to deal with the problem of drought and different parts of the country at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-konka_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konka-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> general secretary <a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a> said in 2009 that the entire idea of interlinking of rivers was dangerous and that he was opposed to interlinking of rivers as it would have "severe" environmental implications. <a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a>, a cabinet minister in former <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">UPA</a> government, said the idea of interlinking India's rivers was a "disaster", putting a question mark on the future of the ambitious project.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karunanidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunanidhi">Karunanidhi</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">DMK</a> has been a key ally of the Congress-led <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">UPA</a> at the centre, wrote that linking rivers at the national level perhaps is the only permanent solution to the water scarcity problem in the country. Karunanidhi said the government should make an assessment of the project's feasibility starting with the south-bound rivers. <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">DMK</a> for 2014 general elections added Nationalisation and inter-linking of rivers to its manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kalpasar_Project" title="Kalpasar Project">Kalpasar Project</a> is an irrigation project which envisages storing <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a> water in an offshore freshwater reservoir located in <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a> sea for further pumping to arid <a href="/wiki/Sourashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sourashtra">Sourashtra</a> region for irrigation use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plan">Plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National perspective plan envisions about 150-million-acre feet (MAF) (185 billion cubic meters) of water storage along with building inter-links.<sup id="cite_ref-NPWR_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPWR-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These storages and the interlinks will add nearly 170 million acre feet of water for beneficial uses in India, enabling irrigation over an additional area of 35 million hectares, generation of 40,000 MW capacity hydro power, flood control and other benefits. </p><p>The total surface water available to India is nearly 1440-million-acre feet (1776 billion cubic meters) of which only 220-million-acre feet was being used in the year 1979. The rest is neither utilized nor managed, and it causes disastrous floods year after year. Up to 1979, India had built over 600 storage dams with an aggregate capacity of 171 billion cubic meters. These small storages hardly enable a seventh of the water available in the country to be utilized beneficially to its fullest potential.<sup id="cite_ref-NPWR_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPWR-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From India-wide perspective, at least 946 billion cubic meters of water flow annually could be utilized in India, power generation capacity added and perennial inland navigation could be provided. Also some benefits of flood control would be achieved. The project claims that the development of the rivers of the sub-continent, each state of India, as well as its international neighbours stand to gain by way of additional irrigation, hydro power generation, navigation and flood control.<sup id="cite_ref-NPWR_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPWR-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project may also contribute to food security to the anticipated <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">population peak</a> of India.<sup id="cite_ref-NPWR_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPWR-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna is a major international drainage basin which carries more than 1,000 million acre feet out of total 1440 million acre feet in India. Water is a scarce commodity and several basins such as Cauvery, Yamuna, Sutlej, Ravi and other smaller inter-State/intra-State rivers are short of water. 99 districts of the country are classified as drought prone, an area of about 40 million hectare is prone to recurring floods.<sup id="cite_ref-NPWR_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPWR-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inter-link project is expected to help reduce the scale of this suffering and associated losses. </p><p>The National Perspective Plan comprised, starting 1980s, of two main components: </p> <ol><li>Himalayan Rivers Development, and</li> <li>Peninsular Rivers Development</li></ol> <p>An intrastate component was added in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Himalayan_component">Himalayan component</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Himalayan component"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg/360px-Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg/540px-Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg/720px-Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Ganges (orange), Brahmaputra (violet), and Meghna (green) drainage basins.</figcaption></figure> <p>Himalayan Rivers Development envisages construction of storage reservoirs on the main Ganga and the Brahmaputra and their principal tributaries in India and Nepal along with inter-linking canal system to transfer surplus flows of the eastern tributaries of the Ganga to the West apart from linking of the main Brahmaputra with the Ganga.<sup id="cite_ref-NPWR_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPWR-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from providing irrigation to an additional area of about 22 million hectares and generating about 30 million kilowatt of hydro-power, it will provide substantial flood control in the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin. The Scheme will benefit not only the States in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin, but also Nepal and Bangladesh, assuming river flow management treaties are successfully negotiated.<sup id="cite_ref-NPWR_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPWR-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Himalayan component would consist of a series of dams built along the <a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a> rivers in India, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> for the purposes of storage. Canals would be built to transfer surplus water from the eastern tributaries of the Ganga to the west. This is expected to contribute to flood control measures in the Ganga and Brahmaputra river basins. It could also provide excess water for the <a href="/wiki/Farakka_Barrage" title="Farakka Barrage">Farakka Barrage</a> to flush out the silt at the port of <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>. </p><p>By 2015, fourteen inter-links under consideration for Himalayan component are as follows, with feasibility study status identified:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Ghaghara–Yamuna link (Feasibility study complete)</li> <li>Sarda–Yamuna link (Feasibility study complete)</li> <li>Yamuna–Rajasthan link</li> <li>Rajasthan–Sabarmati link</li> <li>Kosi–Ghaghara link</li> <li>Kosi–Mechi link</li> <li>Manas–Sankosh–Tista–Ganga link</li> <li>Jogighopa–Tista–Farakka link</li> <li>Ganga–Damodar–Subernarekha link</li> <li>Subernarekha–Mahanadi link</li> <li>Farakka–Sunderbans link</li> <li>Gandak–Ganga link</li> <li>Chunar–Sone Barrage link</li> <li>Sone dam–Southern tributaries of Ganga link</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peninsular_Component">Peninsular Component</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Peninsular Component"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This Scheme is divided in four major parts. </p> <ol><li>Interlinking of Mahanadi-Godavari-Krishna-Palar-Pennar-Kaveri,</li> <li>Interlinking of West Flowing Rivers, North of Mumbai and South of Tapi,</li> <li>Inter-linking of Ken with Chambal and</li> <li>Diversion of some water from West Flowing Rivers</li></ol> <p>This component will irrigate an additional 25 million hectares by surface waters, 10 million hectares by increased use of ground waters and generate hydro power, apart from benefits of improved flood control and regional navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-NPWR_53-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPWR-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main part of the project would send water from the eastern part of India to the south and west.<sup id="cite_ref-NPWR_53-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPWR-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern development project (Phase I) would consist of four main parts. First, the <a href="/wiki/Mahanadi" title="Mahanadi">Mahanadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a>. <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> rivers would all be inter-linked by canals. Reservoirs and dams would be built along the course of these rivers. These would be used to transfer surplus water from the Mahanadi and Godavari rivers to the south of India. Under Phase II, some rivers that flow west to the north of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and the south of <a href="/wiki/Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapi</a> would be inter-linked. The water would supply additional drinking water needs of Mumbai and provide irrigation in the coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. In Phase 3, the <a href="/wiki/Ken_River" title="Ken River">Ken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chambal_River" title="Chambal River">Chambal</a> rivers would be inter-linked to serve regional water needs of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. Over Phase 4, a number of west-flowing rivers in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, would be inter-linked for irrigation purposes to east flowing rivers such as Kaveri and Krishna. </p><p>The 800-km long <a href="/wiki/Mahanadi" title="Mahanadi">Mahanadi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a> interlinking project would link River <a href="/wiki/Sankosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankosh">Sankosh</a> originating from <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> to the Godavari in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> through rivers like <a href="/wiki/Teesta" class="mw-redirect" title="Teesta">Teesta</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mahananda_River" title="Mahananda River">Mahananda</a>-<a href="/wiki/Subarnarekha_River" title="Subarnarekha River">Subarnarekha</a> and Mahanadi.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inter-links under consideration for Peninsular component are as follows, with respective status of feasibility studies:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_Dam#Future_potential" title="Tungabhadra Dam">Almatti–Pennar Link</a> (Feasibility study complete)(Part 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icchampally_Project" title="Icchampally Project">Inchampalli</a>–Nagarjunasagar Link (<a href="/wiki/Dummugudem_Lift_Irrigation_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Dummugudem Lift Irrigation Scheme">Halted construction</a> by <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>) (Part 1)</li> <li>Inchampalli–<a href="/wiki/Pulichinthala_Project" title="Pulichinthala Project">Pulichintala</a> Link (Feasibility study complete) (Part 1) Merged with Inchampalli–Nagarjunasagar Link</li> <li>Mahanadi–Godavari Link (Feasibility study complete) (Part 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna_Sagar_Dam" title="Nagarjuna Sagar Dam">Nagarjunasagar</a>–<a href="/wiki/Somasila_Dam" title="Somasila Dam">Somasila</a> Link (Part 1). It is remodelled as Srisailam to Somasila reservoir via <a href="/wiki/Veligonda_Project" title="Veligonda Project">Veligonda Project</a> tunnels (fag end of construction) to reduce the cost of the link<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pamba–Anchankovil–Vaippar Link (Feasibility study complete) (Part 4)</li> <li>Par–Tapi–Narmada Link (Feasibility study complete) (Part 2)</li> <li>Parbati–Kalisindh–Chambal Link (Feasibility study complete) (Part 3)</li> <li>Polavaram–Vijayawada Link (<a href="/wiki/Polavaram_Project" title="Polavaram Project">link canal constructed and partly in use with Pattiseema lift</a>) (Part 1)</li> <li>Somasila–Grand Anicut Link (Feasibility study complete) (Part 1)</li> <li>Srisailam–Pennar Link (<a href="/wiki/Srisailam_Dam" title="Srisailam Dam">link canals constructed and in use</a>) (Part 1)</li> <li>Damanganga–Pinjal Link (Feasibility study complete) (Part 2)</li> <li>Kattalai–Vaigai–Gundar Link (Feasibility study complete) (Part 4)</li> <li>Ken–Betwa Link (Feasibility study complete) (Part 3)</li> <li>Netravati–Hemavati Link (Part 4)</li> <li>Bedti–Varada Link (Part 4)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intra-state_inter-linking_of_rivers">Intra-state inter-linking of rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Intra-state inter-linking of rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India approved and commissioned NWDA in June 2005 to identify and complete feasibility studies of intra-State projects that would inter-link rivers within that state.<sup id="cite_ref-nwdaintra_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwdaintra-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Governments of Nagaland, Meghalaya, Kerala, Punjab, Delhi, Sikkim, Haryana, Union Territories of Puducherry, Andaman & Nicobar islands, Daman & Diu and Lakshadweep responded that they have no intrastate river connecting proposals. Govt. of Puducherry proposed Pennaiyar – Sankarabarani link (even though it is not an intrastate project). The States Government of Bihar proposed 6 inter-linking projects, Maharashtra 20 projects, Gujarat 1 project, Orissa 3 projects, Rajasthan 2 projects, Jharkhand 3 projects and Tamil Nadu proposed 1 inter-linking proposal between rivers inside their respective territories.<sup id="cite_ref-nwdaintra_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwdaintra-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2005, NWDA completed feasibility studies on the projects, found 1 project infeasible, 20 projects as feasible, 1 project was withdrawn by Government of Maharashtra, and others are still under study.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Progress">Progress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Progress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 September 2015, first linking was completed of rivers <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still under review. But it isn't considered as a true river interlinking<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as it is just a small lift irrigation with few lines of pipes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NWDA had drafted Detailed Project Report (DPR) of Godavari-Cauvery link project consisting of three links; Godavari (Inchampalli/Janampet) – Krishna (Nagarjunasagar), Krishna (Nagarjunasagar) – Pennar (Somasila), Pennar (Somasila)-Cauvery (Grand Anicut) link projects which was circulated to involved States in March 2019. The concerns of involved states had been attended in September 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-PIBMarch21_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIBMarch21-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_projects">List of projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: List of projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Key</dt></dl> <ul><li>PFR- Pre Feasibility Report</li> <li>FR- Feasibility Report</li> <li>DPR- Detailed Project Report</li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"> <caption>Names of Inter Basin Water Transfer Links, the States involved, name of rivers and status of Feasibility Reports/Detailed Project Report<sup id="cite_ref-PIBMarch21_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIBMarch21-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">S. No. </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Rivers </th> <th>States concerned </th> <th>Present status </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Peninsular Component </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">1 </td> <td>Mahanadi (Manibhadra) -Godavari (Dowlaiswaram) link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahanadi" title="Mahanadi">Mahanadi</a> & <a href="/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a> </td> <td>Odisha, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh (AP), Madhya Pradesh (MP), Telangana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh </td> <td>FR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">2 </td> <td>Godavari (Inchampalli) - Krishna (Pulichintala) link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a> & <a href="/wiki/Krishna_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna (river)">Krishna</a> </td> <td>Odisha, Maharashtra, AP, MP, Telangana, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh& Maharashtra </td> <td>FR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">3 </td> <td>Godavari (Inchampalli) - Krishna (Nagarjunasagar) link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a> & <a href="/wiki/Krishna_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna (river)">Krishna</a> </td> <td>Odisha, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka &Chhattisgarh </td> <td>FR & Draft DPR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">4 </td> <td>Godavari (Polavaram) - Krishna (Vijayawada) link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Godavari" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari">Godavari</a> & <a href="/wiki/Krishna_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna (river)">Krishna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> </td> <td>FR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">5 </td> <td>Krishna (Almatti) – Pennar link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pennar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennar">Pennar</a> </td> <td>Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka &Telangana </td> <td>FR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">6 </td> <td>Krishna (Srisailam) – Pennar link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pennar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennar">Pennar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> </td> <td>FR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">7 </td> <td>Krishna (Nagarjunasagar) - Pennar (Somasila ) link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Pennar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennar">Pennar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> </td> <td>FR & Draft DPR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">8 </td> <td>Pennar (Somasila) - Cauvery (Grand Anicut) link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennar">Pennar</a> & <a href="/wiki/Cauvery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cauvery">Cauvery</a> </td> <td>Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala & Puducherry </td> <td>FR & Draft DPR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">9 </td> <td>Cauvery (Kattalai) - Vaigai -Gundar link Project (as an extension of Godavari-Cauvery Interlinking project) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cauvery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cauvery">Cauvery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaigai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaigai">Vaigai</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gundar_River" title="Gundar River">Gundar</a> </td> <td>Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala & Puducherry </td> <td>DPR Completed. Foundation stone laid and construction started<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">10 </td> <td>Ken-Betwa link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ken_River" title="Ken River">Ken</a> & <a href="/wiki/Betwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Betwa">Betwa</a> </td> <td>Uttar Pradesh & Madhya Pradesh </td> <td>FR & DPR (Ph-I, II & Comprehensive) Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">11 </td> <td>(i) </td> <td>Parbati -Kalisindh- Chambal link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parbati_River_(Madhya_Pradesh)" title="Parbati River (Madhya Pradesh)">Parbati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali_Sindh_River" title="Kali Sindh River">Kalisindh</a> & <a href="/wiki/Chambal_River" title="Chambal River">Chambal</a> </td> <td>Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan & Uttar Pradesh (UP requested to be consulted during consensus building) </td> <td>FR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td>(ii) </td> <td>Parbati-Kuno-Sindh link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parbati_River_(Madhya_Pradesh)" title="Parbati River (Madhya Pradesh)">Parbati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuno_River" title="Kuno River">Kuno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindh_River" title="Sindh River">Sindh</a> </td> <td>MP and Rajasthan </td> <td>PFR completed<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">12 </td> <td>Par-Tapi-Narmada link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Par_River_(Gujarat)" title="Par River (Gujarat)">Par</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapi</a> & <a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> </td> <td>Maharashtra & Gujarat </td> <td>DPR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">13 </td> <td>Damanganga - Pinjal link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daman_Ganga_River" title="Daman Ganga River">Damanganga</a> & Pinjal </td> <td>Maharashtra & Gujarat </td> <td>DPR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">14 </td> <td>Bedti - Varda link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gangavalli_River" title="Gangavalli River">Bedti</a> & <a href="/wiki/Varada" title="Varada">Varada</a> </td> <td>Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka </td> <td>PFR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">15 </td> <td>Netravati – Hemavati link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netravati" class="mw-redirect" title="Netravati">Netravati</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hemavati_River" title="Hemavati River">Hemavati</a> </td> <td>Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala </td> <td>PFR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">16 </td> <td>Pamba - Achankovil - Vaippar link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pamba_River" title="Pamba River">Pamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achankovil" title="Achankovil">Achankovil</a> & <a href="/wiki/Vaippar_River" title="Vaippar River">Vaippar</a> </td> <td>Kerala & Tamil Nadu, </td> <td>FR Completed </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Himalayan Component </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">1 </td> <td>Manas-Sankosh-Tista-Ganga (M-S-T-G) link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manas_River" title="Manas River">Manas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sankosh_River" title="Sankosh River">Sankosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganga</a> </td> <td>Assam, West Bengal, Bihar & Bhutan </td> <td>FR completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">2 </td> <td>Kosi-Ghaghra link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosi_River" title="Kosi River">Kosi</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Ghaghara</a> </td> <td>Bihar, Uttar Pradesh & Nepal </td> <td>PFR completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">3 </td> <td>Gandak-Ganga link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandak" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandak">Gandak</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganga</a> </td> <td>-do- </td> <td>FR completed (Indian portion) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">4 </td> <td>Ghaghra-Yamuna link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaghra" title="Ghaghra">Ghaghra</a> & <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> </td> <td>-do- </td> <td>FR completed (Indian portion) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">5 </td> <td>Sarda-Yamuna link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarda_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarda river">Sarda</a> & <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> </td> <td>Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand & Nepal </td> <td>FR completed (Indian portion) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">6 </td> <td>Yamuna-Rajasthan link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sukri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukri">Sukri</a> </td> <td>Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana & Rajasthan </td> <td>Draft FR completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">7 </td> <td>Rajasthan-Sabarmati link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarmati">Sabarmati</a> </td> <td>-do- </td> <td>FR completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">8 </td> <td>Chunar-Sone Barrage link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganga</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sone_River" title="Sone River">Sone</a> </td> <td>Bihar & Uttar3 Pradesh </td> <td>Draft FR completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">9 </td> <td>Sone Dam – Southern Tributaries of Ganga link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sone_River" title="Sone River">Sone</a> & Badua </td> <td>Bihar & Jharkhand </td> <td>PFR completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">10 </td> <td>Ganga (Farakka)-Damodar-Subernarekha link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar</a> & <a href="/wiki/Subarnarekha_River" title="Subarnarekha River">Subernarekha</a> </td> <td>West Bengal, Odisha & Jharkhand </td> <td>Draft FR completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">11 </td> <td>Subernarekha-Mahanadi link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subarnarekha_River" title="Subarnarekha River">Subernarekha</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mahanadi" title="Mahanadi">Mahanadi</a> </td> <td>West Bengal & Odisha </td> <td>FR completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">12 </td> <td>Kosi-Mechi link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosi_River" title="Kosi River">Kosi</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mechi_River" title="Mechi River">Mechi</a> </td> <td>Bihar, West Bengal & Nepal </td> <td>PFR completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">13 </td> <td>Ganga (Farakka)-Sunderbans link </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganga</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ichamati_River" title="Ichamati River">Ichhamati</a> </td> <td>West Bengal </td> <td>FR completed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">14 </td> <td>Jogighopa-Tista-Farakka link (Alternative to M-S-T-G) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manas_River" title="Manas River">Manas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganga</a> </td> <td>-do- </td> <td>Dropped </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_comparisons">International comparisons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: International comparisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Comparative rivers inter-link</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><table style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;margin:auto;width:240px"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:120px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:120px;height:85px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_in_China_(de).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_of_the_South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_in_China_%28de%29.png/120px-Map_of_the_South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_in_China_%28de%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_of_the_South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_in_China_%28de%29.png/180px-Map_of_the_South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_in_China_%28de%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_of_the_South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_in_China_%28de%29.png/240px-Map_of_the_South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project_in_China_%28de%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="1199" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px">Map of <a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project" title="South–North Water Transfer Project">South–North Water Transfer Project</a></div></td><td style="width:120px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:120px;height:85px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USACE_Starved_Rock_Lock_and_Dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/USACE_Starved_Rock_Lock_and_Dam.jpg/120px-USACE_Starved_Rock_Lock_and_Dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/USACE_Starved_Rock_Lock_and_Dam.jpg/180px-USACE_Starved_Rock_Lock_and_Dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/USACE_Starved_Rock_Lock_and_Dam.jpg/240px-USACE_Starved_Rock_Lock_and_Dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Waterway" title="Illinois Waterway">Illinois Waterway</a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:120px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:120px;height:85px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Divide_Cut_seen_from_the_Holcut_Memorial_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Divide_Cut_seen_from_the_Holcut_Memorial_site.jpg/120px-Divide_Cut_seen_from_the_Holcut_Memorial_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Divide_Cut_seen_from_the_Holcut_Memorial_site.jpg/180px-Divide_Cut_seen_from_the_Holcut_Memorial_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Divide_Cut_seen_from_the_Holcut_Memorial_site.jpg/240px-Divide_Cut_seen_from_the_Holcut_Memorial_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Tennessee%E2%80%93Tombigbee_Waterway" title="Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway">Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway</a></div></td><td style="width:120px;text-align:center;:"><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;width:120px;height:85px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Ludwigskanal_Rhein_Main_Donau.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Europa_Ludwigskanal_Rhein_Main_Donau.png/120px-Europa_Ludwigskanal_Rhein_Main_Donau.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Europa_Ludwigskanal_Rhein_Main_Donau.png/180px-Europa_Ludwigskanal_Rhein_Main_Donau.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Europa_Ludwigskanal_Rhein_Main_Donau.png/240px-Europa_Ludwigskanal_Rhein_Main_Donau.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="444" /></a></span></div><div style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Main%E2%80%93Danube_Canal" title="Rhine–Main–Danube Canal">Rhine–Main–Danube Canal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Interbasin_transfer" title="Interbasin transfer">Interbasin transfer</a></div> <p>The Indian Rivers Inter-link project is similar in scope and technical challenges as other major global river inter-link projects, such as: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Main%E2%80%93Danube_Canal" title="Rhine–Main–Danube Canal">Rhine–Main–Danube Canal</a> – completed in 1992, and also called the Europa Canal, it inter-links the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> river to the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river, thus connecting <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and Atlantic Ocean to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. It provides a navigable artery between the Rhine delta at Rotterdam in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> to the Danube Delta in eastern <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is 171 km long, has the summit altitude (between the Hilpoltstein and Bachhausen locks) is 406 m above sea level, the highest point on Earth reachable by ships from the sea. In 2010, the inter-link provided navigation for 5.2 million tonnes of goods, mostly food, agriculture, ores and fertilizers, reducing the need for 250,000 truck trips per year.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canal is also a source for irrigation, industrial water and power generation plants.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Waterway" title="Illinois Waterway">Illinois Waterway</a> system consists of 541 kilometres of interlink that connects a system of rivers, lakes, and canals to provide a shipping connection from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. It provides a navigation route; primary cargoes are coal to powerplants, chemicals and petroleum upstream, and agriculture produce downstream primarily for export.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Illinois waterway is the principal source of industrial and municipal services water needs along its way; it serves the petroleum refining, pulp and paper processing, metal works, fermentation and distillation, and agricultural products industries.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee%E2%80%93Tombigbee_Waterway" title="Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway">Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway</a> is a 377 kilometre man-made waterway that interlinks the Tennessee River to the Black Warrior-Tombigbee River in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway links major coal producing regions to coal consuming regions, and serves as commercial navigation for <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and timber products. Industries that utilize these natural resources have found the Waterway to be their most cost-efficient mode of transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water from the Tenn-Tom Waterway is a major source of industrial water supply, public drinking water supply, and irrigation along its way.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Gulf Intracoastal Waterway">Gulf Intracoastal Waterway</a>, completed in 1949, interlinks 8 rivers, and is located along the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is a navigable inland waterway running approximately 1700 kilometres from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alperin_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alperin-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the third busiest waterway in the United States, handling 70 million tonnes of cargo per year,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a major low cost, ecologically friendly and low carbon footprint way to import, export and transport raw materials and products for industrial, chemical and petrochemical industries in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also become a significant source for fishing industry as well as for harvesting and shipping shellfish along the coast line of the United States.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Yunnan_Water_Diversion_Project" title="Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project">Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project</a> is a water diversion project from the <a href="/wiki/Jinsha_River" title="Jinsha River">Jinsha River</a> with 63 tunnels of total length 600 km to the Dianchi Lake in Yunnan province of China.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once this project is completed, it would be world's longest tunnel relegating <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Aqueduct" title="Delaware Aqueduct">Delaware Aqueduct</a> tunnel of 137 km to second place.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray%E2%80%93Darling_basin" title="Murray–Darling basin">Murray–Darling basin</a>, this region in southern Australia with two rivers and associated watercourses was engineered for agriculture and a number of flows were altered over decades with the earliest alterations beginning in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the results were changes in seasonal flows causing numerous ecological problems including cyanobacteria blooms killing off fishes, high salinity, acidification, and decline in numerous species of plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of attempts to repair the ecology that began in 2012 were reported as failing in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Other completed rivers inter-linking projects include the <a href="/wiki/Marne-Rhine_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marne-Rhine Canal">Marne-Rhine Canal</a> in France,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/All-American_Canal" title="All-American Canal">All-American Canal</a> and <a href="/wiki/California_State_Water_Project" title="California State Water Project">California State Water Project</a> in the United States, <a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93North_Water_Transfer_Project" title="South–North Water Transfer Project">South–North Water Transfer Project</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plan_for_the_Transformation_of_Nature" title="Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature">Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_load" title="Dissolved load">List of rivers by dissolved load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_of_the_Ganges" title="Pollution of the Ganges">Pollution of the Ganges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution_in_India" title="Water pollution in India">Water pollution in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_India" title="Irrigation in India">Irrigation in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater#India" title="Groundwater">Ground water in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_River_Water_Disputes_Act" title="Interstate River Water Disputes Act">Interstate River Water Disputes Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpasar_Project" title="Kalpasar Project">Kalpasar Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polavaram_Project" title="Polavaram Project">Polavaram Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drainage_basins_by_area" title="List of drainage basins by area">List of drainage basins by area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India_by_discharge" title="List of rivers of India by discharge">List of rivers of India by discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_discharge" title="List of rivers by discharge">List of rivers by discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_India" title="List of dams and reservoirs in India">List of dams and reservoirs in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Water_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="National Water Policy">National Water Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_India" title="Water scarcity in India">Water scarcity in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Waterways_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Waterways in India">Waterways in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RORO_ferries_in_India" title="RORO ferries in India">RORO ferries in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagar_Mala_project" title="Sagar Mala project">Sagar Mala project</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Integration of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rajasthan_Canal_Project" title="Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project">Eastern Rajasthan Canal Project</a> of Rajasthan and Parbati – Kalisindh – Chambal link.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_rivers_interlinking_project&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nwdagov-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nwdagov_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nwdagov_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nwdagov_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nwdagov_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nwdagov_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nwdagov_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nwdagov_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nwda.gov.in/">National Water Development Agency</a> Ministry of Water Resources, Govt of India (2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jbsp-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jbsp_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbsp_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbsp_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbsp_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbsp_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jayanta Bandyopadhyay and Shama Perveen (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soas.ac.uk/water/publications/papers/file38403">The Interlinking of Indian Rivers: Some Questions on the Scientific, Economic and Environmental Dimensions of the Proposal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203254/http://www.soas.ac.uk/water/publications/papers/file38403">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IIM Calcutta, IISWBM, Kolkata</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017003602/http://greencleanguide.com/2013/09/13/national-water-policy/">"National Water Policy | for the Changing Planet"</a>. 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Shukla and Vandana Asthana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508081810/http://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=969440">அனைத்து மாநிலங்களும் வளம் பெற தேசிய அதி திறன் நீர்வழிச்சாலை வேண்டும்</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508080242/http://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=970248">தமிழக நதிகளை இணைத்தால் ஆண்டுக்கு ரூ.5,000 கோடி வருமானம்!</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508082319/http://www.dinamalar.com/news_detail.asp?id=971114">நீர்வழி திட்டத்திற்கு முன்னுரிமை கொடுப்போம்!</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivenews.blogspot.in/2014/05/dr-abdul-kalam-article-about-indian.html">Dr. Abdul Kalam Article about Indian Rivers Inter-link</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Government_Schemes_in_India" title="Template:Government Schemes in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Government_Schemes_in_India" title="Template talk:Government Schemes in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Government_Schemes_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Government Schemes in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_schemes_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government schemes in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">List of schemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_schemes_for_women_in_India" title="Welfare schemes for women in India">Welfare schemes for women</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_alleviation_programmes_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty alleviation programmes in India (page does not exist)">Poverty alleviation programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_India" title="Social security in India">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security_in_India" title="Food security in India">Food security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Active</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antyodaya_Anna_Yojana" title="Antyodaya Anna Yojana">Antyodaya Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Pension_Yojana" title="Atal Pension Yojana">Atal Pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayushman_Bharat_Yojana" title="Ayushman Bharat Yojana">Ayushman Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beti_Bachao,_Beti_Padhao_Yojana" class="mw-redirect" title="Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Yojana">Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deen_Dayal_Upadhyaya_Antyodaya_Yojana" title="Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya Yojana">Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Antyodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deen_Dayal_Upadhyaya_Grameen_Kaushalya_Yojana" title="Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana">Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deen_Dayal_Upadhyaya_Gram_Jyoti_Yojana" title="Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana">Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Benefit_Transfer" title="Direct Benefit Transfer">Direct Benefit Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigiLocker" title="DigiLocker">DigiLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garib_Kalyan_Rojgar_Abhiyaan" title="Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan">Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_City_Development_and_Augmentation_Yojana" title="Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana">Heritage City Development and Augmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Child_Development_Services" title="Integrated Child Development Services">Integrated Child Development Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_declaration_scheme,_2016" title="Income declaration scheme, 2016">Income declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAM_Yojana" title="JAM Yojana">JAM Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelo_India" title="Khelo India">Khelo India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Pravasi_Suraksha_Yojana" title="Mahatma Gandhi Pravasi Suraksha Yojana">Pravasi Suraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midday_Meal_Scheme" title="Midday Meal Scheme">Midday Meal Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_Parliament_Local_Area_Development_Scheme" title="Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme">Local Area Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Infrastructure_Pipeline" title="National Infrastructure Pipeline">National Infrastructure Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_System" title="National Pension System">National Pension System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Assistance_Scheme" title="National Social Assistance Scheme">National Social Assistance Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Service_Scheme" title="National Service Scheme">National Service Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Passport_Seva_Kendra" title="Post Office Passport Seva Kendra">Post Office Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer_Income_Protection_Scheme_(PM_AASHA)" title="Farmer Income Protection Scheme (PM AASHA)">Farmer Income Protection Scheme (PM AASHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Adarsh_Gram_Yojana" title="Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana">Adarsh Gram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Gramin_Awaas_Yojana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana">Gramin Awaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Awas_Yojana" title="Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana">Awas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Digital_Health_Mission" title="Pradhan Mantri Digital Health Mission">Digital Health Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Gram_Sadak_Yojana" title="Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana">Gram Sadak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Jan_Dhan_Yojana" title="Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana">Jan Dhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Krishi_Sinchai_Yojana" title="Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana">Krishi Sinchai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Matsya_Sampada_Yojana" title="Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana">Matsya Sampada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Matritva_Vandana_Yojana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojana">Matritva Vandana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Shram_Yogi_Mandhan" title="Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Mandhan">Shram Yogi Mandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Ujjwala_Yojana" title="Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana">Ujjwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Bhartiya_Jan_Aushadhi_Yojana_Kendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Yojana Kendra">Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Garib_Kalyan_Yojana" title="Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana">Garib Kalyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Garib_Kalyan_Anna_Yojana" title="Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana">Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Jeevan_Jyoti_Bima_Yojana" title="Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana">Jeevan Jyoti Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Kisan_Samman_Nidhi" title="Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi">Kisan Samman Nidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Suraksha_Bima_Yojana" title="Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana">Suraksha Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansad_Adarsh_Gram_Yojana" title="Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana">Sansad Adarsh Gram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saubhagya_scheme" title="Saubhagya scheme">Saubhagya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Health_Card_Scheme" title="Soil Health Card Scheme">Soil Health Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDAN" title="UDAN">UDAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujwal_DISCOM_Assurance_Yojana" title="Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana">Ujwal DISCOM Assurance </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnat_Jeevan_by_Affordable_LEDs_and_Appliances_for_All" class="mw-redirect" title="Unnat Jeevan by Affordable LEDs and Appliances for All">Unnat Jeevan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_missions" title="Indian missions">Missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Mission_for_Rejuvenation_and_Urban_Transformation" title="Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation">Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indradhanush" title="Mission Indradhanush">Indradhanush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Education_Mission" title="National Education Mission">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Initiative_on_Climate_Resilient_Agriculture" title="National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture">Climate Resilient Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mission_for_Manuscripts" title="National Mission for Manuscripts">Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Health_Mission" title="National Health Mission">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anganwadi" title="Anganwadi">Anganwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_nurse_midwife" title="Auxiliary nurse midwife">Auxiliary nurse midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accredited_Social_Health_Activist" title="Accredited Social Health Activist">Accredited Social Health Activist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Solar_Mission" title="National Solar Mission">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Translation_Mission" title="National Translation Mission">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providing_Urban_Amenities_to_Rural_Areas" title="Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas">Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Madhyamik_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan">Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Uchchatar_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan">Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remunerative_Approach_for_Agriculture_and_Allied_sector_Rejuvenation" title="Remunerative Approach for Agriculture and Allied sector Rejuvenation">Remunerative Approach for Agriculture and Allied sector Rejuvenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva_Shiksha_Abhiyan" title="Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan">Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Cities_Mission" title="Smart Cities Mission">Smart Cities Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TB-Mission_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="TB-Mission 2020">TB-Mission 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_MMP" title="Agriculture MMP">Agriculture MMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatmala" title="Bharatmala">Bharatmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rivers_Inter-link" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Rivers Inter-link">Indian Rivers Inter-link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">Operation Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagar_Mala_project" title="Sagar Mala project">Sagar Mala project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setu_Bharatam" title="Setu Bharatam">Setu Bharatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urja_Ganga_Gas_Pipeline_Project" title="Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project">Urja Ganga Gas Pipeline Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_India_Campaign" title="Accessible India Campaign">Accessible India Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_India" title="Digital India">Digital India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skill_India" title="Skill India">Skill India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standup_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Standup India">Standup India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Startup_India_Seed_Fund_Scheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Startup India Seed Fund Scheme (page does not exist)">Startup India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Mission" title="Swachh Bharat Mission">Swachh Bharat Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aadhaar" title="Aadhaar">Aadhaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_identification_number" title="Business identification number">Business identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_passport" title="Indian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_account_number" title="Permanent account number">Permanent account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ration_card_(India)" title="Ration card (India)">Ration card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unorganised_Workers%27_Identification_Number" title="Unorganised Workers' Identification Number">Unorganised Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_ID_(India)" title="Voter ID (India)">Voters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_welfare_schemes_in_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Category:Government welfare schemes in Andhra Pradesh">AP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annadatha_Sukhibhava" class="mw-redirect" title="Annadatha Sukhibhava">Annadatha Sukhibhava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_schemes_in_Telangana" title="Category:Government schemes in Telangana">TG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Bhagiratha" title="Mission Bhagiratha">Mission Bhagiratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_App_Folio" title="T App Folio">T App Folio</a></li></ul></li> <li>GJ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jyotigram_Yojana" title="Jyotigram Yojana">Jyotigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrant_Gujarat" title="Vibrant Gujarat">Vibrant Gujarat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_schemes_in_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Category:Government schemes in Madhya Pradesh">MP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Global_Investors%27_Summit" title="Madhya Pradesh Global Investors' Summit">Global Investors Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladli_Laxmi_Yojana" title="Ladli Laxmi Yojana">Ladli Laxmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_schemes_in_Maharashtra" title="Category:Government schemes in Maharashtra">MH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Jyotiba_Phule_Jan_Arogya_Yojana" title="Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya Yojana">Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Jan Arogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Maharashtra" title="Magnetic Maharashtra">Magnetic Maharashtra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_Odisha" title="List of schemes of the government of Odisha">OR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahar_Yojana" title="Ahar Yojana">Ahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biju_Krushak_Kalyan_Yojana" title="Biju Krushak Kalyan Yojana">Biju Krushak Kalyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhu_Babu_Pension_Yojana" title="Madhu Babu Pension Yojana">Madhu Babu Pension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_schemes_in_Rajasthan" title="Category:Government schemes in Rajasthan">RJ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhamashah_Yojana" title="Bhamashah Yojana">Bhamashah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_schemes_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Category:Government schemes in Uttar Pradesh">UP</a> <ul><li>Global Investors Summit</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_welfare_schemes_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Government welfare schemes in Tamil Nadu">TN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Global_Investors_Meet" title="Tamil Nadu Global Investors Meet">Global Investors Meet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Closed/subsumed</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Nirman" title="Bharat Nirman">Bharat Nirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_National_Urban_Renewal_Mission" title="Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission">National Urban Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi_Balika_Vidyalaya" title="Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya">Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishore_Vaigyanik_Protsahan_Yojana" title="Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana">Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rural_Livelihood_Mission" title="National Rural Livelihood Mission">Rural Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooled_Finance_Development_Fund_Scheme" title="Pooled Finance Development Fund Scheme">Finance Development Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swasthya_Bima_Yojana" title="Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana">Rashtriya Swasthya Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_National_Tuberculosis_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program">Tuberculosis Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampoorna_Grameen_Rozgar_Yojana" title="Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana">Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Disclosure_of_Income_Scheme" title="Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme">Voluntary Disclosure of Income</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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