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<li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tropical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tropical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arid_and_semi-arid_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arid_and_semi-arid_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Arid and semi-arid regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arid_and_semi-arid_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtropical_humid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtropical_humid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Subtropical humid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtropical_humid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mountain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Seasons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Seasons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Seasons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Seasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Winter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Winter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Summer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monsoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monsoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Monsoon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monsoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-monsoon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-monsoon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Post-monsoon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-monsoon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Statistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precipitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precipitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Precipitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precipitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disasters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disasters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disasters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Floods_and_landslides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floods_and_landslides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Floods and landslides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floods_and_landslides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tropical_cyclones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tropical_cyclones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tropical cyclones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tropical_cyclones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Droughts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Droughts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Droughts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Droughts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Heat waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extremes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extremes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Extremes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extremes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extremes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extremes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extreme_temperatures:_low" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_temperatures:_low"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Extreme temperatures: low</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extreme_temperatures:_low-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extreme_temperatures:_high" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_temperatures:_high"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Extreme temperatures: high</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extreme_temperatures:_high-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Rain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Snow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Atmospheric pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="مناخ الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مناخ الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="ভাৰতৰ জলবায়ু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতৰ জলবায়ু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="ভারতের জলবায়ু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতের জলবায়ু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="भारत के जलवायु – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भारत के जलवायु" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_de_la_India" title="Clima de la India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clima de la India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climat_de_l%27Inde" title="Climat de l'Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Climat de l'Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98_%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84" title="인도의 기후 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도의 기후" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayi_na_Indiya" title="Yanayi na Indiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yanayi na Indiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="भारत की जलवायु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत की जलवायु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_dell%27India" title="Clima dell'India – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clima dell'India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A3" title="ಭಾರತದ ವಾಯುಗುಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತದ ವಾಯುಗುಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_%C3%A9ghajlata" title="India éghajlata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="India éghajlata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Клима во Индија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клима во Индија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5" title="ഇന്ത്യയുടെ കാലാവസ്ഥ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യയുടെ കാലാവസ്ഥ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भारतीय हवामान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारतीय हवामान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimaat_in_India" title="Klimaat in India – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klimaat in India" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima_i_India" title="Klima i India – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klima i India" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Clima da Índia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clima da Índia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Климат Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Климат Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Climate of India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="இந்தியாவின் தட்பவெப்ப நிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியாவின் தட்பவெப்ப நிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valley_of_flowers_uttaranchal_full_view.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Valley_of_flowers_uttaranchal_full_view.JPG/220px-Valley_of_flowers_uttaranchal_full_view.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Valley_of_flowers_uttaranchal_full_view.JPG/330px-Valley_of_flowers_uttaranchal_full_view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Valley_of_flowers_uttaranchal_full_view.JPG/440px-Valley_of_flowers_uttaranchal_full_view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>A scene in <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Flowers_National_Park" title="Valley of Flowers National Park">Valley of Flowers National Park</a>. In contrast to the rain shadow region of Tirunelveli, the park receives ample <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">orographic precipitation</a> due to its location in a mountainous <a href="/wiki/Windward_and_leeward" title="Windward and leeward">windward</a>-facing region wedged between the <a href="/wiki/Zanskar_Range" title="Zanskar Range">Zanskars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Greater Himalayas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India-view_of_shilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Daytime view of a chain of snow-capped mountains. They advance diagonally thumb from the far-middle distance at left to the nudge distance at right. In the foreground are high montaine meadows and brushband." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/India-view_of_shilla.jpg/220px-India-view_of_shilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/India-view_of_shilla.jpg/330px-India-view_of_shilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/India-view_of_shilla.jpg/440px-India-view_of_shilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>The formation of the Himalayas (pictured) during the <a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Early Eocene</a> some 52 mya was a key factor in determining India's modern-day climate; global climate and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">ocean chemistry</a> may have been affected.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>climate of India</b> consists of a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography. Based on the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen system</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> encompasses a diverse array of climatic subtypes. These range from arid and semi-arid regions in the west to highland, sub-arctic, tundra, and ice cap climates in the northern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan</a> regions, varying with elevation. </p><p>The northern lowlands experience <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> conditions which become more <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> at higher altitudes, like the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Continental_climates" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental climates">continental</a> in some areas like <a href="/wiki/Gulmarg" title="Gulmarg">Gulmarg</a>. In contrast, much of the south and the east exhibit <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> conditions, which support lush rainforests in parts of these territories. Many regions have starkly different <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a>, making it one of the most climatically diverse countries in the world. The country's meteorological department follows four seasons with some local adjustments: winter (December to February), summer (March to May), monsoon or south-west monsoon (June to September) and post-monsoon or north-east monsoon (October to November). Some parts of the country with subtropical, temperate or continental climates also experience spring and autumn. </p><p>India's <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">geology</a> are climatically pivotal: the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> in the northwest and the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> in the north work in tandem to create a <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culturally</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">economically</a> important monsoonal regime. As Earth's highest and most massive mountain range, the Himalayas bar the influx of frigid <a href="/wiki/Katabatic_wind" title="Katabatic wind">katabatic winds</a> from the icy <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> and northerly Central Asia. Most of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> is thus kept warm or is only mildly chilly or cold during winter; the same thermal dam keeps most regions in India hot in summer. The climate in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> is generally warmer, and more humid due to its coastlines. However some hill stations in South India such as <a href="/wiki/Ooty" title="Ooty">Ooty</a> are well known for their cold climate. </p><p>Though the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>—the boundary that is between the tropics and subtropics—passes through the middle of India, the bulk of the country can be regarded as climatically tropical. As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be strongly variable: epochal droughts, heat waves, floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of human lives. Such climatic events are likely to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">change in frequency and severity</a> as a consequence of human-induced <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Ongoing and future vegetative changes, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and inundation of India's low-lying coastal areas are also attributed to global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERavindranathBalaSharma2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERavindranathBalaSharma2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoclimate">Paleoclimate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Paleoclimate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG/220px-Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG/330px-Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG/440px-Kalinagar_Floods_B.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> period of 251–199.6 <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">Ma</a>, the Indian subcontinent was the part of a vast <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>. Despite its position within a high-latitude belt at 55–75° S—latitudes now occupied by parts of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a>, as opposed to India's current position between 8 and 37° N—India likely experienced a humid temperate climate with warm and frost-free weather, though with well-defined seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChumakovZharkov2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChumakovZharkov2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India later merged into the southern supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>, a process beginning some 550–500 Ma. During the Late <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>, Gondwana extended from a point at or near the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> to near the equator, where the <a href="/wiki/Indian_craton" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian craton">Indian craton</a> (stable <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>) was positioned, resulting in a mild climate favorable to hosting high-<a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a>. This is underscored by India's vast coal reserves—much of it from the late Paleozoic sedimentary sequence—the fourth-largest reserves in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_World_Factbook_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_World_Factbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>, the world, including India, was considerably warmer than today. With the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_cooling" title="Global cooling">global cooling</a> stoked extensive <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a>, which spread northwards from South Africa towards India; this cool period lasted well into the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman_et_al.2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman_et_al.2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Tectonic movement</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a> caused it to pass over a geologic <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspot</a>—the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_hotspot" title="Réunion hotspot">Réunion hotspot</a>—now occupied by the volcanic island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>. This resulted in a massive <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalt</a> event that laid down the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Traps" title="Deccan Traps">Deccan Traps</a> some 60–68 Ma,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwataTakahashiArai1997_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwataTakahashiArai1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period. This may have contributed to the global <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a>, which caused India to experience significantly reduced <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a>. Elevated atmospheric levels of sulphur gases formed <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">sulphur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulphuric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphuric acid">sulphuric acid</a>, similar to those found in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">atmosphere of Venus</a>; these precipitated as <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>. Elevated <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> emissions also contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">warmer weather</a> that lasted long after the atmospheric shroud of dust and aerosols had cleared. Further climatic changes 20 million years ago, long after India had crashed into the <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasian</a> landmass, were severe enough to cause the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaranth2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaranth2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of the Himalayas resulted in blockage of frigid Central Asian air, preventing it from reaching India; this made its climate significantly warmer and more tropical in character than it would otherwise have been.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert19994_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert19994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, in the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> epoch (4,800–6,300 years ago), parts of what is now the Thar Desert were wet enough to support perennial lakes; researchers have proposed that this was due to much higher winter precipitation, which coincided with stronger monsoons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnzel_et_al.1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnzel_et_al.1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kashmir's erstwhile subtropical climate dramatically cooled 2.6–3.7 Ma and experienced prolonged cold spells starting 600,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPant2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPant2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions">Regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_average_annual_temperature_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""India Average Temperature Map": A map of India overlaid with five zones. A violet zone, with ambient temperatures averaging less than 20.0 degrees Celsius, envelops Himalayan and trans-Himalayan India, as well as the Khasi Hills on the Meghalaya Plateau. A transitionary blue zone of between 20.0 and 22.5 degrees, lies just south of the violet areas; another blue area lies in the extreme southwest of the country, focused on the high Western Ghats. Two contiguous green areas (averaging 22.5 to 25.0 degrees) envelop the blue regions, with the northern one snaking into the Vindhya Range of central India. The remaining yellow and red areas, designating average temperatures above 25.0 degrees Celsius, constitute by far the greater part of the country." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/India_average_annual_temperature_map_en.svg/170px-India_average_annual_temperature_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/India_average_annual_temperature_map_en.svg/255px-India_average_annual_temperature_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/India_average_annual_temperature_map_en.svg/340px-India_average_annual_temperature_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>Average annual temperatures across India: <table cellspacing="0" align="center" style="background:#F9F9F9; font-size:100%; width:100%; %border:1pxblack;"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C6A0F3; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> < 20.0 °C</div></td> <td>(< 68.0 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#80B3F3; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 20.0–22.5 °C</div></td> <td>(68.0–72.5 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CDDE7B; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 22.5–25.0 °C</div></td> <td>(72.5–77.0 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFF2B3; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 25.0–27.5 °C</div></td> <td>(77.0–81.5 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DE877B; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> > 27.5 °C</div></td> <td>(> 81.5 °F) </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg/370px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg/555px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg/740px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IND_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>India's <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> map<sup id="cite_ref-Peel_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peel-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is based on temperature, precipitation and their seasonality. </figcaption></figure> <p>India is home to an extraordinary variety of climatic regions, ranging from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the Himalayan north, where elevated regions receive sustained winter snowfall. The nation's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1967_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1967-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Himalayas, along with the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> mountains in Pakistan, prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPosey1994118_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPosey1994118-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, the Thar Desert plays a role in attracting moisture-laden south-west monsoon winds between June and October, which provide the majority of India's rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1967_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1967-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENCERT28_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENCERT28-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four major climatic groupings predominate, into which fall the seven climatic zones, that as designated by experts, are defined on the basis of such traits as temperature and precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeitzmanWorden199697_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeitzmanWorden199697-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groupings are assigned codes (see chart) according to the Köppen climate classification system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tropical">Tropical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tropical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tropical rainy climate governs regions experiencing persistent warm or high temperatures, which normally do not fall below 18 degrees Celsius (64 °F). India predominantly hosts two climatic subtypes that fall into this group: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a>. </p><p>The most humid is the tropical wet climate—also known as the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a>—that covers a strip of southwestern lowlands abutting the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>. India's two island territories, <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>, are also subject to this climate. Characterised by moderate to high year-round temperatures, even in the foothills, its rainfall is seasonal but heavy—typically above 2,000 millimetres (79 inches) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouhan19927_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouhan19927-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most rainfall occurs between May and November; this moisture is enough to sustain lush forests, swampy areas and other vegetation for the rest of the mainly dry year. December to March are the driest months, when days with precipitation are rare. The heavy monsoon rains are responsible for the exceptional biodiversity of tropical wet forests in parts of these regions. </p><p>In India a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a> is more common. Noticeably drier than areas with a tropical monsoon type of climate, it prevails over most of inland peninsular India except for a semi arid <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> east of the Western Ghats. Winter and early summer are long and dry periods with temperatures averaging above 18 °C (64 °F). Summer is exceedingly hot; temperatures in low-lying areas may exceed 50 °C (122 °F) during May, leading to heat waves that can each kill hundreds of Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooq2002_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rainy season lasts from June to September; annual rainfall averages between 750 and 1,500 mm (30 and 59 in) across the region. Once the dry northeast monsoon begins in September, most significant precipitation in India falls on <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Puducherry</a> leaving other states comparatively dry. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a> lies mostly in the tropical wet climate zone: it receives between 1,500 and 2,000 mm (59 and 79 in) of rainfall each year in the western part, and 2,000 and 3,000 mm (79 and 118 in) in the eastern part. The coolest month of the year, on average, is January; April and May are the warmest months. Average temperatures in January range from 14 to 25 °C (57 to 77 °F), and average temperatures in April range from 25 to 35 °C (77 to 95 °F). July is on average the coldest and wettest month: over 330 mm (13 in) of rain falls on the delta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealy_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Nicobar_Islands_rain_forests" title="Nicobar Islands rain forests">Nicobar Islands rain forests</a> experience a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">Tropical rainforest climate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arid_and_semi-arid_regions">Arid and semi-arid regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arid and semi-arid regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">Arid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a> climate dominates regions where the rate of moisture loss through <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> exceeds that from precipitation; </p><p>A semi-arid steppe climate (<a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate#Hot_semi-arid_climates" title="Semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a>) predominates over a long stretch of land south of Tropic of Cancer and east of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cardamom_Hills" title="Cardamom Hills">Cardamom Hills</a>. The region, which includes <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, inland <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, and central <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, gets between 400 and 750 millimetres (15.7 and 29.5 in) annually. It is drought-prone, as it tends to have less reliable rainfall due to sporadic lateness or failure of the southwest monsoon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaviedes2001124_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaviedes2001124-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karnataka is divided into three zones—coastal, north interior and south interior. Of these, the coastal zone receives the most precipitation, averaging 3,638 mm (143.2 in) per annum, far in excess of the state average of 1,139 mm (44.8 in). In contrast to norm, <a href="/wiki/Agumbe" title="Agumbe">Agumbe</a> in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India. North of the <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna River</a>, the summer monsoon is responsible for most rainfall; to the south, significant post-monsoon rainfall also occurs in October and November. In December, the coldest month, temperatures still average around 20–24 °C (68–75 °F). The months between March and May are hot and dry; mean monthly temperatures hover around 32 °C (90 °F), with 320 millimetres (12.6 in) precipitation. Hence, without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for permanent agriculture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thar_Desert_Sunset_Rajasthan_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of dunes at sunset. The setting sun hangs low and dim in a sky graded from fiery orange at top to maroon near the horizon. Terrestrial features are difficult to discern in the crepuscular illumination." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Thar_Desert_Sunset_Rajasthan_India.jpg/170px-Thar_Desert_Sunset_Rajasthan_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Thar_Desert_Sunset_Rajasthan_India.jpg/255px-Thar_Desert_Sunset_Rajasthan_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Thar_Desert_Sunset_Rajasthan_India.jpg/340px-Thar_Desert_Sunset_Rajasthan_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most of western <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> experiences an arid climatic regime (<a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Hot_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">hot desert climate</a>). <a href="/wiki/Cloudburst" title="Cloudburst">Cloudbursts</a> are responsible for virtually all of the region's annual precipitation, which totals less than 300 millimetres (11.8 in). Such bursts happen when monsoon winds sweep into the region during July, August, and September. Such rainfall is highly erratic; regions experiencing rainfall one year may not see precipitation for the next couple of years or so. Atmospheric moisture is largely prevented from precipitating due to continuous <a href="/wiki/Vertical_draft" title="Vertical draft">downdrafts</a> and other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghviKar2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghviKar2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The summer months of May and June are exceptionally hot; mean monthly temperatures in the region hover around 35 °C (95 °F), with daily maxima occasionally topping 50 °C (122 °F). During winters, temperatures in some areas can drop below freezing due to waves of cold air from Central Asia. There is a large diurnal range of about 14 °C (25 °F) during summer; this widens by several degrees during winter. There is a small desert area in the south near <a href="/wiki/Adoni" title="Adoni">Adoni</a> in Andhra Pradesh, the only desert in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, experiencing maximum temperatures of 47 °C (117 °F) in summers and 18 °C (64 °F) in winters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_Strom_in_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dust_Strom_in_India.jpg/170px-Dust_Strom_in_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dust_Strom_in_India.jpg/255px-Dust_Strom_in_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dust_Strom_in_India.jpg/340px-Dust_Strom_in_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Dust storm in the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></figcaption></figure> <p>To the west, in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, diverse climate conditions prevail. The winters are mild, pleasant, and dry with average daytime temperatures around 29 °C (84 °F) and nights around 12 °C (54 °F) with virtually full sun and clear nights. Summers are hot and dry with daytime temperatures around 41 °C (106 °F) and nights no lower than 29 °C (84 °F). In the weeks before the monsoon temperatures are similar to the above, but high humidity makes the air more uncomfortable. Relief comes with the monsoon. Temperatures are around 35 °C (95 °F) but humidity is very high; nights are around 27 °C (81 °F). Most of the rainfall occurs in this season, and the rain can cause severe floods. The sun is often occluded during the monsoon season.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>East of the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>–<a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a> region experiences a tropical and sub-tropical steppe climate. Haryana's climate resembles other states of the northern plains: extreme summer heat of up to 50 °C (122 °F) and winter cold as low as 1 °C (34 °F). May and June are hottest; December and January are coldest. Rainfall is varied, with the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Shivalik Hills</a> region being the wettest and the <a href="/wiki/Aravalli_Range" title="Aravalli Range">Aravalli Hills</a> region being the driest. About 80 percent of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season of July–September, which can cause flooding. The Punjabi climate is also governed by extremes of hot and cold. Areas near the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan</a> foothills receive heavy rainfall whereas those eloigned from them are hot and dry. Punjab's three-season climate sees summer months that span from mid-April to the end of June. Temperatures in Punjab typically range from −2 to 40 °C (28–104 °F), but can reach 47 °C (117 °F) in summer and fall to −4 °C (25 °F) in winter (while most of the nation does not experience temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) even in winter). The zone, a transitional climatic region separating tropical desert from humid sub-tropical savanna and forests, experiences temperatures that are less extreme than those of the desert. Although the average annual rainfall is 300–650 millimetres (11.8–25.6 in), it is very unreliable; like in much of the rest of India, the southwest monsoon accounts for most precipitation. Summer daily maxima are around 40 °C (104 °F). All this results in a natural vegetation typically comprising short, coarse grasses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtropical_humid">Subtropical humid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subtropical humid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of Northeast India and much of North India are subject to a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">subtropical highland climate</a>. Though they experience warm to hot summers, temperatures during the coldest months generally fall as low as 0 °C (32 °F). Due to ample monsoon rains, India has two subtropical climate subtypes under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen system: <i>Cwa</i> and <i>Cwb</i>.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimmel2000_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmel2000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most of this region, there is very little precipitation during the winter, owing to powerful anticyclonic and <a href="/wiki/Katabatic_wind" title="Katabatic wind">katabatic</a> (downward-flowing) winds from Central Asia. </p><p>Humid subtropical regions are subject to pronounced dry winters. Winter rainfall—and occasionally snowfall—is associated with large storm systems such as "Nor'westers" and "<a href="/wiki/Western_disturbances" class="mw-redirect" title="Western disturbances">Western disturbances</a>"; the latter are steered by <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerlies</a> towards the Himalayas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas_et_al.2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas_et_al.2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most summer rainfall occurs during powerful thunderstorms associated with the southwest summer monsoon; occasional <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical cyclones">tropical cyclones</a> also contribute. Annual rainfall ranges from less than 1,000 millimetres (39 in) in the west to over 2,500 millimetres (98 in) in parts of the northeast. As most of this region is far from the ocean, the wide temperature swings more characteristic of a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a> predominate; the swings are wider than in those in tropical wet regions, ranging from 24 °C (75 °F) in north-central India to 27 °C (81 °F) in the east.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountain">Mountain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mountain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pangong_Tso_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Daytime view of a large body of water standing before a prominent peak, which communicates with several others partly out of view and behind. A gravel beach at the far end of the lake gives way to steep slopes leading up to the peaks; The mountains lack trees. Patchy snowcover defines their recesses, and whitish vein-like streaks extend up from the base of the largest." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pangong_Tso_lake.jpg/170px-Pangong_Tso_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pangong_Tso_lake.jpg/255px-Pangong_Tso_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pangong_Tso_lake.jpg/340px-Pangong_Tso_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pangong_Tso" title="Pangong Tso">Pangong Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> montane region lying deep within the Himalayas.</figcaption></figure> <p>India's northernmost areas are subject to a montane, or alpine, climate. In the Himalayas, the rate at which an air mass's temperature falls per kilometre (3,281 ft) of altitude gained (the <a href="/wiki/Lapse_rate" title="Lapse rate">dry adiabatic lapse rate</a>) is 9.8 °C/km.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter2005_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental lapse rate">environmental lapse rate</a>, ambient temperatures fall by 6.5 °C (11.7 °F) for every 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) rise in altitude. Thus, climates ranging from nearly tropical in the foothills to tundra above the <a href="/wiki/Snow_line" title="Snow line">snow line</a> can coexist within several hundred metres of each other. Sharp temperature contrasts between sunny and shady slopes, high diurnal temperature variability, temperature inversions, and altitude-dependent variability in rainfall are also common. </p><p>The northern side of the western Himalayas, also known as the trans-Himalayan belt, has a <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Cold_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">cold desert climate</a>. It is a region of barren, arid, frigid and wind-blown wastelands. Areas south of the Himalayas are largely protected from cold winter winds coming in from the Asian interior. The leeward side (northern face) of the mountains receives less rain. </p><p>The southern slopes of the western Himalayas, well-exposed to the monsoon, get heavy rainfall. Areas situated at elevations of 1,070–2,290 metres (3,510–7,510 ft) receive the heaviest rainfall, which decreases rapidly at elevations above 2,290 metres (7,513 ft). Most precipitation occurs as snowfall during the late winter and spring months. The Himalayas experience their heaviest snowfall between December and February and at elevations above 1,500 metres (4,921 ft). Snowfall increases with elevation by up to several dozen millimetres per 100 metre (~2 in; 330 ft) increase. Elevations above 6,000 metres (19,685 ft) never experience rain; all precipitation falls as snow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghKumar1997_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghKumar1997-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Bandhavgarh_National_Park_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Daytime view of a small marshy lake surrounded by dry brush in winter. Behind the lake in the far-middle distance, a large stand of trees interposes itself in front of a lone massif in the far distance. The sun is out of view to the left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fort_Bandhavgarh_National_Park_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg/170px-Fort_Bandhavgarh_National_Park_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fort_Bandhavgarh_National_Park_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg/255px-Fort_Bandhavgarh_National_Park_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fort_Bandhavgarh_National_Park_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg/340px-Fort_Bandhavgarh_National_Park_Madhya_Pradesh_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>A winter scene in <a href="/wiki/Bandhavgarh_National_Park" title="Bandhavgarh National Park">Bandhavgarh National Park</a>, Madhya Pradesh.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seasons">Seasons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Seasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a> (IMD) designates four climatological seasons:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Winter</b>, occurring from December to February. The year's coldest months are December and January, when temperatures average around 10–15 °C (50–59 °F) in the northwest; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator, peaking around 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) in mainland India's southeast.</li> <li><b>Summer</b> or <b>Pre-monsoon</b> season, lasting from March to June. In western and southern regions, the hottest month is April and the beginning of May and for northern regions of India, May is the hottest Month. In May, Temperatures average around 32–40 °C (90–104 °F) in most of the interior.</li> <li><b>South-west monsoon</b> lasting from June to September. The season is dominated by the humid southwest summer monsoon, which slowly sweeps across the country beginning in late May or early June. Monsoon rains begin to recede from North India at the beginning of October. South India typically receives more rainfall.</li> <li><b>Post-monsoon</b> or <b>North-east monsoon</b> season, lasting from October to November. In the northwest of India, October and November are usually cloudless. Tamil Nadu receives most of its annual precipitation in the northeast monsoon season.</li></ul> <p>The Himalayan states, being more temperate, experience an additional season, <i>spring</i>, which coincides with the first weeks of summer in southern India. Traditionally, North Indians note six seasons or <i>Ritu</i>, each about two months long. These are the spring season (<i><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <i lang="sa">vasanta</i></i>), summer (<i>grīṣma</i>), monsoon season (<i>varṣā</i>), autumn (<i>śarada</i>), winter (<i>hemanta</i>), and prevernal season<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>śiśira</i>). These are based on the astronomical division of the twelve months into six parts. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> also reflects these seasons in its arrangement of months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter">Winter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Winter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulmarg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Daytime view looking down from a snowy ridge onto a mountain valley far below, lost in mist. Continuing into the far distance at right, a series of high snow-covered mountains continue the ridge. The mountains are mostly covered in evergreen forest; dappled sunlight strikes the snow cover." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gulmarg.JPG/170px-Gulmarg.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gulmarg.JPG/255px-Gulmarg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gulmarg.JPG/340px-Gulmarg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Inclement conditions in the Indian Himalayas: a view of <a href="/wiki/Gulmarg" title="Gulmarg">Gulmarg</a>, a popular tourist destination in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> in winter.</figcaption></figure> <p>Once the monsoons subside, average temperatures gradually fall across India. As the Sun's vertical rays move south of the equator, most of the country experiences moderately cool weather. December and January are the coldest months, with the lowest temperatures occurring in the Indian Himalayas. Temperatures are higher in the east and south. </p><p>In northwestern India region, virtually cloudless conditions prevail in October and November, resulting in wide diurnal temperature swings; as in much of the Deccan Plateau, they register at 16–20 °C (61–68 °F). However, from January to February, "western disturbances" bring heavy bursts of rain and snow. These extra-tropical <a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure area">low-pressure systems</a> originate in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatwarYadavRama_Rao2005_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatwarYadavRama_Rao2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are carried towards India by the subtropical <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerlies</a>, which are the prevailing winds blowing at North India's range of latitude.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas_et_al.2002_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas_et_al.2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once their passage is hindered by the Himalayas, they are unable to proceed further, and they release significant precipitation over the southern Himalayas. </p><p>There is a huge variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to variation in altitude (450–6500 metres). The climate varies from hot and subtropical humid (450–900 metres) in the southern low tracts, warm and temperate (900–1800 metres), cool and temperate (1900–2400 metres) and cold glacial and alpine (2400–4800 metres) in the northern and eastern elevated mountain ranges. By October, nights and mornings are very cold. Snowfall at elevations of nearly 3000 m is about 3 m and lasts from December start to March end. Elevations above 4500 m support perpetual snow. The spring season starts from mid February to mid April. The weather is pleasant and comfortable in the season. The rainy season starts at the end of the month of June. The landscape lushes green and fresh. During the season streams and natural springs are replenished. The heavy rains in July and August cause a lot of damage resulting in erosion, floods and landslides. Out of all the state districts, Dharamshala receives the highest rainfall, nearly about 3,400 mm (134 in). Spiti is the driest area of the state, where annual rainfall is below 50 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaraKimuraYasunari_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaraKimuraYasunari-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five Himalayan states (Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir in the extreme north, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh in far east) and Northern West Bengal experience heavy snowfall, Manipur and Nagaland are not located in the Himalayas but experience occasional snowfall; in Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir, <a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">blizzards</a> occur regularly, disrupting travel and other activities. </p><p>The rest of North India, including the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> almost never receives snow. Temperatures in the plains occasionally fall below freezing, though never for more than one or two days. Winter highs in Delhi range from 16 to 21 °C (61 to 70 °F). Nighttime temperatures average 2–8 °C (36–46 °F). In the plains of Punjab, lows can fall below freezing, dropping to around −3 °C (27 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frost sometimes occurs, but the hallmark of the season is the notorious fog, which frequently disrupts daily life; fog grows thick enough to hinder visibility and disrupt air travel 15–20 days annually. In Bihar in middle of the Ganges plain, hot weather sets in and the summer lasts until the middle of June. The highest temperature is often registered in late May or early June which is the hottest time. Like the rest of the north, Bihar also experiences dust-storms, thunderstorms and dust raising winds during the hot season. Dust storms having a velocity of 48–64 km/h (30–40 mph) are most frequent in May and with second maximum in April and June. The hot winds (loo) of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> plains blow during April and May with an average velocity of 8–16 km/h (5–10 mph). These hot winds greatly affect human comfort during this season. Rain follows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Bihar_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Bihar-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rainy season begins in June. The rainiest months are July and August. The rains are the gifts of the southwest monsoon. There are in Bihar three distinct areas where rainfall exceeds 1,800 mm (71 in). Two of them are in the northern and northwestern portions of the state; the third lies in the area around <a href="/wiki/Netarhat" title="Netarhat">Netarhat</a>. The southwest monsoon normally withdraws from Bihar in the first week of October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAir_India2003_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAir_India2003-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern India's climate is milder but gets colder as one moves north west, experiencing moderately warm days to cool days and cool nights to cold nights. Highs ranges from 18 °C to 23 °C (64 °F to 73 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>; to 22 °C to 27 °C (72 °F to 80 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> (Calcutta); lows averages from 7 °C to 10 °C (45 °F to 50 °F) in Patna; to 12 °C to 15 °C (54 °F to 59 °F) in Kolkata. In Madhya Pradesh which is towards the south-western side of the Gangetic Plain similar conditions prevail albeit with much less humidity levels. Capital <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a> averages low of 9 °C (48 °F) and high of 24 °C (75 °F). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monsoon_season_beach_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Late daytime view looking far out over an ocean from a beach, which is out of view off the bottom margin. Three-fourths of the shot features a sky marked by heavy cloud cover, which is parting near the middle, revealing a dazzlingly bright cerulean blue sky that darkens near the margins. The ocean is striated with waves coming in parallel to the horizon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Monsoon_season_beach_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/170px-Monsoon_season_beach_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Monsoon_season_beach_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/255px-Monsoon_season_beach_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Monsoon_season_beach_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg/340px-Monsoon_season_beach_Tamil_Nadu_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Late-season monsoonal sunset, <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Frigid winds from the Himalayas can depress temperatures near the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghOjhaSharma2004168_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghOjhaSharma2004168-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan plateau by preventing frigid and dry Arctic winds from blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a barrier for the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoon of Indian subcontinent">monsoon</a> winds, keeping them from travelling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> region instead. The Himalayas are indeed believed to play an important role in the formation of Central Asian deserts such as the <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taklamakan">Taklamakan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobi">Gobi</a>. The mountain ranges prevent western winter disturbances in Iran from travelling further east, resulting in much snow in Kashmir and rainfall for parts of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> and northern India. Despite the Himalayas being a barrier to the cold northerly winter winds, the Brahmaputra valley receives part of the frigid winds, thus lowering the temperature in Northeast India and Bangladesh. The Himalayas contain the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles, and account for the origin of ten of Asia's largest rivers. The two Himalayan states in the east, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, receive substantial snowfall. The extreme north of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> centred on <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> experiences snowfall, but only rarely. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, particularly the hinterlands of Maharashtra, parts of Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, somewhat cooler weather prevails. Minimum temperatures in eastern Maharashtra and <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> hover around 10 °C (50 °F); in the southern Deccan Plateau, they reach 16 °C (61 °F). Coastal areas—especially those near the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a> and adjacent low-elevation interior tracts—are warm, with daily high temperatures of 30 °C (86 °F) and lows of around 21 °C (70 °F). The Western Ghats, including the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_(mountains)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris (mountains)">Nilgiri Range</a>, are exceptional; lows there can fall below freezing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlascoBellanAizpuru1996_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlascoBellanAizpuru1996-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This compares with a range of 12–14 °C (54–57 °F) on the Malabar Coast; there, as is the case for other coastal areas, the Indian Ocean exerts a strong moderating influence on weather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPosey1994118_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPosey1994118-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region averages 800 millimetres (31 in) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summer">Summer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Summer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajjiar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Daytime sunlit view of a verdant bowl-shaped meadow with a small pond in a valley rimmed by several prominent hills covered in evergreen forest. At centre-left and looking out on the meadow, a small cluster of tourist lodges with pitched roofs, one a bright red. Around them and the pond are small, gaily coloured gazebos and shade-giving umbrellas. Several dozen tourists and sheep mill about the pond and in the meadow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Khajjiar.jpg/170px-Khajjiar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Khajjiar.jpg/255px-Khajjiar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Khajjiar.jpg/340px-Khajjiar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A summer view of <a href="/wiki/Khajjiar" title="Khajjiar">Khajjiar</a>, a hill station in Himachal Pradesh.</figcaption></figure> <p>Summer in northwestern India starts from April and ends in July, and in the rest of the country from March to May but sometimes lasts to mid June. The temperatures in the north rise as the vertical rays of the Sun reach the Tropic of Cancer. The hottest month for the western and southern regions of the country is April; for most of North India, it is May. Temperatures of 50 °C (122 °F) and higher have been recorded in parts of India during this season. Another striking feature of summer is the <a href="/wiki/Loo_(wind)" title="Loo (wind)">Loo</a>. These are strong, gusty, hot, dry winds that blow during the day in India. Direct exposure to the heat that comes with these winds may be fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooq2002_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cooler regions of North India, immense pre-monsoon <a href="/wiki/Squall" title="Squall">squall</a>-line thunderstorms, known locally as "<a href="/wiki/Kalbaisakhi" title="Kalbaisakhi">Nor'westers</a>", commonly drop large hailstones. In Himachal Pradesh, Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a> zone which experience mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 °C (82 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChangnon1971_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChangnon1971-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the coast, the temperature hovers around 36 °C (97 °F), and the proximity of the sea increases the level of humidity. In southern India, the temperatures are higher on the east coast by a few degrees compared to the west coast. </p><p>By May, most of the Indian interior experiences mean temperatures over 32 °C (90 °F), while maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F). In the hot months of April and May, western disturbances, with their cooling influence, may still arrive, but rapidly diminish in frequency as summer progresses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPisharotyDesai1956_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisharotyDesai1956-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, a higher frequency of such disturbances in April correlates with a delayed monsoon onset (thus extending summer) in northwest India. In eastern India, monsoon onset dates have been steadily advancing over the past several decades, resulting in shorter summers there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas_et_al.2002_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas_et_al.2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altitude affects the temperature to a large extent, with higher parts of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> and other areas being relatively cooler. <a href="/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">Hill stations</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ootacamund" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootacamund">Ootacamund</a> ("Ooty") in the Western Ghats and <a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a> in the eastern Himalayas, with average maximum temperatures of around 25 °C (77 °F), offer some respite from the heat. At lower elevations, in parts of northern and western India, a strong, hot, and dry wind known as the loo blows in from the west during the daytime; with very high temperatures, in some cases up to around 45 °C (113 °F); it can cause fatal cases of <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">sunstroke</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornadoes</a> may also occur, concentrated in a corridor stretching from northeastern India towards Pakistan. They are rare, however; only <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_tornadoes" title="List of Indian tornadoes">several dozen</a> have been reported since 1835. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monsoon">Monsoon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monsoon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoon in India">Monsoon in India</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="India monsoon onset map." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/150px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/225px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg/300px-India_southwest_summer_monsoon_onset_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Onset dates and prevailing wind currents of the southwest summer and northeast winter monsoons.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_annual_rainfall_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="India average annual rainfall map. A map of India overlaid with various zones of differing shades of blue. Each shade represents a region receiving a similar annual precipitation total. The wettest region comprises the northeastern "Seven Sisters" states centred on Assam; the southwestern littoral in Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra is another wet region of over 250 centimetres per annum, depicted in a dark shade of navy blue. The rest of the country in between them is shown in lighter shades; the driest region is seen in the northwest near the borders with Pakistan and China, parts of which, according to the legend, are seen to obtain less than 20 centimetres per annum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/India_annual_rainfall_map_en.svg/150px-India_annual_rainfall_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/India_annual_rainfall_map_en.svg/225px-India_annual_rainfall_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/India_annual_rainfall_map_en.svg/300px-India_annual_rainfall_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Regional variation in rainfall across India. The monsoon season delivers four-fifths of the country's precipitation.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg/220px-Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg/330px-Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg/440px-Parked_boats_at_Anjarle_Creek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4094" data-file-height="2428" /></a><figcaption>Fishing boats parked in the <a href="/wiki/Anjarle" title="Anjarle">Anjarle</a> creek for the monsoon season. Fishing in the coastal areas is not possible now due to the harsh weather conditions.</figcaption></figure> <p>The southwest summer monsoon, a four-month period when massive convective thunderstorms dominate India's weather, is Earth's most productive wet season.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierWebb200291_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierWebb200291-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A product of southeast <a href="/wiki/Trade_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade wind">trade winds</a> originating from a high-pressure mass centred over the southern Indian Ocean, the monsoonal torrents supply over 80% of India's annual rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagla2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagla2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attracted by a low-pressure region centred over South Asia, the mass spawns surface winds that ferry humid air into India from the southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaviedes2001118_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaviedes2001118-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inflows ultimately result from a northward shift of the local jet stream, which itself results from rising summer temperatures over <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and the Indian subcontinent. The void left by the jet stream, which switches from a route just south of the Himalayas to one tracking north of Tibet, then attracts warm, humid air.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurroughs1999138–139_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurroughs1999138–139-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main factor behind this shift is the high summer temperature difference between Central Asia and the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns_et_al.2003_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns_et_al.2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is accompanied by a seasonal excursion of the normally equatorial <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">intertropical convergence zone</a> (ITCZ), a low-pressure belt of highly unstable weather, northward towards India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurroughs1999138–139_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurroughs1999138–139-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system intensified to its present strength as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">uplift</a>, which accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> transition event, a major episode of global cooling and <a href="/wiki/Aridification" title="Aridification">aridification</a> which occurred 34–49 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupont-Nivet_et_al.2007_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupont-Nivet_et_al.2007-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The southwest monsoon arrives in two branches: the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> branch and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> branch. The latter extends towards a low-pressure area over the Thar Desert and is roughly three times stronger than the Bay of Bengal branch. The monsoon typically breaks over Indian territory by around 25 May, when it lashes the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> in the Bay of Bengal. It strikes the Indian mainland around 1 June near the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> of Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndia_Meteorological_DepartmentA_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndia_Meteorological_DepartmentA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 9 June, it reaches Mumbai; it appears over Delhi by 29 June. The Bay of Bengal branch, which initially tracks the Coromandal Coast northeast from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Comorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Comorin">Cape Comorin</a> to Orissa, swerves to the northwest towards the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>. The Arabian Sea branch moves northeast towards the Himalayas. By the first week of July, the entire country experiences monsoon rain; on average, South India receives more rainfall than North India. However, <a href="/wiki/North-East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="North-East India">Northeast India</a> receives the most precipitation. Monsoon clouds begin retreating from North India by the end of August; it withdraws from Mumbai by 5 October. As India further cools during September, the southwest monsoon weakens. By the end of November, it has left the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurroughs1999138–139_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurroughs1999138–139-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumbai_india_monsoon_clouds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Daytime view over a city: de-laminating concrete housing blocks surrounded by rough slum tenements. In the middle distance, an expanse of trees: perhaps a park. Near the horizon, the largely concrete structures that compose the city continue. The whole is enveloped by an ominous sky filled with storm clouds promising imminent heavy rain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mumbai_india_monsoon_clouds.jpg/170px-Mumbai_india_monsoon_clouds.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mumbai_india_monsoon_clouds.jpg/255px-Mumbai_india_monsoon_clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mumbai_india_monsoon_clouds.jpg/340px-Mumbai_india_monsoon_clouds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Pre-monsoon clouds, as they appear in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, western Maharashtra.</figcaption></figure> <p>Monsoon rains affect the health of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Indian economy</a>; as <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Indian agriculture</a> employs 600 million people and constitutes 20% of the national GDP,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_World_Factbook_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_World_Factbook-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> good monsoons correlate with a booming economy. Weak or failed monsoons (droughts) result in widespread agricultural losses and substantially hinder overall economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaswani2006b_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaswani2006b-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2004_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2004-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_WeatherA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_WeatherA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet such rains reduce temperatures and can replenish groundwater tables and rivers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-monsoon">Post-monsoon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-monsoon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the post-monsoon or autumn months of October to December, a different monsoon cycle, the northeast (or "retreating") monsoon, brings dry, cool, and dense air masses to large parts of India. Winds spill across the Himalayas and flow to the southwest across the country, resulting in clear, sunny skies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaviedes2001119_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaviedes2001119-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a> (IMD) and other sources refers to this period as a fourth ("post-monsoon") season,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathyMunotKothawale1994_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathyMunotKothawale1994-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndia_Meteorological_DepartmentB_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndia_Meteorological_DepartmentB-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other sources designate only three seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hare1997_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hare1997-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on location, this period lasts from October to November, after the southwest monsoon has peaked. Less and less precipitation falls, and vegetation begins to dry out. In most parts of India, this period marks the transition from wet to dry seasonal conditions. Average daily maximum temperatures range between 25 and 34 °C (77 and 93 °F) in the Southern parts. </p><p>The northeast monsoon, which begins in September, lasts through the post-monsoon seasons, and only ends in March. It carries winds that have already lost their moisture out to the ocean (opposite from the summer monsoon). They cross India diagonally from northeast to southwest. However, the large indentation made by the Bay of Bengal into India's eastern coast means that the flows are humidified before reaching <a href="/wiki/Cape_Comorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Comorin">Cape Comorin</a> and rest of Tamil Nadu, meaning that the state, and also some parts of Kerala, experience significant precipitation in the post-monsoon and winter periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealy_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, parts of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/Rainfall_in_Karnataka" title="Rainfall in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and Mumbai also receive minor precipitation from the north-east monsoon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shown below are temperature and precipitation data for selected Indian cities; these represent the full variety of major Indian climate types. Figures have been grouped by the four-season classification scheme used by the Indian Meteorological Department;<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> year-round averages and totals are also displayed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature">Temperature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_average_temperature" title="List of cities by average temperature">List of cities by average temperature</a></div> <table style="clear:all; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <table class="toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" width="500px" style="float:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; padding:0.5e text-align:left; clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:85%"> <caption><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Average temperatures in various Indian cities (°C)</b></span><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_WeatherB_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_WeatherB-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeatherbase_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherbase-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeather_Channel_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeather_Channel-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeather_Underground_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeather_Underground-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#e9e9e9;"> <td colspan="1" abbr=""><b>—</b> </td> <th colspan="3" abbr="Cold Weather Season">Winter<br />(Dec – Feb) </th> <th colspan="3" abbr="Hot Weather Season">Summer<br />(Mar – May) </th> <th colspan="3" abbr="Advancing Monsoon Season">Monsoon<br />(Jun – Sep) </th> <th colspan="3" abbr="Retreating Monsoon Season">Post-monsoon<br />(Oct – Nov) </th> <th colspan="0" abbr="year-round">Year-round </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>City </th> <th abbr="Minimum">Min </th> <th abbr="Average">Avg </th> <th abbr="Maximum">Max </th> <th abbr="Minimum">Min </th> <th abbr="Average">Avg </th> <th abbr="Maximum">Max </th> <th abbr="Minimum">Min </th> <th abbr="Average">Avg </th> <th abbr="Maximum">Max </th> <th abbr="Minimum">Min </th> <th abbr="Average">Avg </th> <th abbr="Maximum">Max </th> <th abbr="Average">Avg </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> </th> <th>7 </th> <th>14 </th> <th>20 </th> <th>16 </th> <th>28 </th> <th>36 </th> <th>28 </th> <th>30 </th> <th>35 </th> <th>13 </th> <th>19 </th> <th>26 </th> <th>25 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Port_Blair" title="Port Blair">Port Blair</a> </th> <td>23</td> <td><b>26</b></td> <td>28</td> <td>25</td> <td><b>27</b></td> <td>29</td> <td>25</td> <td>27</td> <td>27</td> <td>25</td> <td>26</td> <td>28</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background-color:#eeeeee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> </th> <td>23</td> <td><b>26</b></td> <td>29</td> <td>24</td> <td><b>27</b></td> <td>30</td> <td>24</td> <td>26</td> <td>28</td> <td>23</td> <td>29</td> <td>23</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> </th> <td>15</td> <td><b>22</b></td> <td>28</td> <td>21</td> <td><b>27</b></td> <td>34</td> <td>20</td> <td><b>24</b></td> <td>28</td> <td>19</td> <td><b>23</b></td> <td>28</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background-color:#eeeeee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> </th> <td>14</td> <td><b>21</b></td> <td>28</td> <td>24</td> <td><b>32</b></td> <td>40</td> <td>24</td> <td>27</td> <td>30</td> <td>16</td> <td>22</td> <td>28</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a> </th> <td>11</td> <td><b>17</b></td> <td>24</td> <td>23</td> <td><b>30</b></td> <td>36</td> <td>23</td> <td>26</td> <td>28</td> <td>16</td> <td>22</td> <td>26</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background-color:#eeeeee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a> </th> <td>11</td> <td><b>17</b></td> <td>24</td> <td>19</td> <td>25</td> <td>31</td> <td>25</td> <td><b>28</b></td> <td>32</td> <td>17</td> <td>22</td> <td>27</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> </th> <td>16</td> <td><b>22</b></td> <td>27</td> <td>24</td> <td><b>30</b></td> <td>35</td> <td>26</td> <td><b>30</b></td> <td>33</td> <td>22</td> <td><b>26</b></td> <td>31</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> </th> <td>8</td> <td><b>14</b></td> <td>21</td> <td>23</td> <td><b>30</b></td> <td>35</td> <td>24</td> <td>29</td> <td>33</td> <td>15</td> <td>20</td> <td>25</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a> </th> <td>11</td> <td><b>17</b></td> <td>24</td> <td>19</td> <td><b>25</b></td> <td>31</td> <td>24</td> <td>27</td> <td>31</td> <td>18</td> <td>24</td> <td>29</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer" title="Jaisalmer">Jaisalmer</a> </th> <td>7</td> <td><b>14</b></td> <td>23</td> <td>24</td> <td><b>33</b></td> <td>40</td> <td>23</td> <td>29</td> <td>35</td> <td>12</td> <td>19</td> <td>27</td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background-color:#eeeeee;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> </th> <td>4</td> <td><b>12</b></td> <td>20</td> <td>14</td> <td>23</td> <td>32</td> <td>22</td> <td><b>26</b></td> <td>30</td> <td>7</td> <td>15</td> <td>23</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> </th> <td>4</td> <td><b>10</b></td> <td>18</td> <td>13</td> <td>25</td> <td>34</td> <td>25</td> <td><b>28</b></td> <td>32</td> <td>10</td> <td>16</td> <td>24</td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a> </th> <td>1</td> <td><b>5</b></td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>14</td> <td>18</td> <td>15</td> <td><b>18</b></td> <td>20</td> <td>7</td> <td>10</td> <td>13</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> </th> <td>−2</td> <td><b>4</b></td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>14</td> <td>19</td> <td>16</td> <td><b>22</b></td> <td>30</td> <td>1</td> <td>8</td> <td>16</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a> </th> <td>−13</td> <td><b>−6</b></td> <td>0</td> <td>−1</td> <td>6</td> <td>12</td> <td>10</td> <td><b>16</b></td> <td>24</td> <td>−7</td> <td>0</td> <td>7</td> <td>6 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;" align="right"> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a> </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.236em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">12</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:5.4em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−1</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:3.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−13</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.172em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">8.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:5.6em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">0</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:4.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−12</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.238em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">12</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.8em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">6</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−6</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.138em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.8em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−1</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.13em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">6.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">2</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.086em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.2em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">6</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.302em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">15</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.39em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">20</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.244em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">12</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:3.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">0</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.058em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.8em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−6</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.16em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6em;height:2.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">1</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:4.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−10</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=44534&refer=&units=metric">Weatherbase</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planholidays.com/ladakh/climate.php">Plan Holidays</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.236em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:5.4em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">30</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:3.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">9</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.172em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:5.6em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:4.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.238em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.8em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">43</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.138em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.8em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">54</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">30</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.13em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">63</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">36</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.086em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.2em;height:3em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">70</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">43</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.302em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">75</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">50</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.39em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">75</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">50</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.244em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:3.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">70</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">41</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">57</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.058em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.8em;height:2.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">46</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.16em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6em;height:2.2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">34</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:4.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">14</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precipitation">Precipitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Precipitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="clear:all; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;" align="left"> <table class="wikitable toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="width:500px; float:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 1em; padding:0.5e text-align:left; clear:all; margin-left:3px; font-size:85%"> <caption><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Average precipitation in various Indian cities (mm)</b></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_WeatherB_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_WeatherB-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeatherbase_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherbase-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeather_Channel_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeather_Channel-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeather_Underground_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeather_Underground-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#e9e9e9;"> <td colspan="1" abbr=""><b>—</b> </td> <th colspan="3" abbr="winter">Winter<br />(Jan – Feb) </th> <th colspan="3" abbr="summer">Summer<br />(Mar – May) </th> <th colspan="3" abbr="monsoon">Monsoon<br />(Jun – Sep) </th> <th colspan="3" abbr="post-monsoon">Post-monsoon<br />(Oct – Dec) </th> <th colspan="1" abbr="year-round">Year-round </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>City </th> <th abbr="January">Jan </th> <th abbr="February">Feb </th> <th abbr="March">Mar </th> <th abbr="April">Apr </th> <th abbr="May">May </th> <th abbr="June">Jun </th> <th abbr="July">Jul </th> <th abbr="August">Aug </th> <th abbr="September">Sep </th> <th abbr="October">Oct </th> <th abbr="November">Nov </th> <th abbr="December">Dec </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> </th> <th>19 </th> <th>21 </th> <th>17 </th> <th>16 </th> <th>31 </th> <th>74 </th> <th>210 </th> <th>233 </th> <th>124 </th> <th>15 </th> <th>6 </th> <th>8 </th> <th>774 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Port_Blair" title="Port Blair">Port Blair</a> </th> <td>40</td> <td>20</td> <td>10</td> <td>60</td> <td>360</td> <td><b>480</b></td> <td>400</td> <td>400</td> <td>460</td> <td>290</td> <td>220</td> <td>150</td> <td>2,890 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> </th> <td>26</td> <td>21</td> <td>33</td> <td>125</td> <td>202</td> <td><b>306</b></td> <td>175</td> <td>152</td> <td>179</td> <td>223</td> <td>206</td> <td>65</td> <td>1,713 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> </th> <td>31</td> <td>20 </td> <td>61</td> <td>110</td> <td>150</td> <td>212</td> <td>249</td> <td>279</td> <td><b>315</b></td> <td>291</td> <td>210</td> <td>140</td> <td>1,962 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> </th> <td>16</td> <td>22</td> <td>15</td> <td>8</td> <td>18</td> <td>168</td> <td>290</td> <td><b>291</b></td> <td>157</td> <td>73</td> <td>17</td> <td>19</td> <td>1,094 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a> </th> <td>4</td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>11</td> <td>136</td> <td>279</td> <td><b>360</b></td> <td>185</td> <td>52</td> <td>21</td> <td>7</td> <td>1,043 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a> </th> <td>8</td> <td>21</td> <td>47</td> <td>181</td> <td>226</td> <td>309</td> <td><b>377</b></td> <td>227</td> <td>199</td> <td>92</td> <td>25</td> <td>10</td> <td>1,722 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> </th> <td>20</td> <td>18</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>20</td> <td>114</td> <td><b>305</b></td> <td>292</td> <td>188</td> <td>33</td> <td>5</td> <td>8</td> <td>1,019 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer" title="Jaisalmer">Jaisalmer</a> </th> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>3</td> <td>–</td> <td>7</td> <td>10</td> <td><b>90</b></td> <td>88</td> <td>15</td> <td>–</td> <td>6</td> <td>–</td> <td>219 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> </th> <td>47</td> <td>55</td> <td>52</td> <td>21</td> <td>54</td> <td>230</td> <td><b>631</b></td> <td>627</td> <td>261</td> <td>32</td> <td>11</td> <td>3</td> <td>2,024 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> </th> <td>24</td> <td>33</td> <td>48</td> <td>30</td> <td>45</td> <td>27</td> <td><b>231</b></td> <td>187</td> <td>79</td> <td>18</td> <td>6</td> <td>18</td> <td>746 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a> </th> <td>60</td> <td>60</td> <td>60</td> <td>50</td> <td>60</td> <td>170</td> <td>420</td> <td><b>430</b></td> <td>160</td> <td>30</td> <td>10</td> <td>20</td> <td>1,530 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> </th> <td>74</td> <td>71</td> <td>91</td> <td><b>94</b></td> <td>61</td> <td>36</td> <td>58</td> <td>61</td> <td>38</td> <td>31</td> <td>10</td> <td>33</td> <td>658 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a> </th> <td>12</td> <td>9</td> <td>12</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>4</td> <td>16</td> <td><b>20</b></td> <td>12</td> <td>7</td> <td>3</td> <td>8</td> <td>116 </td></tr> <tr> <th>All India </th> <th>17 </th> <th>23 </th> <th>30 </th> <th>39 </th> <th>61 </th> <th>165 </th> <th>280 </th> <th>255 </th> <th>167 </th> <th>75 </th> <th>30 </th> <th>16 </th> <th>1160 </th></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.06em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">15</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.14em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.4em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">30</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">32</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.92em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">46</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.4em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">34</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">22</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.4em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">120</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.2em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">33</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.62em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">81</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12em;height:1.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">29</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">110</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.74em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">137</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.9em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">195</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:1.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.6em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">180</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:1.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">19</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.3em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">65</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.4em;height:2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">27</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">17</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.42em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">21</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.2em;height:2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">16</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldweather.org/066/c00523.htm=">World Weather Information Service</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: none; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.06em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">81</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">59</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.14em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.4em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">86</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">63</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.08em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:2.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">90</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">66</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.92em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">1.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.4em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">93</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">72</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.4em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.2em;height:2.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">91</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">70</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.62em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.2</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12em;height:1.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">84</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">68</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.2em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">82</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">68</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.74em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">5.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:1.6em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">81</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">66</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.9em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">7.7</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:1.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">82</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">66</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:3.6em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">7.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.8em;height:1.8em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">82</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">66</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.3em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.6</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.4em;height:2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">81</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">63</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.42em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">0.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.2em;height:2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">79</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">61</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disasters">Disasters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_India" title="Natural disasters in India">Natural disasters in India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_climatic_disaster_risk_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="India climatic disasters risk map." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/India_climatic_disaster_risk_map_en.svg/200px-India_climatic_disaster_risk_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/India_climatic_disaster_risk_map_en.svg/300px-India_climatic_disaster_risk_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/India_climatic_disaster_risk_map_en.svg/400px-India_climatic_disaster_risk_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Disaster-prone regions in India, shaded by type.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_wind_zone_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="India wind zone map. A map of India overlaid with zones of various shades of blue, each representing a region that experiences a similar level of windiness. The entire eastern littoral and the northern half of the country are shaded in relatively dark blues, signifying relatively windy prevailing conditions of between 30 and 50 metres per second. The darkest blue region is in the extreme north, beyond the Himalayas in Ladakh, on the Tibetan Plateau; there, sustained winds average over 50 metres per second. The inland central, south, and especially the southwestern portions are shaded in light blues: they are relatively windless, averaging less than 30 metres per second." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_wind_zone_map_en.svg/200px-India_wind_zone_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_wind_zone_map_en.svg/300px-India_wind_zone_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/India_wind_zone_map_en.svg/400px-India_wind_zone_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map showing winds zones, shaded by distribution of average speeds of prevailing winds.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Climate-related natural disasters cause massive losses of Indian life and property. Droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats. Other dangers include frequent summer dust storms, which usually track from north to south; they cause extensive property damage in North India<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfour2003995_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfour2003995-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and deposit large amounts of dust from arid regions. Hail is also common in parts of India, causing severe damage to standing crops such as rice and wheat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floods_and_landslides">Floods and landslides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Floods and landslides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_India" title="Floods in India">Floods in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007_South_Asian_floods" title="2007 South Asian floods">2007 South Asian floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_Indian_floods" title="2008 Indian floods">2008 Indian floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_North_India_floods" title="2013 North India floods">2013 North India floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_South_Indian_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 South Indian floods">2015 South Indian floods</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_floods" title="Brahmaputra floods">Brahmaputra floods</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Navy_relief_efforts_during_the_2015_floods_in_Chennai_(04).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Indian_Navy_relief_efforts_during_the_2015_floods_in_Chennai_%2804%29.jpg/220px-Indian_Navy_relief_efforts_during_the_2015_floods_in_Chennai_%2804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Indian_Navy_relief_efforts_during_the_2015_floods_in_Chennai_%2804%29.jpg/330px-Indian_Navy_relief_efforts_during_the_2015_floods_in_Chennai_%2804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Indian_Navy_relief_efforts_during_the_2015_floods_in_Chennai_%2804%29.jpg/440px-Indian_Navy_relief_efforts_during_the_2015_floods_in_Chennai_%2804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Relief efforts by the Indian Navy in Chennai</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Lower Himalayas, landslides are common. The young age of the region's hills result in <a href="/wiki/Lability" title="Lability">labile</a> rock formations, which are susceptible to slippages. Short duration high intensity rainfall events typically trigger small scale landslides while long duration low intensity rainfall periods tend to trigger large scale catastrophic landslides.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rising population and development pressures, particularly from logging and tourism, cause deforestation. The result, denuded hillsides, exacerbates the severity of landslides, since tree cover impedes the downhill flow of water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllaby200126_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllaby200126-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of the Western Ghats also suffer from low-intensity landslides. Avalanches occur in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. </p><p>Floods are the most common natural disaster in India. The heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a> and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding surrounding areas. Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation and fertilisation, the floods can kill thousands and displace millions. Excess, erratic, or untimely monsoon rainfall may also wash away or otherwise ruin crops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllaby199715,_42_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllaby199715,_42-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures. Mean annual precipitation totals have remained steady due to the declining frequency of weather systems that generate moderate amounts of rain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoswami_et_al.2006_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoswami_et_al.2006-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tropical_cyclones">Tropical cyclones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tropical cyclones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_in_India" title="Tropical cyclones in India">Tropical cyclones in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vardah_2016-12-12_Animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vardah_2016-12-12_Animation.gif/220px-Vardah_2016-12-12_Animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vardah_2016-12-12_Animation.gif/330px-Vardah_2016-12-12_Animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vardah_2016-12-12_Animation.gif/440px-Vardah_2016-12-12_Animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Vardah making landfall at the coast of Chennai, India.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclone_05B_1999_India_Bay_of_Bengal_satellite_image_NOAA_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Satellite view looking over the Bay of Bengal, deliminated by India to its west, Bangladesh to its north, and Indochina to its west. Various patches of substantial storm tracts define the southern margins of the shot, but a larger buzzsaw-shaped whorl of clouds sits above the northern Bay, just beginning to impact parts of Orissa, West Bengal and Bangladesh." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cyclone_05B_1999_India_Bay_of_Bengal_satellite_image_NOAA_cropped.jpg/170px-Cyclone_05B_1999_India_Bay_of_Bengal_satellite_image_NOAA_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cyclone_05B_1999_India_Bay_of_Bengal_satellite_image_NOAA_cropped.jpg/255px-Cyclone_05B_1999_India_Bay_of_Bengal_satellite_image_NOAA_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cyclone_05B_1999_India_Bay_of_Bengal_satellite_image_NOAA_cropped.jpg/340px-Cyclone_05B_1999_India_Bay_of_Bengal_satellite_image_NOAA_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Satellite imagery of Cyclone 05B in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclones</a>, which are severe storms spun off from the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a>, may affect thousands of Indians living in coastal regions. <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclogenesis" title="Tropical cyclogenesis">Tropical cyclogenesis</a> is particularly common in the northern reaches of the Indian Ocean in and around the Bay of Bengal. Cyclones bring with them heavy rains, <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surges</a>, and winds that often cut affected areas off from relief and supplies. In the North Indian Ocean Basin, the cyclone season runs from April to December, with peak activity between May and November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAOML_FAQ_G1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAOML_FAQ_G1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each year, an average of eight storms with sustained wind speeds greater than 63 km/h (39 mph) form; of these, two strengthen into true tropical cyclones, which sustain gusts greater than 117 km/h (73 mph). On average, a major (<a href="/wiki/Saffir-Simpson_Hurricane_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale">Category 3</a> or higher) cyclone develops every other year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAOML_FAQ_G1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAOML_FAQ_G1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAOML_FAQ_E10_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAOML_FAQ_E10-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During summer, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> is subject to intense heating, giving rise to humid and unstable air masses that morph into cyclones. The <a href="/wiki/1737_Calcutta_Cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="1737 Calcutta Cyclone">1737 Calcutta cyclone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone" title="1970 Bhola cyclone">1970 Bhola cyclone</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1991_Bangladesh_cyclone" title="1991 Bangladesh cyclone">1991 Bangladesh cyclone</a> rank among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_wettest_tropical_cyclones_by_country#India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wettest tropical cyclones by country">most powerful cyclones to strike India</a>, devastating the coasts of eastern India and neighbouring Bangladesh. Widespread death and property destruction are reported every year in the exposed coastal states of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. India's western coast, bordering the more placid Arabian Sea, experiences cyclones only rarely; these mainly strike Gujarat and Maharashtra, less frequently in Kerala. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1999_Odisha_cyclone" title="1999 Odisha cyclone">1999 Odisha cyclone</a> was the most intense tropical cyclone in this basin and also the most powerful tropical cyclone to make landfall in India. With peak winds of 260 kilometres per hour (162 mph), it was the equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Saffir-Simpson_Hurricane_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale">Category 5 hurricane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyphoon_Warning_Centre_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyphoon_Warning_Centre-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost two million people were left homeless;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBAPS2005_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBAPS2005-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>another 20 million people lives were disrupted by the cyclone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBAPS2005_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBAPS2005-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially, 9,803 people died from the storm;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyphoon_Warning_Centre_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyphoon_Warning_Centre-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unofficial estimates place the death toll at over 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBAPS2005_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBAPS2005-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Droughts">Droughts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Droughts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_India" title="Drought in India">Drought in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niranjana_dry_river_bed_bihar_india.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A daytime view of a desiccated, scappled expanse that wholly fills the fore- and middle ground and arcs away to the horizon at left. Of clouds in the sky there are none whatever. At extreme right in the middle distance, a thin bank of trees sits on a slightly higher level, reaching to the middle and rightward horizon; people and livestock mill about before them. Several pink buildings, perhaps a village, sit similarly elevated in front of the trees at middle-right, beyond the dominating dusty expanse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Niranjana_dry_river_bed_bihar_india.jpg/170px-Niranjana_dry_river_bed_bihar_india.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Niranjana_dry_river_bed_bihar_india.jpg/255px-Niranjana_dry_river_bed_bihar_india.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Niranjana_dry_river_bed_bihar_india.jpg/340px-Niranjana_dry_river_bed_bihar_india.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>The dry bed of the Niranjana River, Bihar.</figcaption></figure> <p>Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon as a source of water. In some parts of India, the failure of the monsoons results in water shortages, resulting in below-average crop yields. This is particularly true of major drought-prone regions such as southern and eastern Maharashtra, northern Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Western Orissa, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. In the past, droughts have periodically led to <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_India" title="Famine in India">major Indian famines</a>. These include the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal famine of 1770">Bengal famine of 1770</a>, in which up to one third of the population in affected areas died; the 1876–1877 famine, in which over five million people died; the 1899 famine, in which over 4.5 million died; and the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a>, in which over five million died from starvation and famine-related illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash200222–23_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash200222–23-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollierWebb200267_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollierWebb200267-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All such episodes of severe drought correlate with <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño-Southern Oscillation">El Niño-Southern Oscillation</a> (ENSO) events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar_et_al.2006_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar_et_al.2006-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaviedes2001121_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaviedes2001121-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El Niño-related droughts have also been implicated in periodic declines in Indian agricultural output.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaviedes2001259_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaviedes2001259-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, ENSO events that have coincided with abnormally high sea surfaces temperatures in the Indian Ocean—in one instance during 1997 and 1998 by up to 3 °C (5 °F)—have resulted in increased oceanic evaporation, resulting in unusually wet weather across India. Such anomalies have occurred during a sustained warm spell that began in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash2002258–259_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash2002258–259-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A contrasting phenomenon is that, instead of the usual high pressure air mass over the southern Indian Ocean, an ENSO-related oceanic low pressure convergence centre forms; it then continually pulls dry air from Central Asia, desiccating India during what should have been the humid summer monsoon season. This reversed air flow causes India's droughts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaviedes2001117_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaviedes2001117-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent that an ENSO event raises <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a> in the central Pacific Ocean influences the extent of drought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar_et_al.2006_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar_et_al.2006-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_waves">Heat waves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Heat waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study from 2005 concluded that heat waves significantly increased in frequency, persistence and spatial coverage in the decade 1991–2000, when compared to the period between 1971–80 and 1981–90. A severe heat wave in <a href="/wiki/Orissa,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa, India">Orissa</a> in 1998 resulted in nearly 1300 deaths. Based on observations, heat wave related mortality has increased in India prior to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2015_Indian_heat_wave" title="2015 Indian heat wave">2015 Indian heat wave</a> killed more than 2,500 people. In April 2024, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) forecasted a heat wave spell lasting approximately ten to twenty days longer than normal length of four to eight days during the three-month period between April and June.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2024 tempretures reached 50 degrees and in New Delhi temperesture were at their highest in six years overnight. Five people have been reported as dead due to this current heatwave.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extremes">Extremes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Extremes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extreme_temperatures:_low">Extreme temperatures: low</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Extreme temperatures: low"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India's lowest recorded temperature was −45.0 °C (−49 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Dras" title="Dras">Dras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>. However, temperatures on <a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bilafond_La" title="Bilafond La">Bilafond La</a> (5,450 metres or 17,881 feet) and <a href="/wiki/Sia_La" title="Sia La">Sia La</a> (5,589 metres or 18,337 feet) have fallen below −55 °C (−67 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGirkAdiga2005_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGirkAdiga2005-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while blizzards bring wind speeds in excess of 250 km/h (155 mph),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAli2002_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2002-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a>-force winds ranking at 12—the maximum—on the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_scale" title="Beaufort scale">Beaufort scale</a>. These conditions, not hostile actions, caused more than 97% of the roughly 15,000 casualties suffered among Indian and Pakistani soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGirkAdiga2005_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGirkAdiga2005-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAli2002_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2002-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmond1989_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond1989-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extreme_temperatures:_high">Extreme temperatures: high</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Extreme temperatures: high"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The highest temperature ever recorded in India occurred on 16 May 2016 in <a href="/wiki/Phalodi" title="Phalodi">Phalodi</a>, Rajasthan at 51.0 °C (124 °F). The India Meteorological Department declared the reading of 52.9 °C (127 °F) reported in Delhi on 29 May 2024 to be off by 3°C. A temperature of up to 52.4 °C (126 °F) has been recorded in Jaisalmer District on 2 May 2016 near the border of Pakistan but the standard conditions are yet to be verified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rain">Rain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jogmonsoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jogmonsoon.jpg/159px-Jogmonsoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jogmonsoon.jpg/239px-Jogmonsoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jogmonsoon.jpg/318px-Jogmonsoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>The highest plunge waterfall/ heavy rainfall in Karnataka a state of India </figcaption></figure> <p>The average annual precipitation of 11,861 millimetres (467 in) in the village of <a href="/wiki/Mawsynram" title="Mawsynram">Mawsynram</a>, in the hilly northeastern state of Meghalaya, is the highest recorded in Asia, and possibly on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENCDC2004_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENCDC2004-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village, which sits at an elevation of 1,401 metres (4,596 ft), benefits from its proximity to both the Himalayas and the Bay of Bengal. However, since the town of <a href="/wiki/Cherrapunji" title="Cherrapunji">Cherrapunji</a>, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the east, is the nearest town to host a meteorological office—none has ever existed in Mawsynram—it is officially credited as being the world's wettest place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBCGiles_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBCGiles-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years the Cherrapunji-Mawsynram region has averaged between 9,296 and 10,820 millimetres (366 and 426 in)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert19994_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert19994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of rain annually, though Cherrapunji has had at least one period of daily rainfall that lasted almost two years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKushner2006_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushner2006-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India's highest recorded one-day rainfall total occurred on 26 July 2005, when Mumbai received 944 mm (37 in);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2005_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2005-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_floods_of_2005" title="Maharashtra floods of 2005">the massive flooding</a> that resulted killed over 900 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Hindu2006_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hindu2006-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaswani2006a_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaswani2006a-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snow">Snow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Snow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Remote regions of Jammu and Kashmir, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Range" title="Pir Panjal Range">Pir Panjal Range</a>, experience exceptionally heavy snowfall. Kashmir's highest recorded monthly snowfall occurred in February 1967, when 8.4 metres (27.6 ft) fell in <a href="/wiki/Gulmarg" title="Gulmarg">Gulmarg</a>, though the IMD has recorded snowdrifts up to 12 metres (39.4 ft) in several Kashmiri districts. In February 2005, more than 200 people died when, in four days, a western disturbance brought up to 2 metres (6.6 ft) of snowfall to parts of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGOI_Ministry_of_Home_Affairs2005_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGOI_Ministry_of_Home_Affairs2005-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change in India</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_India&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> was ranked seventh among the list of countries most affected by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India emits about 3 gigatonnes (<a href="/wiki/Gigatonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigatonne">Gt</a>) <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide equivalent">CO<sub>2eq</sub></a> of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> each year; about two and a half tons per person, which is less than the world average.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_India_:3_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_India_:3-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country emits 7% of global emissions, despite having 17% of the world population.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_India_UN2019_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_India_UN2019-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">climate change performance index</a> of India ranks eighth among 63 countries which account for 92% of all GHG emissions in the year 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Temperature rises on the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> are causing <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Himalayan glaciers to retreat</a>, threatening the flow rate of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> and other major rivers. A 2007 <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> (WWF) report states that the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> may run dry for the same reason.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_India_:6_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_India_:6-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe landslides and floods are projected to become increasingly common in such states as <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate_change_in_India_:4_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_India_:4-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat waves</a>' frequency and intensity are increasing in India because of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperatures in India have risen by 0.7 °C (1.3 °F) between 1901 and 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmospheric_pollution">Atmospheric pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Atmospheric pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_India" title="Air pollution in India">Air pollution in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazesmoke_Gangeticbasin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Satellite view of the northern portion of South Asia. The arc of a substantial range of mountains, the Himalayas, dips into the shot, then back up out of view. Immediately beneath, a large region of plains is hidden by a continuous cloud-like opaque mass that has collected along the southern margins of the mountains. It proceeds eastward, staying just south of the Himalayas, then bends due south to reach the Bay of Bengal. Two parts of the mass appear particularly dense, showing up as bright white blobs in the shot." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hazesmoke_Gangeticbasin.jpg/170px-Hazesmoke_Gangeticbasin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hazesmoke_Gangeticbasin.jpg/255px-Hazesmoke_Gangeticbasin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hazesmoke_Gangeticbasin.jpg/340px-Hazesmoke_Gangeticbasin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Clouds of thick haze and smoke may form over the Ganges river basin. This image was captured at 10:50 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a> on 17 December 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Thick haze and smoke originating from burning biomass in northwestern India<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadarinath_et_al.2006_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadarinath_et_al.2006-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and air pollution from large industrial cities in northern India<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELau2005_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELau2005-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often concentrate over the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a>. Prevailing westerlies carry aerosols along the southern margins of the sheer-faced Tibetan Plateau towards eastern India and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. Dust and <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a>, which are blown towards higher altitudes by winds at the southern margins of the Himalayas, can absorb shortwave radiation and heat the air over the Tibetan Plateau. The net atmospheric heating due to aerosol absorption causes the air to warm and <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convect</a> upwards, increasing the concentration of moisture in the mid-<a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> and providing positive feedback that stimulates further heating of aerosols.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELau2005_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELau2005-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climatological_normals_of_india" class="mw-redirect" title="Climatological normals of india">Climatological normals of india</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_India" title="Borders of India">Borders of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of India">Extreme points of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">Exclusive economic zone of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disputed_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disputed territories of India">List of disputed territories of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_India" title="Outline of India">Outline of India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IMD-designated post-monsoon season coincides with the northeast monsoon, the effects of which are significant only in some parts of India.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRowley_DB1996" class="citation journal cs1">Rowley DB (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061228205836/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~avouac/GE277/Rowley96.pdf">"Age of initiaotion of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>145</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996E&PSL.145....1R">1996E&PSL.145....1R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0012-821x%2896%2900201-4">10.1016/s0012-821x(96)00201-4</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~avouac/GE277/Rowley96.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Age+of+initiaotion+of+collision+between+India+and+Asia%3A+A+review+of+stratigraphic+data&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0012-821x%2896%2900201-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996E%26PSL.145....1R&rft.au=Rowley+DB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gps.caltech.edu%2F~avouac%2FGE277%2FRowley96.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERavindranathBalaSharma2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERavindranathBalaSharma2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRavindranathBalaSharma2011">Ravindranath, Bala & Sharma 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChumakovZharkov2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChumakovZharkov2003_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChumakovZharkov2003">Chumakov & Zharkov 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECIA_World_Factbook-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_World_Factbook_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECIA_World_Factbook_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCIA_World_Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman_et_al.2002-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossman_et_al.2002_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrossman_et_al.2002">Grossman et al. 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheth2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheth2006_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheth2006">Sheth 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwataTakahashiArai1997-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwataTakahashiArai1997_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIwataTakahashiArai1997">Iwata, Takahashi & Arai 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaranth2006-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaranth2006_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaranth2006">Karanth 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert19994-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert19994_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert19994_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolpert1999">Wolpert 1999</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnzel_et_al.1999-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnzel_et_al.1999_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnzel_et_al.1999">Enzel et al. 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPant2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPant2003_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPant2003">Pant 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peel-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peel_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel,_M._C.Finlayson_B._L.McMahon,_T._A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html">"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification"</a>. <i>Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci</i>. <b>11</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1633–</span>1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210144308/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrol.+Earth+Syst.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1633-%3C%2Fspan%3E1644&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESS...11.1633P&rft.au=Peel%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Finlayson+B.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2Fhess-11-1633-2007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span> <i>(direct: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Final Revised Paper</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Archived</a> 3 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang1967-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1967_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang1967_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChang1967">Chang 1967</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPosey1994118-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPosey1994118_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPosey1994118_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPosey1994">Posey 1994</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENCERT28-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENCERT28_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNCERT">NCERT</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeitzmanWorden199697-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeitzmanWorden199697_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeitzmanWorden1996">Heitzman & Worden 1996</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChouhan19927-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChouhan19927_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChouhan1992">Chouhan 1992</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarooq2002-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooq2002_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarooq2002_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarooq2002">Farooq 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHealy-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealy_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHealy_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHealy">Healy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0133">"Nicobar Islands rain forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. 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C. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mantleplumes.org/Deccan.html"><i>Deccan Traps: The Deccan Beyond the Plume Hypothesis</i></a> (published 29 August 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226083611/http://www.mantleplumes.org/Deccan.html">archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deccan+Traps%3A+The+Deccan+Beyond+the+Plume+Hypothesis&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sheth&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mantleplumes.org%2FDeccan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghKumar1997" class="citation cs2">Singh, P.; Kumar, N. (1997), "Effect of Orography on Precipitation in the Western Himalayan Region", <i>Journal of Hydrology</i>, vol. 199, no. 1, pp. <span class="nowrap">183–</span>206, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JHyd..199..183S">1997JHyd..199..183S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-1694%2896%2903222-2">10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03222-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hydrology&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Orography+on+Precipitation+in+the+Western+Himalayan+Region&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-1694%2896%2903222-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JHyd..199..183S&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghviKar2004" class="citation cs2">Singhvi, A. K.; Kar, A. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408205011/https://www.ias.ac.in/jess/sep2004/eps-singh.pdf">"The Aeolian Sedimentation Record of the Thar Desert"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Earth Planet Sciences)</i>, vol. 113, no. 3 (published September 2004), pp. <span class="nowrap">371–</span>401, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004InEPS.113..371S">2004InEPS.113..371S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02716733">10.1007/bf02716733</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128812820">128812820</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/jess/sep2004/eps-singh.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+Academy+of+Sciences+%28Earth+Planet+Sciences%29&rft.atitle=The+Aeolian+Sedimentation+Record+of+the+Thar+Desert&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E371-%3C%2Fspan%3E401&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128812820%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02716733&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004InEPS.113..371S&rft.aulast=Singhvi&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rft.au=Kar%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Fjess%2Fsep2004%2Feps-singh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllaby1997" class="citation cs2">Allaby, M. (1997), <i>Floods</i>, Dangerous Weather, Facts on File (published December 1997), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3520-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3520-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-3520-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Floods&rft.series=Dangerous+Weather&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-3520-5&rft.aulast=Allaby&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllaby2001" class="citation cs2">Allaby, M. (2001), <i>Encyclopedia of Weather and Climate</i>, Garratt, R. (illustrator) (1st ed.), Facts on File (published December 2001), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4071-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-4071-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Weather+and+Climate&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4071-1&rft.aulast=Allaby&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfour2003" class="citation cs2">Balfour, E. G. (2003), <i>Encyclopaedia Asiatica: Comprising the Indian Subcontinent, Eastern, and Southern Asia</i>, Cosmo Publications (published 30 November 2003), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7020-325-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7020-325-4"><bdi>978-81-7020-325-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Asiatica%3A+Comprising+the+Indian+Subcontinent%2C+Eastern%2C+and+Southern+Asia&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7020-325-4&rft.aulast=Balfour&rft.aufirst=E.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurroughs1999" class="citation cs2">Burroughs, W. J. (1999), <i>The Climate Revealed</i> (1st ed.), <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77081-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77081-1"><bdi>978-0-521-77081-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Climate+Revealed&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77081-1&rft.aulast=Burroughs&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaviedes2001" class="citation cs2">Caviedes, C. N. (2001), <i>El Niño in History: Storming Through the Ages</i> (1st ed.), <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Florida" title="University Press of Florida">University Press of Florida</a> (published 18 September 2001), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2099-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2099-0"><bdi>978-0-8130-2099-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Ni%C3%B1o+in+History%3A+Storming+Through+the+Ages&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-2099-0&rft.aulast=Caviedes&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChouhan1992" class="citation cs2">Chouhan, T. S. (1992), <i>Desertification in the World and Its Control</i>, Scientific Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7233-043-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7233-043-9"><bdi>978-81-7233-043-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desertification+in+the+World+and+Its+Control&rft.pub=Scientific+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7233-043-9&rft.aulast=Chouhan&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollierWebb2002" class="citation cs2">Collier, W.; Webb, R. H. (2002), <i>Floods, Droughts, and Climate Change</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Press" title="University of Arizona Press">University of Arizona Press</a> (published 1 November 2002), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2250-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2250-7"><bdi>978-0-8165-2250-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Floods%2C+Droughts%2C+and+Climate+Change&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2250-7&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Webb%2C+R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeitzmanWorden1996" class="citation cs2">Heitzman, J.; Worden, R. L. (1996), "India: A Country Study", <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>, Area Handbook Series (5th ed.), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a> (published August 1996), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0833-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0833-0"><bdi>978-0-8444-0833-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=India%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0833-0&rft.aulast=Heitzman&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Worden%2C+R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHossain2011" class="citation cs2">Hossain, M. (2011), "Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies for Bangladesh", <i>Climate Change and Growth in Asia</i>, Edward Elgar Publishing (published 11 May 2011), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-245-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-245-0"><bdi>978-1-84844-245-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Impacts+and+Adaptation+Strategies+for+Bangladesh&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+and+Growth+in+Asia&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84844-245-0&rft.aulast=Hossain&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2002" class="citation cs2">Nash, J. M. (2002), <i>El Niño: Unlocking the Secrets of the Master Weather Maker</i>, Warner Books (published 12 March 2002), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52481-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-52481-0"><bdi>978-0-446-52481-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Ni%C3%B1o%3A+Unlocking+the+Secrets+of+the+Master+Weather+Maker&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-446-52481-0&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosey1994" class="citation cs2">Posey, C. A. (1994), <i>The Living Earth Book of Wind and Weather</i>, <a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Reader's Digest Association">Reader's Digest Association</a> (published 1 November 1994), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-625-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-625-9"><bdi>978-0-89577-625-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Earth+Book+of+Wind+and+Weather&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest+Association&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89577-625-9&rft.aulast=Posey&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghOjhaSharma2004" class="citation cs2">Singh, V. P.; Ojha, C. S. P.; Sharma, N., eds. (2004), <i>The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources</i> (1st ed.), Springer (published 29 February 2004), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1737-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1737-7"><bdi>978-1-4020-1737-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brahmaputra+Basin+Water+Resources&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1737-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Wolpert, S.</a> (1999), <i>A New History of India</i> (6th ed.), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (published 25 November 1999), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512877-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512877-2"><bdi>978-0-19-512877-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+India&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512877-2&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Items</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggarwalLal" class="citation cs2">Aggarwal, D.; Lal, M., "Vulnerability of the Indian Coastline to Sea Level Rise", <i>SURVAS Flood Hazard Research Centre</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SURVAS+Flood+Hazard+Research+Centre&rft.atitle=Vulnerability+of+the+Indian+Coastline+to+Sea+Level+Rise&rft.aulast=Aggarwal&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Lal%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta2007" class="citation cs2">Dasgupta, S. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalayan+Meltdown+Catastrophic+for+India&rft.pub=Times+of+India&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FHimalayan_meltdown_catastrophic_for_India%2Farticleshow%2F1848002.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyphoon_Warning_Centre" class="citation cs2">"Tropical Cyclone 05B", <i>Naval Maritime Forecast Centre (Joint Typhoon Warning Centre)</i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+Maritime+Forecast+Centre+%28Joint+Typhoon+Warning+Centre%29&rft.atitle=Tropical+Cyclone+05B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnion_of_Concerned_Scientists" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science/early-warning-signs-of-global-warming-coral-reef-bleaching.html">"Early Warning Signs: Coral Reef Bleaching"</a>, <i>Union of Concerned Scientists</i>, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080718163624/http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science/early-warning-signs-of-global-warming-coral-reef-bleaching.html">archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Union+of+Concerned+Scientists&rft.atitle=Early+Warning+Signs%3A+Coral+Reef+Bleaching&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fglobal_warming%2Fscience%2Fearly-warning-signs-of-global-warming-coral-reef-bleaching.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherbase" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/"><i>Weatherbase</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070322212850/http://www.weatherbase.com/">archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weatherbase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeather_Underground" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wunderground.com/">"Wunderground"</a>, <i>Weather Underground</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321122739/http://www.wunderground.com/">archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weather+Underground&rft.atitle=Wunderground&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wunderground.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeather_Channel" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.com/">"Weather.com"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Channel_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Weather Channel (United States)">The Weather Channel</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323015551/http://www.weather.com/">archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weather+Channel&rft.atitle=Weather.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIA_World_Factbook" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/">"India"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india">archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Findia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomanChakravortyGupta2003" class="citation cs2">Toman, M. A.; Chakravorty, U.; Gupta, S. (2003), <i>India and Global Climate Change: Perspectives on Economics and Policy from a Developing Country</i>, Resources for the Future Press (published 1 June 2003), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891853-61-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891853-61-6"><bdi>978-1-891853-61-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+Global+Climate+Change%3A+Perspectives+on+Economics+and+Policy+from+a+Developing+Country&rft.pub=Resources+for+the+Future+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-891853-61-6&rft.aulast=Toman&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=Chakravorty%2C+U.&rft.au=Gupta%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_of_India&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>General overview</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050525125046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002240">"Country Guide: India"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Weather" title="BBC Weather">BBC Weather</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002240">the original</a> on 25 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Weather&rft.atitle=Country+Guide%3A+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fweather%2Fworld%2Fcountry_guides%2Fresults.shtml%3Ftt%3DTT002240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Maps, imagery, and statistics</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imd.gov.in/">"India Meteorological Department"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104130804/http://www.imd.gov.in/">archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+of+India&rft.atitle=India+Meteorological+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imd.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429135833/http://www.weather.nic.in/">"Weather Resource System for India"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Informatics_Centre" title="National Informatics Centre">National Informatics Centre</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.nic.in/">the original</a> on 29 April 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Informatics+Centre&rft.atitle=Weather+Resource+System+for+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.nic.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231319/http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf">"Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Geophysical_Union" title="Indian Geophysical Union">Indian Geophysical Union</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Geophysical+Union&rft.atitle=Extreme+Weather+Events+over+India+in+the+last+100+years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igu.in%2F9-3%2F3usde.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Forecasts</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070425135805/http://weather.noaa.gov/weather/IN_cc.html">"India: Current Weather Conditions"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weather.noaa.gov/weather/IN_cc.html">the original</a> on 25 April 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft.atitle=India%3A+Current+Weather+Conditions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweather.noaa.gov%2Fweather%2FIN_cc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+of+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bihar" title="Climate of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chhattisgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Gujarat" title="Climate of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Climate of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Madhya_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Punjab,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Rajasthan" title="Climate of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Climate of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Telangana" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Climate of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Delhi" title="Climate of Delhi">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Climate_of_India103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Climate_of_India103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Climate of India</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_of_Asia411" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_of_Asia411" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Asia" title="Climate of Asia">Climate of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Azerbaijan" title="Climate of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_China" title="Climate of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cyprus" title="Climate of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Japan" title="Climate of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Myanmar" title="Climate of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan" title="Climate of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Climate of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Vietnam" title="Climate of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_India294" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_India" title="Template:Geography of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_India" title="Template talk:Geography of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_India294" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">Geological Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landforms_of_India" title="Landforms of India">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_India" title="Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_rivers_of_India" title="List of major rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_India" title="List of waterfalls in India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Geographical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Circars" title="Northern Circars">Circars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_Plains" title="Utkal Plains">Utkal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Himalaya">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Himalaya">Himachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Himadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara">Canara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan Coast">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_divisions_in_India" title="List of divisions in India">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of India">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected Areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_forests_of_India" title="Communal forests of India">Communal forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_areas_of_India" title="Conservation areas of India">Conservation areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_reserves_and_community_reserves_of_India" title="Conservation reserves and community reserves of India">Conservation and community reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant#Elephant_reserves" title="Project Elephant">Elephant reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">Ramsar Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_forests_and_protected_forests_of_India" title="Reserved forests and protected forests of India">Reserved and protected forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_reserves_of_India" title="Tiger reserves of India">Tiger reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife sanctuaries of India">Wildlife sanctuaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics12" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 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.sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Climate of India</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Climate_of_India" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Climate of India">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Climate_of_India" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Climate of India">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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