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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urinary_tract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urinary_tract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Urinary tract</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urinary_tract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="عسر التبول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عسر التبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dis%C3%BAria" title="Disúria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disúria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysurie" title="Dysurie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dysurie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysurie" title="Dysurie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dysurie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%91%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AA_%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ކުޑަކަމުދާއިރު ތަދުވުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކުޑަކަމުދާއިރު ތަދުވުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δυσουρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυσουρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disuria" title="Disuria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disuria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disuria" title="Disuria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disuria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سوزش ادرار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوزش ادرار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysurie" title="Dysurie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dysurie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizurija" title="Dizurija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dizurija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disuria" title="Disuria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Disuria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disuria" title="Disuria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disuria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дисурија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дисурија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഡിസ്യുറിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡിസ്യുറിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E5%B0%BF%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3" title="排尿障害 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="排尿障害" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysuri" title="Dysuri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dysuri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizuriya" title="Dizuriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dizuriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysuria" title="Dysuria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dysuria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dis%C3%BAria" title="Disúria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Disúria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дизурия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дизурия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizuria" title="Dizuria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dizuria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%95" title="میزەکزە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میزەکزە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дизурија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дизурија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizurija" title="Dizurija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dizurija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysuria" title="Dysuria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dysuria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysuri" title="Dysuri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dysuri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diz%C3%BCri" title="Dizüri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dizüri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwons%C9%94yaaya" title="Dwonsɔyaaya – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Dwonsɔyaaya" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дизурія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дизурія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E5%B0%BF%E5%9B%B0%E9%9B%A3" title="排尿困難 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="排尿困難" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Painful or uncomfortable urination</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Dysuria</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">infectious disease</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dysuria</b> refers to painful or uncomfortable <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MengelSchwiebert2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MengelSchwiebert2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is one of a constellation of <i>irritative</i> bladder symptoms (also sometimes referred to as lower urinary tract symptoms), which includes <a href="/wiki/Nocturia" title="Nocturia">nocturia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urinary_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary frequency">urinary frequency</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysuria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The clinician should also look for physical findings of fever, rash, direct tenderness over the bladder area, and joint pain. Physical findings of increased temperature, increased pulse, low blood pressure in the presence of dysuria can indicate systemic infection. Urological obstruction due to stone or tumor can result in findings of hematuria, decreased urination, and bladder spasms. All these physical findings should be looked for carefully while obtaining history. History regarding recent sexual activity is crucial.<sup id="cite_ref-statspe_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statspe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urinalysis is the most useful test to start the work up in a patient of dysuria. Urinalysis positive for nitrite carries a high predictive value of a positive urine culture. Also, urine dipstick showing leukocytes as equal predictive value as the presence of nitrites. When both are present, the predictive value goes even higher. If the patient only has leukocyte esterase or bacteria in the urine, then dysuria may suggest that the patient probably has <a href="/wiki/Urethritis" title="Urethritis">urethritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-statspe_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statspe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysuria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is typically described to be a burning or stinging sensation. It is most often a result of a <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infection</a>. It may also be due to an <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">STD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bladder_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladder stones">bladder stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bladder_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladder tumors">bladder tumors</a>, and virtually any condition of the <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a>. It can also occur as a side effect of <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> medication used for <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drugs_and_irritants">Drugs and irritants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysuria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drugs and irritants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chemical irritants, e.g., soaps, tampons, toilet papers</li> <li>Drugs, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">Cyclophosphamide</a>, Ketamine<sup id="cite_ref-statspe_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statspe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Capsaicin consumption, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Habanero" title="Habanero">habanero</a> peppers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genital">Genital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysuria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">Benign prostatic hyperplasia</a> (male)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">Endometriosis</a> (female)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatic_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostatic cancer">Prostatic cancer</a> (male)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatitis" title="Prostatitis">Prostatitis</a> (male)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a> (female)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urinary_tract">Urinary tract</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysuria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Urinary tract"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most common causes of dysuria is urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infections are more common in females than in males due to anatomical differences between them. Females have a comparatively shorter and straight urethra, whereas males have a longer and curved urethra. In females, bacteria can reach the bladder more easily, as they have less distance to travel. Most urinary tract infections are uncomplicated.<sup id="cite_ref-statspe_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statspe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia infection">Chlamydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystitis">Cystitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhagic_cystitis" title="Hemorrhagic cystitis">Hemorrhagic cystitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stone">Kidney stones</a></li> <li>Malignancy, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">bladder cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostatic_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostatic cancer">prostatic cancer</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Urethral_cancer" title="Urethral cancer">urethral cancer</a></li> <li>Prostatic enlargement, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a> (male), <a href="/wiki/Prostatic_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostatic cancer">prostatic cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatitis" title="Prostatitis">Prostatitis</a> (male)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyelonephritis" title="Pyelonephritis">Pyelonephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">Sexually transmitted disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichomoniasis" title="Trichomoniasis">Trichomoniasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_stricture" title="Urethral stricture">Urethral stricture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethritis" title="Urethritis">Urethritis</a></li> <li>Urinary <a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">schistosomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a> (UTI) caused by bacterial infection</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysuria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diverticulitis" title="Diverticulitis">Diverticulitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">Hypotension</a></li> <li>Mass in the abdomen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">Reactive arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_intermittent_porphyria" title="Acute intermittent porphyria">Acute intermittent porphyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_coproporphyria" title="Hereditary coproporphyria">Hereditary coproporphyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variegate_porphyria" title="Variegate porphyria">Variegate porphyria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysuria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMark_B._MengelL._Peter_Schwiebert2005" class="citation book cs1">Mark B. Mengel; L. Peter Schwiebert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvLo7xvmFo0C&pg=PA121"><i>Family medicine: ambulatory care & prevention</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 121–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142322-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142322-9"><bdi>978-0-07-142322-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+medicine%3A+ambulatory+care+%26+prevention&rft.pages=121-&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-07-142322-9&rft.au=Mark+B.+Mengel&rft.au=L.+Peter+Schwiebert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvLo7xvmFo0C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statspe-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statspe_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statspe_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statspe_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statspe_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehtaReddivari2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mehta P, Reddivari A (2020). "Dysuria". <i>Statpearls</i>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31751108">31751108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statpearls&rft.atitle=Dysuria&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31751108&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Reddivari%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysuria" class="Z3988"></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" 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ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1269399" class="extiw" title="d:Q1269399">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/R30.0">R30.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=788.1">788.1</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D053159">D053159</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb18003.htm">18003</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003145.htm">003145</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/Dysuria">Dysuria</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_urinary_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urinary_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Urinary system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urinary_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template talk:Urinary system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urinary_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urinary system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signs_and_symptoms_relating_to_the_urinary_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Signs and symptoms</a> relating to the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dysuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_colic" title="Renal colic">Renal colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costovertebral_angle_tenderness" title="Costovertebral angle tenderness">Costovertebral angle tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesical_tenesmus" title="Vesical tenesmus">Vesical tenesmus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enuresis" title="Enuresis">Enuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_enuresis" title="Diurnal enuresis">Diurnal enuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giggle_incontinence" title="Giggle incontinence">Giggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_enuresis" title="Nocturnal enuresis">Nocturnal enuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-void_dribbling" title="Post-void dribbling">Post-void dribbling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_incontinence" title="Stress incontinence">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overactive_bladder" title="Overactive bladder">Urge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_incontinence" title="Overflow incontinence">Overflow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_retention" title="Urinary retention">Urinary retention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volume</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliguria" title="Oliguria">Oliguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuria" title="Anuria">Anuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyuria" title="Polyuria">Polyuria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_urinary_tract_symptoms" title="Lower urinary tract symptoms">Lower urinary tract symptoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocturia" title="Nocturia">Nocturia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_urgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary urgency">urgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent_urination" title="Frequent urination">frequency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravasation_of_urine" title="Extravasation of urine">Extravasation of urine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uremia" title="Uremia">Uremia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_eponymously_named_medical_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of eponymously named medical signs">Eponymous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addis_count" title="Addis count">Addis count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewer_infarcts" title="Brewer infarcts">Brewer infarcts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_sign" title="Lloyd's sign">Lloyd's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathe%27s_sign" title="Mathe's sign">Mathe's sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1269399#identifiers" 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