CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Henry III of France - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ed32d7dd-0bd1-4dff-87d8-819a434b518d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Henry_III_of_France","wgTitle":"Henry III of France","wgCurRevisionId":1259006146,"wgRevisionId":1259006146,"wgArticleId":75985,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2021","Articles with hCards","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles containing Lithuanian-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010", "All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023","IMDb title ID different from Wikidata","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","Henry III of France","1550s in France","1551 births","1589 deaths","16th-century kings of France","16th-century Polish monarchs","16th-century French LGBTQ people","16th-century murdered monarchs","16th-century peers of France","Ancien Régime","Assassinated French people","Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis","Deaths by stabbing in France","Kings of Poland","Grand dukes of Lithuania","Dukes of Angoulême","Dukes of Anjou","Dukes of Orléans","French people of the French Wars of Religion","Heirs presumptive to the French throne","House of Valois-Angoulême","Knights of the Garter","LGBTQ Roman Catholics","LGBTQ royalty","Nostradamus","People from Fontainebleau","People murdered in France","Murder in 1589", "Polish people of French descent"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Henry_III_of_France","wgRelevantArticleId":75985,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q53448","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements", "mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg/1200px-Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1463"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg/800px-Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="975"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg/640px-Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="780"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Henry III of France - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Henry_III_of_France rootpage-Henry_III_of_France skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Henry+III+of+France" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Henry+III+of+France" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Henry+III+of+France" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Henry+III+of+France" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Youth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elizabeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elizabeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Elizabeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elizabeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_of_Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_of_Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Wars of Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_of_Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania_(1574–1575)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania_(1574–1575)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1574–1575)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania_(1574–1575)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_reign_(1574–1589)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_reign_(1574–1589)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>French reign (1574–1589)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French_reign_(1574–1589)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle French reign (1574–1589) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-French_reign_(1574–1589)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overseas_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Overseas relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ancestors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Novel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry III of France</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="هنري الثالث ملك فرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنري الثالث ملك فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Henri" title="III Henri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="III Henri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%86%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اۆچونجو هانری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اۆچونجو هانری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_3-s%C3%A8" title="Henri 3-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Henri 3-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_III_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Генрых III Валуа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генрых III Валуа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Генрык Валезы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Генрык Валезы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_III" title="Анри III – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Анри III" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_III,_kralj_Francuske" title="Henrik III, kralj Francuske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Henrik III, kralj Francuske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herri_III_(Bro-C%27hall)" title="Herri III (Bro-C'hall) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Herri III (Bro-C'hall)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enric_III_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Enric III de França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enric III de França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich_III._Francouzsk%C3%BD" title="Jindřich III. Francouzský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jindřich III. Francouzský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harri_III,_brenin_Ffrainc" title="Harri III, brenin Ffrainc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Harri III, brenin Ffrainc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_3._af_Frankrig" title="Henrik 3. af Frankrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henrik 3. af Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_III._(Frankreich)" title="Heinrich III. (Frankreich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heinrich III. (Frankreich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_III" title="Henri III – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Henri III" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ερρίκος Γ΄ της Γαλλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερρίκος Γ΄ της Γαλλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_III_de_Francia" title="Enrique III de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enrique III de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriko_la_3-a_(Francio)" title="Henriko la 3-a (Francio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Henriko la 3-a (Francio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrike_III.a_Frantziakoa" title="Henrike III.a Frantziakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Henrike III.a Frantziakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="هانری سوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هانری سوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_III_(roi_de_France)" title="Henri III (roi de France) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henri III (roi de France)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_III_de_Francia" title="Henrique III de Francia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Henrique III de Francia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%99%EB%A6%AC_3%EC%84%B8" title="앙리 3세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앙리 3세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB_III_(%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Հենրի III (Ֆրանսիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենրի III (Ֆրանսիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_III.,_francuski_kralj" title="Henrik III., francuski kralj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Henrik III., francuski kralj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_la_3ma_di_Francia" title="Henri la 3ma di Francia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Henri la 3ma di Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_III_dari_Prancis" title="Henri III dari Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henri III dari Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinrik_3._Frakkakonungur" title="Hinrik 3. Frakkakonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hinrik 3. Frakkakonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_III_di_Francia" title="Enrico III di Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enrico III di Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="אנרי השלישי, מלך צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנרי השלישי, מלך צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_saking_Prancis" title="Henry III saking Prancis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Henry III saking Prancis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_III_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ანრი III ვალუა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანრი III ვალუა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_III_(gazik_ke_Franca)" title="Henri III (gazik ke Franca) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Henri III (gazik ke Franca)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_III_(rex_Francorum)" title="Henricus III (rex Francorum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus III (rex Francorum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anr%C4%AB_III_Valu%C4%81" title="Anrī III Valuā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anrī III Valuā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_III._vu_Frankr%C3%A4ich" title="Henri III. vu Frankräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Henri III. vu Frankräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrikas_Valua" title="Henrikas Valua – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Henrikas Valua" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Henrik_francia_kir%C3%A1ly" title="III. Henrik francia király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. Henrik francia király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_III" title="Анри III – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Анри III" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="फ्रांसचा तिसरा हेन्री – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रांसचा तिसरा हेन्री" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="هنرى التالت ملك فرنسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هنرى التالت ملك فرنسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_III_dari_Perancis" title="Henri III dari Perancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Henri III dari Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_III_van_Frankrijk" title="Hendrik III van Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hendrik III van Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA3%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%8E%8B)" title="アンリ3世 (フランス王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンリ3世 (フランス王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_III_av_Frankrike" title="Henrik III av Frankrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henrik III av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_III_av_Frankrike" title="Henrik III av Frankrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Henrik III av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enric_III_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Enric III de França – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Enric III de França" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%90_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%90%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="د فرانسې درېیم هانري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فرانسې درېیم هانري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_III_Walezy" title="Henryk III Walezy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henryk III Walezy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_III_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Henrique III de França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henrique III de França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henric_al_III-lea_al_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Henric al III-lea al Franței – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Henric al III-lea al Franței" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_III_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Генрих III (король Франции) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генрих III (король Франции)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_o_Fraunce" title="Henry III o Fraunce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Henry III o Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Henry III of France" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrich_III._(Franc%C3%BAzsko)" title="Henrich III. (Francúzsko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Henrich III. (Francúzsko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_III._Francoski" title="Henrik III. Francoski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Henrik III. Francoski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_III_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Анри III Валоа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анри III Валоа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_III_od_Francuske" title="Henri III od Francuske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Henri III od Francuske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_III_(Ranska)" title="Henrik III (Ranska) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henrik III (Ranska)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_III_av_Frankrike" title="Henrik III av Frankrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henrik III av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_III_ng_Pransiya" title="Enrique III ng Pransiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Enrique III ng Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_III_(%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5)" title="Генрих III (Франция короле) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Генрих III (Франция короле)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="พระเจ้าอ็องรีที่ 3 แห่งฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าอ็องรีที่ 3 แห่งฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Henri" title="III. Henri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="III. Henri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_III_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Генріх III (король Франції) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генріх III (король Франції)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_III_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Henri III của Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Henri III của Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%EF%BC%89" title="亨利三世（法兰西） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亨利三世（法兰西）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_3k_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Fr%C3%A1ns%C3%AC" title="Henry 3k ilẹ̀ Fránsì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Henry 3k ilẹ̀ Fránsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B)" title="亨利三世 (法國) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亨利三世 (法國)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF)" title="亨利三世 (法兰西) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亨利三世 (法兰西)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q53448#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Henry_III_of_France" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Henry_III_of_France" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Henry_III_of_France" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&oldid=1259006146" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Henry_III_of_France&id=1259006146&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHenry_III_of_France"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHenry_III_of_France"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Henry_III_of_France&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henry_III_of_Poland_and_France" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Henry_III_of_France" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q53448" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of France from 1574 to 1589</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Henry III</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Henry wearing a black beret" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg/220px-Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg/330px-Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg/440px-Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2194" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Dumonstier" title="Étienne Dumonstier">Étienne Dumonstier</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1580-86</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign" title="Style of the French sovereign">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">30 May 1574 – 2 August 1589</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 February 1575<br /><a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">16 May 1573 – 12 May 1575</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronations_in_Poland" title="Coronations in Poland">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 February 1574, <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Interrex_(Poland)" title="Interrex (Poland)">Interrex</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jakub_Ucha%C5%84ski" title="Jakub Uchański">Jakub Uchański</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Alexandre Édouard, Duke of Angoulême<br />19 September 1551<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fontainebleau" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Fontainebleau">Château de Fontainebleau</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 August 1589<span style="display:none">(1589-08-02)</span> (aged 37)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">Château de Saint-Cloud</a>, France <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Basilica of St Denis</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Lorraine" title="Louise of Lorraine">Louise of Lorraine</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1575)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Angoul%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Valois-Angoulême">Valois-Angoulême</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry III's signature"><img alt="Henry III's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Signature_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg/125px-Signature_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Signature_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg/188px-Signature_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Signature_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg/250px-Signature_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Henry III</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Henri III, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Né">né</a> Alexandre Édouard</i>; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Henryk <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">Walezy</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">Henrikas Valua</i>; 19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> from 1574 until his assassination in 1589, as well as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a> from 1573 to 1575. </p><p>As the fourth son of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>, he was not expected to inherit the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> throne and thus was a good candidate for the vacant throne of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, where he was elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_rulers#Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth,_1569–1795" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish rulers">monarch</a> in 1573. During his brief rule, he signed the <a href="/wiki/Henrician_Articles" title="Henrician Articles">Henrician Articles</a> into law, recognizing the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a>'s right to <a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">freely elect</a> their monarch. Aged 22, Henry abandoned Poland–Lithuania upon inheriting the French throne when his brother, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a>, died without issue. </p><p>France was at the time plagued by the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a>, and Henry's authority was undermined by violent political factions funded by foreign powers: the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a> (supported by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>), the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> (supported by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and the Dutch) and the <a href="/wiki/Malcontents_(France)" title="Malcontents (France)">Malcontents</a> (led by Henry's own brother the <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Duke of Anjou and Alençon</a>, a party of Catholic and Protestant <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">aristocrats</a> who jointly opposed the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">absolutist</a> ambitions of the king). Henry III was himself a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Politique" title="Politique">politique</a></i></span>, arguing that a strong and centralised yet religiously tolerant monarchy would save France from collapse. </p><p>After the death of Henry's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a>, and when it became apparent that Henry would not produce an heir, the Wars of Religion developed into a succession crisis, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Three_Henrys" title="War of the Three Henrys">War of the Three Henrys</a>. Henry III's closest heir was his distant cousin, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry III of Navarre">Henry III of Navarre</a>, a Protestant. The Catholic League, led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry I, Duke of Guise</a>, sought to exclude Protestants from the succession and championed the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_de_Bourbon_(born_1523)" title="Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)">Charles, Cardinal of Bourbon</a>, as Henry III's heir. </p><p>Henry had the Duke of Guise murdered in 1588 and was in turn assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment" title="Jacques Clément">Jacques Clément</a>, a Catholic fanatic, in 1589. He was succeeded by the King of Navarre who, as <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, assumed the throne of France as the first king of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> and eventually converted to Catholicism. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry was born at the royal <a href="/wiki/Chateau_Fontainebleau" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau Fontainebleau">Château de Fontainebleau</a>, the fourth son of King Henry II and Catherine de' Medici. He was a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude of France</a>. His older brothers were <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX of France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Valois_(1549-1550)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis of Valois (1549-1550)">Louis of Valois</a>. He was made <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Angoulême">Duke of Angoulême</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Duke of Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a> in 1560, then <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Anjou">Duke of Anjou</a> in 1566. </p><p>He was his mother's favourite; she called him <i>chers yeux</i> ("precious eyes") and lavished fondness and affection upon him for most of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMariéjol1920204_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariéjol1920204-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His elder brother, Charles, grew to detest him, partially because he resented his better health.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The royal children were raised under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers" title="Diane de Poitiers">Diane de Poitiers</a>, his father's mistress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellman2013209_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellman2013209-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth">Youth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anjou_1570louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anjou_1570louvre.jpg/150px-Anjou_1570louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anjou_1570louvre.jpg/225px-Anjou_1570louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anjou_1570louvre.jpg/300px-Anjou_1570louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Henry when he was <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Anjou">Duke of Anjou</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Court" title="Jean de Court">Jean de Court</a> (1570)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although he was skilled and fond of fencing, he preferred to indulge his tastes for the arts and reading. These predilections were attributed to his Italian mother. Henry's favourite interests were hunting and riding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht20162_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht20162-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one point in his youth Henry showed a tendency towards Protestantism as a means of rebelling. At the age of nine, he called himself "a little Huguenot",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201611_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201611-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attended <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> only to please his mother,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201611–12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201611–12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sang Protestant <a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">psalms</a> to his sister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret</a> (exhorting her all the while to change her religion and cast her <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Hours">Book of Hours</a> into the fire),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201612_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201612-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even bit the nose off a statue of <a href="/wiki/St._Paul_the_Apostle" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul the Apostle">Saint Paul</a>. His mother firmly cautioned him against such behaviour, and he would never again show any Protestant tendencies. Instead, he became staunchly Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201612_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201612-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the factional dispute that engulfed France in the wake of Henry II's death in 1559, Henry was solicited by Henry, son of <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis, Duke of Guise</a>, at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Jacques,_Duke_of_Nemours" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques, Duke of Nemours">Jacques, Duke of Nemours</a>, to run away from court to be a figurehead for the ultra-Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2009186_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2009186-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the plot was uncovered before any action could be taken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2009186_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2009186-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry was known as a <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A2neur" title="Flâneur">flaneur</a>, who relished leisurely strolls through Paris and partook in the sociability in the busiest of neighbourhoods. He revelled in fairs, music, <a href="/wiki/Bilboquet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilboquet">bilboquet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_masques" class="mw-redirect" title="Court masques">court masques</a>. His extravagance in court entertainments cut him off from the common people. He was also a devout Catholic who introduced pious reforms into the city and he encouraged the French church to follow the edicts of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006143–145_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006143–145-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_III_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Henri_III_Versailles.jpg/150px-Henri_III_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Henri_III_Versailles.jpg/225px-Henri_III_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Henri_III_Versailles.jpg/300px-Henri_III_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Henry III (c. 1575)</figcaption></figure> <p>Reports that Henry engaged in <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">same-sex relations</a> with his court favourites, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mignons" title="Les Mignons">mignons</a>,</i> date back to his own time. He was known to have enjoyed intense relationships with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2004?_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2004?-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar Louis Crompton maintains that all of the contemporary rumours were true.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some modern historians dispute this: Jean-Francois Solnon,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicolas Le Roux,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jacqueline Boucher<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have noted that Henry had many famous mistresses, that he was well known for his taste in beautiful women, and that no male sex partners have been identified. They concluded that the idea he was homosexual was promoted by his political opponents (both Protestant and Catholic) who used his dislike of war to depict him as effeminate and undermine his reputation with the French people.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The portrait of a self-indulgent homosexual, incapable of fathering an heir to the throne, proved useful in efforts by the Catholic League to secure the succession for <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_de_Bourbon_(born_1523)" title="Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)">Cardinal Charles de Bourbon</a> after 1585.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2004?_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2004?-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">French Renaissance</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ferguson_(literature_scholar)" title="Gary Ferguson (literature scholar)">Gary Ferguson</a> considers such interpretations to be unconvincing: "It is difficult to reconcile the king whose use of favourites is so logically strategic with the man who goes to pieces when one of them dies."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katherine Crawford, by contrast, emphasizes the problems Henry's reputation encountered because of his failure to produce an heir and the presence of his powerful mother at court, combined with his enemies' insistence on conflating patronage with favouritism and luxury with decadence.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elizabeth">Elizabeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elizabeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1570, discussions commenced arranging for Henry to court Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201641–42_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201641–42-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth, almost 37, was expected by many parties in her country to marry and produce an heir. However, nothing came of these discussions. In initiating them, Elizabeth is viewed by historians as having intended only to arouse the concern of Spain, rather than contemplate marriage seriously. Henry's mother felt the chance of marriage despite differing religious views (Henry was Catholic, Elizabeth Protestant) simply required personal sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201642_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201642-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry tactlessly referred to Elizabeth as a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">putain publique</i></span> ("public whore") and made ridiculous remarks about their difference in age (he was 18 years younger at a time when such large age differences between spouses were not at all uncommon).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201642_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201642-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_of_Religion">Wars of Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wars of Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Siege_de_La_Rochelle_par_le_Duc_d_Anjou_en_1573.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Le_Siege_de_La_Rochelle_par_le_Duc_d_Anjou_en_1573.jpg/220px-Le_Siege_de_La_Rochelle_par_le_Duc_d_Anjou_en_1573.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Le_Siege_de_La_Rochelle_par_le_Duc_d_Anjou_en_1573.jpg/330px-Le_Siege_de_La_Rochelle_par_le_Duc_d_Anjou_en_1573.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Le_Siege_de_La_Rochelle_par_le_Duc_d_Anjou_en_1573.jpg/440px-Le_Siege_de_La_Rochelle_par_le_Duc_d_Anjou_en_1573.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle_(1572%E2%80%931573)" title="Siege of La Rochelle (1572–1573)">Siege of La Rochelle</a> by the Duke of Anjou in 1573 ("History of Henry III" tapestry, completed in 1623)</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1567, upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Montmorency" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne de Montmorency">Anne de Montmorency</a>, Henry assumed the role of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General_(France)" title="Lieutenant-General (France)">Lieutenant-General</a> of France, placing him in nominal control of France's military.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland197354_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland197354-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry served as a leader of the royal army, taking part in the victories over the <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jarnac" title="Battle of Jarnac">Battle of Jarnac</a> (March 1569)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht198941_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht198941-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moncontour" title="Battle of Moncontour">Battle of Moncontour</a> (October 1569).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1998130_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1998130-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time he was a rallying point for the ultra-Catholics at court, who saw him as an opposition figure to the tolerant line being taken by the King, with <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine</a> guiding his council.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lorraine offered him 200,000 Francs of Church revenue to become a protector of Catholicism, and tried to arrange his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>; however neither project took off.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland197369_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland197369-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While still Duke of Anjou, he helped plot the <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre</a> of 1572. Though Henry did not participate directly, historian <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Wanegffelen" class="extiw" title="fr:Thierry Wanegffelen">Thierry Wanegffelen</a> sees him as the royal most responsible for the massacre, which involved the targeted killing of many Huguenot leaders. Henry III's reign as King of France, like those of his elder brothers Francis and Charles, would see France in constant turmoil over religion. </p><p>Henry continued to take an active role in the Wars of Religion, and in 1572/1573 led the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle_(1572%E2%80%931573)" title="Siege of La Rochelle (1572–1573)">siege of La Rochelle</a>, a massive military assault on the Huguenot-held city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht198954_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht198954-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of May 1573, Henry learned that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">Polish <i>szlachta</i></a> had elected him King of Poland (a country with a large Protestant minority at the time) and political considerations forced him to negotiate an end to the siege. Negotiators reached an agreement on 24 June 1573, and Catholic troops ended the siege on 6 July 1573. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania_(1574–1575)"><span id="King_of_Poland_and_Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania_.281574.E2.80.931575.29"></span>King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1574–1575)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1574–1575)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the death of the Polish ruler <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a> on 7 July 1572, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Monluc" title="Jean de Monluc">Jean de Monluc</a> was sent as the French envoy to Poland to negotiate the election of Henry to the Polish throne in exchange for military support against Russia, diplomatic assistance in dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and financial subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a> allowed Henry’s envoys to give up to 50,000 <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cu" title="Écu">écus</a> to important people in Poland-Lithuania as a bribe, but this would increase to 100,000 each.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_on_the_throne_in_front_of_the_Polish_Diet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Henri_on_the_throne_in_front_of_the_Polish_Diet.jpg/220px-Henri_on_the_throne_in_front_of_the_Polish_Diet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Henri_on_the_throne_in_front_of_the_Polish_Diet.jpg/330px-Henri_on_the_throne_in_front_of_the_Polish_Diet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Henri_on_the_throne_in_front_of_the_Polish_Diet.jpg/440px-Henri_on_the_throne_in_front_of_the_Polish_Diet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Henry III on the Polish throne, in front of the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">aristocracy</a> surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Halberdiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Halberdiers">halberdiers</a>, 1574</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 May 1573, Polish nobles chose Henry as the first elected monarch of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. The Lithuanian nobles boycotted this election, however, and it was left to the Lithuanian ducal council to confirm his election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001118_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2001118-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commonwealth elected Henry, rather than <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> candidates, partly in order to be more agreeable to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (a traditional ally of France through the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>) and strengthen a <a href="/wiki/Polish-Ottoman_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Ottoman alliance">Polish-Ottoman alliance</a> that was in effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200710_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200710-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, Henry was not a powerful ruler in his own right, as he was only a Prince, nor did France border the Commonwealth, so he wouldn't have the capacity to strip the Polish Nobility of their <a href="/wiki/Nobility_privileges_in_Poland" title="Nobility privileges in Poland">historic rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Polish delegation went to La Rochelle to meet with Henry, who was leading the Siege of La Rochelle. Henry left the siege following their visit.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Paris, on 10 September, the Polish delegation asked Henry to take an oath, at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame Cathedral</a>, to "respect traditional Polish liberties and the law on religious freedom that had been passed during the <a href="/wiki/Interrex_(Poland)" title="Interrex (Poland)">interregnum</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001119_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2001119-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a condition of his election, he was compelled to sign the <i><a href="/wiki/Pacta_conventa_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacta conventa (Poland)">pacta conventa</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Henrician_Articles" title="Henrician Articles">Henrician Articles</a>, pledging <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-jasienica_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jasienica-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry chafed at the restrictions on monarchic power under the Polish-Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-jasienica_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jasienica-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/General_sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="General sejm">Polish-Lithuanian parliament</a> had been urged by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna Jagiellon</a>, the sister of the recently deceased king Sigismund II Augustus, to elect him based on the understanding that Henry would wed Anna afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a ceremony before the <a href="/wiki/Parlement#The_Parlement_of_Paris" title="Parlement">Parlement of Paris</a> on 13 September, the Polish delegation handed over the "certificate of election to the throne of Poland-Lithuania".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001119_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2001119-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry also gave up any claims to succession and he "recognized the principle of free election" under the Henrician Articles and the <i><a href="/wiki/Pacta_conventa_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacta conventa (Poland)">pacta conventa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001119_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2001119-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grottger_Escape_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Grottger_Escape_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg/220px-Grottger_Escape_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Grottger_Escape_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg/330px-Grottger_Escape_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Grottger_Escape_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg/440px-Grottger_Escape_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption><i>Escape of Henry III from Poland</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Artur_Grottger" title="Artur Grottger">Artur Grottger</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8760_henrick_de_III.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8760_henrick_de_III.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8760_henrick_de_III.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8760_henrick_de_III.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8760_henrick_de_III.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8760_henrick_de_III.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8760_henrick_de_III.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3649" data-file-height="5174" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Henry III</figcaption></figure> <p>It was not until January 1574 that Henry was to reach the borders of Poland. On 21 February, Henry's coronation was held in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001120–121_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2001120–121-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-June 1574, upon learning of the death of his brother Charles IX, Henry left Poland and headed back to France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001120–121_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2001120–121-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry's absence provoked a constitutional crisis that the Parliament attempted to resolve by notifying Henry that his throne would be lost if he did not return from France by 12 May 1575.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001120–121_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2001120–121-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His failure to return caused Parliament to declare his throne vacant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001120–121_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2001120–121-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The short reign of Henry at <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Castle" title="Wawel Castle">Wawel Castle</a> in Poland was marked by a clash of cultures between the Polish and the French. The young king and his followers were astonished by several Polish practices and disappointed by the rural poverty and harsh climate of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-jasienica_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jasienica-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Poles, on the other hand, wondered if all Frenchmen were as concerned with their appearance as their new king appeared to be.<sup id="cite_ref-jasienica_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jasienica-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many aspects, Polish culture had a positive influence on France. At Wawel, the French were introduced to new technologies of septic facilities, in which litter (excrement) was taken outside the castle walls.<sup id="cite_ref-placet_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-placet-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On returning to France, Henry wanted to order the construction of such facilities at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> and other palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-placet_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-placet-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other inventions introduced to the French by the Polish included a bath with regulated hot and cold water as well as dining forks. </p><p>In 1578, Henry created the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Order of the Holy Spirit</a> to commemorate his becoming first King of Poland and later King of France on the Feast of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> and gave it precedence over the earlier <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Michael">Order of St. Michael</a>, which had lost much of its original prestige by being awarded too frequently and too readily. The Order would retain its prestige as the premier <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">chivalric order</a> of France until the end of the French monarchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_reign_(1574–1589)"><span id="French_reign_.281574.E2.80.931589.29"></span>French reign (1574–1589)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: French reign (1574–1589)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry was crowned king of France on 13 February 1575 at <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>. Although he was expected to produce an heir after he married the 21-year-old <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Lorraine" title="Louise of Lorraine">Louise of Lorraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1875table_XXX_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1875table_XXX-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 14 February 1575,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosior201932_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosior201932-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no issue resulted from their union. </p><p>In 1574, Henry renewed letters that gave Portuguese <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a> the right of settling in France.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1576, Henry signed the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Beaulieu" title="Edict of Beaulieu">Edict of Beaulieu</a>, which granted many concessions to the Huguenots. His action resulted in <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry I, Duke of Guise</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a>. After much posturing and negotiations, Henry was forced to rescind most of the concessions that had been made to the Protestants in the edict. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_III_1577.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Henri_III_1577.jpg/220px-Henri_III_1577.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Henri_III_1577.jpg/330px-Henri_III_1577.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Henri_III_1577.jpg/440px-Henri_III_1577.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Henry III, 1577</figcaption></figure> <p>After 1582, Henry became convinced of the need for fiscal reform to break the cycle of expedients upon which he had relied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJouanna2021568_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouanna2021568-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this end he summoned an <a href="/wiki/1583_Assembly_of_Notables" title="1583 Assembly of Notables">Assembly of Notables</a> which met from November 1583 to February 1584.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpi2012367_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpi2012367-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he failed to convince them of his most radical tax plans, the notables forwarded a series of proposals to him which would be embodied in his legislation during 1584.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpi2012369_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpi2012369-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChevallier1985518–519_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChevallier1985518–519-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these policies the royal budget was almost balanced in 1585, before it was subject to political shock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChevallier1985520_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChevallier1985520-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1584, the king's youngest brother and <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a>, died. Under <a href="/wiki/Salic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Salic Law">Salic Law</a>, the next heir to the throne was Protestant <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Navarre">Henry of Navarre</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a> (Saint Louis). The possibility of a Protestant on the throne led to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Three_Henrys" title="War of the Three Henrys">War of the Three Henrys</a>. Under pressure from the duke of Guise, Henry III issued an edict suppressing Protestantism and annulling Henry of Navarre's right to the throne. </p><p>Henry III, stung by the open disobedience of Guise, attempted a coup in May 1588 and sent royal Swiss troops into several neighbourhoods. This had the unintended effect of rallying the people against him and in favor of the more popular Guise during the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Barricades" title="Day of the Barricades">Day of the Barricades</a>. Henry III fled the city; he later sought support from the Parlement of Paris and propped up an anti-League establishment throughout France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006147–148_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006147–148-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> that summer, the king's fear of Spanish support for the Catholic League apparently waned. Accordingly, on 23 December 1588, at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Blois" title="Château of Blois">Château of Blois</a>, he invited Guise to the council chamber where the duke's brother <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Cardinal_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II, Cardinal of Guise">Louis II, Cardinal of Guise</a>, already waited. The duke was told that the king wished to see him in the private room adjoining the royal bedroom. There, royal guardsmen murdered the duke, then the cardinal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006147–148_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006147–148-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To make certain that no contender for the French throne was free to act against him, the king had the <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Charles, Duke of Guise">duke's son</a> imprisoned. The duke of Guise had been very popular in France, and the citizenry turned against Henry for the murders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006147–148_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006147–148-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parlement instituted criminal charges against the king, and he was compelled to join forces with his heir, the Protestant Henry of Navarre, by setting up the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Tours">Parliament of Tours</a>. </p><p>By 1589 Henry's popularity hit a new low. Preachers were calling for his assassination and labelling him a tyrant. The people of Paris disdained him for his court extravagances, allowing corruption to grow rife, high taxes and having relied extensively on Italian financiers. But what most Parisians hated most about him was his alleged sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006143–145_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006143–145-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_arrival_of_Henry_III_of_France_at_the_Lido_in_Venice_in_1574_MET_DP848943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_arrival_of_Henry_III_of_France_at_the_Lido_in_Venice_in_1574_MET_DP848943.jpg/220px-The_arrival_of_Henry_III_of_France_at_the_Lido_in_Venice_in_1574_MET_DP848943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_arrival_of_Henry_III_of_France_at_the_Lido_in_Venice_in_1574_MET_DP848943.jpg/330px-The_arrival_of_Henry_III_of_France_at_the_Lido_in_Venice_in_1574_MET_DP848943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_arrival_of_Henry_III_of_France_at_the_Lido_in_Venice_in_1574_MET_DP848943.jpg/440px-The_arrival_of_Henry_III_of_France_at_the_Lido_in_Venice_in_1574_MET_DP848943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3763" data-file-height="2259" /></a><figcaption>The arrival of Henry III of France in Venice, 1574</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_relations">Overseas relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Overseas relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Henry, France named <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_B%C3%A9rard" title="Guillaume Bérard">Guillaume Bérard</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="France–Morocco relations">Consul of France in Morocco</a>. The request came from the Moroccan prince <a href="/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_I_Saadi" title="Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi">Abd al-Malik</a>, who had been saved by Bérard, a doctor by profession, during an epidemic in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Istanbul#Imperial_capital" title="History of Istanbul">Constantinople</a> and wished to retain Bérard in his service.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry III encouraged the exploration and development of <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> territories. In 1588, he granted Jacques Noël, the nephew of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a>, privileges over fishing, fur trading, and mining in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_III_%C3%A0_Saint-Cloud,_commencement_du_si%C3%A8ge_de_Paris_(1589)_Arnold_Cheffer_(1839-1873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Henri_III_%C3%A0_Saint-Cloud%2C_commencement_du_si%C3%A8ge_de_Paris_%281589%29_Arnold_Cheffer_%281839-1873%29.jpg/220px-Henri_III_%C3%A0_Saint-Cloud%2C_commencement_du_si%C3%A8ge_de_Paris_%281589%29_Arnold_Cheffer_%281839-1873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Henri_III_%C3%A0_Saint-Cloud%2C_commencement_du_si%C3%A8ge_de_Paris_%281589%29_Arnold_Cheffer_%281839-1873%29.jpg/330px-Henri_III_%C3%A0_Saint-Cloud%2C_commencement_du_si%C3%A8ge_de_Paris_%281589%29_Arnold_Cheffer_%281839-1873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Henri_III_%C3%A0_Saint-Cloud%2C_commencement_du_si%C3%A8ge_de_Paris_%281589%29_Arnold_Cheffer_%281839-1873%29.jpg/440px-Henri_III_%C3%A0_Saint-Cloud%2C_commencement_du_si%C3%A8ge_de_Paris_%281589%29_Arnold_Cheffer_%281839-1873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2630" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>Henry III in preparation to besiege Paris in 1589</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment.jpg/220px-Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment.jpg/330px-Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment.jpg/440px-Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2307" data-file-height="1237" /></a><figcaption>Jacques Clément assassinating Henry III</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 August 1589, Henry III lodged with his army at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Cloud" title="Saint-Cloud">Saint-Cloud</a>, and was preparing to attack Paris, when a young fanatical <a href="/wiki/Dominican_friar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican friar">Dominican friar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment" title="Jacques Clément">Jacques Clément</a>, carrying false papers, was granted access to deliver important documents to the king. The friar gave the king a bundle of papers and stated that he had a secret message to deliver. The king signaled for his attendants to step back for privacy, and Clément whispered in his ear while plunging a knife into his abdomen. Clément was then killed on the spot by the guards. </p><p>At first, the king's wound did not appear fatal, but he enjoined all the officers around him, in case he did not survive, to be loyal to Henry of Navarre as their new king. The following morning, on the day that he was to have launched his assault to retake Paris, Henry III died. </p><p>Chaos swept the attacking army, most of it quickly melting away; the proposed attack on Paris was postponed. Inside the city, joy at the news of Henry III's death was near delirium; some hailed the assassination as an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">act of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht2016306-307_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2016306-307-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry III was interred at the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis Basilica">Saint Denis Basilica</a>. Childless, he was the longest-living of Henry II's sons to have become king and also the last of the Valois kings. Henry III of Navarre succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, the first of the kings of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry's coat of arms, showing his dual status as King of France and lifelong King of Poland."><img alt="Henry's coat of arms, showing his dual status as King of France and lifelong King of Poland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg/78px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg/117px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg/155px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_III_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Henry's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, showing his dual status as <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> and lifelong <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kingdom_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Personal coat of arms"><img alt="Personal coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kingdom_of_France.svg/78px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kingdom_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kingdom_of_France.svg/118px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kingdom_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kingdom_of_France.svg/157px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kingdom_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="879" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Personal coat of arms</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ancestors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Henry III of France</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Charles, Count of Angoulême">Charles, Count of Angoulême</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise of Savoy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude, Duchess of Brittany</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne, Duchess of Brittany</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Henry III of France and I of Poland</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Piero_the_Unfortunate" title="Piero the Unfortunate">Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tomas7_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomas7-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whale43_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whale43-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Alfonsina_Orsini" title="Alfonsina Orsini">Alfonsina Orsini</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tomas7_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomas7-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Count_of_Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="John III, Count of Auvergne">John III, Count of Auvergne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whale43_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whale43-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne">Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whale43_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whale43-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Bourbon,_Duchess_of_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne de Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon">Jeanne of Bourbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Whale43_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whale43-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wax_miniature_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wax_miniature_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg/220px-Wax_miniature_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wax_miniature_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg/330px-Wax_miniature_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wax_miniature_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg/440px-Wax_miniature_of_Henry_of_Valois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Wax miniature by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Abondio" title="Antonio Abondio">Antonio Abondio</a>, c. 1590</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a>, <i>Gallo crocitanti</i> (1576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Matthieu" title="Pierre Matthieu">Pierre Matthieu</a>, <i>La Guisiade</i> (1589)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bussy_D%27Ambois" title="Bussy D'Ambois">The Tragedy of Bussy D'Ambois</a></i> (1607) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Bussy_D%27Ambois" title="The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois">The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois</a></i> (1613)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lee" title="Nathaniel Lee">Nathaniel Lee</a>, <i>The Duke of Guise</i> (1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas, père</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_and_His_Court" title="Henry III and His Court">Henry III and His Court</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Massacre_at_Paris" title="The Massacre at Paris">The Massacre at Paris</a></i> (1593)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novel">Novel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Novel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>'s novels: <i><a href="/wiki/La_Reine_Margot_(novel)" title="La Reine Margot (novel)">La Reine Margot</a></i> (1845), <i><a href="/wiki/La_Dame_de_Monsoreau" title="La Dame de Monsoreau">La Dame de Monsoreau</a></i> (1846) and <i>Les quarante-cinq</i> (1847) as well as <i>Les deux Diane</i> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_J._Weyman" title="Stanley J. Weyman">Stanley Weyman</a>, <i>A Gentleman of France</i> (1893), involves the events of Henry's reconciliation with the Huguenots and struggle against the Catholic League, leading to his assassination.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merle" title="Robert Merle">Robert Merle</a> <i>Paris ma bonne ville</i> (1980)</li> <li>Robert Merle <i>Le prince que voilà</i> (1982)</li> <li>Robert Merle <i>La violente amour</i> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Plaidy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Plaidy">Jean Plaidy</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Jezebel_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Jezebel (novel)">Queen Jezebel</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Zevaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel Zevaco">Michel Zevaco</a> <i>Les Pardaillan</i> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.J._Parris" class="mw-redirect" title="S.J. Parris">S.J. Parris</a> <i>Conspiracy</i> (2015)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The French short film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_the_Duke_of_Guise" title="The Assassination of the Duke of Guise">The Assassination of the Duke of Guise</a></i> (1908) shows the Duke's assassination but not the Cardinal's. The co-director, Charles Le Bargy, plays the Duke.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1089705/"><i>Last Days of Henry III, King of France</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li>The American silent film <i><a href="/wiki/Intolerance_(film)" title="Intolerance (film)">Intolerance</a></i> (1916) depicts Henry as effeminate but not explicitly homosexual. He is portrayed by the British-born American actor Maxfield Stanley.</li> <li>The French movies <i><a href="/wiki/La_Reine_Margot_(1954_film)" title="La Reine Margot (1954 film)">La Reine Margot</a></i> (1954) and <i><a href="/wiki/La_Reine_Margot_(1994_film)" title="La Reine Margot (1994 film)">La Reine Margot</a></i> (1994), both based on Alexandre Dumas, père's novel of the same title, are fictional depictions of the lives of Henry III's family, his sister Margot, and her Protestant husband Henry around the time of the <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre</a>. In the 1994 film, Henry is played by the actor <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Greggory" title="Pascal Greggory">Pascal Greggory</a>. In Dumas' novel, Henri was not portrayed as homosexual, whereas, in the 1954 film, he was shown as an effeminate, comical queen. In the 1994 film, he was portrayed as a more sinister character, bisexual and showing sexual interest in his sister. His brother dies by being accidentally poisoned by his mother, who had intended to kill Henry of Navarre instead.</li> <li>As the Duke of Anjou, the future Henry III plays a significant role in the French film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_of_Montpensier" title="The Princess of Montpensier">The Princess of Montpensier</a></i>, based on the novel of the same title by <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_La_Fayette" title="Madame de La Fayette">Madame de La Fayette</a>.</li> <li>The film <i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(film)" title="Elizabeth (film)">Elizabeth</a></i>, released in 1998, depicts a fictional courtship between Elizabeth I of England and Henry III while he was still Duke of Anjou. In reality, the two never met and the Queen of England was actually courted nearly ten years later by his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="François, Duke of Anjou">François, Duke of Anjou</a>, when Elizabeth was 46. The film borrows some of the aspects of Henry III's life and features Anjou as a comical foolish transvestite. The role is portrayed by the French actor <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cassel" title="Vincent Cassel">Vincent Cassel</a>.</li> <li>In the film <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_Beauty" title="Dangerous Beauty">Dangerous Beauty</a></i>, he has an assignation with the main character, the Venetian courtesan <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Franco" title="Veronica Franco">Veronica Franco</a>. Visiting a Venice eager for military aid, the "French king" chooses her from among the famous courtesans of that city because he notices her reluctance; placing a blade at her neck, he tells Veronica that the "rumours" about him are true (that "the king is a pervert"), and the implication is made that Veronica pleases him enormously by first correctly guessing at and then indulging his fetish for BDSM domination. (When the king emerges from Franco's house in the morning, the assembled Venetian nobility awaiting, he smiles broadly while carefully settling his presumably sore posterior on a pillow, and then declares that the French navy shall assist the Venetians against the Ottoman Empire in defense of their rule of Cyprus.) He is played by the British actor <a href="/wiki/Jake_Weber" title="Jake Weber">Jake Weber</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Animaniacs" title="Animaniacs">Animaniacs</a></i> entitled "The Three Muska-Warners", an <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Fudd" title="Elmer Fudd">Elmer Fudd</a>–like Henri III is protected by <a href="/wiki/Yakko,_Wakko_and_Dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakko, Wakko and Dot">Yakko, Wakko and Dot</a>. In this version, Henri is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bennett_(voice_actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Bennett (voice actor)">Jeff Bennett</a> as a very old man who acts nervous and jumpy, and for no apparent reason speaks with an <a href="/wiki/English_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="English accent">English accent</a>.</li> <li>He is also featured in a few episodes in the first and fourth seasons of <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">the CW</a> show <i><a href="/wiki/Reign_(TV_series)" title="Reign (TV series)">Reign</a></i>. In the show's fourth season, Henry is played by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nick_Slater_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nick Slater (actor) (page does not exist)">Nick Slater</a>. With his brother showing little interest in the job, Spain wants Henry to become France's king.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Serpent_Queen" title="The Serpent Queen">The Serpent Queen</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chabrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabrier">Chabrier</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-comique" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra-comique">opéra-comique</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Le_roi_malgr%C3%A9_lui" title="Le roi malgré lui">Le roi malgré lui</a></i> (1887) deals with the unhappy Polish episode, with Henri as the reluctant King of Poland. In Kraków, he conspires with Polish nobles to depose himself. His friend Nangis changes places with him, but in the end, the plot fails and the curtain falls on Henri being crowned.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicot" title="Chicot">Chicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1569%E2%80%931795)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1569–1795)">History of Poland (1569–1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Mignons" title="Les Mignons">Les Mignons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Duret" title="Louis Duret">Louis Duret</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariéjol1920204-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMariéjol1920204_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMariéjol1920">Mariéjol 1920</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellman2013209-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellman2013209_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellman2013">Wellman 2013</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht20162-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht20162_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht2016">Knecht 2016</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201611-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201611_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht2016">Knecht 2016</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201611–12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201611–12_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht2016">Knecht 2016</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201612-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201612_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201612_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht2016">Knecht 2016</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2009186-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2009186_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2009186_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2009">Carroll 2009</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006143–145-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006143–145_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006143–145_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones 2006</a>, pp. 143–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2004?-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2004?_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch2004?_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch2004">MacCulloch 2004</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrompton2003" class="citation book cs1">Crompton, Louis (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homosexualityciv00crom/page/328">"Henry III and the Mignons"</a></span>. <i>Homosexuality and Civilization</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homosexualityciv00crom/page/328">328–330</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6740-1197-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-6740-1197-X"><bdi>0-6740-1197-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+III+and+the+Mignons&rft.btitle=Homosexuality+and+Civilization&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=328-330&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-6740-1197-X&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomosexualityciv00crom%2Fpage%2F328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolnon1987" class="citation book cs1">Solnon, Jean-Francois (1987). <i>La Cour de France</i>. Paris: Fayard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Cour+de+France&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Solnon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Roux2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Roux, Nicolas (2006). <i>Un régicide au nom de Dieu, l'assassinat d'Henri III</i> (in French). Paris: Gallimard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-0707-3529-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-0707-3529-X"><bdi>2-0707-3529-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+r%C3%A9gicide+au+nom+de+Dieu%2C+l%27assassinat+d%27Henri+III&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2-0707-3529-X&rft.aulast=Le+Roux&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoucher1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boucher, Jacqueline (1986). <i>La cour de Henri III</i> (in French). Rennes: Ouest-France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7373-0019-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-7373-0019-3"><bdi>2-7373-0019-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+cour+de+Henri+III&rft.place=Rennes&rft.pub=Ouest-France&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=2-7373-0019-3&rft.aulast=Boucher&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonoré_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau1783" class="citation book cs1">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau (1783). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/erotikabiblion00mirauoft#page/n5/mode/1up"><i>Erotika Biblion</i></a>. Bruxelles, Chez tous les libraires.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erotika+Biblion&rft.pub=Bruxelles%2C+Chez+tous+les+libraires&rft.date=1783&rft.au=Honor%C3%A9+Gabriel+Riqueti%2C+comte+de+Mirabeau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ferotikabiblion00mirauoft%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2008" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Gary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KY7SDpSFTSYC&pg=PA183"><i>Queer (Re)Readings in the French Renaissance: Homosexuality, Gender, Culture</i></a>. Aldershot/Burlington: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6377-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6377-5"><bdi>978-0-7546-6377-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queer+%28Re%29Readings+in+the+French+Renaissance%3A+Homosexuality%2C+Gender%2C+Culture&rft.place=Aldershot%2FBurlington&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6377-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKY7SDpSFTSYC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_B._Crawford2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_B._Crawford" title="Katherine B. Crawford">Katherine B. Crawford</a> (2003). "Love, Sodomy, and Scandal: Controlling the Sexual Reputation of Henry III". <i>Journal of the History of Sexuality</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 513–542. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsex.2004.0024">10.1353/sex.2004.0024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Love%2C+Sodomy%2C+and+Scandal%3A+Controlling+the+Sexual+Reputation+of+Henry+III&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=513-542&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsex.2004.0024&rft.au=Katherine+B.+Crawford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201641–42-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201641–42_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht2016">Knecht 2016</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201642-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201642_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht201642_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht2016">Knecht 2016</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1995" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Mack (1995). <i>The French Wars of Religion 1562–1628</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-5873-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-5873-6"><bdi>978-0-5213-5873-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Wars+of+Religion+1562%E2%80%931628&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-5213-5873-6&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland197354-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland197354_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherland1973">Sutherland 1973</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht198941-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht198941_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1989">Knecht 1989</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht1998130-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht1998130_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1998">Knecht 1998</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland197369-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland197369_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherland1973">Sutherland 1973</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht198954-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht198954_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht1989">Knecht 1989</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManetsch2000" class="citation book cs1">Manetsch, Scott M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH9Rkw4Yl8EC&pg=PA80"><i><span></span></i>Theodore Beza and the quest for peace in France, 1572–1598<i><span></span></i></a>. BRILL. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-0041-1101-8" title="Special:BookSources/9-0041-1101-8"><bdi>9-0041-1101-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Beza+and+the+quest+for+peace+in+France%2C+1572%E2%80%931598&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9-0041-1101-8&rft.aulast=Manetsch&rft.aufirst=Scott+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZH9Rkw4Yl8EC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoşu2017" class="citation book cs1">Roşu, Felicia (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/990854634"><i>Elective monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569-1587</i></a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878937-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878937-6"><bdi>978-0-19-878937-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/990854634">990854634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elective+monarchy+in+Transylvania+and+Poland-Lithuania%2C+1569-1587&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F990854634&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878937-6&rft.aulast=Ro%C5%9Fu&rft.aufirst=Felicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F990854634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2001118-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001118_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200710-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200710_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2007">Davies 2007</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreengrass2007" class="citation book cs1">Greengrass, Mark (2007). <i><span></span></i>Governing passions: peace and reform in the French kingdom, 1576–1585<i> Mark Greengrass</i>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4aTeF5p6FYAC&pg=PA17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-1490-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-1490-7"><bdi>978-0-1992-1490-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+passions%3A+peace+and+reform+in+the+French+kingdom%2C+1576%E2%80%931585+Mark+Greengrass&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-1490-7&rft.aulast=Greengrass&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2001119-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001119_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001119_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001119_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jasienica-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jasienica_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jasienica_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jasienica_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jasienica_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaweł_Jasienica1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paweł Jasienica (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ltseAAAAMAAJ&q=Rzeczpospolita+Obojga+Narod%C3%B3w+Jasienica"><i>Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (The Commonwealth of the Both Nations)</i></a> (in Polish). Warsaw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8-3060-0788-3" title="Special:BookSources/8-3060-0788-3"><bdi>8-3060-0788-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rzeczpospolita+Obojga+Narod%C3%B3w+%28The+Commonwealth+of+the+Both+Nations%29&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=8-3060-0788-3&rft.au=Pawe%C5%82+Jasienica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DltseAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DRzeczpospolita%2BObojga%2BNarod%25C3%25B3w%2BJasienica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZbigniew_Satała1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zbigniew Satała (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HBI1AAAAIAAJ&q=anna+jagiellonka"><i>Poczet polskich królowych, księżnych i metres</i></a> (in Polish). Warsaw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8-3700-7257-7" title="Special:BookSources/8-3700-7257-7"><bdi>8-3700-7257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poczet+polskich+kr%C3%B3lowych%2C+ksi%C4%99%C5%BCnych+i+metres&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=8-3700-7257-7&rft.au=Zbigniew+Sata%C5%82a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHBI1AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Danna%2Bjagiellonka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2001120–121-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001120–121_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001120–121_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001120–121_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2001120–121_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-placet-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-placet_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-placet_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrzysztof_Prendecki2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krzysztof Prendecki (30 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320004843/http://placet.pl/?mod=Artykuly&id=85">"Kuracja wiedzą"</a>. <i>placet.pl</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://placet.pl/?mod=Artykuly&id=85">the original</a> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=placet.pl&rft.atitle=Kuracja+wiedz%C4%85&rft.date=2006-10-30&rft.au=Krzysztof+Prendecki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplacet.pl%2F%3Fmod%3DArtykuly%26id%3D85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1875table_XXX-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1875table_XXX_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1875">George 1875</a>, p. table XXX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosior201932-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosior201932_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKosior2019">Kosior 2019</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnavi1992" class="citation book cs1">Barnavi, Eli, ed. (1992). "The Return to Western Europe". <i>The Historical Atlas of the Jewish People</i>. Hutchinson. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-177593-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-177593-0"><bdi>0-09-177593-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Return+to+Western+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Atlas+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-09-177593-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouanna2021568-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJouanna2021568_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJouanna2021">Jouanna 2021</a>, p. 568.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpi2012367-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpi2012367_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpi2012">Carpi 2012</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpi2012369-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpi2012369_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpi2012">Carpi 2012</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChevallier1985518–519-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChevallier1985518–519_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChevallier1985">Chevallier 1985</a>, pp. 518–519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChevallier1985520-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChevallier1985520_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChevallier1985">Chevallier 1985</a>, p. 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006147–148-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006147–148_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006147–148_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006147–148_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones 2006</a>, pp. 147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcés,_María_Antonia2005" class="citation book cs1">Garcés, María Antonia (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h97ivaPeOx8C&pg=PA277"><i>Cervantes in Algiers: a captive's tale</i></a>. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 277 note 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-1470-7"><bdi>978-0-8265-1470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cervantes+in+Algiers%3A+a+captive%27s+tale&rft.pages=277+note+39&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-1470-7&rft.au=Garc%C3%A9s%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh97ivaPeOx8C%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525074741/http://www.parl.gc.ca/about/Senate/Monarchy/SenMonarchy_16-e.htm">"King of France from 1574 to 1589"</a>. Parliament of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/about/Senate/Monarchy/SenMonarchy_16-e.htm#">the original</a> on 25 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+of+France+from+1574+to+1589&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2Fabout%2FSenate%2FMonarchy%2FSenMonarchy_16-e.htm%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2016306-307-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht2016306-307_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht2016">Knecht 2016</a>, p. 306-307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726131–132_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnselme1726">Anselme 1726</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whale43-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whale43_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whale43_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whale43_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whale43_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whale, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726210–211_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnselme1726">Anselme 1726</a>, pp. 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme1726126–128_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnselme1726">Anselme 1726</a>, pp. 126–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomas7-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tomas7_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomas7_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomas, p. 7</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnselme1726" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k76026j/f16.image"><i>Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France</i></a> [<i>Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France</i>] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogique+et+chronologique+de+la+maison+royale+de+France&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=La+compagnie+des+libraires&rft.date=1726&rft.aulast=Anselme+de+Sainte-Marie&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k76026j%2Ff16.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpi2012" class="citation book cs1">Carpi, Olivia (2012). <i>Les Guerres de Religion (1559-1598): Un Conflit Franco-Français</i>. Ellipses.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Guerres+de+Religion+%281559-1598%29%3A+Un+Conflit+Franco-Fran%C3%A7ais&rft.pub=Ellipses&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Carpi&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Stuart (2009). <i>Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1995-9679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1995-9679-9"><bdi>978-0-1995-9679-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs+and+Murderers%3A+The+Guise+Family+and+the+Making+of+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-1995-9679-9&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChevallier1985" class="citation book cs1">Chevallier, Pierre (1985). <i>Henri III: Roi Shakespearien</i>. Fayard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henri+III%3A+Roi+Shakespearien&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Chevallier&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Crawford, Katherine B., "Love, Sodomy, and Scandal: Controlling the Sexual Reputation of Henry III", <i>Journal of the History of Sexuality</i>, vol. 12 (2003), 513–542</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2007" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Brian L. (2007). <i>Warfare, state and society on the Black Sea steppe, 1500–1700</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare%2C+state+and+society+on+the+Black+Sea+steppe%2C+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Brian+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1875" class="citation book cs1">George, Hereford Brooke (1875). <i>Genealogical Tables Illustrative of Modern History</i>. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogical+Tables+Illustrative+of+Modern+History&rft.pub=Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Hereford+Brooke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Colin (2006). <i>Paris: A Briography of a City</i>. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris%3A+A+Briography+of+a+City&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouanna2021" class="citation book cs1">Jouanna, Arlette (2021). <i>La France du XVIe Siècle 1483–1598</i>. Presses Universitaires de France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+France+du+XVIe+Si%C3%A8cle+1483%E2%80%931598&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Jouanna&rft.aufirst=Arlette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1989" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, R. J. (1989). <i>The French Wars of Religion, 1559–1598</i>. Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Wars+of+Religion%2C+1559%E2%80%931598&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1998" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, R. J. (1998). <i>Catherine de' Medici</i>. Pearson Education Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catherine+de%27+Medici&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht2016" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Robert J. (2016). <i>Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574–89</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hero+or+Tyrant%3F+Henry+III%2C+King+of+France%2C+1574%E2%80%9389&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosior2019" class="citation book cs1">Kosior, Katarzyna (2019). <i>Becoming a Queen in Early Modern Europe: East and West</i>. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+a+Queen+in+Early+Modern+Europe%3A+East+and+West&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Kosior&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2004" class="citation book cs1">MacCulloch, Diarmuid (2004). <i>Reformation: Europe's House Divided</i>. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformation%3A+Europe%27s+House+Divided&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmuid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariéjol1920" class="citation book cs1">Mariéjol, Jean-Hippolyte (1920). <i>Catherine de Médicis: 1519–1589</i>. Librairie Hachette.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catherine+de+M%C3%A9dicis%3A+1519%E2%80%931589&rft.pub=Librairie+Hachette&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Mari%C3%A9jol&rft.aufirst=Jean-Hippolyte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2001" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Daniel (2001). <i>The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386–1795</i>. A History of East Central Europe. Vol. IV. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2959-8093-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-2959-8093-1"><bdi>0-2959-8093-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish-Lithuanian+state%2C+1386%E2%80%931795&rft.place=Seattle&rft.series=A+History+of+East+Central+Europe&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-2959-8093-1&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland1973" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Nicola (1973). <i>The Massacre of St Bartholomew and the European Conflict 1559–1572</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0649-6620-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-0649-6620-8"><bdi>0-0649-6620-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5461343M">5461343M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Massacre+of+St+Bartholomew+and+the+European+Conflict+1559%E2%80%931572&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5461343M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-0649-6620-8&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellman2013" class="citation book cs1">Wellman, Kathleen (2013). <i>Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queens+and+Mistresses+of+Renaissance+France&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordonove1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bordonove, Georges (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i3_gBAAAQBAJ"><i>Henri III: Roi de France et de Pologne</i></a> (in French). Paris: Pygmalion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7564-1139-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7564-1139-2"><bdi>978-2-7564-1139-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henri+III%3A+Roi+de+France+et+de+Pologne&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Pygmalion&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-2-7564-1139-2&rft.aulast=Bordonove&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di3_gBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConihout,_Isabelle_deMaillard,_Jean-FrançoisPoirier,_Guy2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Conihout, Isabelle de; Maillard, Jean-François; Poirier, Guy, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OH8mNm_OR00C"><i>Henri III mécène: des arts, des sciences et des lettres</i></a> (in French). Paris: Presses Paris Sorbonne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8405-0431-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8405-0431-3"><bdi>978-2-8405-0431-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henri+III+m%C3%A9c%C3%A8ne%3A+des+arts%2C+des+sciences+et+des+lettres&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Paris+Sorbonne&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-8405-0431-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOH8mNm_OR00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreer1888" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Walker_Freer" title="Martha Walker Freer">Freer, Martha Walker</a> (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryiiikingoffr01freeuoft"><i>Henry III, King of France and Poland: his court and times</i></a>. New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+III%2C+King+of+France+and+Poland%3A+his+court+and+times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Freer&rft.aufirst=Martha+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryiiikingoffr01freeuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrzybowski1985" class="citation book cs1">Grzybowski, Stanisław (1985). <i>Henryk Walezy</i>. Warsaw: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8-3040-0118-7" title="Special:BookSources/8-3040-0118-7"><bdi>8-3040-0118-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henryk+Walezy&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=8-3040-0118-7&rft.aulast=Grzybowski&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasienica1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jasienica, Paweł (1982). <i>Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów</i> [<i>The Commonwealth of the Both Nations</i>] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8-3060-0788-3" title="Special:BookSources/8-3060-0788-3"><bdi>8-3060-0788-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rzeczpospolita+Obojga+Narod%C3%B3w&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowy+Instytut+Wydawniczy&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=8-3060-0788-3&rft.aulast=Jasienica&rft.aufirst=Pawe%C5%82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL'Estoile1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">L'Estoile, Pierre De (1992). Lazard, M. & Schrenck, G. (eds.). <i>Régistre-Journal du règne de Henri III</i> (in French). Genève: Droz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-6000-0609-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-6000-0609-5"><bdi>2-6000-0609-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9gistre-Journal+du+r%C3%A8gne+de+Henri+III&rft.place=Gen%C3%A8ve&rft.pub=Droz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=2-6000-0609-5&rft.aulast=L%27Estoile&rft.aufirst=Pierre+De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauzet,_RobertBoucher,_Jacqueline1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sauzet, Robert; Boucher, Jacqueline, eds. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfEF3Rj0woIC"><i>Henri III et son temps: actes du colloque international du Centre de la Renaissance de Tours, octobre 1989</i></a> (in French). Paris: Vrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7116-1065-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7116-1065-5"><bdi>978-2-7116-1065-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henri+III+et+son+temps%3A+actes+du+colloque+international+du+Centre+de+la+Renaissance+de+Tours%2C+octobre+1989&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Vrin&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-2-7116-1065-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgfEF3Rj0woIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomas2003" class="citation book cs1">Tomas, Natalie R. (2003). <i>The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence</i>. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0777-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-0777-1"><bdi>0-7546-0777-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medici+Women%3A+Gender+and+Power+in+Renaissance+Florence&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+UK&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7546-0777-1&rft.aulast=Tomas&rft.aufirst=Natalie+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhale1914" class="citation book cs1">Whale, Winifred Stephens (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/latrmoillefami00whalrich#page/n65"><i>The La Trémoille family</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+La+Tr%C3%A9moille+family&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Boston%3A+Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Whale&rft.aufirst=Winifred+Stephens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flatrmoillefami00whalrich%23page%2Fn65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatała1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Satała, Zbigniew (1990). <i>Poczet polskich królowych, księżnych i metres</i> (in Polish). Warsaw: Glob. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8-3700-7257-7" title="Special:BookSources/8-3700-7257-7"><bdi>8-3700-7257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poczet+polskich+kr%C3%B3lowych%2C+ksi%C4%99%C5%BCnych+i+metres&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Glob&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=8-3700-7257-7&rft.aulast=Sata%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+III+of+France" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henry_III_of_Poland_and_France" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Henry III of Poland and France">Henry III of Poland and France</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Henry_III_of_France" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022201219/http://derniersvalois.canalblog.com/archives/henri_iii/p0-0.html">Portraits of Henri III</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209074933/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=211730">history</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 9 February 2010)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Henry III of France </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Angoul%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Valois-Angoulême">House of Valois, Angoulême branch</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 19 September 1551</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 2 August 1589</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Interrex_(Poland)" title="Interrex (Poland)">Interrex</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">King of Poland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lithuanian rulers">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a> </b><br />16 May 1573 – 12 May 1575 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Interrex_(Poland)" title="Interrex (Poland)">Interrex</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna of Poland">Anna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Batory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Batory">Stephen</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French Monarchs">King of France</a> </b><br />30 May 1574 – 2 August 1589 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_de_Valois,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans">Charles</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts and dukes of Angoulême">Duke of Angoulême</a> </b><br />1551 – 30 May 1574 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Diane_de_France" title="Diane de France">Diane</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Duke of Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a> </b><br />1560 – 30 May 1574 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Merged with the Crown </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_Dukes_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts and Dukes of Anjou">Duke of Anjou</a> </b><br />1566 – 30 May 1574 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Anjou" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Anjou" title="Template:Dukes of Anjou"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Anjou" title="Template talk:Dukes of Anjou"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Anjou" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Anjou"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Anjou" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Anjou" title="Counts and dukes of Anjou">Dukes of Anjou</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Hereditary dukes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Anjou" title="Louis I of Anjou">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Anjou" title="Louis II of Anjou">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_Anjou" title="Louis III of Anjou">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou" title="René of Anjou">René</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Anjou" title="Charles IV of Anjou">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_Hercule_dAnjou.svg/75px-Arms_of_Hercule_dAnjou.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_Hercule_dAnjou.svg/113px-Arms_of_Hercule_dAnjou.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Arms_of_Hercule_dAnjou.svg/150px-Arms_of_Hercule_dAnjou.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">Appanage</a> of Anjou</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Savoy" title="Louise of Savoy">Louise</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Louis François, Duke of Anjou">Louis François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy title</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Philippe Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe, Duke of Anjou">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Madrid" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid">Jaime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime"> Alfonso Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Jaime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Duke_of_Anjou_and_C%C3%A1diz" title="Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz">Alfonso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Current claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Charles-Philippe d'Orléans">Charles-Philippe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alphonse_de_Bourbon" title="Louis Alphonse de Bourbon">Louis Alphonse</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Orléans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Template:Dukes of Orléans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Template talk:Dukes of Orléans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Orléans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Orléans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Duke of Orléans">Dukes of Orléans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Dukes of Orléans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philip, Duke of Orléans">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis I, Duke of Orléans">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Charles, Duke of Orléans">Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_de_Valois,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans">Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Valois_(1549%E2%80%931550)" title="Louis of Valois (1549–1550)">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles Maximilian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexandre Édouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Henri,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans">Nicolas Henri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1703%E2%80%931752)" title="Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Ferdinand Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Philippe</a></li> <li>François</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg/75px-Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg/113px-Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg/150px-Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Current claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jacques</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Monarchs of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Legendary_rulers" title="List of Polish monarchs">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">Lech I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krakus" title="Krakus">Krakus I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krakus_II" title="Krakus II">Krakus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lech_II" title="Lech II">Lech II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Wanda" title="Princess Wanda">Wanda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_I" title="Leszko I">Leszko I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_II" title="Leszko II">Leszko II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_III" title="Leszko III">Leszko III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popiel_I" title="Popiel I">Popiel I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popiel" title="Popiel">Popiel II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cho%C5%9Bcisko" title="Chościsko">Chościsko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piast_the_Wheelwright" title="Piast the Wheelwright">Piast the Wheelwright</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Semi-legendary_dukes_of_the_Polans_in_Greater_Poland" title="List of Polish monarchs">Proto-historic</a> (before 966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemowit" title="Siemowit">Siemowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestek" title="Lestek">Lestek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemomys%C5%82" title="Siemomysł">Siemomysł</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (966–1138)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezprym" title="Bezprym">Bezprym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert" title="Mieszko II Lambert">Mieszko II Lambert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_the_Forgotten" title="Bolesław the Forgotten">Bolesław the Forgotten</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_I_the_Restorer" title="Casimir I the Restorer">Casimir I the Restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Bold" title="Bolesław II the Bold">Bolesław II the Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_Herman" title="Władysław I Herman">Władysław I Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_of_Poland" title="Zbigniew of Poland">Zbigniew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty#Fragmentation_of_the_realm_(1138–1320)" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Fragmentation<br />period</a> (1138–1320)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Seniorate_Province" title="Seniorate Province">Senior or Supreme Princes</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_the_Exile" title="Władysław II the Exile">Władysław II the Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_IV_the_Curly" title="Bolesław IV the Curly">Bolesław IV the Curly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_III_of_Poland" title="Mieszko III of Poland">Mieszko III the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just" title="Casimir II the Just">Casimir II the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_the_White" title="Leszek the White">Leszek the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_Spindleshanks" title="Władysław III Spindleshanks">Władysław III Spindleshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Odonic" title="Władysław Odonic">Władysław Odonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_IV_Tanglefoot" title="Mieszko IV Tanglefoot">Mieszko IV Tanglefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_I_of_Masovia" title="Konrad I of Masovia">Konrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Bearded" title="Henry the Bearded">Henry the Bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious" title="Henry II the Pious">Henry II the Pious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Horned" title="Bolesław II the Horned">Bolesław the Horned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste" title="Bolesław V the Chaste">Bolesław V the Chaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_II_the_Black" title="Leszek II the Black">Leszek II the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_IV_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Henryk IV Probus">Henryk IV Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II" title="Przemysł II">Przemysł II</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Silesia" title="Duke of Silesia">Dukes of Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland#Dukes_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Dukes of Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_sandomierscy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta sandomierscy">Dukes of Little Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Masovia" title="Duke of Masovia">Dukes of Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adcy_Kujaw" class="extiw" title="pl:Władcy Kujaw">Dukes of Kuyavia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_%C5%82%C4%99czyccy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta łęczyccy">Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerelia" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Pomerania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a> (1296–1306)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslaus III</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restored <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (1320–1370)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_%C5%81okietek" title="Władysław I Łokietek">Władysław I Łokietek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capet-Anjou dynasty</a> (1370-1399)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I the Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a> (1386–1572)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław III of Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Albert" title="John I Albert">John I Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">Elective monarchy</a> (1572–1795)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna Jagiellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> (1807–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a> (1815–1917)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em 0.2em 0.2em; line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates monarch of questioned historicity</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Lithuania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="Template:Monarchs of Lithuania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Lithuania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Lithuania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Lithuania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of Lithuania</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Lithuanian_dukes" title="List of early Lithuanian dukes">List of early Lithuanian dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">List of Lithuanian monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania" title="Kingdom of Lithuania">Kingdom of Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="House_of_Mindaugas_(1236–1263)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs#List_of_monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">House of Mindaugas</a> (1236–1263)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindaugas" title="Mindaugas">Mindaugas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs#List_of_monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">House of Mindaugas</a> (1263–1267)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treniota" title="Treniota">Treniota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%A1vilkas" title="Vaišvilkas">Vaišvilkas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomakhovichi" title="Monomakhovichi">House of Monomakh</a> (1267–1269)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shvarn" title="Shvarn">Shvarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs#List_of_monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">House of Mindaugas</a> (1269–1285)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traidenis" title="Traidenis">Traidenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daumantas_of_Lithuania" title="Daumantas of Lithuania">Daumantas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gediminids" title="Gediminids">House of Gediminids</a> (1285–1440)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butigeidis" title="Butigeidis">Butigeidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butvydas" title="Butvydas">Butvydas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytenis" title="Vytenis">Vytenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gediminas" title="Gediminas">Gediminas</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gediminas" title="Family of Gediminas">family</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunutis" title="Jaunutis">Jaunutis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algirdas" title="Algirdas">Algirdas</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Family_of_Algirdas" class="mw-redirect" title="Family of Algirdas">family</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Jogaila</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Family_of_Jogaila" title="Family of Jogaila">family</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99stutis" title="Kęstutis">Kęstutis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Family_of_K%C4%99stutis" title="Family of Kęstutis">family</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirgaila" title="Skirgaila">Skirgaila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas" title="Vytautas">Vytautas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vitrigaila" title="Švitrigaila">Švitrigaila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_K%C4%99stutaitis" title="Sigismund Kęstutaitis">Sigismund Kęstutaitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Jagiellon" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Jagiellon">House of Jagiellon</a> (1440–1569)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir Jagellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Elected_(1569–1795)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">Elected</a> (1569–1795)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry III of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna the Jagiellonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Ladislaus IV Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław Leszczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">August III the Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Kingdom of Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="House_of_Urach_(1918)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Urach" title="House of Urach">House of Urach</a> (1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Karl,_Duke_of_Urach" title="Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach">Mindaugas II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Titular_ruler" title="Titular ruler">Titular rulers</a> are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template talk:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs" title="Family tree of French monarchs">Detailed family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs_(simple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of French monarchs (simple)">Simplified family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">List of Frankish kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">List of French monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_I" title="Chlothar I">Chlothar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charibert_I" title="Charibert I">Charibert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_II" title="Sigebert II">Sigebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_II" title="Childeric II">Childeric II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_III" title="Theuderic III">Theuderic III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_IV" title="Clovis IV">Clovis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_III" title="Childebert III">Childebert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_III" title="Dagobert III">Dagobert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_II" title="Chilperic II">Chilperic II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_IV" title="Chlothar IV">Chlothar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_IV" title="Theuderic IV">Theuderic IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_III" title="Childeric III">Childeric III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (Charles I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_France" title="Odo of France">Odo</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph</a><sup><i>B</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></i> <i>(1422–1453)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henry V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catherine_de&#039;_Medici" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Template:Catherine de' Medici"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Catherine_de%27_Medici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Catherine de' Medici (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catherine de' Medici"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catherine_de&#039;_Medici" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" title="Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne">Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth, Queen of Spain</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_of_Valois" title="Claude of Valois">Claude, Duchess of Lorraine</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Valois_(1549%E2%80%931550)" title="Louis of Valois (1549–1550)">Louis, Duke of Orléans</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX of France</a> (son)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry III of France</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret, Queen of France and Navarre</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Henry_II_of_France" title="Descendants of Henry II of France">Descendants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynasties/<br />Groups in her life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">House of Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Guise" title="House of Guise">House of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">French Catholic Leagues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People in her life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarice_de%27_Medici" title="Clarice de' Medici">Clarice de' Medici</a> (paternal aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Passerini" title="Silvio Passerini">Cardinal Silvio Passerini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fernel" title="Jean Fernel">Jean Fernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> (daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis I, Prince of Condé">Louis I, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_l%27H%C3%B4pital" title="Michel de l'Hôpital">Michel de l'Hôpital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Claude, Duke of Guise">Claude, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne III of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry I, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard II de Coligny">Admiral Gaspard de Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_de_Poitiers" title="Diane de Poitiers">Diane de Poitiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(1529%E2%80%931530)" title="Siege of Florence (1529–1530)">Siege of Florence (1529–1530)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Poissy" title="Colloquy of Poissy">Colloquy of Poissy (1561)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Saint-Germain" title="Edict of Saint-Germain">Edict of Saint-Germain (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Vassy" title="Massacre of Vassy">Massacre of Vassy (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Amboise" title="Edict of Amboise">Edict of Amboise (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_of_Meaux" title="Surprise of Meaux">Surprise of Meaux (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Longjumeau" title="Peace of Longjumeau">Treaty of Longjumeau (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Beaulieu" title="Edict of Beaulieu">Edict of Beaulieu (1576)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places in her life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau" title="Château de Chenonceau">Château de Chenonceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise" title="Château d'Amboise">Château d'Amboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Palais du Louvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Blois" title="Château of Blois">Château of Blois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patron of the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_patronage_of_the_arts" title="Catherine de' Medici's patronage of the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_building_projects" title="Catherine de' Medici's building projects">Building projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici%27s_court_festivals" title="Catherine de' Medici's court festivals">Court Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" class="extiw" title="commons:Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53448#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53448#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53448#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123197721">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5774506">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/13699/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrKPpRV4DyWvcMMGPR3Qq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118773720">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50040026">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12016877w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12016877w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Henri III <re di Francia>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV100959">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35187797">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2008463721&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1419559">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070548552">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90987312">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq462kfb3hlrhw8">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810628138605606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810660088005606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/16062">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007301605805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512315706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14806084">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/491424">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/857288">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118773720.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118773720">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028305558">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/347122">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&oldid=1259006146">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&oldid=1259006146</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Henry_III_of_France" title="Category:Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1550s_in_France" title="Category:1550s in France">1550s in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1551_births" title="Category:1551 births">1551 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1589_deaths" title="Category:1589 deaths">1589 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_kings_of_France" title="Category:16th-century kings of France">16th-century kings of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Polish_monarchs" title="Category:16th-century Polish monarchs">16th-century Polish monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_French_LGBTQ_people" title="Category:16th-century French LGBTQ people">16th-century French LGBTQ people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_murdered_monarchs" title="Category:16th-century murdered monarchs">16th-century murdered monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_peers_of_France" title="Category:16th-century peers of France">16th-century peers of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" title="Category:Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassinated_French_people" title="Category:Assassinated French people">Assassinated French people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_the_Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Category:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis">Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_stabbing_in_France" title="Category:Deaths by stabbing in France">Deaths by stabbing in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kings_of_Poland" title="Category:Kings of Poland">Kings of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_dukes_of_Lithuania" title="Category:Grand dukes of Lithuania">Grand dukes of Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Category:Dukes of Angoulême">Dukes of Angoulême</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Anjou" title="Category:Dukes of Anjou">Dukes of Anjou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Category:Dukes of Orléans">Dukes of Orléans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_people_of_the_French_Wars_of_Religion" title="Category:French people of the French Wars of Religion">French people of the French Wars of Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heirs_presumptive_to_the_French_throne" title="Category:Heirs presumptive to the French throne">Heirs presumptive to the French throne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Valois-Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Category:House of Valois-Angoulême">House of Valois-Angoulême</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Garter" title="Category:Knights of the Garter">Knights of the Garter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:LGBTQ Roman Catholics">LGBTQ Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_royalty" title="Category:LGBTQ royalty">LGBTQ royalty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nostradamus" title="Category:Nostradamus">Nostradamus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Fontainebleau" title="Category:People from Fontainebleau">People from Fontainebleau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_murdered_in_France" title="Category:People murdered in France">People murdered in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Murder_in_1589" title="Category:Murder in 1589">Murder in 1589</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_people_of_French_descent" title="Category:Polish people of French descent">Polish people of French descent</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2021">Use dmy dates from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IMDb_title_ID_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:IMDb title ID different from Wikidata">IMDb title ID different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 21:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_III_of_France&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-wkrlk","wgBackendResponseTime":159,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.657","walltime":"1.947","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11743,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":235071,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14045,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":210804,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1701.804 1 -total"," 18.71% 318.360 41 Template:Cite_book"," 14.36% 244.298 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 12.66% 215.484 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.47% 212.239 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.02% 170.559 47 Template:Sfn"," 8.03% 136.701 3 Template:Langx"," 7.44% 126.598 10 Template:Navbox"," 6.89% 117.180 1 Template:IMDb_title"," 6.72% 114.301 7 Template:Br_separated_entries"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.997","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19975534,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnselme1726\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnavi1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBordonove1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoucher1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChevallier1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConihout,_Isabelle_deMaillard,_Jean-FrançoisPoirier,_Guy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrompton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreer1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcés,_María_Antonia2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge1875\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreengrass2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrzybowski1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolt1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonoré_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau1783\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasienica1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJouanna2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatherine_B._Crawford2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnecht1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnecht1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnecht2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKosior2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrzysztof_Prendecki2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL\u0026#039;Estoile1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Roux2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacCulloch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManetsch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariéjol1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaweł_Jasienica1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoşu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatała1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauzet,_RobertBoucher,_Jacqueline1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolnon1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhale1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZbigniew_Satała1990\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bettersource\"] = 1,\n [\"Catherine de' Medici\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Henry 03 Of France\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Dukes of Anjou\"] = 1,\n [\"Dukes of Orléans\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb title\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Monarchs of France\"] = 1,\n [\"Monarchs of Lithuania\"] = 1,\n [\"Monarchs of Poland\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 3,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 3,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-roy\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 5,\n [\"S-vac\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 47,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-tdv75","timestamp":"20241125143038","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Henry III of France","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_III_of_France","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q53448","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q53448","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-25T17:18:46Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T21:38:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7f\/Quesnel_Henry_III_of_France_in_Polish_hat.jpg","headline":"King of France from 1574 to 1589"}</script> </body> </html>