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class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Prosecution" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persecution">Persecution</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Not to be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prosector">Prosector</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> A prosecutor is a legal representative of the prosecution in states with either the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adversarial_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adversarial system">adversarial system</a>, which is adopted in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common law">common law</a>, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inquisitorial_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inquisitorial system">inquisitorial system</a>, which is adopted in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>. The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Criminal_trial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal trial">criminal trial</a> against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defendant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defendant">defendant</a>, an individual accused of breaking the law. Typically, the prosecutor represents the state or the government in the case brought against the accused person. <table class="infobox"> <caption class="infobox-title"> Prosecutor </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Prosecutor_Robert_Jackson_at_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Prosecutor_Robert_Jackson_at_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg/250px-Prosecutor_Robert_Jackson_at_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Prosecutor_Robert_Jackson_at_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg/375px-Prosecutor_Robert_Jackson_at_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Prosecutor_Robert_Jackson_at_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg/500px-Prosecutor_Robert_Jackson_at_Nuremberg_Trials.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="1200"></a> <div class="infobox-caption"> Chief Prosecutor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a> (on the pulpit) at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Occupation type </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Profession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Profession">Profession</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Activity sectors </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Law">Law</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_enforcement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th> <td class="infobox-data">Advocacy skills, analytical mind, sense of justice</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Education required </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">Typically required to be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admission_to_practice_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Admission to practice law">authorised to practice law</a> in the jurisdiction, law degree, in some cases a traineeship.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Fields of employment </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">Government legal service</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Related jobs </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrister?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrister">Barrister</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solicitor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solicitor">solicitor</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Advocate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Advocate">advocate</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judge">judge</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magistrate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prosecutor_as_a_legal_professional">1 Prosecutor as a legal professional</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Directors_of_public_prosecutions">1.1 Directors of public prosecutions</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Common_law_jurisdictions">2 Common law jurisdictions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Australia">2.1 Australia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Canada">2.2 Canada</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#England_and_Wales">2.3 England and Wales</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Types_of_prosecutor">2.3.1 Types of prosecutor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Approach_of_the_CPS_to_prosecutions">2.3.2 Approach of the CPS to prosecutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prosecutions_by_other_government_agencies">2.3.3 Prosecutions by other government agencies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prosecutions_requiring_special_consent">2.3.4 Prosecutions requiring special consent</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Private_prosecutions">2.3.5 Private prosecutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#DPP's_power_to_take_over_private_prosecutions">2.3.6 DPP's power to take over private prosecutions</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#New_Zealand">2.4 New Zealand</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Scotland">2.5 Scotland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States">2.6 United States</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Civil_law_jurisdictions">3 Civil law jurisdictions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Belgium">3.1 Belgium</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Brazil">3.2 Brazil</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#France">3.3 France</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Germany">3.4 Germany</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Italy">3.5 Italy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Japan">3.6 Japan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Poland">3.7 Poland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#South_Korea">3.8 South Korea</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sweden">3.9 Sweden</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Socialist_law_jurisdictions">4 Socialist law jurisdictions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#People's_Republic_of_China">4.1 People's Republic of China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vietnam">4.2 Vietnam</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Institutional_independence">5 Institutional independence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Private_prosecution">6 Private prosecution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography">9 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Prosecutor_as_a_legal_professional">Prosecutor as a legal professional</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Prosecutor as a legal professional" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Prosecutors are typically lawyers who possess a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_degree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Law degree">law degree</a> and are recognised as suitable legal professionals by the court in which they are acting. This may mean they have been <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admitted_to_the_bar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Admitted to the bar">admitted to the bar</a> or obtained a comparable qualification where available, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solicitor_advocate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solicitor advocate">solicitor advocates</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English law">England law</a>. They become involved in a criminal case once a suspect has been identified and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indictment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indictment">charges</a> need to be filed. They are employed by an office of the government, with safeguards in place to ensure such an office can successfully pursue the prosecution of government officials. Multiple offices exist in a single country, especially in those countries with federal governments where sovereignty has been bifurcated or devolved in some way. Since the power of the state backs prosecutors, they are subject to special <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professional_responsibility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Professional responsibility">professional responsibility</a> rules in addition to those binding all lawyers. For example, in the United States, Rule 3.8 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ABA_Model_Rules_of_Professional_Conduct?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct">ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct</a> requires prosecutors to "make timely disclosure to the defense of all evidence or information that tends to negate the guilt of the accused or mitigates the offense." Not all U.S. states adopt the model rules; however, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> cases and other appellate cases have ruled that such disclosure is required. Typical sources of ethical requirements imposed on prosecutors come from appellate court opinions, state or federal court rules, and state or federal statutes (codified laws). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Directors_of_public_prosecutions">Directors of public prosecutions</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Directors of public prosecutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In most <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Nations">Commonwealth Nations</a>, the head of the prosecuting authority is known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Director_of_public_prosecutions?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of public prosecutions">director of public prosecutions</a> (DPP) and is appointed, not elected. A DPP may be subject to varying degrees of control by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attorney_general?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attorney general">attorney general</a>, a formal written directive which must be published. In Australia, the Offices of the Director of Public Prosecutions institute prosecutions for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indictable_offence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indictable offence">indictable offences</a> on behalf of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Crown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> At least in the case of very serious matters, the DPP will be asked by the police, during the investigation, to advise them on the sufficiency of evidence and may well be asked to prepare an application to the relevant court for search, listening device or telecommunications interception warrants. More recent constitutions, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of South Africa">South Africa's</a>, guarantee the independence and impartiality of the DPP. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Common_law_jurisdictions">Common law jurisdictions</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Common law jurisdictions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Prosecutors in Australia come in a few distinct species. Prosecutors of minor criminal cases in lower courts are police sergeants with a traineeship in prosecution and advocacy lasting approximately one year in duration, although they may hold law degrees. Crown Prosecutors are always lawyers and typically barristers, and they represent the state or Commonwealth in serious criminal cases in higher courts, County Court and above. Aside from police prosecutors and Crown prosecutors, government agencies have the authority to appoint non-lawyers to prosecute on their behalf, such as the RSPCA Inspectors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Canada, public prosecutors in most provinces are called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crown_attorney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crown attorney">Crown Attorney</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crown_Counsel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crown Counsel">Crown Counsel</a>. They are generally appointed by the provincial Attorney-General. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: England and Wales" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The prosecution landscape in England and Wales is highly varied, meaning that a prosecutor can refer to a number of different individuals and roles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Types_of_prosecutor">Types of prosecutor</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Types of prosecutor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The primary prosecutor in the jurisdiction is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a> (CPS), which is led by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(England_and_Wales)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)">Director of Public Prosecutions</a> (DPP). The CPS prosecutes on behalf of the Crown and also takes forward prosecutions originating from police investigations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> While the DPP must be a suitably qualified lawyer under section 71 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Courts_and_Legal_Services_Act_1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Courts and Legal Services Act 1990">Courts and Legal Services Act 1990</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> the DPP does not take on cases themselves and instead plays an administrative and leadership role. In this way, while the DPP may be referred to as a prosecutor, the individual in the role would not take any cases to court. The DPP is appointed by His Majesty's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General for England and Wales</a>, and the Attorney General also has supervisory authority as the sponsor of the CPS; however, the CPS is an independent body and the Attorney General cannot direct particular prosecutions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Unlike in the United States and other jurisdictions, the Attorney General is not a prosecutor in England and Wales. Instead, the role is a political office of the chief legal advisor to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_(government)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Crown Prosecutors are lawyers who work for the CPS. They are responsible for researching, advising police investigations, preparing cases for trial and sometimes presenting the case at trial.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> These lawyers may also be referred to as prosecutors. A number of other bodies have authority to bring prosecutions in England and Wales, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serious_Fraud_Office_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)">Serious Fraud Office</a> (SFO),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Service_Prosecuting_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Service Prosecuting Authority">Service Prosecuting Authority</a> (SPA),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a> (FCA).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> These organisations and their legal representatives may be called prosecutors. This is the same for any person, organisation, or their representatives during a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Private_prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Private prosecution">private prosecution</a>. Finally, when cases are brought to trial, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barristers_in_England_and_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barristers in England and Wales">barrister</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solicitor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solicitor">solicitor</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solicitor_advocate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solicitor advocate">higher rights of audience</a> may present the case before a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magistrate_(England_and_Wales)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magistrate (England and Wales)">magistrate</a> or a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">judge</a> (with or without a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juries_in_England_and_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juries in England and Wales">jury</a>). In these instances, referring to the prosecutor would refer to the lawyer conducting the case during trial. In most serious offences, the CPS or other prosecuting authority will instruct a barrister to represent them. In the most serious cases, this may be a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King%27s_Counsel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King's Counsel">King's Counsel</a>, and barristers may work in teams with a leader directing juniors. Unlike in the United States, these prosecuting barristers will work on a case-by-case basis, and so may also engage in defence work; they will not be employed solely to undertake prosecution advocacy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Approach_of_the_CPS_to_prosecutions">Approach of the CPS to prosecutions</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Approach of the CPS to prosecutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Crown Prosecutors are bound by a strict code of conduct, known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Code_for_Crown_Prosecutors&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Code for Crown Prosecutors (page does not exist)">Code for Crown Prosecutors</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> which governs how cases are charged and trials conducted. This fundamental code is supported by a range of other policies, most notably the Director's Guidance on Charging.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The first stage in prosecuting a case is deciding to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Criminal_charge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Criminal charge">charge</a> the suspect, and it is this process which begins the prosecution. The CPS has the authority to decide whether a person is charged in all offences. However, the police may charge all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Summary_offence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Summary offence">summary offences</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Either-way_offences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Either-way offences">either-way offences</a> when there is an anticipated guilty <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pleading_(England_and_Wales)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pleading (England and Wales)">plea</a>. The nature of the offence is suitable for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sentence_(law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sentence (law)">sentence</a> in the magistrates' court.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">[15]</a> In order to charge, the circumstances must meet the Full Code Test.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a> In some urgent cases, a lower Threshold Test can be applied to get a charge quickly; however, the Full Code Test must then be applied at the earliest opportunity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a> The Full Code Test has two stages; both parts are equal and must be met before a prosecution can be brought. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2">Full Code Test</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Evidential Stage</th> <td>Prosecutors must be satisfied that there is sufficient evidence to provide a realistic prospect of conviction against each suspect on each charge. They must consider what the defence case may be, and how it is likely to affect the prospects of conviction. A case which does not pass the evidential stage must not proceed, no matter how serious or sensitive it may be.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">[15]</a> The finding that there is a realistic prospect of conviction is based on the prosecutor's objective assessment of the evidence, including the impact of any defence and any other information that the suspect has put forward or on which they might rely. It means that an objective, impartial, and reasonable jury or bench of magistrates or judge hearing a case alone, properly directed and acting in accordance with the law, is more likely than not to convict the defendant of the charge alleged. This is a different test from the one that the criminal courts themselves must apply. A court may only convict if it is sure that the defendant is guilty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">[15]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Public Interest Stage</th> <td>In every case where there is sufficient evidence to justify a prosecution or to offer an out-of-court disposal, prosecutors must go on to consider whether a prosecution is required in the public interest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">[15]</a> It has never been the rule that a prosecution will automatically take place once the evidential stage is met. A prosecution will usually take place unless the prosecutor is satisfied that there are public interest factors tending against prosecution which outweigh those tending in favour. In some cases the prosecutor may be satisfied that the public interest can be properly served by offering the offender the opportunity to have the matter dealt with by an out-of-court disposal rather than bringing a prosecution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">[15]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2">Threshold Test</th> </tr> <tr> <th>There are reasonable grounds to suspect that the person to be charged has committed the offence</th> <td>Prosecutors must be satisfied, on an objective assessment of the evidence, that there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the person to be charged has committed the offence. The assessment must consider the impact of any defence or information that the suspect has put forward or on which they might rely.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">[15]</a> In determining whether there are reasonable grounds to suspect, prosecutors must consider all of the material or information available, whether in evidential format or otherwise. Prosecutors must be satisfied that the material to be relied on at this stage is capable of being:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">[15]</a> <ol> <li>put into an admissible format for presentation in court;</li> <li>reliable; and</li> <li>credible.</li> </ol></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Further evidence can be obtained to provide a realistic prospect of conviction</th> <td>Prosecutors must be satisfied that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the continuing investigation will provide further evidence, within a reasonable period of time, so that when all the evidence is considered together, including material which may point away from as well as towards a particular suspect, it is capable of establishing a realistic prospect of conviction in accordance with the Full Code Test.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">[15]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>The seriousness or the circumstances of the case justifies the making of an immediate charging decision<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">[15]</a></th> <td>The seriousness and the circumstances of the case should be assessed in relation to the alleged offending and should be linked to the level of risk created by granting bail.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">[15]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>There are continuing substantial grounds to object to bail in accordance with the Bail Act 1976 and in all the circumstances of the case it is proper to do so<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">[15]</a></th> <td>This determination must be based on a proper risk assessment, which reveals that the suspect is not suitable to be bailed, even with substantial conditions. For example, a dangerous suspect who poses a serious risk of harm to a particular person or the public, or a suspect who poses a serious risk of absconding or interfering with witnesses. Prosecutors should not accept, without careful enquiry, any unjustified or unsupported assertions about risk if release on bail were to take place.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">[15]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>It is in the public interest to charge the suspect</th> <td>Prosecutors must apply the public interest stage of the Full Code Test based on the information available at that time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">[15]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The Threshold Test must be kept under proactive and continuous review, and should only be used in rare and urgent circumstances.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Prosecutions_by_other_government_agencies">Prosecutions by other government agencies</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Prosecutions by other government agencies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> State investigative agencies such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serious_Fraud_Office_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom)">Serious Fraud Office</a> (SFO) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Financial Conduct Authority">Financial Conduct Authority</a> (FCA), alongside independent prosecutors like the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Service_Prosecuting_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Service Prosecuting Authority">Service Prosecuting Authority</a>, may all bring prosecutions themselves without using the CPS. Nevertheless, these prosecutors will follow the standards set by the Code of Crown Prosecutors alongside their own prosecution policies, which may deal with issues specific to the types of crime they engage with.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> There may, at times, be confusion as to which agency is responsible for having brought a prosecution. Which agency is prosecuting may affect whether an offence can be properly tried, as not all agencies can investigate and prosecute all offences. In R v Stafford Justices ex parte Customs and Excise Commissioners (1991) 2 All ER 201,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> it was found by the court that a prosecution is instituted by the police only when they have investigated, arrested and brought the arrested person to the custody officer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> A case is not instituted by the police simply because a custody officer at a police station charges the suspect. Applying the same principle, proceedings are instituted by another prosecuting agency when they have been solely responsible for the investigation and arrest of the suspect, even though the suspect is taken to the police station to be charged by a custody officer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> The CPS advise that another prosecuting authority should probably conduct a case if any of the following factors apply:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> <ul> <li>the police did not conduct the majority of the investigation;</li> <li>the police were only involved in overseeing a search, effecting an arrest or assisting other investigators in the conduct of an interview;</li> <li>the other authority is in possession of all the main exhibits; and</li> <li>someone other than a police officer is named on the charge sheet as the person accepting the charge or as the officer in the case.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Prosecutions_requiring_special_consent">Prosecutions requiring special consent</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Prosecutions requiring special consent" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Prosecutions under certain acts require the consent of the Attorney General or DPP before they can proceed. In practice, the following types of consent may be required: <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Consent type</th> <th>Details</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Attorney General's consent</td> <td>Offences stipulating Attorney General's consent require the explicit consent of either the Attorney or Solicitor General.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-18">[18]</a> These roles together are known as the Law Officers. Under section 1 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_Officers_Act_1997?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Law Officers Act 1997">Law Officers Act 1997</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> the Solicitor General can undertake any role assigned to the Attorney General.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-18">[18]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>DPP's consent</td> <td>Where an offence requires the consent of the DPP to proceed, this consent may be granted by a Crown Prosecutor under section 1(7) of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution_of_Offences_Act_1985?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prosecution of Offences Act 1985">Prosecution of Offences Act 1985</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The prosecutor should apply all the normal tests before granting consent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-18">[18]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>DPP's personal consent</td> <td>Where an offence requires the personal consent of the DPP, this must be sought from the serving DPP by prosecutors, though the exact process varies depending on the offence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-18">[18]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Inchoate offences</td> <td>Where an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inchoate_offences_in_English_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inchoate offences in English law">inchoate offence</a> is based on an underlying offence which requires consent to prosecute, the inchoate offence will also need consent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-18">[18]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The range of offences which require consent is wide, a list of the offences can be found at Annex 1 of Consents to Prosecute.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Private_prosecutions">Private prosecutions</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Private prosecutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Private_prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Private prosecution">Private prosecution</a> </div> In England and Wales, there is a statutorily protected common law right for any person to institute a private prosecution. This right is retained by section 6(1) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution_of_Offenders_Act_1985?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecution of Offenders Act 1985">Prosecution of Offenders Act 1985</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Some organisations regularly use private prosecutions on a large scale to achieve an institutional goal, for example the vast majority of prosecutions under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_2006?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Animal Welfare Act 2006">Animal Welfare Act 2006</a> are prosecuted by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</a> (RSPCA) as private prosecutions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The Post Office also undertook a wide array of private prosecutions against post masters, leading to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Post_Office_scandal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Post Office scandal">subsequent scandal</a> in which these prosecutions have widely come to be seen as a miscarriage of justice. The RSPCA have come under strong criticism for lacking sufficient independence to act as a prosecutor from the independent 'Wooler' review;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> the Environmental, Food and Rural Affairs Committee<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and the Justice Select Committee,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> given they also investigate the offences and campaign politically for animal rights. The ongoing issues with private prosecutions outlined above has led to the Justice Select Committee calling for a closer examination of the process and regulation by government.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> It is usually practically difficult for an individual to bring a private prosecution given the high cost – estimated by the Ministry of Justice at £8,500 on average.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-30">[30]</a> Even if a private prosecutor is not legally qualified, they must meet the usual legal requirements lawyers must undertake including the Criminal Procedure Rules and appropriate disclosure standards.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:5-31">[31]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="DPP's_power_to_take_over_private_prosecutions">DPP's power to take over private prosecutions</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: DPP's power to take over private prosecutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The DPP has authority to take over any prosecution instituted by another person or organisation, and to discontinue the prosecution if they see fit.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:5-31">[31]</a> The CPS have set out public guidance on when they will take over a prosecution; this indicates that the CPS should take over and continue with the prosecution if the papers clearly show all of the following: <ul> <li>the evidential sufficiency stage of the Full Code Test is met;</li> <li>the public interest stage of the Full Code Test is met; and</li> <li>there is a particular need for the CPS to take over the prosecution.</li> </ul> The final consideration is designed to cover the situation where, for whatever reason, the investigative authorities with which the CPS usually deals have not brought the case to the CPS' attention and yet it is a case that merits the prosecution being conducted by a public prosecuting authority rather than by a private individual.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:5-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: New Zealand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In New Zealand, most crimes are prosecuted by a Police Prosecutor, an employee of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Zealand_Police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Zealand Police">New Zealand Police</a>. The most serious crimes, which are about 5% of all crimes, is outsourced to a lawyer working at private law firm known as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crown_prosecutor_(New_Zealand)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crown prosecutor (New Zealand)">Crown prosecutor</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Scotland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scots_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scots law">Scots law</a> is a mixed system, its civil law jurisdiction indicates its civil law heritage. Here, all prosecutions are carried out by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Procurator_Fiscal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator Fiscal">Procurators Fiscal</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Advocate_Depute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocate Depute">Advocates Depute</a> on behalf of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lord_Advocate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a>, and, in theory, they can direct investigations by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Police_Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Police Scotland">Police Scotland</a>. In very serious cases, a Procurator Fiscal, Advocate Depute, or even the Lord Advocate may take charge of a police investigation. It is at the discretion of the Procurator Fiscal, Advocate Depute, or Lord Advocate to take a prosecution to court, and to decide on whether or not to prosecute it under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solemn_procedure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Solemn procedure">solemn procedure</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Summary_offence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Summary offence">summary procedure</a>. Other remedies are open to a prosecutor in Scotland, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiscal_fine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiscal fine">fiscal fines</a> and non-court based interventions, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">rehabilitation</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_work?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social work">social work</a>. All prosecutions are handled within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crown_Office_and_Procurator_Fiscal_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service">Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service</a>. Procurators fiscal will usually refer cases involving minors to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Children%27s_Hearings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's Hearings">Children's Hearings</a>, which are not courts of law, but a panel of lay members empowered to act in the interests of the child. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The United States is the only country in the world where citizens elect prosecutors. The director of a prosecution office is known by any of several names depending on the jurisdiction, most commonly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_attorney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="District attorney">district attorney</a>. Other names include state's attorney, state attorney, county attorney, and commonwealth's attorney. The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case against an individual or a corporation suspected of breaking the law, initiating and directing further criminal investigations, guiding and recommending the sentencing of offenders, and are the only attorneys allowed to participate in grand jury proceedings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The titles of prosecutors in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State court (United States)">state courts</a> vary from state to state and level of government (i.e. city, county, and state) and include the terms District Attorney in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California">California</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Texas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennsylvania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delaware?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massachusetts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Carolina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wisconsin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oregon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oklahoma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> City Attorney in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California">California</a> cities (typically prosecute only minor and misdemeanor offenses) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth%27s_attorney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth's attorney">Commonwealth's Attorney</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kentucky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>; County Attorney in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nebraska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minnesota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arizona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> County Prosecutor in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Jersey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> District Attorney General in Tennessee; Prosecuting Attorney in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arkansas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hawaii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idaho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, as well as in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Missouri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> where cities additionally use City Attorneys to prosecute on their behalf; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State%27s_attorney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="State's attorney">State's Attorney</a> in Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, North Dakota, and Vermont; State Prosecutor; Attorney General in Delaware and Rhode Island; and Solicitor in South Carolina.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Prosecutors are most often chosen through local elections, and typically hire other attorneys as deputies or assistants to conduct most of the actual work of the office. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Attorney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorneys</a> are appointed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the United States">the President</a> and confirmed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Senate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. They represent the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_federal_courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">federal court</a> in both civil and criminal cases. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Private_attorney_general?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Private attorney general">Private attorneys general</a> can bring criminal cases on behalf of private parties in some states. Prosecutors are required by state and federal laws to follow certain rules. For example, the government must disclose exculpatory evidence to the defense;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> must disclose matters affecting the credibility of prosecution witnesses, such as an agreement to dismiss the witness's own charges in exchange for their testimony;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> must not destroy potentially useful evidence in bad faith;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and must not use false testimony to secure a conviction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Failure to follow these rules may result in a finding of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecutorial_misconduct?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prosecutorial misconduct">prosecutorial misconduct</a>, although a 2013 investigation found that actual discipline for prosecutorial misconduct was lacking.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Prosecutors are also tasked with seeking justice in their prosecutions. "The United States Attorney," explained the U.S. Supreme Court, <blockquote> is the representative not of an ordinary party to a controversy, but of a sovereignty whose obligation to govern impartially is as compelling as its obligation to govern at all, and whose interest, therefore, in a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case, but that justice shall be done. As such, he is in a peculiar and very definite sense the servant of the law, the two-fold aim of which is that guilt shall not escape or innocence suffer. He may prosecute with earnestness and vigor—indeed, he should do so. But, while he may strike hard blows, he is not at liberty to strike foul ones. It is as much his duty to refrain from improper methods calculated to produce a wrongful conviction as it is to use every legitimate means to bring about a just one.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </blockquote> Prosecutors in some jurisdictions have the discretion to not pursue criminal charges, even when there is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Probable_cause?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a>, if they determine that there is no reasonable likelihood of conviction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Prosecutors may dismiss charges in this situation by seeking a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voluntary_dismissal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voluntary dismissal">voluntary dismissal</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nolle_prosequi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nolle prosequi">nolle prosequi</a>. In Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a>. In California, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colorado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, Michigan, and New York, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the People. In the remaining states, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the State. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Civil_law_jurisdictions">Civil law jurisdictions</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Civil law jurisdictions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Prosecutors are typically <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_servant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">civil servants</a> who possess a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Academic_degree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Academic degree">university degree</a> in law and additional training in the administration of justice. In some countries, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italy</a>, they are classed as judges. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Belgium" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Belgium, the Senior Crown prosecutor (Procureur du Roi/Procureur des Konings in trial courts and Procureur Général/Procureur-Generaal in appellate courts) is supported by subordinate Crown prosecutors (substituts/substituten). They open preliminary investigations and can hold a suspect in custody for up to 48 hours. When necessary, a Crown prosecutor will request an examining judge (juge d'instruction/onderzoeksrechter) be appointed to lead a judicial inquest. With a judge investigating, Crown prosecutors do not conduct the interrogatories, but simply lay out the scope of the crimes which the judge and law enforcement forces investigate (la saisine). Like defense counsel, Crown prosecutors can request or suggest further investigation be carried out. The Crown prosecutor is in charge of policy decisions and may prioritize cases and procedures as need be. During a criminal trial, prosecutors must introduce and explain the case to the trier of fact, i.e., judges or jury. They generally suggest a reasonable sentence which the court is not obligated to follow; the court may decide on a tougher or softer sentence. Crown prosecutors also have a number of administrative duties. They may advise the court during civil actions. Under Belgian law, judges and prosecutors are judicial officers with equal rank and pay. The Minister of Justice can order a criminal investigation but cannot prevent one (droit d'injonction positive/positief injunctierecht). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Brazil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office_(Brazil)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public Prosecutor's Office (Brazil)">Public Prosecutor's Office (Brazil)</a> </div> In Brazil, the public prosecutors form a body of autonomous civil servants—the Public Ministry (Ministério Público)—working both at the federal and state level. Members of the Federal Prosecution Service are divided in three ranks, according to the jurisdiction of the courts before which they officiate. Federal Prosecutors (Procuradores da República) officiate before single judges and lower courts, Federal Circuit Prosecutors (procuradores regionais da República) before federal appellate courts, and Associate Federal Prosecutors General (subprocuradores gerais da República) before superior federal courts. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prosecutor General of the Republic (Brazil)">Prosecutor General of the Republic</a> (Procurador Geral da República) heads the federal body, and tries cases before the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Federal Court">Brazilian Supreme Court</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> At the state level, the career is usually divided in state prosecutors (promotores de Justiça) who practice before the lower courts and state apellate prosecutors (procuradores de Justiça) who practice before the state courts of appeals. There are also military prosecutors whose career, although linked to the federal prosecutors, is divided in a manner similar to state prosecutors. In Brazil, the prosecutors' main job is to promote justice, as such they have the duty of not only trying criminal cases, but, if during the trial, they become convinced of a defendant's innocence, requesting the judge to acquit him. The prosecutor's office has always the last word on whether criminal offenses will or will not be charged, with the exception of those rare cases in which Brazilian law allows for private prosecution. In such cases, the prosecutor will officiate as custos legis, being responsible to ensure that justice is indeed carried out. Although empowered by law to do so, prosecutors conduct criminal investigations only in major cases, usually involving police or public officials' wrongdoings. Also, they are in charge of external control over police activity and requesting the initiation of a police investigation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The power of individual prosecutors to hold criminal investigations was controversial and, although massively supported by judges, prosecutors and the general population, it was contested before the Supremo Tribunal Federal, but in 2015, this Court decided favorably to its power (RGE n. 593.727-MG). According to a 2012 law, the chief of police (delegado de polícia), as the police authority, is responsible for conducting the criminal investigation in Brazil by means of a police investigation (inquérito policial) or other procedure provided by law that has the purpose of ascertaining the circumstances, materiality, and authorship of criminal offenses.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Similar provisions are found in the Code of Criminal Procedure<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and in article 144 of the federal constitution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Beside their criminal duties, Brazilian prosecutors are among those authorized by the Brazilian constitution to bring action against private individuals, commercial enterprises, and the federal, state and municipal governments, in the defense of minorities, the environment, consumers, and the civil society in general. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="France">France</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_public_(France)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministère public (France)">Ministère public (France)</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parquet_(legal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parquet (legal)">Parquet (legal)</a> </div> In France, the Office of the Prosecutor includes a Chief Prosecutor (Procureur de la République in trial courts and procureur général in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Appellate_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Appellate court">appellate courts</a> or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Court of Cassation (France)">Court of Cassation</a>) and his deputies and assistants (avocats généraux and substituts). The Chief Prosecutor generally initiates preliminary investigations and, if necessary, asks that an examining judge (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inquisitorial_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#France" title="Inquisitorial system">juge d'instruction</a>) be assigned to lead a formal judicial investigation. When an investigation is led by a judge, the prosecutor plays a supervisory role, defining the scope of the crimes being examined by the judge and law enforcement forces. Like defense counsel, the chief prosecutor may <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petition">petition</a> or move for further investigation. During <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Criminal_proceedings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal proceedings">criminal proceedings</a>, prosecutors are responsible for presenting the case at trial to either the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bench_(law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bench (law)">bench</a> or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jury">jury</a>. Prosecutors generally suggest advisory sentencing guidelines, but the sentence remains at the court's discretion to decide, to increase or reduce as it sees fit. In addition, prosecutors have several administrative duties. Prosecutors are considered magistrates under French law, as in most <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> countries. While the defense and the plaintiff are both represented by common lawyers, who sit (on chairs) on the courtroom floor, the prosecutor sits on a platform as the judge does, although he doesn't participate in deliberation. Judges and prosecutors are trained at the same school, and regard one other as colleagues. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Germany, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Staatsanwaltschaft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Staatsanwaltschaft">Staatsanwalt</a> ("state attorney") is a life-tenured public official in the senior judicial service belonging to the same <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corps">corps</a> as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judge">judges</a>. The Staatsanwalt heads pre-trial criminal investigations, decides whether to press a charge or drop it, and represents the government in criminal courts. The Staatsanwalt not only has the "professional responsibility" not to withhold exculpatory information, but is also required by law to actively determine such circumstances and to make them available to the defendant or the defense attorney. If the Staatsanwalt is not convinced of the defendant's guilt, the state attorney is required to plead against or in favor of the defendant according to the prosecutor's own assessment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Prosecution is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compulsory_prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compulsory prosecution">compulsory</a> if the prosecutor has sufficient evidence to convict.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Italy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Italy, a Prosecutor's Office is composed of a Chief Prosecutor (procuratore capo) assisted by deputies (procuratori aggiunti) and assistants (sostituti procuratori). Prosecutors in Italy are judicial officers just like judges and are ceremonially referred to as Pubblico Ministero ("Public Ministry" or P.M.). Italian Prosecutors officiate as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Custos_legis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Custos legis (page does not exist)">custos legis</a>, being responsible to ensure that justice is indeed carried out. They are obligated under the Constitution to initiate preliminary investigations once they are informed or take personal notice of a criminal act—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Notitia_criminis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Notitia criminis (page does not exist)">notitia criminis</a>—or receive a bill of complaint. They can direct investigations or conduct them through orders and directives given to (judicial) police detectives, who can make their own parallel investigations in coordination with the Prosecutor. If enough evidence has been gathered in order to proceed, the prosecution is compulsory and it must move from preliminary investigations to initiate trial proceedings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> At trial, the prosecuting attorney has to handle the prosecution but has an overarching duty to promote justice. In practice, this duty means that prosecutors are prohibited from withholding exculpatory evidence and must request that the judge acquit the defendant if, during the trial, the prosecutor becomes convinced of the defendant's innocence, or agrees that there is no evidence that proves his guilt beyond any reasonable doubt. In appellate courts, the Office of the Prosecutor is called Procura Generale and the Chief Prosecutor the Procuratore Generale (PG). The Procuratore Generale presso la Corte di Cassazione is the Chief General Prosecutor before the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corte_di_Cassazione?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Corte di Cassazione">Corte di Cassazione</a>, the Supreme Court of Italy. Prosecutors are allowed during their career to act in the other's stead, although a ruling by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitutional Court of Italy">Constitutional Court of Italy</a> stated that prosecutors who wish to become judges must relocate to another region and are prohibited to sit or hear trials that they themselves initiated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_Prosecutors_Office_(Japan)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public Prosecutors Office (Japan)">Public Prosecutors Office (Japan)</a> </div> In Japan, Public Prosecutors (検察官, kensatsu-kan) are professional officials who have considerable powers of investigation, prosecution, superintendence of criminal execution and so on. Prosecutors can direct police for investigation purposes, and sometimes investigate directly. Only prosecutors can prosecute criminals in principle, and prosecutors can decide whether to prosecute or not. High-ranking officials of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Japan)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministry of Justice (Japan)">Ministry of Justice</a> are largely prosecutors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Poland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The highest-ranking prosecutor office of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prokuratura&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Prokuratura (page does not exist)">Prokuratura</a> in Poland is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_Prosecutor_General_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public Prosecutor General (Poland)">Prokurator Generalny</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=General_Prosecutor&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="General Prosecutor (page does not exist)">General Prosecutor</a>), who is the chief of the Prokuratura Krajowa (National Public Prosecutor's Office). The GP has 5 deputies. The structure of Public Prosecution in Poland is four-level: Prokuratura Krajowa — National Public Prosecutor's Office; prokuratury regionalne — provincial public prosecutor's offices (11); prokuratury okręgowe — regional public prosecutor's offices (45); and prokuratury rejonowe — district public prosecutor's offices (358). Apart from a brief period between 2010 and 2016, the position of Public Prosecutor General has been held concurrently by the Minister of Justice. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: South Korea" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Prosecutors%27_Office_of_the_Republic_of_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Prosecutors' Office of the Republic of Korea">Supreme Prosecutors' Office of the Republic of Korea</a> </div> Prosecutors are public officials who are members of the Prosecutor's Office. Prosecutors can conduct crime investigations directly or indirectly. They are responsible for the entire process of investigations and court prosecutions. Since Korean modern law was designed after civil law, the role of Korean prosecutors is similar or identical to that of European equivalents in commanding investigations, determining indictable cases and prosecuting process. A prosecutor has the power to prohibit a defendant or an accused individual from departing the Republic of Korea via an "international hold".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sweden" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Sweden, public prosecutors are lawyers who work out of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swedish_Prosecution_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swedish Prosecution Authority">Swedish Prosecution Authority</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swedish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Åklagarmyndigheten) and direct police investigations of serious crimes. For all criminal cases, public prosecutors decide arrests and charges on behalf of the public and are the only public officers who can make such decisions. Plaintiffs also have the option of hiring their own special prosecutor (enskilt åtal). The exception is cases concerning crimes against the freedom of the press for which the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chancellor_of_Justice_(Sweden)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chancellor of Justice (Sweden)">Chancellor of Justice</a> acts as the prosecuting attorney. In court, the prosecutor is not necessarily in an adversarial relationship to the defendant, but is under an obligation to investigate and present information that may incriminate or exonerate the defendant. The prosecutor is not a judicial officer, nor do they participate in the private deliberations of the court. Public prosecutors are the only public officers who can decide to appeal cases to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Courts_of_appeal_in_Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Courts of appeal in Sweden">appellate courts</a>. Otherwise, appeals are initiated by defense counsel, the plaintiff, their representatives, and other parties to the case (målsäganden). When a case has been decided by an appellate court, the right to appeal to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of Sweden">Supreme Court</a> passes from the case's prosecutor to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecutor-General_of_Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prosecutor-General of Sweden">Prosecutor-General</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swedish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Riksåklagaren). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Socialist_law_jurisdictions">Socialist law jurisdictions</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Socialist law jurisdictions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_Procurator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Procurator">Public Procurator</a> </div> A Public Procurator is an office used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialist_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socialist law">socialist law</a>, which in some ways corresponds to that of a public prosecutor in other legal systems but with more far-reaching responsibilities, such as handling investigations otherwise performed by branches of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Police">police</a>. Conversely, the policing systems in socialist countries, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Militsiya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a> of the Soviet Union, were not aimed at fulfilling the same roles as police forces in democratic countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="People's_Republic_of_China">People's Republic of China</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> </div> A Public Procurator is a position in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, analogous to both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Detective?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Detective">detective</a> and public prosecutor. Legally, they are bound by Public Procurators' Law of the People's Republic of China. According to Article 6, the functions and duties of public procurators are as follows: <ol> <li>Supervise the enforcement of laws according to law.</li> <li>Public prosecution on behalf of the State.</li> <li>Investigate criminal cases directly accepted by the People's Procuratorates as provided by law.</li> <li>Other functions and duties as provided by law.</li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Vietnam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuracy_of_Vietnam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam">Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam</a> </div> The Supreme People's Procuracy is the highest office of public procurators in Vietnam. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Institutional_independence">Institutional independence</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Institutional independence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section possibly contains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DProsecutor%26action%3Dedit">improve it</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2010) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> In many countries, the prosecutor's administration is directly subordinate to the executive branch (e.g., the United States Attorney General is a member of the President's cabinet). In some other countries, such as Brazil or Italy, the prosecutors are judicial civil servants, so they have the same liberties and independence that judges traditionally enjoy. In other countries, a form of private prosecution is available, meaning persons or private entities can directly petition the courts to hold trial against someone they feel is guilty of a crime, should the prosecutor refuse to indict. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Private_prosecution">Private prosecution</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Private prosecution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Private_prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Private prosecution">Private prosecution</a> </div> In the early history of England, victims of a crime and their family had the right to hire a private attorney to prosecute criminal charges against the person alleged to have injured the victim.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nichols-58">[58]</a> In the 18th century, prosecution of almost all criminal offences in England was private, usually by the victim.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonial_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">Colonial America</a>, because of Dutch and possibly French practice and the expansion of the office of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attorney_general?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attorney general">attorney general</a>, public officials came to dominate the prosecution of crimes; however, privately funded prosecutors constituted a significant element of the state criminal justice system throughout the nineteenth century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The use of a private prosecutor was incorporated into the common law of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> but is no longer permitted there.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nichols-58">[58]</a> Private prosecutors were also used in North Carolina as late as 1975.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Private prosecution has been used in Nigeria, although the practice is being phased out.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_procurator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public procurator">Public procurator</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_prosecutor%27s_office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public prosecutor's office">Public prosecutor's office</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magistrats_Europ%C3%A9ens_pour_la_D%C3%A9mocratie_et_les_Libert%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magistrats Européens pour la Démocratie et les Libertés">Magistrats Européens pour la Démocratie et les Libertés</a> (European Association of Judges and Public Prosecutors)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> See Director of Public Prosecutions Act 1983 (Cth).</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.rspcavic.org/services/inspectorate/prosecutions">"Prosecutions"</a>. www.rspcavic.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323102831/https://www.rspcavic.org/services/inspectorate/prosecutions">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rspcavic.org&rft.atitle=Prosecutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rspcavic.org%2Fservices%2Finspectorate%2Fprosecutions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/relations-other-prosecuting-agencies">"Relations with other prosecuting agencies | The Crown Prosecution Service"</a>. www.cps.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615135943/https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/relations-other-prosecuting-agencies">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cps.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Relations+with+other+prosecuting+agencies+%7C+The+Crown+Prosecution+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.gov.uk%2Flegal-guidance%2Frelations-other-prosecuting-agencies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/30px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="207"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/30px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/45px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/60px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/">Open Government Licence v3.0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628175632/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/">Archived</a> 28 June 2017 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. © Crown copyright.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/41/section/71">https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/41/section/71</a> [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/23/section/2">"s2 PoA 1985"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615143335/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/23/section/2">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. 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Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Our+governance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Forganisations%2Fattorney-generals-office%2Fabout%2Four-governance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protocol-between-the-attorney-general-and-prosecuting-departments">"[Withdrawn] Protocol between the Attorney General and prosecuting departments"</a>. GOV.UK. 14 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615135944/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/protocol-between-the-attorney-general-and-prosecuting-departments">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=%5BWithdrawn%5D+Protocol+between+the+Attorney+General+and+prosecuting+departments&rft.date=2019-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fprotocol-between-the-attorney-general-and-prosecuting-departments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/attorney-general">"Attorney General - GOV.UK"</a>. www.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615135945/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/attorney-general">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. 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Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cps.gov.uk&rft.atitle=About+CPS+%7C+The+Crown+Prosecution+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.gov.uk%2Fabout-cps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sfo.gov.uk/about-us/">"About us"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Service+Prosecuting+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fguidance%2Fservice-prosecuting-authority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_12-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.handbook.fca.org.uk/handbook/EG/12.pdf">"FCA Prosecution Handbook"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727042859/https://www.handbook.fca.org.uk/handbook/EG/12.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FCA+Prosecution+Handbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.handbook.fca.org.uk%2Fhandbook%2FEG%2F12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cps.gov.uk/publication/code-crown-prosecutors">"The Code for Crown Prosecutors | The Crown Prosecution Service"</a>. www.cps.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cps.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Code+for+Crown+Prosecutors+%7C+The+Crown+Prosecution+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.gov.uk%2Fpublication%2Fcode-crown-prosecutors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/charging-directors-guidance-sixth-edition-december-2020-incorporating-national-file">"Charging (The Director's Guidance) - sixth edition, December 2020, incorporating the National File Standard | The Crown Prosecution Service"</a>. www.cps.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cps.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Charging+%28The+Director%27s+Guidance%29+-+sixth+edition%2C+December+2020%2C+incorporating+the+National+File+Standard+%7C+The+Crown+Prosecution+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.gov.uk%2Flegal-guidance%2Fcharging-directors-guidance-sixth-edition-december-2020-incorporating-national-file&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Director's_Guidance-15">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Director's_Guidance_15-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Director's_Guidance_15-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Director's_Guidance_15-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Director's_Guidance_15-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Director's_Guidance_15-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Director's_Guidance_15-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Director's_Guidance_15-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Director's_Guidance_15-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Director's_Guidance_15-8">i</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Director's_Guidance_15-9">j</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Director's_Guidance_15-10">k</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Director's_Guidance_15-11">l</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Director's_Guidance_15-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/charging-directors-guidance-sixth-edition-december-2020">"Charging (The Director's Guidance) - sixth edition, December 2020 | The Crown Prosecution Service"</a>. www.cps.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615143334/https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/charging-directors-guidance-sixth-edition-december-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cps.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Charging+%28The+Director%27s+Guidance%29+-+sixth+edition%2C+December+2020+%7C+The+Crown+Prosecution+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.gov.uk%2Flegal-guidance%2Fcharging-directors-guidance-sixth-edition-december-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/30px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="207"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/30px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/45px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/60px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/">Open Government Licence v3.0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628175632/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/">Archived</a> 28 June 2017 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. © Crown copyright.</li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_16-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_16-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_16-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cps.gov.uk/publication/code-crown-prosecutors">"The Code for Crown Prosecutors | The Crown Prosecution Service"</a>. www.cps.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615143334/https://www.cps.gov.uk/publication/code-crown-prosecutors">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cps.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Code+for+Crown+Prosecutors+%7C+The+Crown+Prosecution+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.gov.uk%2Fpublication%2Fcode-crown-prosecutors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdls2021" class="citation web cs1">dls (24 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://swarb.co.uk/regina-v-stafford-justices-ex-parte-customs-and-excise-commissioners-1991/">"Regina v Stafford Justices ex parte Customs and Excise Commissioners: 1991"</a>. swarb.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409050045/https://swarb.co.uk/regina-v-stafford-justices-ex-parte-customs-and-excise-commissioners-1991/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swarb.co.uk&rft.atitle=Regina+v+Stafford+Justices+ex+parte+Customs+and+Excise+Commissioners%3A+1991&rft.date=2021-04-24&rft.au=dls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswarb.co.uk%2Fregina-v-stafford-justices-ex-parte-customs-and-excise-commissioners-1991%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:3-18">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_18-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_18-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_18-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_18-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_18-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/consents-prosecute">"Consents to Prosecute | The Crown Prosecution Service"</a>. www.cps.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615163644/https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/consents-prosecute">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cps.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Consents+to+Prosecute+%7C+The+Crown+Prosecution+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.gov.uk%2Flegal-guidance%2Fconsents-prosecute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/60/section/1">https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/60/section/1</a> [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/60/section/1">"s1 Law Officers Act 1997"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409214604/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1997/60/section/1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=s1+Law+Officers+Act+1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1997%2F60%2Fsection%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/23/section/1">https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/23/section/1</a> [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/consent-of-the-attorney-general-to-prosecute-how-to-apply">"Consent of the Attorney General to prosecute: how to apply"</a>. GOV.UK. 23 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615163643/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/consent-of-the-attorney-general-to-prosecute-how-to-apply">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Consent+of+the+Attorney+General+to+prosecute%3A+how+to+apply&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fguidance%2Fconsent-of-the-attorney-general-to-prosecute-how-to-apply&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/consents-prosecute">"Consents to Prosecute | The Crown Prosecution Service"</a>. www.cps.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cps.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Consents+to+Prosecute+%7C+The+Crown+Prosecution+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.gov.uk%2Flegal-guidance%2Fconsents-prosecute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/23/section/6">https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/23/section/6</a> [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.rspca.org.uk/webContent/staticImages/Downloads/WoolerReviewFinalSept2014.pdf">"Wooler Report"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407024925/https://www.rspca.org.uk/webContent/staticImages/Downloads/WoolerReviewFinalSept2014.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wooler+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rspca.org.uk%2FwebContent%2FstaticImages%2FDownloads%2FWoolerReviewFinalSept2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.rspca.org.uk/webContent/staticImages/Downloads/WoolerReviewFinalSept2014.pdf">https://www.rspca.org.uk/webContent/staticImages/Downloads/WoolerReviewFinalSept2014.pdf</a> [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL PDF</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmenvfru/117/117.pdf">https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmenvfru/117/117.pdf</a> [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL PDF</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/2823/documents/27637/default/">https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/2823/documents/27637/default/</a> [<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/2823/documents/27637/default/">"JSC Report on Private Prosecutions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429092123/https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/2823/documents/27637/default/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JSC+Report+on+Private+Prosecutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommittees.parliament.uk%2Fpublications%2F2823%2Fdocuments%2F27637%2Fdefault%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:4-30">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:4_30-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:4_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/private-prosecutions/private-prosecutions">"Private Prosecutions"</a>. GOV.UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615173308/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/private-prosecutions/private-prosecutions">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Private+Prosecutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fprivate-prosecutions%2Fprivate-prosecutions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:5-31">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:5_31-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:5_31-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:5_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/private-prosecutions">"Private Prosecutions | The Crown Prosecution Service"</a>. www.cps.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615173314/https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/private-prosecutions">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cps.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Private+Prosecutions+%7C+The+Crown+Prosecution+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cps.gov.uk%2Flegal-guidance%2Fprivate-prosecutions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/30px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="207"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/30px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png" data-width="30" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/45px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/60px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/">Open Government Licence v3.0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628175632/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/">Archived</a> 28 June 2017 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. © Crown copyright.</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/23/section/6">"s6 PoA 1985"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615171920/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/23/section/6">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=s6+PoA+1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1985%2F23%2Fsection%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspiner2021" class="citation news cs1">Espiner, Guyon (3 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/is-this-justice/452851/40m-of-public-money-for-private-law-firms">"$40m of public money for private law firms"</a>. Radio NZ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003195806/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/is-this-justice/452851/40m-of-public-money-for-private-law-firms">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%2440m+of+public+money+for+private+law+firms&rft.date=2021-10-03&rft.aulast=Espiner&rft.aufirst=Guyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fis-this-justice%2F452851%2F40m-of-public-money-for-private-law-firms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219015946/https://www.americanbar.org/publications/criminal_justice_section_archive/crimjust_standards_pinvestigate.html">"Standards on Prosecutorial Investigations (Table of Contents) | Criminal Justice Section"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.americanbar.org/publications/criminal_justice_section_archive/crimjust_standards_pinvestigate.html">the original</a> on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standards+on+Prosecutorial+Investigations+%28Table+of+Contents%29+%26%23124%3B+Criminal+Justice+Section&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fpublications%2Fcriminal_justice_section_archive%2Fcrimjust_standards_pinvestigate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"> Standards on Prosecutorial Investigations</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> See: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:District_attorneys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:District attorneys">Category:District attorneys</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://necaa.org/county-attorneys/">"Directory of Nebraska County Attorneys"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507185732/http://necaa.org/county-attorneys/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directory+of+Nebraska+County+Attorneys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnecaa.org%2Fcounty-attorneys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.maricopacountyattorney.org">"Maricopa County Attorney's Office • Phoenix, Arizona"</a>. Maricopacountyattorney.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005024100/http://www.maricopacountyattorney.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maricopa+County+Attorney%27s+Office+%E2%80%A2+Phoenix%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=Maricopacountyattorney.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maricopacountyattorney.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.njpoma.org/">"President's Message"</a>. Prosecutor's Office Management Association ("POMA") of New Jersey. 5 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20120904133621/http://www.njpoma.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President%27s+Message&rft.pub=Prosecutor%27s+Office+Management+Association+%28%22POMA%22%29+of+New+Jersey&rft.date=2010-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njpoma.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.stjoepros.org">"St. Joseph County Prosecutor's Office"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028030157/https://stjoepros.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Joseph+County+Prosecutor%27s+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stjoepros.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> See, e.g., Ark. Const. amdt. 21, § 1 (offenses may be prosecuted by an "information filed by the Prosecuting Attorney"), and amdt. 80, § 20 ("A Prosecuting Attorney shall be elected by the qualified electors of each judicial circuit."); Ark. Code Ann. §§ 16-21-101 et seq. (provisions concerning "prosecuting attorneys").</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.judicial.state.sc.us/summaryCourtBenchBook/HTML/GeneralA.htm">"South Carolina Bench Book for Summary Court Judges–General Section"</a>. Judicial.state.sc.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052342/http://www.judicial.state.sc.us/summaryCourtBenchBook/HTML/GeneralA.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Carolina+Bench+Book+for+Summary+Court+Judges%E2%80%93General+Section&rft.pub=Judicial.state.sc.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.judicial.state.sc.us%2FsummaryCourtBenchBook%2FHTML%2FGeneralA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brady_v._Maryland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brady v. Maryland">Brady v. Maryland</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_373?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 373">373</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Reports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Brady_v._Maryland">83</a> (1963).</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giglio_v._United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giglio v. United States">Giglio v. United States</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_405?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 405">405</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Reports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/405/150/">150</a> (1972).</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arizona_v._Youngblood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arizona v. Youngblood">Arizona v. Youngblood</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_488?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 488">488</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Reports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/488/51/">51</a> (1988).</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napue_v._Illinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napue v. Illinois">Napue v. Illinois</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_360?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 360">360</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Reports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/360/264/">264</a> (1959).</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.propublica.org/article/who-polices-prosecutors-who-abuse-their-authority-usually-nobody">Who Polices Prosecutors Who Abuse Their Authority? Usually Nobody</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630184935/https://www.propublica.org/article/who-polices-prosecutors-who-abuse-their-authority-usually-nobody">Archived</a> 30 June 2017 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ProPublica.</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berger_v._United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berger v. United States">Berger v. United States</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_295?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 295">295</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Reports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Berger_v._United_States_(295_U.S._78)">78, 88</a> (1935).</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> See <cite>State v. Gomez</cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case%3D9043197580032161970">127 P.3d 873</a>, 877 (Ariz. 2006) ("Indictments can be dismissed for various reasons, including a prosecutor's determination that the person charged did not in fact commit the crime or—as this case illustrates—that there is no reasonable likelihood of conviction.")..</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mpf.mp.br/atuacao-tematica/sci/dados-da-atuacao/links-tematicos/traducoes-oficiais-do-mpf">"Traduções oficiais do MPF conforme Portaria PGR/MPF nº 618"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021459/http://www.mpf.mp.br/atuacao-tematica/sci/dados-da-atuacao/links-tematicos/traducoes-oficiais-do-mpf">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tradu%C3%A7%C3%B5es+oficiais+do+MPF+conforme+Portaria+PGR%2FMPF+n%C2%BA+618&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpf.mp.br%2Fatuacao-tematica%2Fsci%2Fdados-da-atuacao%2Flinks-tematicos%2Ftraducoes-oficiais-do-mpf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> Article 129, preamble paragraphs VII and VIII of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicaocompilado.htm">"Constitution of Brazil"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505161928/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/ConstituicaoCompilado.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Brazil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil_03%2Fconstituicao%2Fconstituicaocompilado.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988">("São funções institucionais do Ministério Público: . . . (VII) exercer o controle externo da atividade policial, na forma da lei complementar mencionada no artigo anterior [Art. 128°]; (VIII) requisitar diligências investigatórias e a instauração de inquérito policial, indicados os fundamentos jurídicos de suas manifestações processuais; . . . .").</li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2013/lei/l12830.htm">"Law 12.830/2013"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114152545/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2013/lei/l12830.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+12.830%2F2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil_03%2F_ato2011-2014%2F2013%2Flei%2Fl12830.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988">.</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> Article 4 of the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto-lei/Del3689.htm">"Brazilian Code of Criminal Procedure"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722232718/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/Decreto-Lei/Del3689.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Code+of+Criminal+Procedure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil_03%2Fdecreto-lei%2FDel3689.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"> ("A polícia judiciária será exercida pelas autoridades policiais no território de suas respectivas circunscrições e terá por fim a apuração das infrações penais e da sua autoria.").</li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> Article 144, Section IV of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution of Brazil</a> (1988) ("Às polícias civis, dirigidas por delegados de polícia de carreira, incumbem, ressalvada a competência da União, as funções de polícia judiciária e a apuração de infrações penais, exceto as militares.").</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> RiStBV, No. 138/139.</li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrmann,_Joachim1973–1974" class="citation cs2">Herrmann, Joachim (1973–1974), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle%3Dhein.journals/uclr41%26section%3D33">The Rule of Compulsory Prosecution and the Scope of Prosecutorial Discretion in Germany</a>, vol. 41, U. Chi. L. Rev., p. 468, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711161736/http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle%3Dhein.journals%252Fuclr41%26section%3D33">archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rule+of+Compulsory+Prosecution+and+the+Scope+of+Prosecutorial+Discretion+in+Germany&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=U.+Chi.+L.+Rev.&rft.date=1973%2F1974&rft.au=Herrmann%2C+Joachim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonlinebackup.com%2Fhol-cgi-bin%2Fget_pdf.cgi%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fuclr41%26section%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuarnieri1997" class="citation cs2">Guarnieri, Carlo (January 1997), "The Judiciary in the Italian Political Crisis", West European Politics, 20 (1): 157–175, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F01402389708425179">10.1080/01402389708425179</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+European+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Judiciary+in+the+Italian+Political+Crisis&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=157-175&rft.date=1997-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402389708425179&rft.aulast=Guarnieri&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thekoreanlawblog.com/2015/05/fleeing-korea-while-under.html">"Fleeing Korea while under Police/Prosecutor Investigation: International Hold in Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707201249/http://www.thekoreanlawblog.com/2015/05/fleeing-korea-while-under.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fleeing+Korea+while+under+Police%2FProsecutor+Investigation%3A+International+Hold+in+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thekoreanlawblog.com%2F2015%2F05%2Ffleeing-korea-while-under.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Nichols-58">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nichols_58-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nichols_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols,_Matthew_S.2000–2001" class="citation cs2">Nichols, Matthew S. (2000–2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle%3Dhein.journals/hjlpp9%26section%3D38">No One Can Serve Two Masters: Arguments against Private Prosecutors</a>, vol. 13, Cap. Def. J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401074301/http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle%3Dhein.journals%252Fhjlpp9%26section%3D38">archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+One+Can+Serve+Two+Masters%3A+Arguments+against+Private+Prosecutors&rft.pub=Cap.+Def.+J.&rft.date=2000%2F2001&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Matthew+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonlinebackup.com%2Fhol-cgi-bin%2Fget_pdf.cgi%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fhjlpp9%26section%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman,_David_D.1995" class="citation cs2">Friedman, David D. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle%3Dhein.journals/ucroun2%26section%3D23">Making Sense of English Law Enforcement in the Eighteenth Century</a>, vol. 2, U. Chi. L. Sch. Roundtable, p. 475, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401074315/http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle%3Dhein.journals%252Fucroun2%26section%3D23">archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+English+Law+Enforcement+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=U.+Chi.+L.+Sch.+Roundtable&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Friedman%2C+David+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonlinebackup.com%2Fhol-cgi-bin%2Fget_pdf.cgi%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fucroun2%26section%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_M._Ireland1995" class="citation journal cs1">Robert M. Ireland (January 1995). "Privately Funded Prosecution of Crime in the Nineteenth-Century United States". The American Journal of Legal History. 39 (1). Temple University: 43–58. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F845749">10.2307/845749</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/845749">845749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=Privately+Funded+Prosecution+of+Crime+in+the+Nineteenth-Century+United+States&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-58&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F845749&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F845749%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Robert+M.+Ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidman,_Andrew1975–1976" class="citation cs2">Sidman, Andrew (1975–1976), Outmoded Concept of Private Prosecution, The, vol. 25, Am. U. L. Rev., p. 754</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outmoded+Concept+of+Private+Prosecution%2C+The&rft.pages=754&rft.pub=Am.+U.+L.+Rev.&rft.date=1975%2F1976&rft.au=Sidman%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosecution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkagbue1990" class="citation journal cs1">Okagbue, Isabella (Spring 1990). "Private Prosecution in Nigeria: Recent Developments and Some Proposals". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_African_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of African Law">Journal of African Law</a>. 34 (1). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies: 53–66. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252Fs0021855300008196">10.1017/s0021855300008196</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/745600">745600</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145695321">145695321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Law&rft.atitle=Private+Prosecution+in+Nigeria%3A+Recent+Developments+and+Some+Proposals&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-66&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145695321%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F745600%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021855300008196&rft.aulast=Okagbue&rft.aufirst=Isabella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsecutor" class="Z3988">.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prosecutor&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gad_Barzilai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gad Barzilai">Gad Barzilai</a>. The Attorney General and the State Prosecutor: Is Institutional Separation Warranted? (Jerusalem: The Israel Democracy Institute, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.idi.org.il/PublicationsCatalog/Pages/pp_84/Publication_Catalog_84.aspx">The Index of Arab-Jewish Relations in Israel 2012 (English)</a></li> <li>Hugo Nigro Mazzilli. Regime Juridico do Ministério Público, 5ª edição, São Paulo: Saraiva, 2001.</li> <li>Raoul Muhm, Gian Carlo Caselli (Hrsg.), Die Rolle des Staatsanwaltes Erfahrungen in Europa–Il ruolo del Pubblico Ministero Esperienze in Europa–Le role du Magistrat du Parquet Expériences en Europe–The role of the Public Prosecutor Experiences in Europe, Vecchiarelli Editore Manziana (Roma) 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8247-156-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/88-8247-156-X">88-8247-156-X</a></li> <li>Raoul Muhm, "The role of the Public Prosecutor in Germany" in The Irish Jurist, Volume XXXVIII, New Series 2003, The Law Faculty, University College, Dublin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601225651/http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/raoulirish.htm">LARCHIVIO - Finance Journal</a></li> <li>Erick Maurel, Paroles de procureur (Paris: Gallimard, 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-07-011977-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-07-011977-6">978-2-07-011977-6</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B9" title="مدع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokuror" title="Prokuror – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Prokuror" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2585%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%2595" title="অভিশংসক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অভিশংসক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%25C3%25A1m-chhat-koa%25E2%2581%25BF" title="Kiám-chhat-koaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiám-chhat-koaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Пракурор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пракурор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Пракурор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пракурор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Прокурор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прокурор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal" title="Fiscal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fiscal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokur%25C3%25A1tor" title="Prokurátor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prokurátor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anklager" title="Anklager – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anklager" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsanwalt" title="Staatsanwalt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staatsanwalt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokur%25C3%25B6r" title="Prokurör – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prokurör" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_(funcionario)" title="Fiscal (funcionario) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fiscal (funcionario)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuzisto" title="Akuzisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akuzisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herri-salatari" title="Herri-salatari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herri-salatari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="دادستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دادستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procureur" title="Procureur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Procureur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%25C3%25A1m-chh%25C3%25A0-k%25C3%25B4n" title="Kiám-chhà-kôn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kiám-chhà-kôn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B2%2580%25EC%2582%25AC" title="검사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="검사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AD%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A6" title="Դատախազ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դատախազ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="सरकारी वकील – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सरकारी वकील" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%25C5%25BEiteljstvo" title="Tužiteljstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tužiteljstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokuratoro" title="Prokuratoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Prokuratoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaksa" title="Jaksa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jaksa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25AA%25D7%2595%25D7%2591%25D7%25A2_(%25D7%259E%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A4%25D7%2598_%25D7%25A4%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%259C%25D7%2599)" title="תובע (משפט פלילי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תובע (משפט פלילי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Прокурор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Прокурор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Прокурор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Прокурор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokuroras" title="Prokuroras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prokuroras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocatt_fiscal" title="Avocatt fiscal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Avocatt fiscal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2588%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB" title="Јавен обвинител – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јавен обвинител" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="अभियोजनकर्ता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अभियोजनकर्ता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25A4%259C%25E5%25AF%259F%25E5%25AE%2598" title="検察官 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="検察官" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procuraire" title="Procuraire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Procuraire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584" title="څارنوال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="څارنوال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokurator" title="Prokurator – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prokurator" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotor_de_justi%25C3%25A7a" title="Promotor de justiça – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Promotor de justiça" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procuror" title="Procuror – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Procuror" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Прокурор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прокурор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokurori" title="Prokurori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Prokurori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Prosecutor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%25C5%25BEavni_to%25C5%25BEilec" title="Državni tožilec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Državni tožilec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javni_tu%25C5%25BEilac" title="Javni tužilac – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Javni tužilac" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syytt%25C3%25A4j%25C3%25A4" title="Syyttäjä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syyttäjä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2585klagare" title="Åklagare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Åklagare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%25C3%25B4ng_t%25E1%25BB%2591_vi%25C3%25AAn" title="Công tố viên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công tố viên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25A3%2580%25E5%25AF%259F%25E5%25AE%2598" title="检察官 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="检察官" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E6%258E%25A7%25E5%25AE%2598" title="主控官 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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