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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224118861">.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar{width:20em;border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:#002868;color:#FFFFFF;border:1px double #8C959A}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF;border:1px double #8C959A}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-list-content{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background:#bf0a30;color:#FFFFFF;border:1px double #8C959A}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .sidebar-list-title a{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .mw-collapsible-text{color:#FFFFFF}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <p>In the United States, a <b>state court</b> is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Law court">law court</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jurisdiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> over disputes with some connection to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U.S._state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a>. State courts handle the vast majority of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil law (common law)">civil</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Criminal_law_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Criminal law of the United States">criminal</a> cases in the United States; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_federal_courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">United States federal courts</a> are far smaller in terms of both personnel and caseload, and handle different types of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Manweller_Page55_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Manweller_Page55-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Page_56_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Friedman_Page_56-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States often provide their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trial_courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial courts">trial courts</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_jurisdiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General jurisdiction">general jurisdiction</a> (the hearing of all matters in which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personal jurisdiction">personal jurisdiction</a> exists and which are not committed to another court)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-subjmatter_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-subjmatter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and state trial courts regularly have <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concurrent_jurisdiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concurrent jurisdiction">concurrent jurisdiction</a> with federal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federal courts are courts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limited_jurisdiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limited jurisdiction">limited jurisdiction</a> and their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subject-matter_jurisdiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subject-matter jurisdiction">subject-matter jurisdiction</a> arises only under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_federal_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal law">federal law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-subjmatter_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-subjmatter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Each state "is free to organize its courts as it sees fit," and consequently, "no two states have identical court structures."<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley_Page_41_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Oakley_Page_41-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, state courts are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common law">common law</a> courts, and apply their respective <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_law_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State law (United States)">state laws</a> and procedures to decide cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_1999_282_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Olson_1999_282-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are organized pursuant to and apply the law in accordance with their state's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">constitution</a>, state <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_law_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State law (United States)">statutes</a>, and binding decisions of courts in their state court hierarchy. Where applicable, they also apply <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Law of the United States">federal law</a>, or need to make a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Choice_of_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Choice of law">choice of law</a> from another jurisdiction.</p> <p>Generally, a single judicial officer, usually called a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judge">judge</a>, exercises <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Original_jurisdiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Original jurisdiction">original jurisdiction</a> by presiding over contested criminal or civil actions which culminate in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trial">trials</a>, which may include empaneling a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jury">jury</a>, although most matters stop short of reaching trial. The decisions of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lower_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lower court">lower courts</a> may be reviewed by a panel of a state <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Court_of_appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of appeals">court of appeals</a>. Generally, there is also a highest court for appeals, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_supreme_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State supreme court">state supreme court</a>, that oversees the court system. In matters that involve issues of federal law, the final decision of the state's highest court (including refusals to hear final appeals) may be appealed to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> (which also has the discretion to refuse to hear them).</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Types_of_state_courts"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Types of state courts</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Trial_court"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Trial court</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Appellate_court"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Appellate court</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Municipal_court"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Municipal court</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Superior_court"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Superior court</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#State_court_judges"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">State court judges</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Differences_among_the_states"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Differences among the states</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nature_of_matters_handled_in_state_courts"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Nature of matters handled in state courts</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Civil_cases"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Civil cases</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Criminal_cases"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Criminal cases</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Administration"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Administration</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#State_court_regulation_of_lawyers"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">State court regulation of lawyers</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Relationship_to_federal_courts"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Relationship to federal courts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nomenclature"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Nomenclature</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links and references</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Types_of_state_courts">Types of state courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Types of state courts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Trial_court">Trial court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Trial court" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Cases in state courts begin in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trial_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trial court">trial court</a> where lawsuits and criminal cases are filed and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evidence_(law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evidence (law)">evidence</a> is eventually presented if a case proceeds to a hearing or trial.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_1999_282_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Olson_1999_282-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trials in these courts are often held only after extensive pretrial procedures that in more than 90% of cases lead to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Default_judgment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Default judgment">default judgment</a> in a civil case, an agreed resolution <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Settlement (litigation)">settling the case</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plea_bargain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plea bargain">plea bargain</a> resolving a criminal case, or pretrial resolution of the case by a judge either on the merits or on procedural grounds. Although the United States is supposedly a highly litigious society, very few cases actually go to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jury">jury</a> verdict and a final <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judgment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">judgment</a>, let alone an appeal that results in a published appellate opinion. In other words, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_reports?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Law reports">reported</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Case_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Case law">case law</a> studied in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Law school in the United States">American law schools</a> does not reflect the way the vast majority of cases are handled and resolved—by "bargain[ing] [in the] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shadow_of_the_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shadow of the law">shadow of the law</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Page_70_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Friedman_Page_70-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Territory outside of any state in the United States, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_of_Columbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Samoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, often has a court system established under federal or territorial law which substitutes for a state court system and is distinct from the ordinary federal court system.</p> <p>State trial courts are usually located in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Courthouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Courthouse">courthouse</a>, which is often in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_seat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County seat">county seat</a>. Even when state trial courts include more than one county in a judicial district, it is not uncommon for the state trial court to hold regular sessions at each county seat in its jurisdiction and function from the point of view of litigants as if it were a county-based court.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Appellate_court">Appellate court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Appellate court" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>If one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litigant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigant">litigants</a> is unsatisfied with the decision of the lower court, the matter may be taken up on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Appeal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Appeal">appeal</a> (but an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acquittal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acquittal">acquittal</a> in a criminal trial may not be appealed by the state due to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a> protection against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Double_jeopardy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Double jeopardy">double jeopardy</a>). Usually, an intermediate appellate court, if there is one in that state, often called the state court of appeals, will review the decision of the trial court. If still unsatisfied, the litigant can appeal to the highest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Appellate_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Appellate court">appellate court</a> in the state, which is usually called the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_supreme_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State supreme court">state supreme court</a> and is usually located in or near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_capital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="State capital">state capital</a>. Appellate courts in the United States, unlike their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> counterparts, are generally not permitted to correct mistakes concerning the facts of the case on appeal, only mistakes of law, or findings of fact with no support in the trial court record.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Municipal_court">Municipal court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Municipal court" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Courts_of_inferior_jurisdiction"></span>Many states have courts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limited_jurisdiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limited jurisdiction">limited jurisdiction</a> (inferior jurisdiction), presided over by, for example, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magistrate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a> who hears <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arraignment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arraignment">criminal arraignments</a> and tries <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Misdemeanor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Misdemeanor">petty offenses</a> and small <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil law (common law)">civil cases</a>. Appeals from courts of limited jurisdiction are frequently sent to state trial courts of general jurisdiction rather than to an appellate court.</p> <p>Larger cities often have <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City court">city courts</a> (also known as municipal courts) which hear <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traffic_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic law">traffic offenses</a> and violations of city <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_ordinance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local ordinance">ordinances</a>; in some states, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, these courts have slightly broader jurisdiction and can also handle small claims and misdemeanors. Other courts of limited jurisdiction include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alderman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alderman">alderman</a>'s courts, police court, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mayor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mayor">mayor</a>'s courts, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recorder%27s_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Recorder's court">recorder's courts</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County court">county courts</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Probate_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Probate court">probate courts</a>, municipal courts, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juvenile_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juvenile court">juvenile courts</a>, courts of claims, courts of common pleas, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Family_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Family court">family courts</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Small_claims_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Small claims court">small claims courts</a>, tax courts, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Water_court&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Water court (page does not exist)">water courts</a> (present in some western states such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colorado_Water_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Water Courts">Colorado</a> and Montana), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workers%27_compensation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a> courts (Rhode Island).</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawrence_M._Friedman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawrence M. Friedman">Lawrence M. Friedman</a> has described courts of limited jurisdiction as "the bargain basement of justice," where procedures are often informal and "slapdash" and the quality of justice is poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Page_56_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Friedman_Page_56-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In states that still use justices of the peace or equivalent judicial officers, many judges of courts of limited jurisdiction are laypersons who never attended law school or passed a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bar_examination_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bar examination in the United States">bar examination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Page_56_2-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Friedman_Page_56-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Courts of limited jurisdiction should not be confused with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Administrative_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Administrative court">administrative courts</a> seen in other countries. The United States does not use administrative courts,<sup id="cite_ref-Farnsworth_Page_170_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Farnsworth_Page_170-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a result of the strict <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers imposed by the United States Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sunstein_Page_83_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sunstein_Page_83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, at both the federal and state levels, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Administrative_law_judge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Administrative law judge">administrative law judges</a> (ALJs) preside over tribunals within executive branch agencies (although their decisions can usually be appealed to real judges in the judicial branch). In state governments, ALJs handle matters such as driver's license revocations, workers' compensation claims, unemployment insurance claims, and land use disputes.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Superior_court">Superior court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Superior court" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>All these courts are distinguished from courts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_jurisdiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General jurisdiction">general jurisdiction</a> (also known as "superior jurisdiction"), which are the default type of trial court that can hear any case which is not required to be first heard in a court of limited jurisdiction. Most such cases are civil cases involving large sums of money or criminal cases arising from serious felonies like rape and murder. Typically, felonies are handled in general jurisdiction courts, while misdemeanors and other lesser offenses are handled in inferior jurisdiction courts. Unlike most European courts (in both common law and civil law countries), American state courts do not usually have a separate court that handles serious crimes; jurisdiction lies with the court that handles all other felony cases in a given county. But, many state courts that handle criminal cases have separate divisions or judges assigned to handle certain types of crimes such as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drug_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drug court">drug court</a>, sometimes also known as a "problem-solving court".</p> <p>Courts of general jurisdiction tend to be better funded, better staffed, more professional, more dignified, and more solemn than courts of limited jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Page_57_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Friedman_Page_57-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also tend to have jurisdiction over larger geographical areas and more people.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Page_57_12-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Friedman_Page_57-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>A few states like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California">California</a> have unified all courts of general and inferior jurisdiction to make the judicial process more efficient.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In such judicial systems, there are still <i>departments</i> of limited jurisdiction within the trial courts, and often these departments occupy exactly the same facilities they once occupied as independent courts of limited jurisdiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, as mere administrative divisions, departments can be rearranged at the discretion of each trial court's presiding judge in response to changing caseloads.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="State_court_judges">State court judges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: State court judges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Unlike federal courts, where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judge">judges</a> are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_positions_filled_by_presidential_appointment_with_Senate_confirmation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation">presidential appointees</a> confirmed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U.S._Senate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> serving life terms of office, the vast majority of states have some judges who are elected, while some judges are appointed. The methods of judicial appointment vary widely.</p> <p>The American habit of electing state court judges originates with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federalist_No._78?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federalist No. 78">Federalist No. 78</a>, in which Hamilton brought about a fundamental reconceptualization of the idea of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Separation_of_powers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> with respect to the judiciary. Before Hamilton, both English and American people had thought of judges as mere appendages of royal authority, and that a government had only two branches, the executive and the legislative. Hamilton implied and others later developed the idea that American judges were coequal to legislatures and executives in their responsibility to carry out the people's will (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Popular_sovereignty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a>), which extended to the power to make law (through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Case_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Case law">case law</a>). Therefore, if the judiciary was a coequal third branch of government, and the judges were the people's agents, then like the other branches, they ought to be elected by the people.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, problems with partisan judicial elections led many states to later adopt judicial appointment systems, while also using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Retention_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Retention election">retention elections</a> as a check on appointed judges.</p> <p>State court judges are usually distinguished attorneys who have had some political involvement, who are pursuing second careers on the bench. But a small number of state court judges, particularly in limited jurisdiction trial courts in rural areas or small towns, are nonlawyers, who are often elected to their posts.</p> <p>A disproportionate share of state court judges previously served as prosecutors, or less commonly as criminal defense attorneys or trial lawyers, although no particular background as an attorney is required to serve as a judge. The judiciary is not a separate profession in the American legal system as it is in many civil law jurisdictions. While in many civil law jurisdictions a common judicial career involves an entry-level assignment in an inferior court followed by promotions to more senior courts over the course of a career, no U.S. court system makes experience in an inferior judicial position a prerequisite to higher judicial office.</p> <p>While many countries consider criminal prosecutors to be part of the judicial branch, in the United States, all criminal prosecutors are considered part of the executive branch. The fact that all attorneys admitted to the practice of law are somewhat confusingly called "officers of the court" in U.S. legal practice is a legal fiction that calls attention to the special professional ethical obligations that all lawyers have to the court, and does not mean that all lawyers are employees or agents of the judicial branch.</p> <p>State court judges are typically paid less, have smaller staffs, and handle larger caseloads than their counterparts in the federal judiciary.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Differences_among_the_states">Differences among the states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Differences among the states" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The foregoing summary is only a very rough generalization. There are a great many "oddities" and "extra wrinkles" from one state court system to the next, although the tendency in most states has been towards rationalization and simplification: "the further back in history one goes, the more confused the situation gets".<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Page_61_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Friedman_Page_61-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delaware?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mississippi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Jersey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tennessee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wyoming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> make a distinction between a "court of law" and a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Court_of_equity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Court of equity">court of equity</a>" (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chancery_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancery court">chancery court</a>). For the most part in the American legal system, while the distinction between law and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equity_(law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Equity (law)">equity</a> still has some legal consequences, separate court systems are not maintained at the federal level or in other states.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Page_61_14-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Friedman_Page_61-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Texas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oklahoma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> have separate courts of last resort for criminal cases and other cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_1999_282_7-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Olson_1999_282-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Page_61_14-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Friedman_Page_61-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all other states, there is a single court of last resort. While collateral attacks on criminal convictions, such as state level <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habeas_corpus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> petitions, are usually considered to be technically civil cases, because they are not brought by a prosecutor and do not seek to convict someone of a crime, these suits are, in both states, appealed to the criminal court of last resort, rather than the civil court of last resort.</li> <li>The highest appellate court in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and the only appellate court in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_of_Columbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, is called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a> rather than "Supreme Court." In New York, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> is the court of general jurisdiction, and has both county trial divisions and four regional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court,_Appellate_Division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division">Appellate Divisions</a> that serve as the intermediate appellate courts in the New York judiciary.</li> <li>The courts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louisiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and the Commonwealth of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puerto_Rico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> are organized under a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> model with significantly different procedures from those of the courts in all other states and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_of_Columbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, which are based upon the traditions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common law">common law</a> of England. The court process used in these jurisdictions differs considerably from that used in the federal courts and the courts of other states in non-criminal cases. However, the U.S. Constitution requires these jurisdictions to use procedures similar to those of other U.S. jurisdictions in criminal cases.</li> <li>The courts of one state are generally not required to follow the decisions of the courts of another state, but in the common law legal system it is customary for the courts of one state to look to decisions of other states as persuasive statements of what the law should be in the state making the decision, where express statutory provisions or prior precedent in that state do not control.</li> <li>A small number of states lack an intermediate appellate court.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_1999_282_7-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Olson_1999_282-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those states, litigants in general jurisdiction courts usually have the right to appeal their cases directly to the state supreme court. One of the great informal traditions of American law is that everyone is generally entitled to at least one appeal of right on the merits from an adverse judgment,<sup id="cite_ref-Oakley_Page_28_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Oakley_Page_28-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that appeal is not a federal constitutional right, meaning that states are not obligated to provide it.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many states have rules that permit certain cases such as death penalty cases and election cases to be appealed directly to the state supreme court, even though most civil cases must be appealed first to an intermediate appellate court.</li> <li>One major difference is whether states conceptualize of their trial court of general jurisdiction as a single unified court of statewide jurisdiction that merely happens to sit in particular counties or districts, or as a set of separate and coequal courts, one for each county or district. The most extreme exponent of the first position is New York, which has a single Supreme Court that sits as a trial court with general jurisdiction throughout the entire state.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most extreme exponent of the second position is Texas, where each trial court is constituted as a legally distinct entity with a single judge.<sup id="cite_ref-Guittard_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Guittard-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language in the Texas Constitution requiring one judge per court was not fixed until 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, an urban courthouse in Texas normally houses multiple single-judge trial courts sharing concurrent jurisdiction over the same county.<sup id="cite_ref-Guittard_18-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Guittard-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utah">Utah</a>, civil cases are appealed directly to the state supreme court, which then has the power to refer the case instead to an intermediate appellate court, rather than being appealed first to an intermediate appellate court and then to a state supreme court. Oklahoma has a similar structure: civil cases are appealed directly to the Supreme Court, which can refer them down to the Courts of Civil Appeals. (Criminal cases are appealed to the Court of Criminal Appeals and there is no intermediate court for such cases).</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Nature_of_matters_handled_in_state_courts">Nature of matters handled in state courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Nature of matters handled in state courts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Civil_cases">Civil cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Civil cases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The vast majority of non-criminal cases in the United States are handled in state courts, rather than federal courts. For example, in Colorado, roughly 97% of all civil cases were filed in state courts and 89% of the civil cases filed in federal court were bankruptcies in 2002, a typical year. Just 0.3% of the non-bankruptcy civil cases in the state were filed in federal court.</p> <p>A large share of all civil cases filed in state courts are debt collection cases. For example, in Colorado in 2002, about 87% of all civil cases filed in the courts of inferior jurisdiction were debt collection and eviction cases, while in the court of general jurisdiction, about 60% of all civil cases (other than domestic relations and probate cases) were debt collection, foreclosure, and tax collection cases. A large share of the balance of civil cases in courts of limited jurisdiction involve temporary restraining orders, typically in non-marital domestic relations contexts, and name change petitions (generally for child custody reasons or related to taking an American alternative to a non-U.S. name, marriage and divorce related name changes are normally handled elsewhere). A large share of the balance of civil cases in courts of general jurisdiction involve divorces, child custody disputes, child abuse cases, uncontested probate administrations, and personal injury cases that do not involve workplace injuries (which are usually handled through a non-judicial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workers%27_compensation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a> process).</p> <p>Many state court civil cases produce quick default judgments or pretrial settlements, but even considering only cases that actually go to trial, state courts are the dominant forum for civil cases. In Colorado, in 2002, there were 79 civil trials in federal court (41 jury and 38 non-jury), and 5950 civil trials in state court (300 jury and 5650 non-jury).<sup id="cite_ref-state.co.us_20-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-state.co.us-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uscourts.gov_21-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-uscourts.gov-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially all probate and divorce cases are also brought in state court, even if the parties involved live in different states. In practice, almost all real property evictions and foreclosures are handled in state court.</p> <p>State courts systems always contain some courts of "general jurisdiction". All disputes which are capable of being brought in courts, arising under either state or federal law may be brought in one of the state courts, except in a few narrow case where federal law specifically limits jurisdiction exclusively to the federal courts. Some of the most notable cases exclusively in federal jurisdiction are suits between state governments, suits involving <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ambassador?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a>, certain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intellectual_property?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> cases, federal criminal cases, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bankruptcy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> cases, large interstate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Class_action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Class action">class action</a> cases, and most <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Securities_fraud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Securities fraud">securities fraud</a> class actions. There are also a handful of federal laws under which lawsuits can be pursued only in state court, such as those arising under the federal "junk fax" law.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been times in U.S. history where almost all small claims, even if they arose under federal law, were required to be brought in state courts.</p> <p>State court systems usually have expedited procedures for civil disputes involving small dollar amounts (typically under $5,000 to $25,000 depending upon the state court in question), most of which involve collection of small contractual debts (such as unpaid credit cards) and landlord-tenant matters. Many states have small claims divisions where all parties proceed in civil cases without lawyers, often before a magistrate or justice of the peace. Federal courts do not have parallel small claims procedures and apply the same civil rules to all civil cases, which makes federal court an expensive venue for a private party to pursue a claim for a small dollar amount.</p> <p>Unlike state courts, federal courts are courts of "limited jurisdiction", that can only hear the types of cases specified in the Constitution and federal statutes (primarily federal crimes, cases arising under federal law, cases with a United States government party, and cases involving a diversity of citizenship between the parties).</p> <p>Often, a plaintiff can bring a matter either to state court or to federal court, because it arises under federal law, or involves a substantial monetary dispute (in excess of $75,000 as of October 26, 2007) arising under state law between parties that do not reside in the same state. If a plaintiff files suit in state court in such a case, the defendant can <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Removal_jurisdiction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Removal jurisdiction">remove the case to federal court</a>.</p> <p>There is no federal constitutional right to a trial by jury in a state civil case under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, and not all states preserve a right to a civil jury in either their state constitution or state statutes. In practice, however, civil jury trials are available, generally on a similar basis to their availability in federal court, in every state except <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louisiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>. In these states, there is a general right to a jury trial in cases that would arise at law in colonial England, which generally includes most cases seeking simple money damages and no other relief. In practice, about three-quarters of all civil jury trials involved personal injury cases, and most of the rest involve breaches of contracts. In states where a state constitution provides for a right to a jury trial, or a right to open courts, this has sometimes been interpreted to confer not only a procedural right to a certain type of trial, but also a substantive right to have redress through the courts for the kinds of injuries that were compensable at common law.</p> <p>Prior to trial, most proceedings in non-criminal courts are conducted via papers filed in the court, often through lawyers. In limited jurisdiction courts, it is not uncommon for an initial appearance to be made in person at which a settlement is often reached. In general jurisdiction state courts, it is not uncommon for all pre-trial matters to be conducted outside the court, with attorneys negotiating scheduling matters, pre-trial examinations of witnesses taking place in lawyer's office through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deposition_(law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deposition (law)">depositions</a>, and a settlement conference conducted by a private mediator at the mediator's office.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Criminal_cases">Criminal cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Criminal cases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>As of 2019, about 1,255,689 people currently behind bars in the United States—or 87.7% out of a total of 1,430,805 prisoners—had been convicted in state court for violating state criminal laws, rather than in federal court for violating federal criminal laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Carson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Carson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The proportion of criminal cases brought in state court rather than federal court is higher than 87.7% because misdemeanor and petty offense prosecutions are disproportionately brought in state courts and most criminal prosecutions involve misdemeanors and petty offenses. The number of trials conducted in each system is another way to illustrate the relative size of the two criminal justice systems. In Colorado, in 2002, there were approximately 40 criminal trials in federal court, and there were 1,898 criminal trials (excluding hundreds of quasi-criminal trials in juvenile cases, municipal cases and infraction cases) in state courts, so only about 2% of criminal trials took place in federal court. Most <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jury">jury</a> trials in the United States (roughly five out of six jury trials conducted in any U.S. Court) take place in criminal cases in state courts.</p> <p>State courts do not have jurisdiction over criminal cases arising on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_reservation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a> even if those reservations are located in their state. Less serious crimes on Indian reservations are prosecuted in tribal courts. A large share of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Violent_crime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Violent crime">violent crimes</a> that are prosecuted in federal court arise on Indian reservations or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_lands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federal lands">federal property</a>, where state courts lack jurisdiction, since tribal court jurisdiction is usually limited to less serious offenses. Federal crimes on federal property in a state are often defined with reference to state criminal law.</p> <p>Federal courts disproportionately handle <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White-collar_crime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White-collar crime">white-collar crimes</a>, immigration-related crimes and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drug-related_crime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drug-related crime">drug offenses</a> (these crimes make up about 70% of the federal docket, but just 19% of the state court criminal docket).<sup id="cite_ref-state.co.us_20-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-state.co.us-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uscourts.gov_21-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-uscourts.gov-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federal courts have the power to bring death penalty charges under federal law, even if they arise in states where there is no death penalty under state law, but the federal government rarely utilizes this right.</p> <p>Many rights of criminal defendants in state courts arise under federal law, but federal courts only examine if the state courts applied those federal rights correctly on a direct appeal from the conviction to the U.S. Supreme Court, after state court direct appeals have been exhausted, or in a collateral attack on a conviction in a <i>habeas corpus</i> proceeding after all state court remedies (usually including a state court <i>habeas corpus</i> proceeding) have been exhausted. Some rights of criminal defendants that apply in federal court do not exist in state court. For example, in many states there is no constitutional right to be indicted by a grand jury before facing a criminal prosecution for a felony or infamous misdemeanor. Oregon does not require unanimous juries in non-capital criminal cases.</p> <p>Unlike non-criminal cases, criminal proceedings in state courts are primarily conducted orally, in person, in open court.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>In most, but not all states (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California">California</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York (state)">New York</a> are significant exceptions), the state supreme court or a related administrative body has the power to write the rules of procedure that govern the courts through a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rulemaking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rulemaking">rulemaking</a> process. In a minority of the states, criminal and civil procedure are largely governed by state statutes.</p> <p>Most states model their general jurisdiction trial court rules closely upon the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federal Rules of Civil Procedure">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a> with modifications to address types of cases that come up only in state practice (like traffic violations), and model their professional ethics rules closely upon models drafted by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Bar_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> with minor modifications. A minority of states, however, have idiosyncratic procedural rules, often based on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Field_Code?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Code">Field Code</a> in place in many states before the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure were adopted. Importantly, neither California nor New York state follow federal models.</p> <p>Typically, state trial courts of limited jurisdiction have generally similar rules to state trial courts of general jurisdiction, but are stripped of rules applicable to special cases like class actions and many pretrial procedures (such as out-of-court discovery in the absence of a court order).</p> <p>Most state supreme courts also have general supervisory authority over the state court system. In this capacity they are responsible, for example, for making budget requests and administrative management decisions for the court system as a whole. In most states, such administrative authority has been transferred or delegated to a state judicial council which includes members of lower courts.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="State_court_regulation_of_lawyers">State court regulation of lawyers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: State court regulation of lawyers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>All state supreme courts are the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_jure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> primary regulatory body for all lawyers in their state and determine who can practice law and when lawyers are sanctioned for violations of professional ethical rules, which are generally also put in place as state court rules. In all states, such powers have been delegated either to the state bar association or various committees, commissions, or offices directly responsible to the state supreme court. The result is that such subordinate entities generally have original jurisdiction over lawyer admissions and discipline, nearly all <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_facto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> lawyer regulation takes place through such entities, and the state supreme court becomes directly involved only when petitioned to <i>not</i> ratify the decisions made by some subordinate entity in its name.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Relationship_to_federal_courts">Relationship to federal courts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Relationship to federal courts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"> <table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section <b>does not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/State court (United States)">improve this section</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522State%2Bcourt%2522%2BUnited%2BStates">"State court" United States</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbm%3Dnws%26q%3D%2522State%2Bcourt%2522%2BUnited%2BStates%2B-wikipedia%26tbs%3Dar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?%26q%3D%2522State%2Bcourt%2522%2BUnited%2BStates%26tbs%3Dbkt:s%26tbm%3Dbks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522State%2Bcourt%2522%2BUnited%2BStates%2B-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q%3D%2522State%2Bcourt%2522%2BUnited%2BStates">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query%3D%2522State%2Bcourt%2522%2BUnited%2BStates%26acc%3Don%26wc%3Don">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Although the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> and federal laws override state laws where there is a conflict between federal and state law, state courts are not subordinate to federal courts. Rather, as instruments of separate sovereigns (under the U.S. system of dual sovereignty), they are two parallel sets of courts with different but often overlapping jurisdiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>As the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> recognized in <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erie_Railroad_Co._v._Tompkins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins">Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins</a></i> (1938), no part of the federal Constitution actually grants federal courts the power to directly decide the content of state law. Clause 1 of Section 2 of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article Three of the United States Constitution</a> describes the scope of federal judicial power, but only extended it to "the Laws of the United States" and not the laws of the several or individual states.</p> <p>The U.S. Supreme Court can but is not required to review final decisions of state courts, after a party exhausts all remedies up to a request for relief from the state's highest appellate court, if the Court believes that the case involves an important question of federal law. Because of the aforementioned silence in the Constitution (as well as Section 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 and successor sections), the Court cannot and <i>never</i> reviews decisions of state courts that depend entirely on the resolution of a state law issue; there <i>must</i> be an issue of federal law (such as the federal constitutional right to due process) implicit in the state case before the Court will even agree to hear it. Since there really is no such issue in the vast majority of state cases, the decision of the state supreme court in such cases is effectively final, as any petition for certiorari to the U.S. Supreme Court will be summarily denied without comment.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Nomenclature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>The following table notes the names of the courts in the states and territories of the United States. Listed are the principal trial courts of general jurisdiction, the principal intermediate appellate courts, and the state supreme courts.</p> <p>Courts are described below in the singular when state law defines only one statewide court of that name (whose judges may be assigned to particular counties, circuits, or districts, but still remain part of a single court). Courts are described below in the plural when they are defined by state law as a set of separate courts, each exercising jurisdiction only over a specifically defined territory within the state.</p> <p>In some states, the number of county-based courts does not exactly match the number of actual counties in the state. This occurs when a single court has jurisdiction over more than one county.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>State</th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trial_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trial court">Trial court of general jurisdiction</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Appellate_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Appellate court">Intermediate appellate court</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_supreme_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State supreme court">State supreme court</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alabama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alabama_Circuit_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alabama Circuit Courts">Circuit Courts</a> (41 judicial districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alabama_Court_of_Civil_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alabama Court of Civil Appeals">Court of Civil Appeals</a><br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alabama_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals">Court of Criminal Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alabama_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alaska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judiciary_of_Alaska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Superior_courts" title="Judiciary of Alaska">Superior Court</a> (4 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alaska_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alaska Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alaska_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alaska Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arizona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arizona_Superior_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arizona Superior Court">Superior Court</a> (15 counties)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arizona_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arizona Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a> (2 divisions)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arizona_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arizona Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arkansas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arkansas_Circuit_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arkansas Circuit Courts">Circuit Courts</a> (23 judicial circuits)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arkansas_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arkansas Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arkansas_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arkansas Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California">California</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_superior_courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California superior courts">Superior Courts</a> (58 counties)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California Courts of Appeal">Courts of Appeal</a> (6 appellate districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colorado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colorado_district_courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colorado district courts">District Courts</a> (22 judicial districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colorado_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colorado Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colorado_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colorado Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connecticut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connecticut_Superior_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Connecticut Superior Court">Superior Court</a> (13 judicial districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connecticut_Appellate_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Connecticut Appellate Court">Appellate Court</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connecticut_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Connecticut Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delaware?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delaware_Superior_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delaware Superior Court">Superior Court</a><br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delaware_Court_of_Chancery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delaware Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a></td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delaware_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delaware Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington,_D.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Superior Court of the District of Columbia">Superior Court</a></td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florida_circuit_courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida circuit courts">Circuit Courts</a> (20 judicial circuits)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florida_District_Courts_of_Appeal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florida District Courts of Appeal">District Courts of Appeal</a> (5 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florida_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_Superior_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgia Superior Courts">Superior Courts</a> (49 judicial circuits)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georgia_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georgia Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hawaii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hawaii_State_Circuit_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii State Circuit Courts">Circuit Courts</a> (4 circuits)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hawaii_Intermediate_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hawaii Intermediate Court of Appeals">Intermediate Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Hawaii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of Hawaii">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idaho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Courts_of_Idaho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Courts of Idaho">District Courts</a> (7 judicial districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idaho_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idaho Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idaho_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idaho Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illinois_Circuit_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Circuit Courts">Circuit Courts</a> (23 judicial circuits)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illinois_Appellate_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illinois Appellate Court">Appellate Court</a> (5 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illinois_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Courts_of_Indiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Courts of Indiana">Circuit Courts</a> (91 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indiana_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indiana Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a> (5 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indiana_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indiana Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iowa_District_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iowa District Courts">District Courts</a> (8 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iowa_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iowa Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iowa_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iowa Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kansas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kansas_District_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kansas District Courts">District Courts</a> (31 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kansas_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kansas Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kansas_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kansas Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kentucky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kentucky_Circuit_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kentucky Circuit Courts">Circuit Court</a> (57 circuits)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kentucky_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kentucky Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kentucky_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kentucky Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louisiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louisiana_district_courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louisiana district courts">District Courts</a> (42 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louisiana_Circuit_Courts_of_Appeal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal">Circuit Courts of Appeal</a> (5 circuits)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louisiana Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maine">Maine</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maine_Superior_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maine Superior Court">Superior Court</a></td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maine_Supreme_Judicial_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maine Supreme Judicial Court">Supreme Judicial Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maryland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maryland_Circuit_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maryland Circuit Courts">Circuit Courts</a> (8 judicial circuits)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Appellate_Court_of_Maryland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Appellate Court of Maryland">Appellate Court</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Maryland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of Maryland">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massachusetts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massachusetts_Superior_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massachusetts Superior Court">Superior Court</a> (14 divisions)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massachusetts_Appeals_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massachusetts Appeals Court">Appeals Court</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Supreme Judicial Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judiciary_of_Michigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judiciary of Michigan">Circuit Courts</a> (57 circuits)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michigan_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michigan Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michigan_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michigan Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minnesota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_Court_of_Minnesota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="District Court of Minnesota">District Court</a> (10 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minnesota_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minnesota Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minnesota_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minnesota Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mississippi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td> <td>Circuit Courts (22 districts)<br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mississippi_Chancery_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mississippi Chancery Courts">Chancery Courts</a> (20 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mississippi_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mississippi Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mississippi_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Missouri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Missouri_Circuit_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Missouri Circuit Courts">Circuit Courts</a> (45 circuits)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Missouri_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Missouri Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a> (3 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Missouri_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montana">Montana</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montana_District_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montana District Courts">District Courts</a> (22 judicial districts)</td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montana_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montana Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nebraska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Courts_of_Nebraska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Courts of Nebraska">District Courts</a> (12 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nebraska_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nebraska Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nebraska_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nebraska Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_District_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada District Courts">District Courts</a> (10<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nevada Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nevada_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Hampshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Hampshire_Superior_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Hampshire Superior Court">Superior Court</a></td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Hampshire_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Hampshire Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Jersey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Jersey_Superior_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Jersey Superior Court">Superior Court</a> (15 vicinages)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Jersey_Superior_Court,_Appellate_Division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division">Superior Court, Appellate Division</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Jersey_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Courts_of_New_Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Courts of New Mexico">District Courts</a> (13 judicial districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Mexico_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Mexico Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Mexico_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Mexico Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> (12 judicial districts)<br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_County_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="New York County Court">County Court</a> (57 counties)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court,_Appellate_Division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division">Supreme Court, Appellate Division</a> (4 departments)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Carolina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Carolina_Superior_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Carolina Superior Court">Superior Court</a> (46 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Carolina_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Carolina Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Carolina Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Dakota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Courts_of_North_Dakota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Courts of North Dakota">District Courts</a> (7 judicial districts)</td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Dakota_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Dakota Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio_Courts_of_Common_Pleas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio Courts of Common Pleas">Courts of Common Pleas</a> (88 counties)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio_District_Courts_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio District Courts of Appeals">District Courts of Appeals</a> (12 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oklahoma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judiciary_of_Oklahoma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judiciary of Oklahoma">District Courts</a> (26 judicial districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oklahoma_Court_of_Civil_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oklahoma Court of Civil Appeals">Court of Civil Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oklahoma_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oklahoma Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a><br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oklahoma_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals">Court of Criminal Appeals</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oregon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oregon_circuit_courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oregon circuit courts">Circuit Courts</a> (27 judicial districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oregon_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oregon Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oregon Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennsylvania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennsylvania_courts_of_common_pleas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennsylvania courts of common pleas">Courts of Common Pleas</a> (60 judicial districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_Court_of_Pennsylvania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania">Commonwealth Court</a><br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Pennsylvania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Superior Court of Pennsylvania">Superior Court</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of Pennsylvania">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhode_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhode_Island_Superior_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhode Island Superior Court">Superior Court</a></td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhode Island Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Carolina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Carolina_Circuit_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Carolina Circuit Court">Circuit Court</a> (16 circuits)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Carolina_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Carolina Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Carolina_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Carolina Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Dakota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Dakota_Circuit_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Dakota Circuit Courts">Circuit Courts</a> (7 circuits)</td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Dakota_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Dakota Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tennessee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a></td> <td>Circuit Courts (31 judicial districts)<br> Criminal Courts (31 judicial districts)<br> Chancery Courts (31 judicial districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tennessee_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tennessee Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a> (3 grand divisions)<br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tennessee_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals">Court of Criminal Appeals</a> (3 grand divisions)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Texas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Texas_District_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Texas District Courts">District Courts</a> (457 districts<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Texas_Courts_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Texas Courts of Appeals">Courts of Appeals</a> (14 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Texas_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a><br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Texas Court of Criminal Appeals">Court of Criminal Appeals</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utah">Utah</a></td> <td>District Courts (8 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utah_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utah Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utah_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utah Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vermont?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judiciary_of_Vermont?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Superior_courts" title="Judiciary of Vermont">Superior Court</a><br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judiciary_of_Vermont?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#District_courts" title="Judiciary of Vermont">District Court</a><br><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judiciary_of_Vermont?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Family_courts" title="Judiciary of Vermont">Family Court</a></td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vermont_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vermont Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virginia_Circuit_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virginia Circuit Court">Circuit Courts</a> (31 judicial circuits)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Court of Appeals of Virginia">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virginia_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington_(state)_court_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Superior_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (state) court system">Superior Courts</a> (39 counties)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a> (3 divisions)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Virginia_Circuit_Courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Virginia Circuit Courts">Circuit Courts</a> (31 judicial circuits)</td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Virginia_Supreme_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals">Supreme Court of Appeals</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wisconsin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wisconsin_circuit_courts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wisconsin circuit courts">Circuit Courts</a> (10 judicial administrative districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wisconsin_Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wisconsin Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a> (4 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wyoming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></td> <td>District Courts (9 districts)</td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wyoming_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wyoming Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Samoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Court_of_American_Samoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Court of American Samoa">High Court, Trial Division</a></td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Court_of_American_Samoa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Court of American Samoa">High Court, Appellate Division</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guam">Guam</a></td> <td>Superior Court</td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Guam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of Guam">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></td> <td>Superior Court</td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Mariana Islands Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puerto_Rico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judiciary_of_Puerto_Rico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Superior_Courts" title="Judiciary of Puerto Rico">Superior Courts</a> (13 districts)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judiciary_of_Puerto_Rico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Court_of_Appeals" title="Judiciary of Puerto Rico">Court of Appeals</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Puerto_Rico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of Puerto Rico">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands_Superior_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Virgin Islands Superior Court">Superior Court</a> (2 divisions)</td> <td><i>(none)</i></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Virgin Islands Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United States">Courts of the United States</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Manweller_Page55-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Manweller_Page55_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFManweller2006" class="citation book cs1">Manweller, Mathew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dong5k8n97P4C%26pg%3DPA55">"Chapter 2, The Roles, Functions, and Powers of State Courts"</a>. In Hogan, Sean O. (ed.). <i>The Judicial Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 37–96. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851097517?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781851097517"><bdi>9781851097517</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%2C+The+Roles%2C+Functions%2C+and+Powers+of+State+Courts&rft.btitle=The+Judicial+Branch+of+State+Government%3A+People%2C+Process%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=37-96&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781851097517&rft.aulast=Manweller&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dong5k8n97P4C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman_Page_56-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Friedman_Page_56_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Friedman_Page_56_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Friedman_Page_56_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanHayden2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawrence_M._Friedman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawrence M. Friedman">Friedman, Lawrence M.</a>; Hayden, Grant (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D2bJjDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56"><i>American Law: An Introduction</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 56. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190460594?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780190460594"><bdi>9780190460594</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Law%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=56&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190460594&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+M.&rft.au=Hayden%2C+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2bJjDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/general_jurisdiction">"General Jurisdiction"</a>. <i>Legal Information Institute</i>. Cornell Law School<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=General+Jurisdiction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fgeneral_jurisdiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-subjmatter-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-subjmatter_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-subjmatter_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/subject_matter_jurisdiction">"Subject Matter Jurisdiction"</a>. <i>Legal Information Institute</i>. Cornell Law School<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Subject+Matter+Jurisdiction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fsubject_matter_jurisdiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/concurrent_jurisdiction">"Concurrent Jurisdiction"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>. Cornell Law School<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Concurrent+Jurisdiction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fconcurrent_jurisdiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley_Page_41-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Oakley_Page_41_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakleyAmar2009" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, John B.; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikram_Amar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikram Amar">Amar, Vikram D.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dga8WMXi4i4QC%26pg%3DPA41"><i>American Civil Procedure: A Guide to Civil Adjudication in US Courts</i></a>. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. p. 41. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041128720?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789041128720"><bdi>9789041128720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Civil+Procedure%3A+A+Guide+to+Civil+Adjudication+in+US+Courts&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789041128720&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft.au=Amar%2C+Vikram+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dga8WMXi4i4QC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Olson_1999_282-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Olson_1999_282_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Olson_1999_282_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Olson_1999_282_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Olson_1999_282_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1999" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Kent C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/legalinformation00kent/page/282"><i>Legal Information: How to Find It, How to Use It</i></a>. Phoenix: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/legalinformation00kent/page/282">282</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0897749634?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0897749634"><bdi>0897749634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Information%3A+How+to+Find+It%2C+How+to+Use+It&rft.place=Phoenix&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0897749634&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Kent+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flegalinformation00kent%2Fpage%2F282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman_Page_70-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Friedman_Page_70_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanHayden2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawrence_M._Friedman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawrence M. Friedman">Friedman, Lawrence M.</a>; Hayden, Grant (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D2bJjDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70"><i>American Law: An Introduction</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 70. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190460594?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780190460594"><bdi>9780190460594</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Law%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=70&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190460594&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+M.&rft.au=Hayden%2C+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2bJjDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Farnsworth_Page_170-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Farnsworth_Page_170_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarnsworth2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E._Allan_Farnsworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="E. Allan Farnsworth">Farnsworth, E. Allan</a> (2010). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stephen_M._Sheppard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stephen M. Sheppard">Sheppard, Steve</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DeOFMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA170"><i>An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States</i></a> (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 170. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199733101?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780199733101"><bdi>9780199733101</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Legal+System+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=170&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199733101&rft.aulast=Farnsworth&rft.aufirst=E.+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeOFMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sunstein_Page_83-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sunstein_Page_83_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunsteinVermeule2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cass_Sunstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein, Cass R.</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule, Adrian</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dk6n8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83"><i>Law and Leviathan: Redeeming the Administrative State</i></a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 83. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674249813?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780674249813"><bdi>9780674249813</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Leviathan%3A+Redeeming+the+Administrative+State&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780674249813&rft.aulast=Sunstein&rft.aufirst=Cass+R.&rft.au=Vermeule%2C+Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk6n8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>City of Arlington, Texas v. Federal Communications Commission</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case%3D15785238659483190922%26hl%3Den">569 U.S. 290, 304 n.4</a> (2013).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman_Page_57-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Friedman_Page_57_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Friedman_Page_57_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanHayden2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawrence_M._Friedman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawrence M. Friedman">Friedman, Lawrence M.</a>; Hayden, Grant (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D2bJjDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57"><i>American Law: An Introduction</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 57. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190460594?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780190460594"><bdi>9780190460594</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Law%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=57&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190460594&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+M.&rft.au=Hayden%2C+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2bJjDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gordon S. Wood">Wood, Gordon S.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dl3CYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54">"Comment"</a>. In Scalia, Antonin (ed.). <i>A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 49–64. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252Fj.ctvbj7jxv.6">10.2307/j.ctvbj7jxv.6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comment&rft.btitle=A+Matter+of+Interpretation%3A+Federal+Courts+and+the+Law&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=49-64&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvbj7jxv.6&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3CYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span> (At p. 54.)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman_Page_61-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Friedman_Page_61_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Friedman_Page_61_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Friedman_Page_61_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanHayden2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lawrence_M._Friedman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lawrence M. Friedman">Friedman, Lawrence M.</a>; Hayden, Grant (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D2bJjDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61"><i>American Law: An Introduction</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 61. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190460594?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780190460594"><bdi>9780190460594</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Law%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190460594&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+M.&rft.au=Hayden%2C+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2bJjDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Oakley_Page_28-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Oakley_Page_28_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakleyAmar2009" class="citation book cs1">Oakley, John B.; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikram_Amar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikram Amar">Amar, Vikram D.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dga8WMXi4i4QC%26pg%3DPA28"><i>American Civil Procedure: A Guide to Civil Adjudication in US Courts</i></a>. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International. p. 28. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041128720?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789041128720"><bdi>9789041128720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Civil+Procedure%3A+A+Guide+to+Civil+Adjudication+in+US+Courts&rft.place=Alphen+aan+den+Rijn&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789041128720&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft.au=Amar%2C+Vikram+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dga8WMXi4i4QC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Smith v. Robbins</i>, 528 U.S. 259, 270 n.5 (2000) ("[t]he Constitution does not . . . require states to create appellate review in the first place"); <i>M.L.B. v. S.L.J.</i>, 519 U.S. 102, 110 (1996) ("the Federal Constitution guarantees no right to appellate review").</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case%3D6768289440139654524">Schneider v. Aulisi</a></i>, 307 N.Y. 376, 384, 121 N.E.2d 375 (1954).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Guittard-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Guittard_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Guittard_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarence A. Guittard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D3691%26context%3Dsmulr"><i>Court Reform, Texas Style,</i></a> 21 Sw. L. J. 451, 455-480 (1967). Available through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HeinOnline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HeinOnline">HeinOnline</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lrl.texas.gov/scanned/sessionLaws/69-0/SJR_14.pdf">Tex. S.J. Res. 14, 69th Leg., R.S., § 3 (1985) (amending Tex. Const. art. V, § 7)</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-state.co.us-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-state.co.us_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-state.co.us_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501140827/http://www.courts.state.co.us/panda/statrep/ar2002/ar2002toc.htm">"Colorado State Judicial Branch -"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.courts.state.co.us/panda/statrep/ar2002/ar2002toc.htm">the original</a> on 2006-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colorado+State+Judicial+Branch+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.state.co.us%2Fpanda%2Fstatrep%2Far2002%2Far2002toc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-uscourts.gov-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-uscourts.gov_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-uscourts.gov_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418040800/https://www.uscourts.gov/caseload2002/contents.html">"Federal Judicial Caseload Statistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.uscourts.gov/caseload2002/contents.html">the original</a> on 2006-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Judicial+Caseload+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscourts.gov%2Fcaseload2002%2Fcontents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Telephone Consumer Protection Act (Act), 47 U.S.C.S. § 227 (the "junk fax" law); <i>Consumer Crusade, Inc. v. Affordable Health Care Solutions, Inc.</i>, 121 P.3d 350 (Colo. App. 2005)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Carson-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Carson_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2020" class="citation book cs1">Carson, E. Ann (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p19.pdf"><i>Prisoners in 2019</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+in+2019&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice%2C+Office+of+Justice+Programs%2C+Bureau+of+Justice+Statistics&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=E.+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjs.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpub%2Fpdf%2Fp19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518174736/http://supreme.nvcourts.gov/Supreme/Court_Information/About_the_Nevada_Judiciary/">"About the Nevada Judiciary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://supreme.nvcourts.gov/Supreme/Court_Information/About_the_Nevada_Judiciary/">the original</a> on 2014-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Nevada+Judiciary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.nvcourts.gov%2FSupreme%2FCourt_Information%2FAbout_the_Nevada_Judiciary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AState+court+%28United+States%29" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_court_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.txcourts.gov/media/10753/court-overview.pdf">http://www.txcourts.gov/media/10753/court-overview.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links_and_references">External links and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_court_(United_States)&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links and references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/sco04.pdf">2004 United States Justice Department Report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118072002/https://www.ncsconline.org/">National Center for State Courts</a>, including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025120206/http://www.ncsconline.org/D_Research/Ct_Struct/index.html">State Court Structure Charts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gavel2gavel.com/courts/state/index.htm">Gavel2Gavel's State Court</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Web_directory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Web directory">web directory</a>, an ad-supported website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.uscourts.gov/caseload2002/contents.html">Federal Court Statistics 2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418040800/https://www.uscourts.gov/caseload2002/contents.html">Archived</a> 2006-04-18 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty%3Ddcdetail%26iid%3D284">Census of State Court Organization</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">Bureau of Justice Statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.courts.state.co.us/panda/statrep/ar2002/ar2002toc.htm">Colorado Court Statistics 2002</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501140827/http://www.courts.state.co.us/panda/statrep/ar2002/ar2002toc.htm">Archived</a> 2006-05-01 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS111301">Statistical Abstract of the United States</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style 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