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violence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-State-sanctioned_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Historic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>The Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.2</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_and_Florence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_and_Florence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.3</span> <span>France and Florence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_and_Florence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.4</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.5</span> <span>Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.6</span> <span>The Holocaust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Criminal assault</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criminal_assault-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criminal assault subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criminal_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violence_at_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_at_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Violence at universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_at_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_against_homophobic_hate_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_against_homophobic_hate_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Legislation against homophobic hate crimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_against_homophobic_hate_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>USA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_judicative_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_judicative_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Alleged judicative bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_judicative_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_gay_pride_parades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_gay_pride_parades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Attacks on gay pride parades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_gay_pride_parades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy_in_song_lyrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy_in_song_lyrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Advocacy in song lyrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy_in_song_lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Motivations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motivations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Motivations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Macho_culture_and_social_homophobia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macho_culture_and_social_homophobia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Macho culture and social homophobia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macho_culture_and_social_homophobia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Violence against LGBTQ people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81_%D8%B6%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="العنف ضد الأشخاص المثليين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العنف ضد الأشخاص المثليين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%96_%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гвалт на глебе гамафобіі і трансфобіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гвалт на глебе гамафобіі і трансфобіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antischwule_Gewalt" title="Antischwule Gewalt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antischwule Gewalt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violencia_contra_personas_LGBT" title="Violencia contra personas LGBT – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Violencia contra personas LGBT" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خشونت علیه افراد ال‌جی‌بی‌تی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خشونت علیه افراد ال‌جی‌بی‌تی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_contre_la_communaut%C3%A9_LGBT" title="Violence contre la communauté LGBT – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Violence contre la communauté LGBT" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violencia_contra_persoas_LGBT" title="Violencia contra persoas LGBT – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Violencia contra persoas LGBT" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%86%8C%EC%88%98%EC%9E%90%EC%97%90_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C_%ED%8F%AD%EB%A0%A5" title="성소수자에 대한 폭력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성소수자에 대한 폭력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekerasan_terhadap_orang_LGBT" title="Kekerasan terhadap orang LGBT – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekerasan terhadap orang LGBT" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violenza_contro_le_persone_LGBT" title="Violenza contro le persone LGBT – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Violenza contro le persone LGBT" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%98%22%D7%91" title="אלימות נגד להט"ב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלימות נגד להט"ב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihomoseksueel_geweld" title="Antihomoseksueel geweld – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antihomoseksueel geweld" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%85%E3%81%AB%E5%AF%BE%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B" title="LGBTの人々に対する暴力 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="LGBTの人々に対する暴力" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_LGBT_%D8%AE%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%88%DA%93%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%90_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="د LGBT خلکو په وړاندې تاوتريخوالی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د LGBT خلکو په وړاندې تاوتريخوالی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemoc_wobec_os%C3%B3b_LGBT" title="Przemoc wobec osób LGBT – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przemoc wobec osób LGBT" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol%C3%AAncia_contra_pessoas_LGBT" title="Violência contra pessoas LGBT – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Violência contra pessoas LGBT" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violen%C8%9Ba_%C3%AEmpotriva_persoanelor_LGBT" title="Violența împotriva persoanelor LGBT – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Violența împotriva persoanelor LGBT" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Насилие на почве гомофобии и трансфобии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Насилие на почве гомофобии и трансфобии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasilje_nad_osebami_LGBT" title="Nasilje nad osebami LGBT – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nasilje nad osebami LGBT" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%98%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B2%DB%8E%DA%95%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95" title="توندوتیژی بەرامبەر کۆمەڵگەی پەلکەزێڕینە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="توندوتیژی بەرامبەر کۆمەڵگەی پەلکەزێڕینە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4kivalta_seksuaali-_ja_sukupuoliv%C3%A4hemmist%C3%B6j%C3%A4_vastaan" title="Väkivalta seksuaali- ja sukupuolivähemmistöjä vastaan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Väkivalta seksuaali- ja sukupuolivähemmistöjä vastaan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8,%E0%AE%A8,%E0%AE%88,%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="ந,ந,ஈ,தி மக்களுக்கு எதிரான வன்முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ந,ந,ஈ,தி மக்களுக்கு எதிரான வன்முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8" title="ఎల్జీబీటీ ప్రజలపై హింస – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎల్జీబీటీ ప్రజలపై హింస" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%27lere_y%C3%B6nelik_%C5%9Fiddet" title="LGBT'lere yönelik şiddet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="LGBT'lere yönelik şiddet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li>LGBTQ</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span style="background:red; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:orange; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:yellow; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:green; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:blue; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:purple; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border: none; padding-bottom: 3px;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceflux" title="Aceflux">Aceflux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraysexuality" title="Fraysexuality">Fraysexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">Same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Identities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">Bisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_and_LGBT" title="Intersex and LGBT">Intersex</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyke_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke March">Dyke March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_LGBTQ_events" title="List of largest LGBTQ events">Largest events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">LGBTQ culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York_City" title="LGBTQ culture in New York City">in New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">QPR and QPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosocialization" title="Homosocialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_aik%C4%81ne" title="Moe aikāne">Moe aikāne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Health</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">MSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">Blood donation restrictions</a> / <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">LGBTQ medical organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT reproduction">Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Youth suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Social attitudes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allonormativity" title="Allonormativity">Allonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Media portrayal</a></li> <li>Religion and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">homosexuality</a> / <a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">trans people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_stereotypes" title="LGBTQ stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism#Discrimination_and_cultural_erasure" title="Aromanticism">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_stigma" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS stigma">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBTQ_issues" title="Censorship of LGBTQ issues">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">Closeted</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outing" title="Outing">Outing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality" title="Compulsory heterosexuality">Comphet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_same-sex_relationships" title="Domestic violence in same-sex relationships">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">Erasure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straightwashing" title="Straightwashing">Straightwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_erasure" title="Bisexual erasure">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans erasure">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Intersex discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li>LGBTQ youth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability" title="LGBTQ youth vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexualism">Sexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic fields and discourse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: -4px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism and LGBT rights">Communism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Lavender linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Transgender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)#Academic_research" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: none;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_LGBT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/25px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/38px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/50px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBTQIA%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQIA+">LGBTQIA+</a>) people frequently experience violence directed toward their <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">gender expression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlViolence_Against_the_Transgender_Community_in_2019_|_Human_Rights_Campaign_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlViolence_Against_the_Transgender_Community_in_2019_|_Human_Rights_Campaign-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This violence may be enacted by the state, as in laws <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">prescribing punishment</a> for homosexual acts, or <a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">by individuals</a>. It may be psychological or physical and motivated by <a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">biphobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayphobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayphobia">gayphobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">lesbophobia</a>, aphobia, and <a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">transphobia</a>. Influencing factors may be <a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">cultural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexual_orientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and sexual orientation">religious</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vol1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vol2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vol3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or political <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a> and biases.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, homosexual acts are <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">legal</a> in almost all <a href="/wiki/Western_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Western countries">Western countries</a>, and in many of these countries <b>violence against LGBT people</b> is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-williams_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the West, many countries are deemed potentially dangerous to their LGBT population due to both discriminatory legislation and threats of violence. These include countries where the dominant religion is <a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">Islam</a>, most <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">African countries</a> (except <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Africa" title="LGBT rights in South Africa">South Africa</a>), most <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">Asian countries</a> (except such <a href="/wiki/Gay-friendly" title="Gay-friendly">LGBT-friendly</a> countries as <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">Philippines</a>), and some former communist countries such as <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT-free_zone" title="LGBT-free zone">LGBT-free zone</a>), <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vol3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such violence is often associated with religious condemnation of homosexuality or conservative social attitudes that portray homosexuality as an illness or a character flaw.<sup id="cite_ref-vol1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vol2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, state-sanctioned persecution of homosexuals was mostly limited to <a href="/wiki/Male_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Male homosexuality">male homosexuality</a>, termed "<a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>". During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, the penalty for sodomy was usually death.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">modern period</a> (from the 19th century to the mid-20th century) in the Western world, the penalty was usually a fine or imprisonment. There was a drop in locations where <a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">homosexual acts remained illegal</a> from 2009 when there were 80 countries worldwide (notably throughout the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in the Middle East">Middle East</a>, Central Asia and in most of Africa, but also in some of the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Americas#Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Americas">Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oceania">Oceania</a>) with five carrying the death penalty<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 2016 when 72 countries criminalized consensual sexual acts between adults of the same sex.<sup id="cite_ref-ILGA_article_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILGA_article-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Brazil">Brazil</a>, a country with <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a> protections and legal <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Brazil" title="Same-sex marriage in Brazil">same-sex marriage</a>, is reported by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_Gay_da_Bahia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo Gay da Bahia (page does not exist)">Grupo Gay da Bahia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Gay_da_Bahia" class="extiw" title="pt:Grupo Gay da Bahia">pt</a>]</span> (GGB) to have the world's highest LGBT murder rate, with more than 380 murders in 2017 alone, an increase of 30% compared to 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gay men experience potentially fatal violence in several places in the world, for example by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a> or stoning by <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, ISIS and others.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries, 85% of LGBT students experience homophobic and transphobic violence in school, and 45% of transgender students drop out of school.<sup id="cite_ref-urlReport_shows_homophobic_and_transphobic_violence_in_education_to_be_a_global_problem_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlReport_shows_homophobic_and_transphobic_violence_in_education_to_be_a_global_problem-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State-sanctioned_violence">State-sanctioned violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: State-sanctioned violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic">Historic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg/220px-Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg/330px-Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg/440px-Burning_of_Sodomites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1462" /></a><figcaption>A swiss knight <a href="/wiki/Richard_Puller_von_Hohenburg" title="Richard Puller von Hohenburg">Sir Richard Puller von Hohenburg</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">squire</a> are being punished for their acts of sodomy through being burned at the stake. <a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, Switzerland. 1482 (Zurich Central Library)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Middle_East">The Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early ancient moral penal code that criminalizes all forms of unnaturally lustful carnal knowledge-based intercourse against the order of nature to all individuals involved (typically between those of the same-sex) are recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Book of Leviticus</a> as written in according to what is described by the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrew people</a> which includes the death penalty for their transgressions within a civilized society. A violently lawful criminal penal code regarding same-sex intercourse is prescribed in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Empire#Middle_Assyrian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_law" title="Assyrian law">Law Codes</a> (1075 BCE), stating: "If a man lays down with his own brethren, when they have prosecuted and convicted him, they shall stay with him and turn him into a <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a>". </p><p>In the account given in <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(Tacitus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Germania (Tacitus)">Germania</a></i>, the death penalty was reserved for two kinds of capital offenses: military treason or desertion was punished by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a>, and so was moral infamy (cowardice and male same-sex intercourse: <i>ignavos et imbelles at corpore infames</i>); Gordon translates <i>corpore <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome#Pleasure_and_infamy" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">infames</a></i> as "unnatural prostitutes"; Tacitus refers to male same-sex intercourse, see David F. Greenberg, <i>The construction of homosexuality</i>, p. 242 f. Scholarship compares the later Germanic concept of Old Norse <i><a href="/wiki/Argr" class="mw-redirect" title="Argr">argr</a></i>, Langobardic <i>arga</i>, which combines the meanings "effeminate, cowardly, homosexual", see <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Puhvel" title="Jaan Puhvel">Jaan Puhvel</a>, 'Who were the Hittite <i>hurkilas pesnes</i>?' in: A. Etter (eds.), <i>O-o-pe-ro-si</i> (FS Risch), Walter de Gruyter, 1986, p. 154. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bor-Nederlantsche-Oorloghen_9161.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bor-Nederlantsche-Oorloghen_9161.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Bor-Nederlantsche-Oorloghen_9161.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bor-Nederlantsche-Oorloghen_9161.tif/lossy-page1-450px-Bor-Nederlantsche-Oorloghen_9161.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bor-Nederlantsche-Oorloghen_9161.tif/lossy-page1-600px-Bor-Nederlantsche-Oorloghen_9161.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4254" data-file-height="3546" /></a><figcaption>A 16th century illustration of the execution of five Franciscan friars through fire and torture for sodomy in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, Belgium. July 26, 1578</figcaption></figure> <p>Many harshly enacted laws and penal codes that strictly prohibited the practice of <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> are enforced and reinforced throughout the entire European continent to prosecute and punish those who were found guilty for their criminal offense from the 4th to 12th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-THEOD_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEOD-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican Era of Ancient Rome</a>, the poorly attested <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Scantinia" title="Lex Scantinia">Lex Scantinia</a></i> penalized any adult male for committing a <a href="/wiki/Sex_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex crime">sex crime</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Stuprum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuprum">stuprum</a>)</i> against an <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome#Sexuality_and_children" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">underage male citizen</a> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Ingenui" title="Ingenui">ingenuus</a>)</i>. It is unclear whether the penalty was death or a fine. The law may also have been used to prosecute <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome#Male_sexuality" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">adult male citizens</a> who willingly took a <a href="/wiki/Pathicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathicus">receiving passive role in same-sex penetrative intercourse</a>, but prosecutions are rarely recorded and the provisions of the law are vague; as <a href="/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell">John Boswell</a> has noted. "if there was a law against carnally lustful relations between individuals of the same-sex, no one in around <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s time knew anything about it".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the entire <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> came under <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christian rule</a> beginning with <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">the reign</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>. All forms of sodomite activities between individuals (especially those of the same-sex) were increasingly repressed, often with the pain of death.<sup id="cite_ref-THEOD_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEOD-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 342 CE, the Christian roman emperors <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a> declared sodomite marriage to be illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after around the year 390 CE. The roman emperors <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> declared all acts of sodomy to be an illegal criminal offense against the order of human nature in a civilized society and those who were found guilty of it are severely reprimanded and condemned to be publicly <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burned to death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-THEOD_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEOD-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (527–565 CE) made sodomites a <a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">scapegoat</a> for problems such as "famines, earthquakes, and pestilences."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known execution for sodomy was recorded in the annals of the city of <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> in 1277. The mention is only one sentence: "<i>King <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolph</a> burned Lord Haspisperch for the vice of sodomy.</i>" The executed was an obscure member of the German-Swiss aristocracy; it is unknown if there was a political motivation behind the execution.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="France_and_Florence">France and Florence</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France and Florence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">City of Florence</a> also instated the death penalty. In Florence, a young boy named <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Giovanni" title="Giovanni di Giovanni">Giovanni di Giovanni</a> (1350–1365?) was castrated and burned between the thighs with a red-hot iron by court order under this law.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-litandhomo_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-litandhomo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These punishments continued into the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and spread to the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Zürich">canton of Zürich</a>. Knight <a href="/wiki/Richard_Puller_von_Hohenburg" title="Richard Puller von Hohenburg">Richard von Hohenberg</a> (died 1482) was burned at the stake together with his lover, his young squire, during this time. In France, French writer <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chausson" title="Jacques Chausson">Jacques Chausson</a> (1618–1661) was also burned alive for attempting to seduce the son of a nobleman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="England">England</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Britain">England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buggery_Act_1533" title="Buggery Act 1533">Buggery Act 1533</a> made sodomy and <a href="/wiki/Bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiality">bestiality</a> punishable by death.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act was superseded in 1828, but sodomy remained punishable by death under the new act until 1861, although the <a href="/wiki/James_Pratt_and_John_Smith" title="James Pratt and John Smith">last executions</a> were in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Malta">Malta</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In seventeenth century <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, Scottish voyager and author <a href="/wiki/William_Lithgow_(traveller_and_author)" title="William Lithgow (traveller and author)">William Lithgow</a>, writing in his diary in March 1616, claims a Spanish soldier and a <a href="/wiki/Maltese_people" title="Maltese people">Maltese</a> teenage boy were publicly burnt to <a href="/wiki/Ash" title="Ash">ashes</a> for confessing to have practiced sodomy together.<sup id="cite_ref-buttigieg_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttigieg-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To escape this fate, Lithgow further claimed that a hundred <i>bardassoes</i> (boy prostitutes) sailed for <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-buttigieg_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buttigieg-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Holocaust">The Holocaust</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Holocaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Europe">Occupied Europe</a>, homosexuals and <a href="/wiki/Gender-nonconforming" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-nonconforming">gender-nonconforming</a> people<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were among the groups targeted by <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> (<i>See <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></i>). In 1936, the poet <a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a> was executed by right-wing rebels who established <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">dictatorship in Spain</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights by country or territory</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/320px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/480px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg/640px-World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;font-size:100%;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression" title="Template:World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression" title="Template talk:World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_laws_pertaining_to_homosexual_relationships_and_expression" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; font-size:100%;padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"><b>Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression</b></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Same-sex intercourse illegal.</b> Penalties: </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8c210f; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty_for_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty for homosexuality">Death</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cc6633; color:black;"> </span> Prison; death not enforced</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ec8028;"><span style="display:inline-block; width:0; height:0;border-right: 1.25em solid #8c210f;border-bottom: 1.25em solid #ec8028;"> </span></span> Death under militias</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ec8028; color:black;"> </span> Prison, with arrests or detention</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f9dc36; color:black;"> </span> Prison, not enforced<sup>1</sup></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Same-sex intercourse legal.</b> Recognition of unions: </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#025; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#90C; color:white;"> </span> Extraterritorial marriage<sup>2</sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#06f; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9cf; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Unregistered_cohabitation" title="Unregistered cohabitation">Limited domestic</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CAF; color:black;"> </span> Limited foreign</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ccc;"><span style="display:inline-block; width:0; height:0;border-right: 1.25em solid #9cf;border-bottom: 1.25em solid #ccc;"> </span></span> Optional certification</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ccc; color:black;"> </span> None</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#decd87; color:black;"> </span> Restrictions of expression, not enforced</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3B367; color:black;"> </span> Restrictions of association with arrests or detention</div> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.3em;line-height:1.3em;"><br /> <sup>1</sup><small>No imprisonment in the past three years or <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on law.</small><br /><sup>2</sup><small>Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.</small></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>As of August 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 64 countries criminalize consensual sexual acts between adults of the same sex.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (fourth conviction)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mauritania">Mauritania</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li>Although the maximum punishment for homosexuality is execution, the government tends to use other punishments (fines, prison sentence, and <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">whipping</a>), unless government officials think that homosexuals have challenged state authority by engaging in <a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">LGBT social movements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Somalia">Somalia</a><sup id="cite_ref-ILGA_article_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILGA_article-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Yemen">Yemen</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (some states in Northern area)</li></ul> <p>53 countries where homosexual acts are criminalized but not punished by death, by region, include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Africa</b> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cameroon" title="LGBT rights in Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Gambia">Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kenya" title="LGBT rights in Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (death penalty in some states), <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sierra_Leone" title="LGBT rights in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sudan">Sudan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Togo">Togo</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></dd></dl> <p><b>Asia</b> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia#Calls_for_discrimination_and_criminalization" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Indonesia">Aceh</a> (Indonesia), <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines#Contemporary_(2000s–present)" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">Marawi City</a> (Philippines), <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> under <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a></dd></dl> <p><b>America</b> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</dd></dl> <p><b>Pacific Islands</b> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tonga">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></dd></dl> <p>Afghanistan, where such acts remain punishable with fines and a prison sentence, dropped the death penalty after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> in 2001, who had mandated it from 1996. <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">India</a> criminalized homosexuality until September 6, 2018, when the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> declared section 377 of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a> invalid and arbitrary when it concerns consensual relations of consenting adults in private. </p><p><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Jamaica">Jamaica</a> has some of the toughest sodomy laws in the world, with homosexual activity carrying a ten-year jail sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-belfast_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belfast-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freemuse_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freemuse-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mosthomophobic_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mosthomophobic-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International human rights organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> condemn laws that criminalize homosexual relations between consenting adults.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1994, the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Committee">Human Rights Committee</a> has also ruled that such laws violated the right to privacy guaranteed in the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ai-usa_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ai-usa-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prai_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prai-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Asgari_and_Ayaz_Marhoni" title="Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni">Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criminal_assault">Criminal assault</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criminal assault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortejo_funebre_travesti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cortejo_funebre_travesti.jpg/220px-Cortejo_funebre_travesti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cortejo_funebre_travesti.jpg/330px-Cortejo_funebre_travesti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cortejo_funebre_travesti.jpg/440px-Cortejo_funebre_travesti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>A group of Argentine <a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">travestis</a> carrying the coffin of their murdered friend, August 1987.</figcaption></figure> <p>Even in countries where homosexuality is legal (most countries outside of Africa and the Middle East), there are reports of homosexual people being targeted with bullying or physical assault or even homicide. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Brazil"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homophobic_violence_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophobic violence in Brazil">Homophobic violence in Brazil</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grupo_Gay_da_Bahia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grupo Gay da Bahia (page does not exist)">Grupo Gay da Bahia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Gay_da_Bahia" class="extiw" title="pt:Grupo Gay da Bahia">pt</a>]</span> (GGB), Brazil's oldest gay rights NGO, the rate of murders of homosexuals in <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Brazil">Brazil</a> is particularly high, with a reported 3,196 cases over the 30-year period of 1980 to 2009 (or about 0.7 cases per 100,000 population per annum).<sup id="cite_ref-globo_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globo-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 387 LGBT Brazilians were murdered in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GGB reported 190 documented alleged homophobic murders in Brazil in 2008, accounting for about 0.5% of intentional homicides in Brazil (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate" title="List of countries by intentional homicide rate">homicide rate</a> 22 per 100,000 population as of 2008). 64% of the victims were gay men, 32% were <a href="/wiki/Trans_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans women">trans women</a> or transvestites, and 4% were lesbians.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparison, the FBI reported five homophobic murders in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United States">United States</a> during 2008, corresponding to 0.03% of intentional homicides (homicide rate 5.4 per 100,000 population as of 2008). </p><p>The numbers produced by the Grupo Gay da Bahia (GGB) have occasionally been contested on the grounds that they include all murders of LGBT people reported in the media – that is, not only those motivated by bias against homosexuals. Reinaldo de Azevedo, in 2009, columnist of the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Veja_(magazine)" title="Veja (magazine)"><i>Veja</i></a> magazine, Brazil's most read weekly publication, called the GGB's methodology "unscientific" based on the above objection: that they make no distinction between murders motivated by bias and those that were not.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the high level of murders of transsexuals, he suggested transsexuals' allegedly high involvement with the drug trade may expose them to higher levels of violence as compared to non-transgender homosexuals and heterosexuals. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigil_of_solidarity_in_the_wake_of_the_Orlando_Pulse_shooting_(27027482763).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Vigil_of_solidarity_in_the_wake_of_the_Orlando_Pulse_shooting_%2827027482763%29.jpg/220px-Vigil_of_solidarity_in_the_wake_of_the_Orlando_Pulse_shooting_%2827027482763%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Vigil_of_solidarity_in_the_wake_of_the_Orlando_Pulse_shooting_%2827027482763%29.jpg/330px-Vigil_of_solidarity_in_the_wake_of_the_Orlando_Pulse_shooting_%2827027482763%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Vigil_of_solidarity_in_the_wake_of_the_Orlando_Pulse_shooting_%2827027482763%29.jpg/440px-Vigil_of_solidarity_in_the_wake_of_the_Orlando_Pulse_shooting_%2827027482763%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="2122" /></a><figcaption>Vigil held in Minneapolis for victims of the <a href="/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando nightclub shooting">Orlando nightclub shooting</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In many parts of the world, including much of the European Union and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">United States</a>, acts of violence are legally classified as hate crimes, which entail harsher sentences if convicted. In some countries, this form of legislation extends to <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal abuse</a> as well as physical violence. </p><p>Violent hate crimes against LGBT people tend to be especially brutal, even compared to other hate crimes: "an intense rage is present in nearly all homicide cases involving gay male victims". It is rare for a victim to just be shot; he is more likely to be stabbed multiple times, mutilated, and strangled. "They frequently involved <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, cutting, mutilation... showing the absolute intent to rub out the human being because of his (sexual) preference".<sup id="cite_ref-ALTS_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALTS-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a particularly brutal case in the United States, on March 14, 2007, in <a href="/wiki/Wahneta,_Florida" title="Wahneta, Florida">Wahneta, Florida</a>, 25-year-old <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Keith_Skipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryan Keith Skipper">Ryan Keith Skipper</a> was found dead from 20 stab wounds and a slit throat. His body had been dumped on a dark, rural road less than 2 miles from his home. His two alleged attackers, William David Brown Jr., 20, and Joseph Eli Bearden, 21, were indicted for robbery and first-degree murder. Highlighting their <a href="/wiki/Malice_(legal_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malice (legal term)">malice</a> and contempt for the victim, the accused killers allegedly drove around in Skipper's blood-soaked car and bragged of killing him. According to a sheriff's department affidavit, one of the men stated that Skipper was targeted because "he was a faggot."<sup id="cite_ref-HRF_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRF-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Canada">Canada</a> in 2008, police-reported data found that approximately 10% of all hate crimes in the country were motivated by sexual orientation. Of these, 56% were of a violent nature. In comparison, 38% of all racially motivated offenses were of a violent nature.<sup id="cite_ref-HRF_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRF-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same year in the United States, according to <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> data, though 4,704 crimes were committed due to racial bias and 1,617 were committed due to sexual orientation, only one murder and one <a href="/wiki/Forcible_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Forcible rape">forcible rape</a> were committed due to racial bias, whereas five murders and six rapes were committed based on sexual orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-FBI_Table_4_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBI_Table_4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> in 2008, 160 <a href="/wiki/Homophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophobic">homophobic</a> incidents and 7 <a href="/wiki/Transphobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transphobic">transphobic</a> incidents were reported. Of those incidents, 68.4% were violent crimes; significantly higher than for any other bias category. By contrast, 37.4% of racially motivated crimes were of a violent nature.<sup id="cite_ref-HRF_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRF-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People's ignorance of and prejudice against LGBT people can contribute to the spreading of misinformation about them and subsequently to violence. In 2018, a transgender woman was killed by a mob in Hyderabad, India, following false rumors that transgender women were sex trafficking children. Three other transgender women were injured in the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent research on university-level students indicated the importance of queer visibility and its impact in creating a positive experience for LGBTIQ+ members of a campus community, this can reduce the impact and effect of incidents on youth attending university. When there is a poor climate – students are much less likely to report incidents or seek help.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_at_universities">Violence at universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Violence at universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States since the early 2010s, colleges and universities have taken major steps to prevent sexual harassment from taking place on campus, but students have still reported violence due to their sexual orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual harassment can include "non-contact forms" such as making jokes or comments and "contact forms" like forcing students to commit sexual acts.<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though little information exists with LGBT violence taking place at higher learning institutions, different communities are taking a stand against the violence. Many LGBT rape survivors said they experienced their first assault before the age of 25, and that many arrive on campus with this experience. Almost half of bisexual women experience their first assault between the ages of 18 and 24, and most of these take place unreported on college campuses.<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, though the Federal Bureau of Investigation changed what the "federal" definition of what rape means (for reporting purposes), local state governments still determine how campus violence cases are treated. Catherine Hill and Elana Silva said in <i>Drawing the Line: Sexual Harassment on Campus,</i> "Students who admit to harassing other students generally don't see themselves as rejected suitors, rather misunderstood comedians."<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most students who commit sexual violence towards other students do it to boost their own ego, believing that their actions are humorous. More than 46% of sexual harassment towards LGBT people still goes unreported.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National resources have been created to deal with the issue of sexual violence and various organizations such as The American Association of University Women and the National Center on Domestic and Sexual Violence are established to provide information and resources for those who have been sexually harassed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation_against_homophobic_hate_crimes">Legislation against homophobic hate crimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legislation against homophobic hate crimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> began describing hate crimes based on sexual orientation (as opposed to generic <a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-discrimination">anti-discrimination</a> legislation) to be counted as aggravating circumstance in the commission of a crime in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following a <a href="/wiki/Gay_gang_murders" title="Gay gang murders">spate of murders</a> of gay men in the 1980s and 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> significant advances have been made. <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_Australia" title="Hate speech laws in Australia">Hate speech laws in Australia</a> provide protection in all states against racial vilification, with some additional protections on the grounds of sexual orientation in New South Wales, Queensland, the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania. In <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, 'homosexual vilification' is prohibited under the umbrella of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Discrimination_Act_1977" title="Anti-Discrimination Act 1977">Anti-Discrimination Act 1977</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Australian Human Rights Commission">Australian Human Rights Commission</a> had reported that there was no federal law protecting LGBT+ Australians from discrimination or vilification.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the legalisation of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Australia" title="Same-sex marriage in Australia">same-sex marriage in Australia</a> in 2017, and sexual orientation anti-discrimination protections in all states, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Australia">LGBT rights in Australia</a> are now among the most progressive in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, Scotland passed the <i>Offences (Aggravation by Prejudice (Scotland) Act</i>, which made acts of prejudice against Disability, Sexual Orientation and Transgender Status specific offences. This Act requires only a single source of evidence, and those convicted under it must be told upon sentencing both what their sentence will be and what it would have been had prejudice not been a factor. </p><p>In July 2017, James Chalmers and Fiona Leverick of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>, submitted their report <i>A Comparative Analysis of Hate Crime Legislation</i> to the Hate Crime Legislation Review<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which contributed to the Scottish government's publication of its final report <i>Independent review of hate crime legislation in Scotland</i> in May 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While homophobia is still an issue in modern Scotland, particularly in schools,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> social attitudes towards LGBT+ persons have changed significantly, helped by every Scottish political party leader being vocally in support of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Scotland" title="Same-sex marriage in Scotland">equal marriage</a> throughout that campaign. Former leaders of both Scottish Labour and the Scottish Conservatives have been "out" lesbians and current co-leader of the Scottish Greens, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Patrick Harvie</a> is openly gay.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK Parliament, Westminster MP for <a href="/wiki/Livingston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Livingston (UK Parliament constituency)">Livingstone, West Lothian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Bardell" title="Hannah Bardell">Hannah Bardell</a> is one of 62 "out" <a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_politicians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of LGBT politicians in the United Kingdom">LGBT politicians in the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="USA">USA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: USA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in the United States">United States</a> does not have federal legislation marking sexual orientation as criterion for hate crimes, but several states, including the District of Columbia, enforce harsher penalties for crimes where real or perceived sexual orientation may have been a motivator. Among these 12 countries as well, only the United States has criminal law that specifically mentions gender identity, and even then only in 11 states and the District of Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-HRF_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRF-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> voted 79–70 to remove "sexual orientation" from the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, a list of unjustified reasons for executions, replacing it with "discriminatory reasons on any basis".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution specifically mentions a large number of groups, including race, religion, linguistic differences, refugees, <a href="/wiki/Street_children" title="Street children">street children</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legal and police response to these types of hate crimes is hard to gauge, however. Lack of reporting by authorities on the statistics of these crimes and under-reporting by the victims themselves are factors for this difficulty.<sup id="cite_ref-HRF_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRF-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often a victim will not report a crime as it will shed unwelcome light on their orientation and invite more victimization.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SF_Dyke_March_Remembering_the_Dead_Memorial_-_June_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/SF_Dyke_March_Remembering_the_Dead_Memorial_-_June_2019.jpg/220px-SF_Dyke_March_Remembering_the_Dead_Memorial_-_June_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/SF_Dyke_March_Remembering_the_Dead_Memorial_-_June_2019.jpg/330px-SF_Dyke_March_Remembering_the_Dead_Memorial_-_June_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/SF_Dyke_March_Remembering_the_Dead_Memorial_-_June_2019.jpg/440px-SF_Dyke_March_Remembering_the_Dead_Memorial_-_June_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="1463" /></a><figcaption>A speaker leads a sizable crowd in a spoken word, call and response, memorial dedicated to trans women who have been murdered. This memorial happened at the SF Dyke March, June 2019.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_judicative_bias">Alleged judicative bias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Alleged judicative bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">Gay panic defense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provocation_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocation (legal)">Provocation (legal)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"It's pretty disturbing that somebody that [kills] a person <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_cold_blood" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:in cold blood">in cold blood</a> gets out very quickly…." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Canadian <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly">MLA</a> <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Herbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencer Herbert">Spencer Herbert</a><sup id="cite_ref-CBC_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gay_Panic_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Panic Defense">Gay Panic Defense</a> has at times been adduced to plea for more lenient punishments for people accused of assaulting or killing homosexuals because of their actual or perceived orientation. This defense posits that the attacker was so enraged by their victim's alleged advances as to cause <a href="/wiki/Temporary_insanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary insanity">temporary insanity</a>, rendering them unable to stop themselves. If the loss of faculties is proven, or sympathized to the jury, a sentence may be mitigated. In several <a href="/wiki/Common_law_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Common law countries">common law countries</a>, the mitigatory defense of <a href="/wiki/Provocation_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocation (legal)">provocation</a> has been used in violent attacks against LGBT persons, which has led Australian states progressively to abolish the Gay Panic Defense, now effective nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People convicted of violence against LGBT people have in several cases received shorter sentences under the Gay Panic Defense plea: </p> <ul><li>On September 30, 1997, Kenneth Brewer met Stephen Bright at a local gay bar, where he bought the younger man drinks and they later went back to Brewer's apartment. While there, Brewer made a sexual advance toward Bright, who then beat him to death. Bright was initially charged with <a href="/wiki/Second-degree_murder" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-degree murder">second-degree murder</a>, but he was eventually convicted of third-degree assault and was sentenced to one year in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-Salon_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reasonable_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reasonable-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Webster" title="Aaron Webster">Aaron Webster</a> was beaten to death by a group of youths armed with baseball bats and a pool cue while in an area of <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Park" title="Stanley Park">Stanley Park</a> frequented by gay men. Ryan Cran was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a> in the case in 2004 and released on parole in 2009 after serving 4 years of his six-year sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two youths were tried under Canada's <a href="/wiki/Youth_Criminal_Justice_Act" title="Youth Criminal Justice Act">Youth Criminal Justice Act</a> and sentenced to three years after pleading guilty. A fourth assailant was acquitted.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There have also been criticisms concerning the impartiality of judges. In 1988 in <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Texas">Texas</a>, in handing down a 30-year sentence to a man for killing two gay men, instead of the life sentence requested by the prosecutor, Judge Jack Hampton said: "I don't much care for queers cruising the streets picking up teenage boys ...[I] put prostitutes and gays at about the same level ... and I'd be hard put to give somebody life for killing a prostitute."<sup id="cite_ref-Salon_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, a <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Florida">Florida</a> judge trying a case concerning the beating to death of a gay man asked the prosecutor, "That's a crime now, to beat up a homosexual?" The prosecutor responded, "Yes, sir. And it's also a crime to kill them." "Times have really changed," the judge replied. The judge, Daniel Futch, maintained that he was joking, but was removed from the case.<sup id="cite_ref-ALTS_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALTS-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salon_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_gay_pride_parades">Attacks on gay pride parades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Attacks on gay pride parades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02019_0057_MW-Protesters_chant_Nazi_slogan_in_Rzesz%C3%B3w_-_fag%27s_place_is_under_the_boot!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/02019_0057_MW-Protesters_chant_Nazi_slogan_in_Rzesz%C3%B3w_-_fag%27s_place_is_under_the_boot%21.jpg/220px-02019_0057_MW-Protesters_chant_Nazi_slogan_in_Rzesz%C3%B3w_-_fag%27s_place_is_under_the_boot%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/02019_0057_MW-Protesters_chant_Nazi_slogan_in_Rzesz%C3%B3w_-_fag%27s_place_is_under_the_boot%21.jpg/330px-02019_0057_MW-Protesters_chant_Nazi_slogan_in_Rzesz%C3%B3w_-_fag%27s_place_is_under_the_boot%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/02019_0057_MW-Protesters_chant_Nazi_slogan_in_Rzesz%C3%B3w_-_fag%27s_place_is_under_the_boot%21.jpg/440px-02019_0057_MW-Protesters_chant_Nazi_slogan_in_Rzesz%C3%B3w_-_fag%27s_place_is_under_the_boot%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="2030" /></a><figcaption>Counter-protesters against the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Equality_marches_in_Poland" title="Equality marches in Poland">equality march</a> in Rzeszów: "fag's place is under the boot!"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02018_pod_butem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/02018_pod_butem.jpg/220px-02018_pod_butem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/02018_pod_butem.jpg/330px-02018_pod_butem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/02018_pod_butem.jpg/440px-02018_pod_butem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Radical right demonstrators attack participant in Rzeszów equality march 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Eggs_and_yoghurt_thrown_against_the_Athens_Pride_parade%2C_2008.webm/220px--Eggs_and_yoghurt_thrown_against_the_Athens_Pride_parade%2C_2008.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="44" data-mwtitle="Eggs_and_yoghurt_thrown_against_the_Athens_Pride_parade,_2008.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Eggs_and_yoghurt_thrown_against_the_Athens_Pride_parade,_2008.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Eggs_and_yoghurt_thrown_against_the_Athens_Pride_parade%2C_2008.webm/Eggs_and_yoghurt_thrown_against_the_Athens_Pride_parade%2C_2008.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Eggs_and_yoghurt_thrown_against_the_Athens_Pride_parade%2C_2008.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Eggs_and_yoghurt_thrown_against_the_Athens_Pride_parade%2C_2008.webm/Eggs_and_yoghurt_thrown_against_the_Athens_Pride_parade%2C_2008.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Eggs_and_yoghurt_thrown_against_the_Athens_Pride_parade%2C_2008.webm/Eggs_and_yoghurt_thrown_against_the_Athens_Pride_parade%2C_2008.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Far-rightists attack an <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> pride parade by <a href="/wiki/Egging" title="Egging">egging</a> and throwing yoghurt.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gay_pride_parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride parade">LGBT Pride Parades</a> in East European, Asian and South American countries often attract violence because of their public nature. Though many countries where such events take place attempt to provide police protection to participants, some would prefer that the parades not happen, and police either ignore or encourage violent protesters. The country of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Moldova">Moldova</a> has shown particular contempt to marchers, shutting down official requests to hold parades and allowing protesters to intimidate and harm any who try to march anyway. In 2007, after being denied a request to hold a parade, a small group of LGBT people tried to hold a small gathering. They were surrounded by a group twice their size who shouted derogatory things at them and pelted them with eggs. The gathering proceeded even so, and they tried to lay flowers at the Monument to the Victims of Repression. They were denied the opportunity, however, by a large group of police claiming they needed permission from <a href="/wiki/City_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="City hall">city hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HRF_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRF-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year, a parade was again attempted. A bus carried approximately 60 participants to the capital, but before they could disembark, an angry crowd surrounded the bus. They shouted things like "let's get them out and beat them up", and "beat them to death, don't let them escape" at the frightened passengers. The mob told the activists that if they wanted to leave the bus unharmed, they would have to destroy all of their pride materials. The passengers complied and the march was called off. All the while, police stood passively about 100 meters away, taking no action even though passengers claimed at least nine emergency calls were made to police while on the bus.<sup id="cite_ref-HRF_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRF-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia's officials are similarly averse to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Russia">Pride Parades</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Moscow" title="Mayor of Moscow">Mayor of Moscow</a> <a href="/wiki/Yury_Luzhkov" title="Yury Luzhkov">Yury Luzhkov</a> has repeatedly banned marches, calling them "<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">satanic</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pride participants instead tried to peacefully assemble and deliver a petition to city hall regarding the <a href="/wiki/Right_of_assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of assembly">right of assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country#Russia" title="Freedom of speech by country">freedom of expression</a>. They were met by <a href="/wiki/Skinheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Skinheads">skinheads</a> and other protesters, and police who had closed off the square and immediately arrested activists as they entered. As some were being arrested, other participants were attacked by protesters. Police did nothing. Around eleven women and two men were arrested and left in the heat, denied medical attention, and verbally abused by police officers. The officers told the women, "No one needs lesbians, no one will ever get you out of here." When participants were released from custody hours later, they were pelted by eggs and shouted at by protesters who had been waiting.<sup id="cite_ref-HRF_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRF-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hungary">Hungary</a>, on the other hand, has tried to afford the best protection they can to marchers, but cannot stem the flow of violence. In 2008, hundreds of people participated in the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Pride" title="Budapest Pride">Budapest Dignity March</a>. Police, on alert due to attacks on two LGBT-affiliated businesses earlier in the week, erected high metal barriers on either side of the street the march was to take place on. Hundreds of angry protesters threw petrol bombs and rocks at police in retaliation. A police van was set on fire and two police officers were injured in the attacks. During the parade itself, protesters threw <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a>, eggs and firecrackers at marchers. At least eight participants were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forty-five people were detained in connection with the attacks, and observers called the incident "the worst violence during the dozen years the Gay Pride Parade has taken place in Budapest".<sup id="cite_ref-HRF_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRF-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Israel, three marchers in a <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_gay_pride_parade" title="Jerusalem gay pride parade">gay pride parade in Jerusalem</a> on June 30, 2005, were stabbed by <a href="/wiki/Yishai_Shlisel" class="mw-redirect" title="Yishai Shlisel">Yishai Shlisel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Jew</a>. Shlisel claimed he had acted "in the name of God". He was charged with attempted murder. Ten years later, On July 30, 2015, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_gay_pride_parade#2015_attack" title="Jerusalem gay pride parade">six marchers were injured</a>, again by Yishai Shlisel when he stabbed them. It was three weeks after he was released from jail. One of the victims, 16-year-old Shira Banki, died of her wounds at the <a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Medical_Center" title="Hadassah Medical Center">Hadassah Medical Center</a> three days later, on August 2, 2015. Shortly after, Prime Minister Netanyahu offered his condolences, adding "We will deal with the murderer to the fullest extent of the law." </p><p> In 2019, the gay pride parade in Detroit was infiltrated by armed <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-nazis</a> who reportedly claimed they wanted to spark "Charlottesville 2.0" referring to the <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right</a> demonstration in 2017 which resulted in the murder of <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville_car_attack" title="Charlottesville car attack">Heather Heyer</a>, and many others injured.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Street_Day_Berlin_2019_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Christopher_Street_Day_Berlin_2019_27.jpg/220px-Christopher_Street_Day_Berlin_2019_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Christopher_Street_Day_Berlin_2019_27.jpg/330px-Christopher_Street_Day_Berlin_2019_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Christopher_Street_Day_Berlin_2019_27.jpg/440px-Christopher_Street_Day_Berlin_2019_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Marcher in 2019 <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Street_Day" title="Christopher Street Day">Christopher Street Day</a> 2019 march holding up Solidarity sign with Poland, following <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> attack</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 20, 2019, the first <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_equality_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Białystok equality march">Białystok equality march</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> party stronghold,<sup id="cite_ref-CBC20190727_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC20190727-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surrounded by Białystok county which is a declared <a href="/wiki/LGBT-free_zone" title="LGBT-free zone">LGBT-free zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT20190727_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT20190727-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two weeks before the march Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Wojda" title="Tadeusz Wojda">Tadeusz Wojda</a> delivered a proclamation to all churches in <a href="/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship" title="Podlaskie Voivodeship">Podlaskie Voivodeship</a> and Białystok stating that pride marches were "blasphemy against God".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT20190727_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT20190727-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wojda also asserted that the march was "foreign" and thanked those who "defend Christian values".<sup id="cite_ref-CBC20190727_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC20190727-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately a thousand pride marchers were opposed by thousands of members of far-right groups, <a href="/wiki/Ultras" title="Ultras">ultra football fans</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN20190721_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN20190721-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firecrackers were tossed at the marchers, homophobic slogans were chanted, and the marchers were pelted with rocks and bottles.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT20190727_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT20190727-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBC20190727_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC20190727-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN20190721_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN20190721-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dozens of marchers were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT20190727_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT20190727-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> criticized the police response, saying they had failed to protect marchers and "failed to respond to instances of violence".<sup id="cite_ref-PinkNews20190802_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinkNews20190802-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, similar to the manner in which the <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a> in Charlottesville shocked Americans, the violence in Białystok raised public concern in Poland over anti-LGBT propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT20190727_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT20190727-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacy_in_song_lyrics">Advocacy in song lyrics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Advocacy in song lyrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buju_Banton_(Apollo_theater,_2007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Buju_Banton_%28Apollo_theater%2C_2007%29.jpg/150px-Buju_Banton_%28Apollo_theater%2C_2007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Buju_Banton_%28Apollo_theater%2C_2007%29.jpg/225px-Buju_Banton_%28Apollo_theater%2C_2007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Buju_Banton_%28Apollo_theater%2C_2007%29.jpg/300px-Buju_Banton_%28Apollo_theater%2C_2007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buju_Banton" title="Buju Banton">Buju Banton</a>, a Jamaican musician, performing in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the strong anti-homosexual culture in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a> artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Buju_Banton" title="Buju Banton">Buju Banton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Man_(musician)" title="Elephant Man (musician)">Elephant Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sizzla" title="Sizzla">Sizzla</a>, have published song lyrics advocating violence against homosexuals. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a> music occasionally includes aggressively homophobic lyrics,<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has since appeared to reform. </p><p>Banton wrote a song when he was 15 years old that became a hit when he released it years later in 1992 called "Boom Bye Bye". The song is about murdering homosexuals and "advocated the shooting of gay men, pouring acid on them and burning them alive."<sup id="cite_ref-freemuse_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freemuse-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A song by Elephant Man proclaims: "When you hear a lesbian getting raped/It's not our fault ... Two women in bed/That's two sodomites who should be dead."<sup id="cite_ref-belfast_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belfast-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian activists have sought to deport reggae artists from the country due to homophobic content in some of their songs, which they say promote anti-gay violence. In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> has investigated reggae <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a> and Sizzla was barred from entering the United Kingdom in 2004 over accusations his music promotes murder.<sup id="cite_ref-freemuse_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freemuse-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbc_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gay rights advocates have started the group <a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a> to combat what they say is the promotion of hate and violence by artists. The group organized protests, causing some venues to refuse to allow the targeted artists to perform, and the loss of sponsors. In 2007, the group asked reggae artists to promise "not to produce music or make public statements inciting hatred against gay people. Neither can they authorise the re-release of previous homophobic songs." Several artists signed that agreement, including Buju Banton, Beenie Man, Sizzla and <a href="/wiki/Capleton" title="Capleton">Capleton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-freemuse_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freemuse-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some later denied signing it.<sup id="cite_ref-belfast_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belfast-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1980s, skinheads in North America who promoted emerging neo-Nazi pop culture and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in North America">racist</a> rock songs increasingly went to punk rock concerts with anti-gay music advocating violence.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivations">Motivations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macho_culture_and_social_homophobia">Macho culture and social homophobia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Macho culture and social homophobia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hypermasculinity" title="Hypermasculinity">Hypermasculinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality" title="Compulsory heterosexuality">Compulsory heterosexuality</a></div> <p>The vast majority of homophobic criminal assault is perpetrated by male aggressors on male victims, and is connected to aggressive heterosexual <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">machismo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Male_chauvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Male chauvinism">male chauvinism</a>. Theorists including <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Thomas_(critical_theorist)" title="Calvin Thomas (critical theorist)">Calvin Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> have suggested that homophobia can be rooted in an individual's fear of being identified as gay. Homophobia in men is correlated with insecurity about masculinity.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, allegedly homophobia is rampant in sports, and in the <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> of its supporters, that are considered <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypically</a> "male", such as <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These theorists have argued that a person who expresses homophobia does so not only to communicate their beliefs about the class of gay people, but also to distance themselves from this class and its social status. Thus, by distancing themselves from gay people, they are reaffirming their role as a heterosexuals in a <a href="/wiki/Heteronormative" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteronormative">heteronormative</a> culture,<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_2004_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin_2004-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby attempting to prevent themselves from being labeled and treated as a gay person.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_2004_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin_2004-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalytic</a> theories explain homophobia as a threat to an individual's own same-sex impulses, whether those impulses are imminent or merely hypothetical. This threat causes <a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">repression</a>, denial or <a href="/wiki/Reaction_formation" title="Reaction formation">reaction formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Homophobia#Christianity_and_the_Bible" title="Homophobia">Homophobia § Christianity and the Bible</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and homosexuality">Islam and homosexuality</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-undue-weight" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a></b> that contextualizes different points of view.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran_and_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and violence">Quran</a> cites the story of the "people of <a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lot</a>" (also known as the people of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a>), destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Anger#Islam" title="Anger">wrath</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a> because they engaged in <a href="/wiki/Lust#Islam" title="Lust">lustful</a> carnal acts between men. </p><p>The most followed <a href="/wiki/Islam#Religious_personages" title="Islam">Scholars of Islam</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a> <a href="/wiki/Imam_Malik" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Malik">Imam Malik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imam_Shafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Shafi">Imam Shafi</a> among others, ruled that Islam disallows male homosexuality and ordained capital punishment for a person guilty of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Fatwa_IslamOnline_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatwa_IslamOnline-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legal punishment for male <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_anal_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic views on anal sex">sodomy</a> has varied among juristic schools: some prescribe <a href="/wiki/Capital_and_corporal_punishment_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital and corporal punishment in Islam">capital punishment</a>; while other prescribe a milder discretionary punishment. Homosexual activity is a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">crime</a> and forbidden in most <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Muslim-majority countries</a>. In some relatively <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">secular</a> Muslim-majority countries such as <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RoughGuideSEAsia2005_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoughGuideSEAsia2005-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">Turkey</a>, this is not the case, however social persecution such as <a href="/wiki/Honor_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor killings">honor killings</a> are widespread of cis-gendered gay men and sometimes lesbians. </p><p>The Quran, much like the Bible and <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, has a vague condemnation of homosexuality and how it should be dealt with, leaving it ambiguous. For this reason, Islamic jurists have turned to the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> (sayings of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (accounts of his life). These, on the other hand, are perfectly clear and particularly harsh.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Faraj_ibn_al-Jawzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a> records Muhammad as cursing sodomites in several hadith, and recommending the death penalty for both the active and passive partners in same-sex acts.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad prescribed the death penalty for both the active and the passive male homosexual partners, which is a clear condemnation of male homosexuality within Islam, and the association with male homosexuality being associated with a cursed action has produced a long history of religiously condoned and sanctioned violence against gay men: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Narrated by Abdullah ibn Abbas: "The Prophet said: 'If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, kill the one who does it, and the one to whom it is done'."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Abu Dawood">Sunan Abu Dawood</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/038-sat.php#038.4447">38:4447</a>, Al-Tirmidhi, 17:1456, Ibn Maajah, 20:2561</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Narrated Abdullah ibn Abbas: "If a man who is not married is seized committing sodomy he will be stoned to death."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Abu Dawood">Sunan Abu Dawood</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/038-sat.php#038.4448">38:4448</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Abu-al-Faraj_Ibn_Al-Jawzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu-al-Faraj Ibn Al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a> (1114–1200), writing in the 12th century, claimed that Muhammad had cursed "sodomites" in several hadith, and had recommended the death penalty for both the active and passive partners in homosexual acts.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhammad_Homosexuality_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Homosexuality-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was narrated that Ibn Abbas said: "The Prophet said: '... cursed is the one who does the action of the people of Lot'."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Musnad Ahmad:1878</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ahmad narrated from Ibn Abbas that the Prophet of Allah said: 'May Allah curse the one who does the action of the people of Lot, may Allah curse the one who does the action of the people of Lot', three times."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Musnad Ahmad: 2915</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Nuwayri" title="Al-Nuwayri">Al-Nuwayri</a> (1272–1332), writing in the 13th century, reported in his <i>Nihaya</i> that Muhammad is "alleged to have said what he feared most for his community were the practices of the people of Lot (he seems to have expressed the same idea in regard to wine and female seduction)."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1983_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1983-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was narrated that Jabir: "The Prophet said: 'There is nothing I fear for my followers more than the deed of the people of Lot.'"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muflihun.com/tirmidhi/15/1457">Al-Tirmidhi: 1457</a>, Ibn Maajah: 2563</cite></div></blockquote><p><sup id="cite_ref-Fatwa_IslamOnline_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fatwa_IslamOnline-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overall moral or theological principle is that a person who performs such actions challenges the harmony of God's creation, and is therefore a revolt against God.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These views vary depending upon sect. It is noteworthy to point out that Quranists (those who do not integrate the aforementioned Hadiths into their belief system) do not advocate capital punishment, while still condemning male homosexuality as an abomination and major sin.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a> within the Sunni and Shia branches still preach views stating that homosexual males should be executed under Islamic law. These are also followed up by executions in Islamic countries, and lynchings, honor killings, and hate crimes within Muslim communities in non-Islamic countries. Abu Usamah at <a href="/wiki/Green_Lane_Masjid" title="Green Lane Masjid">Green Lane Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Birmingham#Islam" title="Religion in Birmingham">Birmingham</a> defended his words to followers by saying "If I were to call homosexuals perverted, dirty, filthy dogs who should be executed, that's my freedom of speech, isn't it?"<sup id="cite_ref-pinknews_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinknews-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other contemporary Islamic views are that the "crime of homosexuality is one of the greatest of crimes, the worst of <a href="/wiki/Sin#Islam" title="Sin">sins</a> and the most abhorrent of deeds".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homosexuality is considered the 11th major sin in Islam, in the days of the <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">companions of Muhammad</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">slave</a> boy was once forgiven for killing his master who sodomized him.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2016 <a href="/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando nightclub shooting">Orlando nightclub shooting</a> was at the time the deadliest <a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">mass shooting</a> by an individual and remains the deadliest incident of violence against LGBT people in U.S. history.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 12, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Mateen" title="Omar Mateen">Omar Mateen</a> killed 49 people and wounded more than 50 at <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(nightclub)" title="Pulse (nightclub)">Pulse</a> gay nightclub in <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act has been described by investigators as an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorist attack</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hatecrime_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatecrime-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SantoraLastCall_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SantoraLastCall-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Prejudicial attitudes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Anti-LGBT rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT stereotypes</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Violence</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_acts_of_violence_against_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Significant acts of violence against LGBT people">Significant acts of violence against LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBT_youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide among LGBT youth">Suicide among LGBT youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">UK violence against LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United States">US violence against LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_among_LGBT_youth_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness among LGBT youth in the United States">US LGBT youth homelessness</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>See also</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Teena" title="Brandon Teena">Brandon Teena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Shepard" title="Matthew Shepard">Matthew Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwen_Araujo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwen Araujo">Gwen Araujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ali_Fazeli_Monfared" title="Killing of Ali Fazeli Monfared">Ali Fazeli Monfared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Brianna_Ghey" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of Brianna Ghey">Brianna Ghey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithful_Word_Baptist_Church" title="Faithful Word Baptist Church">Faithful Word Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Duncan_(pub)#Bombing" title="Admiral Duncan (pub)">Admiral Duncan pub bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism and LGBT rights">Communism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yogyakarta_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Yogyakarta Principles">The Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_dating_service#Trust_and_safety_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Online dating service">Trust and safety issues in online dating services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_in_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT people in prison">LGBT people in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_sector_responses_to_LGBT_violence" title="Education sector responses to LGBT violence">Education sector responses to LGBT violence</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2012" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Doug (December 2012). "An Intersectional Analysis of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People's Evaluations of Anti-Queer Violence". <i>Gender & Society</i>. <b>26</b> (6): 849–873. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891243212461299">10.1177/0891243212461299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145812781">145812781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+%26+Society&rft.atitle=An+Intersectional+Analysis+of+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+and+Transgender+%28LGBT%29+People%27s+Evaluations+of+Anti-Queer+Violence&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=849-873&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0891243212461299&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145812781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlViolence_Against_the_Transgender_Community_in_2019_|_Human_Rights_Campaign-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlViolence_Against_the_Transgender_Community_in_2019_|_Human_Rights_Campaign_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2019">"Violence Against the Transgender Community in 2019 | Human Rights Campaign"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006233658/https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2019">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violence+Against+the+Transgender+Community+in+2019+%26%23124%3B+Human+Rights+Campaign&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.org%2Fresources%2Fviolence-against-the-transgender-community-in-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vol1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vol1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vol1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2009" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Chuck (2009). <i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide (Volume 1)</i>. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. pp. 4, 7, 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313342318" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313342318"><bdi>978-0313342318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+LGBT+Issues+Worldwide+%28Volume+1%29&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=4%2C+7%2C+85-86&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0313342318&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vol2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vol2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vol2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2009" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Chuck (2009). <i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide (Volume 2)</i>. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. pp. 6–7, 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313342356" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313342356"><bdi>978-0313342356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+LGBT+Issues+Worldwide+%28Volume+2%29&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=6-7%2C+10-11&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0313342356&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vol3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vol3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vol3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2009" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Chuck (2009). <i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide (Volume 3)</i>. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. pp. 1, 6–7, 36, 65, 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34231-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34231-8"><bdi>978-0-313-34231-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+LGBT+Issues+Worldwide+%28Volume+3%29&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=1%2C+6-7%2C+36%2C+65%2C+70&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34231-8&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2015" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Doug (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515035337/https://www.rutgersuniversitypress.org/violence-against-queer-people/9780813573151/"><i>Violence against Queer People</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rutgersuniversitypress.org/violence-against-queer-people/9780813573151">the original</a> on May 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+against+Queer+People&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rutgersuniversitypress.org%2Fviolence-against-queer-people%2F9780813573151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-williams_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stotzer, R.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/publications/Comparison%20of%20Hate%20Crime%20Formatted.pdf">Comparison of love Crime Rates Across Protected and Unprotected Groups</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070811092040/https://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/publications/Comparison%20of%20Hate%20Crime%20Formatted.pdf">Archived</a> August 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Williams_Institute" title="Williams Institute">Williams Institute</a>, 2007–06. Retrieved on August 9, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReggio1999" class="citation web cs1">Reggio, Michael (February 9, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/history-of-the-death-penalty/">"History of the Death Penalty"</a>. <i>PBS Frontline</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200116014217/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/history-of-the-death-penalty/">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+Frontline&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Death+Penalty&rft.date=1999-02-09&rft.aulast=Reggio&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Farticle%2Fhistory-of-the-death-penalty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadiaDwyerGorman2009" class="citation web cs1">Radia, Kirit; Dwyer, Devin; Gorman, Elizabeth (June 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=7883204&page=1">"New Benefits for Same-Sex Couples May Be Hard to Implement Abroad"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125193539/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=7883204&page=1">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=New+Benefits+for+Same-Sex+Couples+May+Be+Hard+to+Implement+Abroad&rft.date=2009-06-19&rft.aulast=Radia&rft.aufirst=Kirit&rft.au=Dwyer%2C+Devin&rft.au=Gorman%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fstory%3Fid%3D7883204%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILGA_article-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ILGA_article_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ILGA_article_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323102828/http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/mqsH5ek1ED">"ILGA publishes 2010 report on State sponsored homophobia throughout the world"</a>. International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/mqsH5ek1ED">the original</a> on March 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ILGA+publishes+2010+report+on+State+sponsored+homophobia+throughout+the+world&rft.pub=International+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+Trans+and+Intersex+Association&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filga.org%2Filga%2Fen%2Farticle%2FmqsH5ek1ED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mambaonline.com/2018/01/24/worlds-highest-lgbt-murder-rate-100s-killed-brazil/">"Brazil has world's highest LGBT murder rate, with 100s killed in 2017 – MambaOnline – Gay South Africa online"</a>. <i>MambaOnline – Gay South Africa online</i>. January 24, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924183234/http://www.mambaonline.com/2018/01/24/worlds-highest-lgbt-murder-rate-100s-killed-brazil/">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MambaOnline+%E2%80%93+Gay+South+Africa+online&rft.atitle=Brazil+has+world%27s+highest+LGBT+murder+rate%2C+with+100s+killed+in+2017+%E2%80%93+MambaOnline+%E2%80%93+Gay+South+Africa+online&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mambaonline.com%2F2018%2F01%2F24%2Fworlds-highest-lgbt-murder-rate-100s-killed-brazil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-uncovered/isis-hurls-gay-men-buildings-stones-them-analysts-n305171">"ISIS Hurls Gay Men Off Buildings, Stones Them: Analysts"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. August 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=ISIS+Hurls+Gay+Men+Off+Buildings%2C+Stones+Them%3A+Analysts&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fstoryline%2Fisis-uncovered%2Fisis-hurls-gay-men-buildings-stones-them-analysts-n305171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/03/05/dnt-damon-isis-gay-executions.cnn"><i>ISIS throws gay men off buildings | CNN</i></a>, March 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISIS+throws+gay+men+off+buildings+%7C+CNN&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fvideos%2Fworld%2F2015%2F03%2F05%2Fdnt-damon-isis-gay-executions.cnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazzad2022" class="citation news cs1">Hazzad, Ardo (July 2, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerian-islamic-court-orders-death-by-stoning-men-convicted-homosexuality-2022-07-02/">"Nigerian Islamic court orders death by stoning for men convicted of homosexuality"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Nigerian+Islamic+court+orders+death+by+stoning+for+men+convicted+of+homosexuality&rft.date=2022-07-02&rft.aulast=Hazzad&rft.aufirst=Ardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnigerian-islamic-court-orders-death-by-stoning-men-convicted-homosexuality-2022-07-02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlReport_shows_homophobic_and_transphobic_violence_in_education_to_be_a_global_problem-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlReport_shows_homophobic_and_transphobic_violence_in_education_to_be_a_global_problem_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/news/report-shows-homophobic-and-transphobic-violence-education-be-global-problem">"Report shows homophobic and transphobic violence in education to be a global problem"</a>. May 17, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018162639/https://en.unesco.org/news/report-shows-homophobic-and-transphobic-violence-education-be-global-problem">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+shows+homophobic+and+transphobic+violence+in+education+to+be+a+global+problem&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fnews%2Freport-shows-homophobic-and-transphobic-violence-education-be-global-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THEOD-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THEOD_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THEOD_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THEOD_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Theodosian Code 9.7.6): All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body in acting the part of a woman's body to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell">John Boswell</a>, <i>Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century</i> (University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 63, 67–68, quotation on p. 69. See also Craig Williams, <i>Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity</i> (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 116; <a href="/wiki/Eva_Cantarella" title="Eva Cantarella">Eva Cantarella</a>, <i>Bisexuality in the Ancient World</i> (Yale University Press, 1992), p. 106ff.; Thomas A.J. McGinn, <i>Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome</i> (Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 140–141; Amy, <i>The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor</i> (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), pp. 86, 224; Jonathan Walters, "Invading the Roman Body", in <i>Roman Sexualites</i> (Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 33–35, noting particularly the overly broad definition of the <i>Lex Scantinia</i> by Adolf Berger, <i>Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law</i> (American Philosophical Society, 1953, reprinted 1991), pp. 559 and 719. Freeborn Roman men could engage in sex with males of lower status, such as prostitutes and slaves, without moral censure or losing their perceived masculinity, as long as they took the active, penetrating role; see <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality in ancient Rome</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theodosian_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodosian Code">Theodosian Code</a> 9.8.3: <i>"When a man marries and is about to offer himself to men in womanly fashion (quum vir nubit in feminam viris porrecturam), what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justinian <i>Novels</i> 77, 144; Michael Brinkschröde, "Christian Homophobia: Four Central Discourses", in <i>Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education</i> (LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrompton2009" class="citation book cs1">Crompton, Louis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TfBYd9xVaXcC&q=Haspisperch&pg=PA449"><i>Homosexuality and Civilization</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03006-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03006-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03006-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323020425/https://books.google.com/books?id=TfBYd9xVaXcC&q=Haspisperch&pg=PA449">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homosexuality+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03006-0&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTfBYd9xVaXcC%26q%3DHaspisperch%26pg%3DPA449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocke1996" class="citation book cs1">Rocke, Michael (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forbiddenfriends00rock/page/24"><i>Forbidden Friendships, Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forbiddenfriends00rock/page/24">24, 227, 356, 360</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512292-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512292-5"><bdi>0-19-512292-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forbidden+Friendships%2C+Homosexuality+and+Male+Culture+in+Renaissance+Florence&rft.pages=24%2C+227%2C+356%2C+360&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-512292-5&rft.aulast=Rocke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforbiddenfriends00rock%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-litandhomo-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-litandhomo_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2000" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Michael J (2000). <i>Literature and Homosexuality</i>. Rodopi. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0519-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0519-X"><bdi>90-420-0519-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+and+Homosexuality&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-420-0519-X&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michael+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-buggery-act-1533">"The Buggery Act 1533"</a>. <i>British Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930040201/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-buggery-act-1533">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=The+Buggery+Act+1533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcollection-items%2Fthe-buggery-act-1533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryden" class="citation web cs1">Dryden, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/lgbtq-histories/articles/the-men-killed-under-the-buggery-act">"The Men Killed Under the Buggery Act"</a>. <i>British Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128012058/https://www.bl.uk/lgbtq-histories/articles/the-men-killed-under-the-buggery-act">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=The+Men+Killed+Under+the+Buggery+Act&rft.aulast=Dryden&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flgbtq-histories%2Farticles%2Fthe-men-killed-under-the-buggery-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buttigieg-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buttigieg_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buttigieg_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtigieg2011" class="citation book cs1">Buttigieg, Emanuel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DVqd_gb2tmMC&pg=PA156"><i>Nobility, Faith and Masculinity: The Hospitaller Knights of Malta, c.1580-c.1700</i></a>. A & C Black. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441102430" title="Special:BookSources/9781441102430"><bdi>9781441102430</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323020425/https://books.google.com/books?id=DVqd_gb2tmMC&pg=PA156">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobility%2C+Faith+and+Masculinity%3A+The+Hospitaller+Knights+of+Malta%2C+c.1580-c.1700&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781441102430&rft.aulast=Buttigieg&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDVqd_gb2tmMC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrincat2007" class="citation journal cs1">Brincat, Joseph M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416145141/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.14(2004-07)/MH.14(2007)4/07.pdf">"Book reviews"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Melita Historica</i>. <b>14</b>: 448. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.14(2004-07)/MH.14(2007)4/07.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Melita+Historica&rft.atitle=Book+reviews&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=448&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Brincat&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmelitensiawth.com%2Fincoming%2FIndex%2FMelita%2520Historica%2FMH.14%282004-07%29%2FMH.14%282007%294%2F07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.them.us/story/queer-persecution-during-nazi-germany">"9 Lesser-Known Details of Queer Persecution During Nazi Germany"</a>. <i>them</i>. January 27, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106114421/https://www.them.us/story/queer-persecution-during-nazi-germany">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=them.&rft.atitle=9+Lesser-Known+Details+of+Queer+Persecution+During+Nazi+Germany&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.them.us%2Fstory%2Fqueer-persecution-during-nazi-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2017" class="citation news cs1">Duncan, Pamela (July 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/27/gay-relationships-still-criminalised-countries-report">"Gay relationships are still criminalised in 72 countries, report finds"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429062531/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/27/gay-relationships-still-criminalised-countries-report">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gay+relationships+are+still+criminalised+in+72+countries%2C+report+finds&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fjul%2F27%2Fgay-relationships-still-criminalised-countries-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030207083617/http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/saudi_arabia/saudinews19.htm">"Is Beheading Really the Punishment for Homosexuality in Saudi Arabia?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/saudi_arabia/saudinews19.htm">the original</a> on February 7, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Beheading+Really+the+Punishment+for+Homosexuality+in+Saudi+Arabia%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sodomylaws.org%2Fworld%2Fsaudi_arabia%2Fsaudinews19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://76crimes.com/2020/07/15/sudan-drops-death-penalty-for-homosexuality/">"Sudan drops death penalty for homosexuality"</a>. <i>Erasing 76 Crimes</i>. July 15, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716145629/https://76crimes.com/2020/07/15/sudan-drops-death-penalty-for-homosexuality/">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Erasing+76+Crimes&rft.atitle=Sudan+drops+death+penalty+for+homosexuality&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F76crimes.com%2F2020%2F07%2F15%2Fsudan-drops-death-penalty-for-homosexuality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belfast-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belfast_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belfast_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belfast_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/jamaica-homophobia-and-hate-crime-is-rife-14488995.html">"Jamaica: Homophobia and hate crime is rife"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph" title="Belfast Telegraph">Belfast Telegraph</a></i>. September 12, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016235106/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/world-news/jamaica-homophobia-and-hate-crime-is-rife-14488995.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jamaica%3A+Homophobia+and+hate+crime+is+rife&rft.date=2009-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-news%2Fjamaica-homophobia-and-hate-crime-is-rife-14488995.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freemuse-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freemuse_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freemuse_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freemuse_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freemuse_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunkeson2007" class="citation web cs1">Funkeson, Kristina (August 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121200344/http://www.freemuse.org/sw20860.asp">"Dancehall star signs Reggae Compassionate Act"</a>. Freemuse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freemuse.org/sw20860.asp">the original</a> on January 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dancehall+star+signs+Reggae+Compassionate+Act&rft.pub=Freemuse&rft.date=2007-08-09&rft.aulast=Funkeson&rft.aufirst=Kristina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemuse.org%2Fsw20860.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mosthomophobic-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mosthomophobic_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadgett2006" class="citation news cs1">Padgett, Tim (April 12, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619081126/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1182991,00.html">"The Most Homophobic Place on Earth?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1182991,00.html">the original</a> on June 19, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Most+Homophobic+Place+on+Earth%3F&rft.date=2006-04-12&rft.aulast=Padgett&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1182991%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=pol30%2f003%2f2008&language=en">"Love, Hate, and the Law: Decriminalizing Homosexuality"</a>. <i>Amnesty International</i>. July 4, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102030430/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=pol30%2f003%2f2008&language=en">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fans%27+culture+hard+to+change&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fsports%2F34787%2Ffans-culture-hard-to-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin_2004-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_2004_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_2004_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin, Karen (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227284300">"Enacting Masculinity: Antigay Violence and Group Rape as Participatory Theater"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_Research_%26_Social_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality Research & Social Policy">Sexuality Research & Social Policy</a></i>. <b>1</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>: 25–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fsrsp.2004.1.2.25">10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.25</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143439942">143439942</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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August 2005. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetosout00vari/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-437-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84353-437-1"><bdi>1-84353-437-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rough+Guide+to+South+East+Asia%3A+Third+Edition&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+Ltd&rft.date=2005-08&rft.isbn=1-84353-437-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetosout00vari%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth,_Ed._C._and_E._van_Donzel1983" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Ed. C. and E. van Donzel (1983). <i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Leiden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Leiden&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+Ed.+C.+and+E.+van+Donzel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWafer1997" class="citation book cs1">Wafer, Jim (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQuHFPKp8L0C&pg=PA89"><i>Muhammad and Male Homosexuality</i></a>. New York University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7468-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-7468-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-7468-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323020426/https://books.google.com/books?id=hQuHFPKp8L0C&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+and+Male+Homosexuality&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-7468-7&rft.aulast=Wafer&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhQuHFPKp8L0C%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muhammad_Homosexuality-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muhammad_Homosexuality_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWafer1997" class="citation book cs1">Wafer, Jim (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Zw-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">"Muhammad and Male Homosexuality"</a>. 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New York City and London: <a href="/wiki/NYU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Press">NYU Press</a>. pp. 88–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814761083.003.0006">10.18574/nyu/9780814761083.003.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814774687" title="Special:BookSources/9780814774687"><bdi>9780814774687</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qfmm4">j.ctt9qfmm4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35526232">35526232</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141668547">141668547</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323020425/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Zw-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muhammad+and+Male+Homosexuality&rft.btitle=Islamic+Homosexualities%3A+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Literature&rft.place=New+York+City+and+London&rft.pages=88-96&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qfmm4%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9780814761083.003.0006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35526232&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141668547%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=9780814774687&rft.aulast=Wafer&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Zw-AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1983-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1983_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworthvan_DonzelHeinrichsLewis1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-8869.html">the original</a> on November 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pink+News&rft.atitle=Violence+against+gays+preached+in+British+mosques+claims+new+documentary&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.aulast=Grew&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2005-8869.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaalih_al-Munajjid2006" class="citation web cs1">Saalih al-Munajjid, Shaykh Muhammad, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=Eleventh+Greater+sin%3A+Sodomy&rft.date=2012-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fgreater-sins-volume-1-ayatullah-sayyid-abdul-husayn-dastghaib-shirazi%2Feleventh-greater-sin-sodomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStack2016" class="citation news cs1">Stack, Liam (June 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/15/us/upstairs-lounge-new-orleans-fire-orlando-gay-bar.html">"Before Orlando Shooting, an Anti-Gay Massacre in New Orleans Was Largely Forgotten"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614153827/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/15/us/upstairs-lounge-new-orleans-fire-orlando-gay-bar.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2016</span>. <q>The terrorist attack ... was the largest mass killing of gay people in American history, but before Sunday that grim distinction was held by a largely forgotten arson at a New Orleans bar in 1973 that killed 32 people at a time of pernicious anti-gay stigma.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Before+Orlando+Shooting%2C+an+Anti-Gay+Massacre+in+New+Orleans+Was+Largely+Forgotten&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F15%2Fus%2Fupstairs-lounge-new-orleans-fire-orlando-gay-bar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngraham2016" class="citation web cs1">Ingraham, Christopher (June 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/06/12/in-the-modern-history-of-mass-shootings-in-america-orlando-is-the-absolute-worst/">"In the modern history of mass shootings in America, Orlando is the deadliest"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201080534/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/06/12/in-the-modern-history-of-mass-shootings-in-america-orlando-is-the-absolute-worst/">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putting+%27Deadliest+Mass+Shooting+In+U.S.+History%27+Into+Some+Historical+Context&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft.aulast=Peralta&rft.aufirst=Eyder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2016%2F06%2F13%2F481884291%2Fputting-deadliest-mass-shooting-in-u-s-history-into-some-historical-context&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarezPérez-PeñaHauser2016" class="citation news cs1">Alvarez, Lizette; Pérez-Peña, Richard; Hauser, Christine (June 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/14/us/orlando-shooting.html">"Orlando Gunman Was 'Cool and Calm' After Massacre, Police Say"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160613140441/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/14/us/orlando-shooting.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Orlando+Gunman+Was+%27Cool+and+Calm%27+After+Massacre%2C+Police+Say&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Lizette&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Pe%C3%B1a%2C+Richard&rft.au=Hauser%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F14%2Fus%2Forlando-shooting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hatecrime-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hatecrime_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBrideEdison_Hayden2016" class="citation news cs1">McBride, Brian; Edison Hayden, Michael (June 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/investigators-turn-focus-omar-mateens-wife-criminal-charges/story?id=39867320">"Orlando Gay Nightclub Massacre a Hate Crime and Act of Terror, FBI Says"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924162130/https://abcnews.go.com/US/investigators-turn-focus-omar-mateens-wife-criminal-charges/story?id=39867320">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Orlando+Gay+Nightclub+Massacre+a+Hate+Crime+and+Act+of+Terror%2C+FBI+Says&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Edison+Hayden%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Finvestigators-turn-focus-omar-mateens-wife-criminal-charges%2Fstory%3Fid%3D39867320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SantoraLastCall-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SantoraLastCall_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantora2016" class="citation news cs1">Santora, Marc (June 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/13/us/last-call-at-orlando-club-and-then-the-shots-rang-out.html">"Last Call at Pulse Nightclub, and Then Shots Rang Out"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160612220954/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/13/us/last-call-at-orlando-club-and-then-the-shots-rang-out.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Last+Call+at+Pulse+Nightclub%2C+and+Then+Shots+Rang+Out&rft.date=2016-06-12&rft.aulast=Santora&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F13%2Fus%2Flast-call-at-orlando-club-and-then-the-shots-rang-out.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViolence+against+LGBTQ+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_LGBTQ_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barry Yeoman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_literature" title="Gay literature">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_literature" title="Lesbian literature">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_psychology" title="LGBTQ psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Community_*_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay anthem">Anthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_awards" title="List of LGBTQ-related awards">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_literary_awards" title="List of LGBTQ literary awards">Literary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_bar" title="Lesbian bar">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">Bisexual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community_centre" title="LGBTQ community centre">Community centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_king" title="Drag king">Drag king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">Drag queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_film_festivals" title="List of LGBTQ film festivals">Film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-friendly" title="Gay-friendly">Gay-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_icon" title="Gay icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_music" title="LGBTQ music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBT-related_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of LGBT-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Portrayal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of LGBTQ-related organizations and conferences">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Lists of LGBTQ people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pets_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Pets and the LGBTQ community">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Pride parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">Religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gay_Rodeo_Association" title="International Gay Rodeo Association">Rodeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slogans" title="LGBTQ slogans">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_modern_sports" title="Homosexuality in modern sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_theatre" title="LGBTQ theatre">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_theatre_companies" title="List of LGBTQ theatre companies">Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaysper" title="Gaysper">Gaysper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_plaque" title="Rainbow plaque">Rainbow plaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Pride flags</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromantic_flag" title="Aromantic flag">Aromantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexual_flag" title="Asexual flag">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_flag_(gay_culture)" title="Bear flag (gay culture)">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_flag" title="Bisexual flag">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_flag_of_South_Africa" title="Gay flag of South Africa">Gay flag of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men%27s_flags" title="Gay men's flags">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_flag" title="Intersex flag">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_flags" title="Lesbian flags">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_flag" title="Non-binary flag">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexual_flag" title="Pansexual flag">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT)">Rainbow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_crossing" title="Rainbow crossing">Rainbow crossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Gender_identities_*_Sexual_identities_*_Sexual_diversities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversities</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gender_identity" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyby" title="Theyby">Theyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womxn" title="Womxn">Womxn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenogender" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenogender">Xenogender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third sex / Third gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Balkan sworn virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissu">Bissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexual_orientations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">Sexual minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom (gender identity)">Tom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dee_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee (gender identity)">Dee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_acronyms" title="List of LGBTQ acronyms">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">Effeminacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_target_location_error" title="Erotic target location error">Erotic target location error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Gender and sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">Sexual practices between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ally" title="Straight ally">Straight ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomboy" title="Tomboy">Tomboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_women" title="Sexual practices between women">Sexual practices between women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">History of gay men in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">History of lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Social movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">History of Christianity and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">History of same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category:LGBTQ history</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">Adelphopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">pre-Columbian Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_19th_century" title="LGBT rights in the 19th century">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molly_house" title="Molly house">Molly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Forty-One" title="Dance of the Forty-One">Dance of the Forty-One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_scandal" title="Cadet scandal">Cadet scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee" title="Florida Legislative Investigation Committee">Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_queen" title="Sea queen">Sea queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">Handkerchief code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Gay_Liberation_Front_1971_Festival_of_Light_action" title="UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action">Festival of Light action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_homosexuel_d%27action_r%C3%A9volutionnaire" title="Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire">Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%931980_Florida_orange_juice_boycott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott (page does not exist)">Florida orange juice boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Soap" title="Operation Soap">Operation Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasty_nightclub_raid" title="Tasty nightclub raid">Tasty nightclub raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Abanicos_police_raid" title="Bar Abanicos police raid">Bar Abanicos police raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline of same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">Russian anti-LGBT law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" title="Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014">Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_wave" title="Rainbow wave">Rainbow wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Night" title="Rainbow Night">Rainbow Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Rights_and_legal_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights and legal issues</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_articles_by_region" title="List of LGBTQ rights articles by region">List of LGBTQ rights articles by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ rights topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions and partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" title="LGBT people and military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Same-sex parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_same-sex_married_couples" title="List of same-sex married couples">List of couples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">United Nations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ rights movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">LGBTQ rights groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_activists" title="List of LGBTQ rights activists">LGBTQ rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_capitalism" title="Rainbow capitalism">Rainbow capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Separatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_separatism" title="Gay separatism">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian separatism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="Sexual_orientation_—_Medicine,_science_and_sexology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> — Medicine, science and sexology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Disability and LGBTQ identities">Disability and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_DSM" title="Homosexuality in the DSM">Homosexuality in the DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation" title="Neuroscience and sexual orientation">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation" title="Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation">Prenatal hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_inversion_(sexology)" title="Sexual inversion (sexology)">Sexual inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Societal_attitudes_*_Prejudice_*_Violence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></li> <li>Prejudice</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">Gay panic defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_of_LGBTQ_people" title="List of suicides of LGBTQ people">Suicides of LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide among LGBTQ youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:LGBTQ monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerbaiting" title="Queerbaiting">Queerbaiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prejudice and discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal homophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_lesbians" title="Discrimination against lesbians">Discrimination against lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Discrimination against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle_scale" title="Riddle scale">Riddle scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Violence against LGBTQ people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">History of violence in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="List of acts of violence against LGBTQ people">Acts of violence against LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Unlawfully killed transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ" title="Category:LGBTQ">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> 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