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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>COVID-19 Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-COVID-19_Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle COVID-19 Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_Systems_during_COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_Systems_during_COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>US Systems during COVID-19</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_Systems_during_COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_Predispositions_in_Sexual_&_Gender_Minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_Predispositions_in_Sexual_&_Gender_Minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Illness Predispositions in Sexual & Gender Minorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_Predispositions_in_Sexual_&_Gender_Minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth_in_Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_in_Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Youth in Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_in_Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_in_vulnerability_among_subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_in_vulnerability_among_subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Differences in vulnerability among subgroups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Differences_in_vulnerability_among_subgroups-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_counselors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>School counselors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_counselors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders_in_schools_and_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders_in_schools_and_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Leaders in schools and communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders_in_schools_and_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Parents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender-Affirming_Hormone_Therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender-Affirming_Hormone_Therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-Affirming_Hormone_Therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Support organizations</span> </div> </a> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span style="background:red; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:orange; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:yellow; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:green; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:blue; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:purple; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border: none; padding-bottom: 3px;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceflux" title="Aceflux">Aceflux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraysexuality" title="Fraysexuality">Fraysexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">Same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Identities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">Bisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_and_LGBT" title="Intersex and LGBT">Intersex</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyke_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke March">Dyke March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_LGBTQ_events" title="List of largest LGBTQ events">Largest events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">LGBTQ culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York_City" title="LGBTQ culture in New York City">in New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">QPR and QPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosocialization" title="Homosocialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_aik%C4%81ne" title="Moe aikāne">Moe aikāne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Health</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">MSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">Blood donation restrictions</a> / <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">LGBTQ medical organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT reproduction">Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Youth suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Social attitudes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allonormativity" title="Allonormativity">Allonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Media portrayal</a></li> <li>Religion and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">homosexuality</a> / <a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">trans people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_stereotypes" title="LGBTQ stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism#Discrimination_and_cultural_erasure" title="Aromanticism">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_stigma" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS stigma">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBTQ_issues" title="Censorship of LGBTQ issues">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">Closeted</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outing" title="Outing">Outing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality" title="Compulsory heterosexuality">Comphet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_same-sex_relationships" title="Domestic violence in same-sex relationships">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">Erasure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straightwashing" title="Straightwashing">Straightwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_erasure" title="Bisexual erasure">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans erasure">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Intersex discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li>LGBTQ youth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vulnerability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexualism">Sexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic fields and discourse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: -4px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism and LGBT rights">Communism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Lavender linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Transgender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)#Academic_research" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: none;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_LGBT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/25px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/38px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/50px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Due to the increased vulnerability that <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a>) youth face compared to their non-LGBTQ peers, there are notable differences in the mental and physical health risks tied to the social interactions of LGBTQ youth compared to the social interactions of heterosexual youth. According to the article "<i>Social Media: A double-edged sword for LGBTQ+ Youth</i>", the study showed that "in comparison to cisgender youth, transgender and gender binary youth had a higher risk of depression and anxiety" from social media exposure (Fisher 5). Youth of the LGBTQ community experience greater encounters with not only health risks, but also <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">bullying</a>, due to their sexual orientation, self-identification, and lack of support from institutions in society. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_studies">Health studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Health studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LGBTQ youth face a variety of stressors that affect their mental health. Due to society's tendency to discriminate against non-heterosexual sexual orientations and identities, members of the LGBTQ community are 3 times more likely to face mental health disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-NAMH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAMH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the constant fear of not being accepted after coming out to one's community can lead to an anxiety disorder, depression, PTSD, suicidal thoughts, or substance abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-NAMH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAMH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) LGBTQ teens, in particular, “are 6 times more likely to experience symptoms of depression” than their heterosexual peers as they are just beginning to navigate how to come out to friends, family, and other associates, while still developing into an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-NAMH_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAMH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the crucial development stages youth experience before adolescence, it is more likely for mental disorder to be expressed if a stressor is presented. It was reported in 2012 that within the year, 10% of youth in America demonstrated a mood disorder, 25% presentes an anxiety disorder, and 8.3% presented a substance use disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell_2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the third leading cause of death for the 10-14 age group is suicide and the second leading cause for those 15–24. Out of these statistics, youth of the LGBTQ community are three times more likely to experience and report suicidality.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell_2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some studies that have been conducted are not completely inclusive of the entire LGBTQ community because of its rapid growth and expansion. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> conducted a 2015 Youth Risk and Behavior Survey (YRBS), that surveyed approximately 1,285,000 LGB youth out of 16,067,000 students total in grades 9-12 nationwide and was able to provide evidence of greater physical and mental vulnerabilities among the youth of the LGBTQ community.<sup id="cite_ref-Kann_2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kann_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The survey found that 10% of LGB students were threatened with a weapon on school property, 34% were bullied at school, 28% of LGB students were bullied electronically<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 18% experienced physical dating violence.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 18% of LGB students had been forced to have sexual intercourse at some point.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results were successful in pointing out these vulnerabilities of LGB students, however, about 514,000 students included in the survey were not sure of their “sexual identity.”<sup id="cite_ref-Kann_2016_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kann_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the CDC, there are a couple of things the school can do that are evidence and research based to help the school become a healthy place for all children, and those ways are: encourage respect for all children, no matter what their ethnicity is or sexual orientation and ban bullying, harassment, or violence. Then identify "safe places" on campus for the students like a counselor's office or a designated classroom where students of the LGBTQ community can find support and feel safe, and ensure the health curriculum and sex education is up to date regarding the LGBTQ community and have HIV, STD, and pregnancy prevention information that is relevant to them.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another survey conducted by the Human Rights Campaign titled, “Growing Up LGBT in America,” acknowledges the vulnerabilities faced by about 10,000 LGBTQ youth from the age of 13 to 17.<sup id="cite_ref-HRC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This survey found that 4 out of 10 youth felt that their neighborhoods weren't accepting of the LGBTQ community.<sup id="cite_ref-HRC_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On top of this 73% of youth surveyed admitted to being more honest about their identity online and 26% identified their largest “problems” as being related to being out and accepted at home and/or school.<sup id="cite_ref-HRC_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contrast this survey makes to 22% of non LGBTQ youth who identified their largest “problems” as relating to academics displays the different mindsets that are present in the two groups, thus representing the different mental effects LGBTQ youth experience.<sup id="cite_ref-HRC_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="COVID-19_Impact">COVID-19 Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: COVID-19 Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data on COVID within the LGBTQ+ community is lacking due to many national data collection systems neglecting to gather data about sexual orientation and/or gender identities.<sup id="cite_ref-sc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_Systems_during_COVID-19">US Systems during COVID-19</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: US Systems during COVID-19"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>40% of LGBTQ people in the U.S. work in service-industry jobs, compared to 22% of non-LGBTQ people.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittington_C_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittington_C-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to non-LGBTQ people, LGBTQ people are 5% more likely to lack access to health insurance (17% vs. 12%), and are 6% more likely to face poverty (22% vs. 16%).<sup id="cite_ref-Whittington_C_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittington_C-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Same-sex parents and single LGBTQ parents and their families are at least twice as likely to experience poverty compared with non-LGBTQ counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittington_C_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittington_C-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that LGBTQ people are particularly vulnerable to changes in financial, employment, and health-insurance statuses as a result of COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittington_C_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittington_C-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness_Predispositions_in_Sexual_&_Gender_Minorities"><span id="Illness_Predispositions_in_Sexual_.26_Gender_Minorities"></span>Illness Predispositions in Sexual & Gender Minorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Illness Predispositions in Sexual & Gender Minorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People who classify as a sexual minority have been shown to have significantly higher rates of underlying conditions that can lead to severe COVID-related illnesses and death. These include stroke (4.7%), kidney disease (4.7%), heart disease (8.0%), cancer (9.2%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (10.3%), diabetes (12.5%), asthma (13.8%), smoking (22.1%), obesity (34.1%), and hypertension (35.7%).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High rates of mental health conditions in sexual and/or gender minorities are likely to lead to poor COVID-related physical outcomes, healthcare utilization, and treatment adherence.<sup id="cite_ref-sc_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_in_Schools">Youth in Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Youth in Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An estimated one third of LGBTQ youth experience parental rejection.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suicide and depression are more likely among LGBTQ youth (8 and 6 times, respectively) who are rejected by their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> School shut downs during the pandemic, may have confined LGBTQ youth to traumatic environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_A_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_A-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whittington_C_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittington_C-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LGBTQ youth, especially LGBTQ youth who are racial and ethnic minorities, homeless, undocumented immigrants, or from backgrounds of low socioeconomic status,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who use school-provided mental health services were also put at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_A_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_A-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_in_vulnerability_among_subgroups">Differences in vulnerability among subgroups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Differences in vulnerability among subgroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diversity exists within the LGBTQ community, and the community may be more accepting of some members than others. LGBTQ youth that are also racial and ethnic minorities may be met with prejudice by white members of the LGBTQ community.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge-2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, LGBTQ youth may be rejected by their racial and ethnic communities. Some communities of color may not be accepting of LGBTQ youth because homosexuality is seen as a reflection of ideals of white, urban society.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge-2013_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LGBTQ youth of color may struggle to integrate their identity because their religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Marszalek-2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marszalek-2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Latinx community traditionally practices Catholicism – a religion that considers homosexuality a sin.<sup id="cite_ref-Marszalek-2014_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marszalek-2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bisexual individuals can also face rejection from other members of the LGBTQ community. Homophobia has resulted in our society dichotomizing sexual orientation (homosexual or heterosexual) rather than viewing sexual orientation as a variable construct.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge-2013_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transgender individuals have a gender identity that does not match their biological sex and can belong to any sexual orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge-2013_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transgender individuals are victimized at higher rates than lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth, and they also have worse mental health outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge-2013_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_Health_Issues_Among_Gender_Minority_Youth">Mental Health Issues Among Gender Minority Youth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mental Health Issues Among Gender Minority Youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transgender youth aged 12–29 have been shown to be 3 times more likely to present a depression/anxiety diagnosis, or suicide ideation/attempt. Also, they are shown to be 4 times more likely to engage in self-harm compared to cisgender youth.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study amongst Canadian transgender youth found that there was 5 times the risk of suicidal thoughts among transgender 14–18 year olds, with almost two-thirds having considered suicide in the past year. Compared to less than one in five students in the general population, three-quarters of 14–18 year olds reported self-harming in the past year.<sup id="cite_ref-Veale-2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veale-2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These youth present worse symptomatology than lesbian, gay, or bisexual youth.<sup id="cite_ref-Veale-2017_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veale-2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and non-binary youth consistently presented the worst mental health on average.<sup id="cite_ref-Veale-2017_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veale-2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preventing_poor_mental_health_outcomes_for_LGBTQ_youth">Preventing poor mental health outcomes for LGBTQ youth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Preventing poor mental health outcomes for LGBTQ youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_Districts">School Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: School Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schools should enact anti-discrimination regulations for LGBTQ students.<sup id="cite_ref-Cianciotto-2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cianciotto-2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> School administrators should create safe communities for students and staff to work openly.<sup id="cite_ref-Cianciotto-2012_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cianciotto-2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Districts and staff should conduct trainings to ensure cultural competency in teaching LGBTQ youth and protecting against LGBTQ related bullying incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-Cianciotto-2012_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cianciotto-2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_counselors">School counselors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: School counselors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>School counselors should be educated on issues LGBTQ students face and be aware of their own biases.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge-2013_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> School counselors should not assume that students are heterosexual, and it is important for them to use gender neutral language when asking students about their relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge-2013_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> School counselors can display LGBTQ books as well as posters to signal to students that their office is a safe space.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge-2013_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> School counselors can also provide psychoeducation to school faculty and administrators on risk of victimization among LGBTQ students and advocate for the safety of all students.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge-2013_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaders_in_schools_and_communities">Leaders in schools and communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leaders in schools and communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schools are encouraged to address bullying proactively and educate students on anti-bullying policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Marszalek-2014_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marszalek-2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If policies are not already in place, schools should enact policies that prohibit harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge-2013_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schools should have GSA to support LGBTQ students as well as promote a more accepting school climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge-2013_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If school and community leaders should make programs for LGBTQ youth available in the community, and can reach out to groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Project">Trevor Project</a> for education on such topics.<sup id="cite_ref-Marszalek-2014_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marszalek-2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parents">Parents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Parents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parents are also encouraged to take a proactive approach and let their children know they are loved regardless of the sexual orientation and gender identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Marszalek-2014_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marszalek-2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When children do come out as LGBT, parents should react with support.<sup id="cite_ref-Marszalek-2014_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marszalek-2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender-Affirming_Hormone_Therapy">Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy (GAHT) involves taking hormone-blockers or supplementing hormones in order to prevent the development of physical characteristics related to the sex assigned at birth and/or induce physical characteristics of the desired sex. </p><p>A 2-year study on gender dysphoric adolescents showed that puberty blockers significantly decreased depression and increased overall mental functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_AL_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_AL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A follow-up study revealed that the same population which went on to receive GAHT and/or sexual reassignment surgery reported that gender dysphoria was resolved, general psychological function improved, and sense of well-being had no significant differences from the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_AL_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_AL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey of transgender and nonbinary youth found that GAHT was associated with lower odds of depression and serious suicidal ideation in comparison to those who did not receive GAHT.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, significantly lower likelihood of life-time suicidal ideation was found in transgender adults who had been treated with puberty blockers in adolescence compared to those who had not.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Online platforms have become a way to communicate common, and uncommon, standpoints globally. Hashtags and campaigns are present methods of spreading the word about public issues and topics. As the LGBTQ community uses online platforms to interact with society and run campaigns that advocate for the community, it embraces vulnerability in order to overcome it.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_Coming_Out_Day" title="National Coming Out Day">National Coming Out Day</a> takes place on October 11 and is a day for LGBTQ individuals to willingly disclose their sexual orientation or identity. This can take place in many ways that include, but are not limited, to social media announcements and coming out to close family members. Because of current technology platforms that allow for social networking, much of National Coming Out Day can be observed on sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube. The Human Rights Campaign has conducted a survey tracking the impact of National Coming Out Day nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-HRC2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRC2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 91% of LGBTQ youth who participated in the survey came out to close friends and reported more overall happiness as they continued to live in their communities and interact with friends, family, and classmates.<sup id="cite_ref-HRC2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRC2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although discrimination and hateful comments have been made toward LGBTQ+ youth on social media, there has been positive outcomes to social media youth for many LGBTQ+ teens. In one instance, an individual explained that through "using social media I was able to discover my identity and learn that I am not weird or gross or disgusting for how I feel" (Fischer 3). LGBTQ+ youth have been able to find a community, confide in others, and feel less alone. Social media has made it "easier to find LGBTQ people online than offline, and it's safer too.', wrote a gender nonbinary youth" (Fischer 4). Social media has connected LGBTQ+ youth individuals to each other that is comfortable for many. </p><p>Another holiday that was created to celebrate The LGBTQ community and is celebrated in the month of October is called LGBTQ History Month, created in October 1994 by Rodney Wilson, the first openly gay teacher in Missouri. In 2009, U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> officially made it a National History Month, dedicating to learning about LGBTQ rights, expressing openness, and celebrating the LGBTQ community.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are other countries besides the United States that honor the month such as The United Kingdom, Hungary, Brazil, Canada, and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar initiative taken online in the LGBTQ community is <a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">International Transgender Day of Visibility</a>. This day takes place on March 31 and recognizes transgender individuals in an effort to empower those who identify as transgender in the LGBTQ community. Rachel Crandell founded this day in 2009 and it has since fought against “cissexism” and “transphobia.” [3] Initiatives like National Coming Out Day and the International Transgender Day of Visibility are public reminders of the potential social media holds in educating the masses and raising awareness of the LGBTQ community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_organizations">Support organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Support organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde_Project" title="Audre Lorde Project">Audre Lorde Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trevor_Project" title="The Trevor Project">The Trevor Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Gets_Better_Project" title="It Gets Better Project">It Gets Better Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haring.com/kh_foundation/">Keith Haring Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_psychology" title="LGBTQ psychology">LGBTQ psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide among LGBTQ youth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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