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class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innhaldslista" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innhaldslista</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Isaiah Berlin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til ein artikkel på eit anna språk. Tilgjengeleg på 59 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – norsk bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norsk bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أشعيا برلين – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أشعيا برلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sayya_Berlin" title="İsayya Berlin – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsayya Berlin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Ісая Берлін – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісая Берлін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Ісая Бэрлін – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ісая Бэрлін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Исая Бърлин – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Исая Бърлин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%8A%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Αϊζάια Μπερλίν – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αϊζάια Μπερλίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آیزایا برلین – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیزایا برلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84_%EB%B2%8C%EB%A6%B0" title="아이제이아 벌린 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이제이아 벌린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Իսայա Բեռլին – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսայա Բեռլին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ישעיה ברלין – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ישעיה ברלין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaias_Berlin" title="Isaias Berlin – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Isaias Berlin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesaja_Berlins" title="Jesaja Berlins – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jesaja Berlins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – madagassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="madagassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ഐസായെ ബെർലിൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐസായെ ബെർലിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اشعيا برلين – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اشعيا برلين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="アイザイア・バーリン – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイザイア・バーリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ایزایا برلین – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ایزایا برلین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F" title="Берлин, Исайя – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берлин, Исайя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ајзаја Берлин – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ајзаја Берлин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajzaja_Berlin" title="Ajzaja Berlin – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ajzaja Berlin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ไอเซยาห์ เบอร์ลิน – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอเซยาห์ เบอร์ลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Ісая Берлін – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ісая Берлін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Isaiah Berlin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinsi_Jesaja" title="Berlinsi Jesaja – sørestisk" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Berlinsi Jesaja" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">gøym</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Frå Wikipedia – det frie oppslagsverket</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nn" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox vcard" cellspacing="5" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em;"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background:lightgrey; color:black; text-align:center;">Isaiah Berlin</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg/220px-IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg/330px-IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg/440px-IsaiahBerlin1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="968" /></a></span><br /> </td></tr><tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" align="center" style="text-align:center;"></td></tr><tr><th style="line-height:1.1em;">Fødd</th><td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><span><a href="/wiki/6._juni" title="6. juni">6. juni</a> <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></td></tr><tr><th style="line-height:1.1em;">Død</th><td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><span><a href="/wiki/5._november" title="5. november">5. november</a> <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:AboutTopic/Q4674298" title="Spesial:AboutTopic/Q4674298">Acland Hospital</a></td></tr><tr><th style="line-height:1.1em;">Nasjonalitet</th><td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;">Storbritannia, Det russiske imperiet</td></tr><tr><th style="line-height:1.1em;">Område</th><td class="kategori" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofi</a></td></tr><tr><th style="line-height:1.1em;">Yrke</th><td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:AboutTopic/Q4964182" title="Spesial:AboutTopic/Q4964182">filosof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historikar" title="Historikar">historikar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:AboutTopic/Q1622272" title="Spesial:AboutTopic/Q1622272">universitetslærar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:AboutTopic/Q11491523" title="Spesial:AboutTopic/Q11491523">idéhistoriker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:AboutTopic/Q2306091" title="Spesial:AboutTopic/Q2306091">sosiolog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:AboutTopic/Q1238570" title="Spesial:AboutTopic/Q1238570">statsvitar</a></td></tr><tr><th style="line-height:1.1em;">Institusjonar</th><td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th style="line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:AboutTopic/Q1135137" title="Spesial:AboutTopic/Q1135137">Corpus Christi College (Oxford)</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:AboutTopic/Q1227526" title="Spesial:AboutTopic/Q1227526">St Paul's School</a></td></tr><tr><th style="line-height:1.1em;">Medlem</th><td class="" style="line-height:1.3em; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:AboutTopic/Q463303" title="Spesial:AboutTopic/Q463303">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:AboutTopic/Q723551" title="Spesial:AboutTopic/Q723551">British Academy</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Isaiah Berlin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latvisk" title="Latvisk">latvisk</a> <i>Jesaja Berlins</i>; <a href="/wiki/6._juni" title="6. juni">6. juni</a> <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a>–<a href="/wiki/5._november" title="5. november">5. november</a> <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>) var ein politisk <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosof</a> og <a href="/wiki/Id%C3%A9historie" title="Idéhistorie">idéhistorikar</a>. Han vart fødd i <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> i <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, då landet var ein del av det <a href="/wiki/Det_russiske_tsard%C3%B8met" title="Det russiske tsardømet">russiske tsardømet</a>. Hans mest kjende verk er <i>Two Concepts of Liberty</i> frå 1958, der han skildra skilnaden mellom eit positivt og negativt omgrep av fridom.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakgrunn">Bakgrunn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Endre bolk: Bakgrunn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunn"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berlin vart fødd inn i ein velståande jødisk familie i Riga i 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Då han var seks år gamal flytta familien hans til <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> i <a href="/wiki/Russland" title="Russland">Russland</a>, der han vart vitne til <a href="/wiki/Oktoberrevolusjonen" title="Oktoberrevolusjonen">den russiske revolusjonen</a> og statskuppet i 1917. I 1921 fór familien hans til <a href="/wiki/Storbritannia" title="Storbritannia">Storbritannia</a>, og han vart der undervist ved St. Paul's School i London, og seinare ved Corpus Christi College i Oxford. I 1932, 23 år gamal, vart Berlin vald til ei stilling ved All Souls College i Oxford. Han omsette verk av <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenjev" title="Ivan Turgenjev">Ivan Turgenjev</a> frå russisk til engelsk, og under den <a href="/wiki/Andre_verdskrigen" title="Andre verdskrigen">andre verdskrigen</a> arbeidde han for Den britiske tenesta for diplomati. Frå 1957 til 1967 var han Chichele-professor i sosial og politisk teori ved <a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetet i Oxford">Universitetet i Oxford</a>. Han var president for The Aristotelian Society frå 1963 til 1964. I 1966 spelte han ei avgjerande rolle i å grunnleggja Wolfson College i Oxford, og vart universitetet sin fyrste president.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1946 vart Berlin utnemnd kommandør (CBE) innan Den britiske imperieorden, for seinare å verta slått riddar i 1957, og vart utnemnd til Order of merit i 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han var president for The British Academy frå 1974 til 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han tok òg imot The Jerusalem Prize i 1979 for arbeidet hans relatert til individuell fridom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filosofi">Filosofi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Endre bolk: Filosofi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Filosofi"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I boka om <i>Two Concepts of Liberty</i> freista Berlin å skildra omgrepet om fridomar. Fridom handla om kvar mange dører som er opne for eit individ. Han skilde mellom «positiv fridom» som var fridomen <i>til</i> noko, medan «negativ fridom» var fridomen <i>frå</i> noko.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negativ fridom er fridomen til å handla utan hindringar – utan menneskelege eller statlege inngrep. Til dømes har ein lov til å praktisera sin eigen religion utan at andre blandar seg inn i eins liv. </p><p>Positiv fridom inneber at ein aktør er sin eigen herre, som har kontroll over seg sjølv og sin eigen skjebne i tråd med eigne interesser. Til dømes har ein lov til å røysta og eventuelt stilla til val for å igjennom eins interesser. </p><p>Berlin hevda at positiv fridom kunne auka faren for <a href="/wiki/Paternalisme" title="Paternalisme">paternalistiske</a> og <a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A6r" title="Autoritær">autoritære</a> invasjonar. Dette av di det gjev individ mogleiken til å styra over andre sine liv, ved politiske val og politiske vedtak. Berlin var <a href="/wiki/Liberalisme" title="Liberalisme">liberalist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og forsvara ein individuell form for fridom, negativ fridom, og tok dermed avstand frå paternalistiske og autoritære regime.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kjelder">Kjelder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Endre bolk: Kjelder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kjelder"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3318915">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thorsen, Dag Einar (23. desember 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/Isaiah_Berlin">«Isaiah Berlin»</a>. <i>Store norske leksikon</i> (på norsk bokmål).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIsaiah+Berlin&rft.atitle=Isaiah+Berlin&rft.aufirst=Dag+Einar&rft.aulast=Thorsen&rft.chron=23.+desember+2019&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2FIsaiah_Berlin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isaiahberlin.org/en/isaiah_berlin/3">«Isaiah Berlin»</a>, <i>www.isaiahberlin.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, henta 2. november 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIsaiah+Berlin&rft.atitle=Isaiah+Berlin&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.isaiahberlin.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isaiahberlin.org%2Fen%2Fisaiah_berlin%2F3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thorsen, Dag Einar (23. desember 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/Isaiah_Berlin">«Isaiah Berlin»</a>. <i>Store norske leksikon</i> (på norsk bokmål).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIsaiah+Berlin&rft.atitle=Isaiah+Berlin&rft.aufirst=Dag+Einar&rft.aulast=Thorsen&rft.chron=23.+desember+2019&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2FIsaiah_Berlin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaiah-Berlin">«Sir Isaiah Berlin | British historian | Britannica»</a>, <i>www.britannica.com</i> (på engelsk)<span class="reference-accessdate">, henta 2. november 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIsaiah+Berlin&rft.atitle=Sir+Isaiah+Berlin+%7C+British+historian+%7C+Britannica&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIsaiah-Berlin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Isaiah_Berlin">«Isaiah Berlin | lex.dk»</a>, <i>Den Store Danske</i> (på dansk)<span class="reference-accessdate">, henta 2. november 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIsaiah+Berlin&rft.atitle=Isaiah+Berlin+%7C+lex.dk&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Den+Store+Danske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdenstoredanske.lex.dk%2FIsaiah_Berlin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carter, Ian (2022). Zalta, Edward N., red. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/liberty-positive-negative/">«Positive and Negative Liberty»</a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIsaiah+Berlin&rft.atitle=Positive+and+Negative+Liberty&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.date=2022&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2022%2Fentries%2Fliberty-positive-negative%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carter, Ian (27. februar 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/liberty-positive-negative/#ParPosLib">«Positive and Negative Liberty»</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIsaiah+Berlin&rft.atitle=Positive+and+Negative+Liberty&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.chron=27.+februar+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2022%2Fentries%2Fliberty-positive-negative%2F%23ParPosLib&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thorsen, Dag Einar (23. desember 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/Isaiah_Berlin">«Isaiah Berlin»</a>. <i>Store norske leksikon</i> (på norsk bokmål).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fnn.wikipedia.org%3AIsaiah+Berlin&rft.atitle=Isaiah+Berlin&rft.aufirst=Dag+Einar&rft.aulast=Thorsen&rft.chron=23.+desember+2019&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2FIsaiah_Berlin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="references-small"> <ul><li><i>Denne artikkelen bygger på «<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" class="extiw" title="nb:Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>» frå <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovedside" class="extiw" title="nb:Hovedside">Wikipedia på bokmål</a>, den 3. november 2022.</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakgrunnsstoff">Bakgrunnsstoff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Endre bolk: Bakgrunnsstoff" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>endre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Berlin&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunnsstoff"><span>endre wikiteksten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="interbox"> <div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> har multimedium som gjeld: <b><a 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