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id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Stage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Actor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Actor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Playwright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playwright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Playwright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Playwright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Director" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Director"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Director</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Director-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Filmography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Screenwriter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screenwriter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Screenwriter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screenwriter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Director_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Director_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Director</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Director_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actor_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actor_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Actor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actor_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archival_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Archival collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Clifford Odets" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="كليفورد أوديتس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كليفورد أوديتس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="کلیفورد اودتس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلیفورد اودتس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B8" title="ক্লিফোর্ড ওডেটস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্লিফোর্ড ওডেটস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Clifford Odets" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clifford Odets" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Clifford Odets" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="کلیفورد اودتس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیفورد اودتس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clifford Odets" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clifford Odets" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%98%A4%EB%8D%B0%EC%B8%A0" title="클리퍼드 오데츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클리퍼드 오데츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%95%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%BD" title="Կլիֆորդ Օդեթս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլիֆորդ Օդեթս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clifford Odets" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="كليفورد اوديتس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كليفورد اوديتس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%87%E3%83%83%E3%83%84" title="クリフォード・オデッツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリフォード・オデッツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clifford Odets" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81,_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Одетс, Клиффорд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одетс, Клиффорд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="کلیفۆرد ئۆدێتس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلیفۆرد ئۆدێتس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Clifford Odets" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Clifford Odets" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81" title="Клиффорд Одетс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Клиффорд Одетс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Clifford Odets" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="Clifford Odets – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Clifford Odets" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q734944#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Odets" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Clifford_Odets" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American writer and actor (1906–1963)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Clifford Odets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Clifford-Odets-1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Clifford-Odets-1938.jpg/250px-Clifford-Odets-1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Clifford-Odets-1938.jpg/330px-Clifford-Odets-1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Clifford-Odets-1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Odets in 1938</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1906-07-18</span>)</span>July 18, 1906<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 14, 1963<span style="display:none">(1963-08-14)</span> (aged 57)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Los Angeles, California, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park,_Glendale" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale">Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Playwright</li><li>screenwriter</li><li>actor</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1925–1963</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luise_Rainer" title="Luise Rainer">Luise Rainer</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1937; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1940)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Bette Grayson</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1943; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1952)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Walt_Odets" title="Walt Odets">Walt</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Clifford Odets</b> (July 18, 1906 – August 14, 1963)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American playwright, screenwriter, and actor. In the mid-1930s, he was widely seen as the potential successor to Nobel Prize–winning playwright <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>, as O'Neill began to withdraw from Broadway's commercial pressures and increasing critical backlash.<sup id="cite_ref-Readers_Guide_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Readers_Guide-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From January 1935, Odets's socially relevant dramas were extremely influential, particularly for the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. His works inspired the next several generations of playwrights, including <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Chayefsky" title="Paddy Chayefsky">Paddy Chayefsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Simon" title="Neil Simon">Neil Simon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Mamet" title="David Mamet">David Mamet</a>. After the production of his play <i><a href="/wiki/Clash_by_Night_(play)" title="Clash by Night (play)">Clash by Night</a></i> in the 1941–42 season, Odets focused his energies primarily on film projects, remaining in Hollywood until mid-1948. He returned to New York for five and a half years, during which time he produced three more Broadway plays, only one of which was a success. His prominence was eventually eclipsed by Miller, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a>, and, in the early- to mid-1950s, <a href="/wiki/William_Inge" title="William Inge">William Inge</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odets was born in Philadelphia to Louis J. Odets (born Leib Gorodetsky) and Pearl Geisinger, Russian- and <a href="/wiki/Romanian-Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian-Jewish">Romanian-Jewish</a> immigrants, and was raised in Philadelphia and the Bronx, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He dropped out of high school after two years to become an actor and a writer.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odets pursued acting with great passion and ingenuity. At the age of 19 he struck out on his own, billing himself as "The Rover Reciter." Under this moniker he participated in talent contests and procured bookings as a radio elocutionist.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appeared in several plays with <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kemp" title="Harry Kemp">Harry Kemp</a>'s Poet's Theatre on the Lower East Side.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odets was among America's first real disc jockeys at about this time, at radio station WBNY and others in Manhattan, where he would play records and ad lib commentary. He also functioned as a drama critic, allowing him free entry to Broadway and downtown shows.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this capacity he saw the 1926 Broadway production of <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">Seán O'Casey</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Juno_and_the_Paycock" title="Juno and the Paycock">Juno and the Paycock</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Casey's work proved to be a powerful influence on Odets. </p><p>In the early 1920s, Odets spent four summers as a dramatics counselor at Jewish camps in the Catskills and the Poconos. He toured extensively with stock companies, in particular Philadelphia's popular Mae Desmond Company, playing a large variety of character roles at their theater in Chester, Pennsylvania. His first Broadway break came in 1929 when he was cast in two small roles and as understudy to the young Spencer Tracy in <i>Conflict</i> by Warren F. Lawrence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odets landed his first job with the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">Theatre Guild</a> in the fall of 1929 as an extra. He acted in small roles in a number of Theatre Guild productions between 1929 and 1931. It was at the Guild that he befriended the casting director <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Crawford" title="Cheryl Crawford">Cheryl Crawford</a>. Crawford suggested that <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clurman" title="Harold Clurman">Harold Clurman</a>, then a play reader for the Guild, invite Odets to a meeting to discuss new theater concepts they were developing with <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strasberg" title="Lee Strasberg">Lee Strasberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though initially bewildered by the concept of acting as an art, Odets was nonetheless mesmerized by Clurman's talks and became the last actor chosen for the Group Theatre's first summer of rehearsals in June 1931 at Brookfield Center in Connecticut, thus becoming a founding member of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Group_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Group Theatre (New York City)">Group Theatre</a> proved to be one of the most influential companies in the history of the American stage. It was the first to base its work on an acting technique new to the United States, devised by the Russian actor and director <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stanislavski" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin Stanislavski">Constantin Stanislavski</a>. It was further developed by Group Theatre director <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strasberg" title="Lee Strasberg">Lee Strasberg</a> and became known as <a href="/wiki/Method_acting" title="Method acting">The Method or Method Acting</a>. </p><p>From the start, Odets was relegated to small roles and understudying his Group colleagues. He understudied lead actor Luther Adler in the Group's production of <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Lawson" title="John Howard Lawson">John Howard Lawson</a>'s <i>Success Story</i> during the 1932–33 season. Much to Odets's frustration, Adler never missed a performance, but he gained much knowledge of the playwriting craft by standing in the wings and listening to the play. Odets credited Lawson with giving him an understanding of the potential theatrical power of colloquial language.<sup id="cite_ref-Odets_Struggles_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odets_Struggles-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With time on his hands and at Clurman's urging he began to try his own hand at writing plays. </p><p>Odets's earliest plays were an autobiographical piece, <i>910 Eden Street</i>, and one about his hero, Beethoven, with the working title <i>Victory</i>. Clurman dismissed both as juvenilia but encouraged Odets to continue writing, while steering him toward familiar milieus. In late 1932, Odets began writing a play about a middle-class Jewish family in the Bronx, initially called <i>I Got the Blues</i>. He worked diligently on this play, sharing drafts of it with Clurman and promising parts to his fellow actors—often the same parts. While at Green Mansions, its 1933 summer rehearsal venue in Warrensburg, New York,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Group performed Act II of the play, soon to be retitled <i><a href="/wiki/Awake_and_Sing!" title="Awake and Sing!">Awake and Sing!</a></i>, for other camp residents. The audience was enthusiastic<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Group's leadership, Strasberg in particular, still opposed producing it.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until his debut as a playwright, Odets continued to train as an actor with the Group at its various summer rehearsal headquarters in the Connecticut countryside and upstate New York. In addition to Brookfield Center and Green Mansions, these venues included Dover Furnace in Dutchess County (1932)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a large house in the Catskill village of Ellenville (1934).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Group spent the summer of 1936<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Pine_Brook_Country_Club" title="Pine Brook Country Club">Pine Brook Country Club</a> in Fairfield County, Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its final summer retreat was at Lake Grove, in Smithtown, New York, in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odets's exposure to Strasberg's philosophy was essential to his development as a playwright. He said in an interview late in life, "My chief influence as a playwright was the Group Theatre acting company, and being a member of that company ... And you can see the Group Theatre acting technique crept right into the plays."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odets became the first produced Method-trained playwright with his first publicly presented play, the one-act <i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Lefty" title="Waiting for Lefty">Waiting for Lefty</a></i>, on January 6, 1935, at the former <a href="/wiki/Civic_Repertory_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic Repertory Theatre">Civic Repertory Theatre</a> on Fourteenth Street in New York City. The occasion was a benefit performance for <i>New Theatre Magazine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Lawson, a member of the Communist Party, Odets was by this time influenced by Marxism and his plays became increasingly political. <i>Waiting for Lefty</i> was inspired by the 1934 New York City taxi strike and is written in the format of a minstrel show with interconnected scenes depicting social and economic dilemmas of workers in various fields. The focus alternates between a union meeting of taxi drivers and vignettes from the workers' fraught lives. A young medical intern falls victim to anti-Semitism; a laboratory assistant's job is threatened if he refuses to spy on a colleague; couples are thwarted in marriage and torn apart by the hopelessness of economic conditions caused by the Depression. The climax is a defiant call for the taxi drivers' union to strike, which brought the entire opening night audience to its feet with tumultuous applause. The play does not require a proscenium stage and can be performed in any acting space, including union meeting halls and on the street. <i>Waiting for Lefty'</i>s unexpectedly wild success brought Odets international fame, though its strong pro-union bent caused it to be banned in many U.S. towns and cities. It was produced by a number of left-wing theaters in Britain, Australia, and other English-speaking countries, and has been widely translated. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Awake_and_Sing!" title="Awake and Sing!">Awake and Sing!</a></i> was written in 1933 and finally produced by the Group Theatre in February 1935 after the success of <i>Waiting for Lefty</i>. This first of Odets's full-length plays is generally regarded as his masterpiece and has been cited as "the earliest quintessential Jewish play outside the Yiddish theatre."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play concerns the Berger family, who struggle to maintain some respectability and self-esteem in the Longwood section of the Bronx while grappling with the stresses of economic collapse. Odets's choice to open the play <a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">in medias res</a>, his heightened dialogue style, its blatant bias towards the working class, and the fact that it was the first play on Broadway to focus entirely on a Jewish family distinguish <i>Awake and Sing!</i> from other full-length plays produced on Broadway during this time. </p><p>Odets became the Group's signature playwright with the debuts of <i>Waiting for Lefty</i> and <i>Awake and Sing!</i> and his reputation is inextricably connected with the Group Theatre. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cliffordodets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cliffordodets.jpg/220px-Cliffordodets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cliffordodets.jpg/330px-Cliffordodets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Cliffordodets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Photo by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a>, 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>The two 1935 one-acts <i>Waiting for Lefty</i> and the anti-Nazi <i>Till the Day I Die,</i> along with a number of other works by various playwrights produced by the Group Theatre, are harsh criticisms of profiteers and exploitative economic systems during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. They have been dismissed by some critics as left-wing <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>. But <i>Waiting for Lefty</i> is considered iconic in the <a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">agitprop</a> genre, is widely translated and anthologized, and continues to be popular. Odets asserted that all of his plays deal with the human spirit persevering in the face of any opponent, whether or not the characters are depicted as struggling with the capitalist system. The highly successful <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Boy_(play)" title="Golden Boy (play)">Golden Boy</a></i> (1937) portrays a young man torn between artistic and material fulfillment. Ironically, it was the Group Theatre's biggest commercial success. From <i>Golden Boy</i> on, Odets's work focused more on the dynamics of interpersonal relationships as affected by the moral dilemmas of individual characters. In 1938 the Group presented <i><a href="/wiki/Rocket_to_the_Moon_(play)" title="Rocket to the Moon (play)">Rocket to the Moon</a></i>, a psychological play that explores the failure of human beings to fulfill their creative potential. Leftist critics rebuked Odets for abandoning his formerly overt political stance and the play was only modestly successful. The playwright <a href="/wiki/George_S._Kaufman" title="George S. Kaufman">George S. Kaufman</a> and others asked, "Odets, where is thy sting?"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, <i>Rocket to the Moon</i> garnered enough attention to place Odets on the cover of <i>Time</i> in December 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Rocket to the Moon</i> was followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Night_Music_(play)" title="Night Music (play)">Night Music</a></i> (1940) and <i><a href="/wiki/Clash_by_Night" title="Clash by Night">Clash by Night</a></i> (1941), neither of which was successful. Except for his adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Simonov" title="Konstantin Simonov">Konstantin Simonov</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Russian_People" title="The Russian People">The Russian People</a></i> in the 1942–43 season, Odets did not have another Broadway production until 1949. <i>The Big Knife</i> is an allegory about the damaging effects of fame and money on the character of the artist; it also alludes indirectly to the politics of the early Cold War period. The play's harsh critique of Hollywood mores was interpreted as ingratitude on the part of Odets, who had by this time made a significant amount of money writing films. It ran only three months and lost money at the box office. </p><p>Odets's 1950 play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Girl_(1950_play)" title="The Country Girl (1950 play)">The Country Girl</a></i> focuses on the effects of alcohol abuse on creativity and marital relations. It was a critical and box-office success and later adapted for a film starring Bing Crosby and Grace Kelly. Both actors earned Academy Award nominations for their performances. Kelly won Best Actress for her work in the film, and screenwriter George Seaton received an Oscar for his adaptation. Odets's last play was produced on Broadway in 1954. <i>The Flowering Peach</i> was the preferred choice of the Pulitzer Prize jury in 1955, but under pressure from Joseph Pulitzer Jr., the prize instead was given to Tennessee Williams for <i><a href="/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof" title="Cat on a Hot Tin Roof">Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</a></i>, which the jury had considered the weakest of the five shortlisted nominees.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hollywood">Hollywood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hollywood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The immediate success of Odets's early plays attracted the attention of Hollywood producers. He first went to Hollywood in early 1936<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to write for the screen as well as the stage. From this point on he spent most of his life in Hollywood. His initial intention was to make money to help subsidize the Group Theatre's run of his 1935 play <i>Paradise Lost</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over which the critics were divided, and to help him fulfill his own financial obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first screenplay was produced by Paramount and directed by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Milestone" title="Lewis Milestone">Lewis Milestone</a>. Starring <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Carroll" title="Madeleine Carroll">Madeleine Carroll</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_General_Died_at_Dawn" title="The General Died at Dawn">The General Died at Dawn</a></i> (1936) received some positive reviews, though Frank Nugent of the New York <i>Times</i> headed his review, "Odets, Where Is thy Sting?"—a phrase that dogged Odets for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like most screenwriters of the time, Odets worked within the studio system until independent production companies gained prominence in the 1950s. Thus he often wrote drafts for films such as <i>Rhapsody in Blue</i> and <i>It's a Wonderful Life</i> that were handed off to another screenwriter or team for further development. Odets declined to be credited for many of the films on which he worked, but did accept full credit as both screenwriter and director for <i><a href="/wiki/None_but_the_Lonely_Heart_(film)" title="None but the Lonely Heart (film)">None but the Lonely Heart</a></i> (1944), adapted from the novel by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Llewellyn" title="Richard Llewellyn">Richard Llewellyn</a> and produced by RKO. The film starred <a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Barrymore" title="Ethel Barrymore">Ethel Barrymore</a> (who won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress), <a href="/wiki/Barry_Fitzgerald" title="Barry Fitzgerald">Barry Fitzgerald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Wyatt" title="Jane Wyatt">Jane Wyatt</a>. </p><p>Odets wrote the 1957 screenplay for <i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Smell_of_Success" title="Sweet Smell of Success">Sweet Smell of Success</a></i>, based on the novelette and a first draft by Ernest Lehman and produced by the independent company Hecht-Hill-Lancaster. Starring Burt Lancaster and Tony Curtis, this <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> depicts the underbelly of the newspaper world. The character of J. J. Hunsecker, played by Lancaster, was voted the 35th most despicable villain in 100 years of film by the American Film Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odets directed one other film, for which he also wrote the screenplay, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_on_Page_One_(film)" title="The Story on Page One (film)">The Story on Page One</a></i> (1959). </p><p>Four of Odets's plays—<i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Boy_(play)" title="Golden Boy (play)">Golden Boy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Clash_by_Night" title="Clash by Night">Clash by Night</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Knife" title="The Big Knife">The Big Knife</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Girl_(1950_play)" title="The Country Girl (1950 play)">The Country Girl</a></i>—have been made into films, though Odets did not write the screenplays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odets's dramatic style is distinguished by a kind of poetic, metaphor-laden street talk. Arthur Miller observed that, with Odets's first plays, "For the very first time in America, language itself ... marked a playwright as unique."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odets's use of local urban speech patterns reflects the influence of <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">Seán O'Casey</a>, another socialist playwright with proletarian concerns. Other hallmarks of Odets's style are his humanistic point of view, and his way of dropping the audience right into the conflict with little or no introduction. Often character is more important than plot, reflecting the influence of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities">House Committee on Un-American Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: House Committee on Un-American Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Un-American Activities">House Committee on Un-American Activities</a> (HCUA; more commonly, HUAC) initiated its Hollywood Investigation in October 1947. The House Committee was investigating possible subversive communist influences in Hollywood and inevitably subpoenaed Odets in April 1952. He first testified in executive session, and on May 19 and 20 he again testified, this time in public hearing. </p><p>Odets had belonged to the Communist Party for less than a year, between 1934 and 1935,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but continued to sponsor many left-wing, progressive groups, some of which were suspected communist fronts. He cooperated with HUAC to the extent that he responded to their questions and reiterated names of Communist Party members who had been previously cited by his friend and former Group colleague <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a>. Before Kazan's final testimony in April 1952, they agreed to name each other.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odets thereby avoided overt <a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">blacklisting</a> though the Committee withheld thanks for his testimony, an omission generally construed as signifying their displeasure. He also found it increasingly difficult to garner film assignments. The negative reactions to his testimony confused him as he did not consider himself a cooperative witness. A partial transcript of Odets's testimony can be found in <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bentley" title="Eric Bentley">Eric Bentley</a>'s <i>Thirty Years of Treason</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odets was tormented by public reaction to his testimony for the rest of his life. In his autobiography, Kazan recalls incidents of Odets being accosted in New York City streets and snubbed in Hollywood restaurants after his HUAC appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His productivity markedly declined after the event; he finished only one play and, while he closely advised other filmmakers such as Nicholas Ray and was in demand as a script-doctor, he managed to produce only one entire screenplay of his own, along with his rewrite of Ernest Lehman's <i>Sweet Smell of Success</i> for the production team of Hecht-Hill-Lancaster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1960s, Odets contracted to write four of a proposed total of 13 teleplays for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Richard_Boone_Show" title="The Richard Boone Show">The Richard Boone Show</a></i>, NBC's new dramatic anthology born of a plan for televised repertory theater. He also acted as script supervisor.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of Odets's finished scripts were aired posthumously: "Big Mitch" (December 10, 1963), and "The Mafia Man" (January 7, 1964).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odets also worked on the libretto for a projected musical version of <i>Golden Boy</i>. He died before the project came to fruition. Playwright William Gibson, a former student of Odets's when he taught at the Actors Studio, completed the play's book. </p><p>Though many obituaries lamented his work in Hollywood and considered him someone who had not lived up to his promise, Kazan understood it differently. "The tragedy of our times in the theatre is the tragedy of Clifford Odets," Kazan began, before defending his friend against the accusations of failure that had appeared in his obituaries. "His plan, he said, was to ... come back to New York and get [some new] plays on. They'd be, he assured me, the best plays of his life ... Cliff wasn't 'shot.' ... The mind and talent were alive in the man."<sup id="cite_ref-Odets_Struggles_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odets_Struggles-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainer-Odets-1937-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rainer-Odets-1937-cropped.jpg/220px-Rainer-Odets-1937-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rainer-Odets-1937-cropped.jpg/330px-Rainer-Odets-1937-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Rainer-Odets-1937-cropped.jpg/440px-Rainer-Odets-1937-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3940" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luise_Rainer" title="Luise Rainer">Luise Rainer</a> and Clifford Odets in January 1937, shortly before their marriage</figcaption></figure> <p>Odets married actress <a href="/wiki/Luise_Rainer" title="Luise Rainer">Luise Rainer</a> in January 1937, just months before she won her first of two consecutive Academy Awards for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Best Actress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They divorced in May 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married actress Bette Grayson in 1943, and the couple had two children: Nora (born in 1945) and <a href="/wiki/Walt_Odets" title="Walt Odets">Walt</a> (born in 1947).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odets and Grayson divorced in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nora Odets died at Long Beach, Long Island, in 2008; <a href="/wiki/Walt_Odets" title="Walt Odets">Walt Odets</a> became a clinical psychologist, author, and photographer residing in Berkeley, California. </p><p>Odets also had relationships with actresses <a href="/wiki/Frances_Farmer" title="Frances Farmer">Frances Farmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley" title="Kim Stanley">Kim Stanley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fay_Wray" title="Fay Wray">Fay Wray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odets had long suffered from gastrointestinal distress and on July 23, 1963, was admitted to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles to undergo treatment for stomach ulcers. During surgery, doctors discovered that he had metastatic stomach cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received bedside visits from such movie and theater friends as <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strasberg" title="Lee Strasberg">Lee Strasberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paula_Strasberg" title="Paula Strasberg">Paula Strasberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a> and his wife Dido, <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clurman" title="Harold Clurman">Harold Clurman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renoir dedicated a chapter of his autobiography to his close friendship with Odets.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 14, 1963, Odets died of stomach cancer at <a href="/wiki/Cedars-Sinai_Medical_Center" title="Cedars-Sinai Medical Center">Cedars of Lebanon Hospital</a> at the age of 57.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odets's ashes were interred in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park,_Glendale" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale">Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale</a>, in Glendale, California. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odets is regarded as one of the American theater's most important playwrights. According to Arthur Miller, "An Odets play was awaited like news hot off the press, as though through him we would know what to think of ourselves and our prospects."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marian_Seldes" title="Marian Seldes">Marian Seldes</a> wrote that "<a href="/wiki/Paddy_Chayefsky" title="Paddy Chayefsky">Paddy Chayefsky</a>, who felt competitive with Odets, told an interviewer 'There isn't a writer of my generation, especially a New York writer, who doesn't owe his very breath—his entire attitude toward theatre—to Odets.'"<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Golden Boy</i> was made into a 1939 film and became the basis for a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Boy_(musical)" title="Golden Boy (musical)">1964 musical of the same name</a>. <i>The Flowering Peach</i> became the basis for the 1970 Broadway musical <i><a href="/wiki/Two_by_Two_(musical)" title="Two by Two (musical)">Two by Two</a></i>, which starred <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a>. Odets's screenplay for <i>Sweet Smell of Success</i> became the basis for the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Smell_of_Success_(musical)" title="Sweet Smell of Success (musical)">musical of the same name</a> starring <a href="/wiki/John_Lithgow" title="John Lithgow">John Lithgow</a>. </p><p>Lincoln Center celebrated the centennial of Odets's birth with their 2006 production of <i><a href="/wiki/Awake_and_Sing!" title="Awake and Sing!">Awake and Sing!</a></i>, directed by Bartlett Sher. It won that year's Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play and sparked an ongoing revival of interest in Odets's work. Another centennial production, <i>Rocket to the Moon</i>, directed by Daniel Fish, was produced by Long Wharf Theater. <a href="/wiki/American_Repertory_Theater" title="American Repertory Theater">American Repertory Theater</a> in Cambridge, Massachusetts produced <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(play)" title="Paradise Lost (play)">Paradise Lost</a></i> in 2010, also directed by Daniel Fish. <i>Golden Boy</i> was produced by Lincoln Center with Bartlett Sher again directing. It opened on December 5, 2012, to enthusiastic reviews, subsequently garnering 8 Tony Award nominations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Lahr" title="John Lahr">John Lahr</a> declared "In this distinguished, almost symphonic production, Sher and Lincoln Center have done a great thing: they have put Odets finally and forever in the pantheon, where he belongs."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odets's early, more left-wing plays, such as <i>Waiting for Lefty</i>, <i>Awake and Sing!,</i> and <i>Paradise Lost,</i> have enjoyed numerous revivals since the 2008 economic crash. <a href="/wiki/The_Roundabout_Theatre_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Roundabout Theatre Company">The Roundabout Theatre Company</a> presented the first revival of Odets's 1949 play <i>The Big Knife</i> in 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="American Airlines Theatre">American Airlines Theatre</a> in New York, with Doug Hughes directing <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Cannavale" title="Bobby Cannavale">Bobby Cannavale</a> in the lead role of Charlie Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role was originated by Odets's former Group Theatre colleague <a href="/wiki/John_Garfield" title="John Garfield">John Garfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Asian American Theatre Company (NAATCO) mounted a highly acclaimed production of <i>Awake and Sing!</i> in 2013 with an all-Asian cast. Performed in a small downtown theatre space in New York's Soho area, the limited run played to sold-out houses. According to <i>New York Times</i> reviewer Anita Gates, "the production easily makes the point that ethnicity is transcended by the humanity of frightened, imperfect people facing unpleasant realities."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NAATCO was invited by the <a href="/wiki/Public_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Theater">Public Theater</a> to revive the production under its auspices in 2015. </p><p>Joel and Ethan Coen's 1990 film <i><a href="/wiki/Barton_Fink" title="Barton Fink">Barton Fink</a></i> contains a number of indirect visual and historical references to Odets's personal appearance, background and career.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minor character in the 1982 film <i><a href="/wiki/Diner_(1982_film)" title="Diner (1982 film)">Diner</a></i> speaks only lines from Odets's screenplay for <i>Sweet Smell of Success</i>. The Odets character was played by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_DeMunn" title="Jeffrey DeMunn">Jeffrey DeMunn</a> in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Frances_(film)" title="Frances (film)">Frances</a></i>, and by <a href="/wiki/John_Heard_(actor)" title="John Heard (actor)">John Heard</a> in the 1983 biography <i>Will There Be A Morning?</i>, both about <a href="/wiki/Frances_Farmer" title="Frances Farmer">Frances Farmer</a>. </p><p>Odets is mentioned in an episode of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Studio_60_on_the_Sunset_Strip" title="Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip">Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip</a></i>, "The Wrap Party." The episode's subplot dealt with <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Ten" title="The Hollywood Ten">The Hollywood Ten</a>. </p><p>Odets is a character in <i>Names</i>, Mark Kemble's play about former Group Theatre members' struggles in the blacklist era.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odets was the subject of a psycho-biography by psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Brenman-Gibson" title="Margaret Brenman-Gibson">Margaret Brenman-Gibson</a>: <i>Clifford Odets – American Playwright – The Years from 1906–1940</i>. It was one component of an umbrella project Brenman-Gibson undertook on the subject of creativity. The biography was intended to be a three-volume work, with the second and third volumes to cover the final 23 years of Odets's life. Brenman-Gibson died in 2004, leaving the project unfinished. A full-length biography of Odets is in progress with the cooperation of the Odets Estate, to be published by Random House Doubleday Knopf. </p><p>Apart from Brenman-Gibson's work, six critical biographies have appeared: by R. Baird Shuman (1962);<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward Murray (1968);<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Mendelsohn (1969);<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerald Weales (1971);<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harold Cantor (1978);<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Christopher J. Herr (2003).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odets was named a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Theater_Hall_of_Fame" title="American Theater Hall of Fame">American Theater Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stage">Stage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actor">Actor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Actor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Midnight</i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Over_Taos" title="Night Over Taos">Night Over Taos</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i>1931–</i> (1931)</li> <li><i>Big Night</i> (1933)</li> <li><i>They All Come to Moscow</i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men_in_White_(play)" title="Men in White (play)">Men in White</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gold_Eagle_Guy" title="Gold Eagle Guy">Gold Eagle Guy</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Waiting for Lefty</i> (1935)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Playwright">Playwright</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Playwright"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Lefty" title="Waiting for Lefty">Waiting for Lefty</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awake_and_Sing!" title="Awake and Sing!">Awake and Sing!</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Till_the_Day_I_Die" title="Till the Day I Die">Till the Day I Die</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(play)" title="Paradise Lost (play)">Paradise Lost</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i>I Can't Sleep</i> (1935, monologue)</li> <li><i>Sarah Bernhardt</i> (1936, radio play)</li> <li><i>The Silent Partner</i> (1936, unproduced)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Boy_(play)" title="Golden Boy (play)">Golden Boy</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocket_to_the_Moon_(play)" title="Rocket to the Moon (play)">Rocket to the Moon</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i>Night Music</i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clash_by_Night_(play)" title="Clash by Night (play)">Clash by Night</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Russian_People" title="The Russian People">The Russian People</a></i> (1942, adaptation)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Knife_(play)" title="The Big Knife (play)">The Big Knife</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Boy_(play)" title="Golden Boy (play)">Golden Boy</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Girl_(1950_play)" title="The Country Girl (1950 play)">The Country Girl</a> (1950)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flowering_Peach" title="The Flowering Peach">The Flowering Peach</a></i> (1954)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Director">Director</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Director"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Girl_(1950_play)" title="The Country Girl (1950 play)">The Country Girl</a></i> (1950, original Broadway production)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Boy_(play)" title="Golden Boy (play)">Golden Boy</a></i> (1952, revival)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flowering_Peach" title="The Flowering Peach">The Flowering Peach</a></i> (1954, original Broadway production)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screenwriter">Screenwriter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Screenwriter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_General_Died_at_Dawn" title="The General Died at Dawn">The General Died at Dawn</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/None_but_the_Lonely_Heart_(film)" title="None but the Lonely Heart (film)">None but the Lonely Heart</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humoresque_(1946_film)" title="Humoresque (1946 film)">Humoresque</a></i> (1946, screenplay adaptation, with Zachary Gold)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notorious_(1946_film)" title="Notorious (1946 film)">Notorious</a></i> (1946, dialogue: love scenes; uncredited)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deadline_at_Dawn" title="Deadline at Dawn">Deadline at Dawn</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Smell_of_Success" title="Sweet Smell of Success">Sweet Smell of Success</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_on_Page_One_(film)" title="The Story on Page One (film)">The Story on Page One</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_in_the_Country" title="Wild in the Country">Wild in the Country</a></i> (1961)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Director_2">Director</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Director"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/None_but_the_Lonely_Heart_(film)" title="None but the Lonely Heart (film)">None but the Lonely Heart</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_on_Page_One_(film)" title="The Story on Page One (film)">The Story on Page One</a></i> (1959)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actor_2">Actor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Actor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_General_Died_at_Dawn" title="The General Died at Dawn">The General Died at Dawn</a></i> (1936) – Minor Role (uncredited)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Smell_of_Success" title="Sweet Smell of Success">Sweet Smell of Success</a></i> (1957) – Man Outside Theatre (uncredited) (final film role)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Introduction to Modern Library edition of Nikolai Gogol's <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Souls" title="Dead Souls">Dead Souls</a></i> (1936)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_playwrights" title="List of Jewish American playwrights">List of Jewish American playwrights</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ProQuest Historical Newspapers, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (1851–2006). "Obituary". August 15, 15, 1963: 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Readers_Guide-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Readers_Guide_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Reader's Guide to Modern American Drama</i>. Syracuse, NY: Reader's Guide Series. 2002. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2939-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2939-9"><bdi>978-0-8156-2939-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reader%27s+Guide+to+Modern+American+Drama&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+NY&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Guide+Series&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2939-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClifford+Odets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Lahr, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/04/17/060417crat_atlarge">"The Struggles of Clifford Odets."</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, April 17, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHrsg.2002" class="citation book cs1">Hrsg., Jens, Walter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/176675869"><i>Kindlers neues Literatur-Lexikon das 23-bändige Werk auf einer CD-ROM</i></a>. Systhema [u.a.] <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-634-99900-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-634-99900-4"><bdi>3-634-99900-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/176675869">176675869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kindlers+neues+Literatur-Lexikon+das+23-b%C3%A4ndige+Werk+auf+einer+CD-ROM&rft.pub=Systhema+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F176675869&rft.isbn=3-634-99900-4&rft.aulast=Hrsg.&rft.aufirst=Jens%2C+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F176675869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClifford+Odets" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson, Margaret. Clifford Odets, American Playwright: The Years 1906–1940. New York: Atheneum, 1982, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson 1982, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson 1982, pp. 89, 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson 1982, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weales, Gerald. <i>Odets, the Playwright</i>. London: Methuen, 1971, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson 1982, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clurman, Harold. <i>The Fervent Years</i>. New York: Hill and Wang, 1945. ed. 1968, p.36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Wendy. <i>Real Life Drama: The Group Theatre and America, 1931–1940</i>. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990. p.32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odets_Struggles-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Odets_Struggles_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odets_Struggles_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/04/17/stage-left">"Stage Left: The struggles of Clifford Odets"</a>. <i>New Yorker</i>. April 10, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Stage+Left%3A+The+struggles+of+Clifford+Odets.&rft.date=2006-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2006%2F04%2F17%2Fstage-left&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClifford+Odets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson 1982, p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clurman, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Clifford Odets: American Playwright</i> Margaret Brenman-Gibson 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clurman, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson 1982, p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clurman, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, pp. 264–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Images of America, Trumbull Historical Society, 1997, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson, 1982, p. 564</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 364</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendelsohn, Michael. <i>Clifford Odets: Humane Dramatist</i>. DeLand, FL: Everett/Edwards, 1969, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clurman, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchiff,_Ellen1982" class="citation book cs1">Schiff, Ellen (1982). <i>From Stereotype to Metaphor: The Jew in Contemporary Drama</i>. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Stereotype+to+Metaphor%3A+The+Jew+in+Contemporary+Drama&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Schiff%2C+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClifford+Odets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1981" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Donald, ed. (1981). <i>The Oxford Book of American Literary Anecdotes</i>. New York: Oxford. p. 304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Book+of+American+Literary+Anecdotes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClifford+Odets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson, p. 539</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich & Erika J. Fischer. The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-Winning Materials in Journalism, Letters, and Arts München: K.G. Saur, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-598-30170-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-598-30170-7">3-598-30170-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-30170-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-598-30170-4">978-3-598-30170-4</a> p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson, p. 397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clurman, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson, pp. 393, 397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank S. Nugent, "Odets, Where Is Thy Sting?" New York <i>Times</i>, September 6, 1936; 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Film_Institute2003" class="citation web cs1">American Film Institute (June 4, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/100years/handv.aspx">"AFI's 100 YEARS ... 100 HEROES & VILLAINS"</a>. Afi.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFI%27s+100+YEARS+...+100+HEROES+%26+VILLAINS&rft.pub=Afi.com&rft.date=2003-06-04&rft.au=American+Film+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2F100years%2Fhandv.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClifford+Odets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Arthur. <i><a href="/wiki/Timebends" class="mw-redirect" title="Timebends">Timebends</a>.</i> Penguin, 1995, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendelsohn, Michael, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson, pp. 296, 302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazan, Elia, <i>A Life</i>. New York: Doubleday, 1988, pp. 462–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Thirty Years of Treason: Excerpts from Hearings before the House Committee on Un-American Activities 1938–1968.</i> New York: Thunder's Mouth Press/Nation Books, 2002, pp. 498–533</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazan, pp. 134–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weales, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weales, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pe0xAAAAIBAJ&pg=4362,1588624">"Viennese Stars Weds Dramatist"</a>. <i>Reading Eagle</i>. January 9, 1937. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reading+Eagle&rft.atitle=Viennese+Stars+Weds+Dramatist&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1937-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dpe0xAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4362%2C1588624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClifford+Odets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Luise Rainer Awarded Divorce From Odets". <i>The Hartford Courant</i>. May 15, 1940. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hartford+Courant&rft.atitle=Luise+Rainer+Awarded+Divorce+From+Odets&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1940-05-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClifford+Odets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lctreview.com/article.cfm?id_article=92501795&page=1&id_issue=62892319">LCTreview.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015045448/http://www.lctreview.com/article.cfm?id_issue=62892319&id_article=92501795&page=1">Archived</a> October 15, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brenman-Gibson, p. 617</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wray, Fay, <i>On the Other Hand: A Life Story.</i> 1st ed. New York: St. Martin's, 1989, pp. 194–196; 204–213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Odets, Clifford. <i>The Time Is Ripe: The 1940 Journal of Clifford Odets.</i> New York: Grove Press, 1988. pp. 28, 204 et al.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"CLIFFORD ODETS, PLAYWRIGHT, DIES". <i>The New York Times</i>. 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New York: Atheneum, 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCantor2000" class="citation book cs1">Cantor, Halold (2000). <i>Clifford Odets: Playwright-poet</i> (2 ed.). 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State University of New York at Binghamton, 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herr, Christopher J. <i>Clifford Odets and American Political Theatre</i>. Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaterhalloffame.org/members.html#O">"Theater Hall of Fame members"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theater+Hall+of+Fame+members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaterhalloffame.org%2Fmembers.html%23O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClifford+Odets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038622/fullcredits">"Humoresque (1946)"</a> – via www.imdb.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humoresque+%281946%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0038622%2Ffullcredits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClifford+Odets" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Clifford_Odets" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Clifford Odets">Clifford Odets</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Clifford_Odets" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Clifford Odets">Clifford Odets</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_collections">Archival collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Archival collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf22900479">Guide to the Clifford Odets Theatrical Materials.</a> Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_9746888">Finding aid to Clifford Odets papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/archives/4583">Clifford Odets Papers, 1926–1963</a> held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">New York Public Library for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf22900479">Clifford Odets at Online Archive of California</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Odets&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/4884">Clifford Odets</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0644048/">Clifford Odets</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718153741/http://www.almeida.co.uk/Downloads/Awake%20and%20Sing%20web%20ready.pdf">Almedia Projects: Awake and Sing! by Clifford Odets</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_by_Clifford_Odets47" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clifford Odets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Lefty" title="Waiting for Lefty">Waiting for Lefty</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awake_and_Sing!" title="Awake and Sing!">Awake and Sing!</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Till_the_Day_I_Die" title="Till the Day I Die">Till the Day I Die</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(play)" title="Paradise Lost (play)">Paradise Lost</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Boy_(play)" title="Golden Boy (play)">Golden Boy</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocket_to_the_Moon_(play)" title="Rocket to the Moon (play)">Rocket to the Moon</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Music_(play)" title="Night Music (play)">Night Music</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clash_by_Night_(play)" title="Clash by Night (play)">Clash by Night</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Russian_People" title="The Russian People">The Russian People</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Knife_(play)" title="The Big Knife (play)">The Big Knife</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Girl_(1950_play)" title="The Country Girl (1950 play)">The Country Girl</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flowering_Peach" title="The Flowering Peach">The Flowering Peach</a></i> (1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_General_Died_at_Dawn" title="The General Died at Dawn">The General Died at Dawn</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Boy_(1939_film)" title="Golden Boy (1939 film)">Golden Boy</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/None_but_the_Lonely_Heart_(film)" title="None but the Lonely Heart (film)">None but the Lonely Heart</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humoresque_(1946_film)" title="Humoresque (1946 film)">Humoresque</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notorious_(1946_film)" title="Notorious (1946 film)">Notorious</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deadline_at_Dawn" title="Deadline at Dawn">Deadline at Dawn</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clash_by_Night" title="Clash by Night">Clash by Night</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Knife" title="The Big Knife">The Big Knife</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Girl_(1954_film)" title="The Country Girl (1954 film)">The Country Girl</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Smell_of_Success" title="Sweet Smell of Success">Sweet Smell of Success</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_on_Page_One_(film)" title="The Story on Page One (film)">The Story on Page One</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_in_the_Country" title="Wild in the Country">Wild in the Country</a></i> (1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Richard_Boone_Show" title="The Richard Boone Show">The Richard Boone Show</a></i> (1963-64)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734944#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2786" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734944#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2786" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734944#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12031564x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00551827">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2003169733&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX877434">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/53378">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06836721X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz138h55kjptgw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810575242105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007272092105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058525660606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14331826">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05538706?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4bb976ac-b09a-4b42-8fcd-79f8896f6689">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118735934">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/937623">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118735934.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118735934">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028490088">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dr2x59">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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