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History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conceptual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conceptual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Conceptual </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conceptual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law,_governance,_and_sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law,_governance,_and_sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Law, governance, and sovereignty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law,_governance,_and_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reasons </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reasons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reasons subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Survival_of_human_civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival_of_human_civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Survival of human civilization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival_of_human_civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vast_resources_in_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vast_resources_in_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Vast resources in space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vast_resources_in_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_with_fewer_negative_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_with_fewer_negative_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Expansion with fewer negative consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_with_fewer_negative_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleviating_overpopulation_and_resource_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleviating_overpopulation_and_resource_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Alleviating overpopulation and resource demand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleviating_overpopulation_and_resource_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Other arguments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Difficulties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticisms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticisms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Colonialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planetary_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetary_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Planetary protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetary_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_and_mental_health_risks_to_colonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_and_mental_health_risks_to_colonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Physical and mental health risks to colonists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_and_mental_health_risks_to_colonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Implementation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Implementation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Life support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solutions_to_health_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solutions_to_health_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Solutions to health risks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solutions_to_health_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Radiation protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_adjustment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_adjustment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Psychological adjustment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_adjustment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Money_and_currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Money_and_currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Money and currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Money_and_currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.1 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-replication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-replication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Self-replication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-replication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Population size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Advocacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Advocacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Involved_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involved_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Involved organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involved_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrestrial_analogues_to_space_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial_analogues_to_space_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Terrestrial analogues to space settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial_analogues_to_space_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media_and_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media_and_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In media and fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media_and_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Space colonization</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtekolonisasie" title="Ruimtekolonisasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ruimtekolonisasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="استعمار الفضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استعمار الفضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8" title="মহাকাশে উপনিবেশ স্থাপন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাকাশে উপনিবেশ স্থাপন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="Каланізацыя космасу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каланізацыя космасу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonitzaci%C3%B3_de_l%27espai" title="Colonització de l'espai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colonització de l'espai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumkolonisering" title="Rumkolonisering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rumkolonisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltraumkolonisierung" title="Weltraumkolonisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltraumkolonisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmose_koloniseerimine" title="Kosmose koloniseerimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kosmose koloniseerimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaci%C3%B3n_del_espacio" title="Colonización del espacio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonización del espacio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7" title="مستعمره‌سازی فضا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مستعمره‌سازی فضا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_de_l%27espace" title="Colonisation de l'espace – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonisation de l'espace" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%BC" title="우주 이민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주 이민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Տիեզերքի գաղութացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիեզերքի գաղութացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonizacija_svemira" title="Kolonizacija svemira – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolonizacija svemira" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonisasi_ruang_angkasa" title="Kolonisasi ruang angkasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolonisasi ruang angkasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizzazione_dello_spazio" title="Colonizzazione dello spazio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonizzazione dello spazio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C" title="מושבת חלל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מושבת חלל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmoso_kolonizacija" title="Kosmoso kolonizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kosmoso kolonizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B0rkoloniz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Űrkolonizáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Űrkolonizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Колонизација на вселената – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Колонизација на вселената" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjajahan_angkasa_lepas" title="Penjajahan angkasa lepas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penjajahan angkasa lepas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Сансрын колоничлол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сансрын колоничлол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtekolonisatie" title="Ruimtekolonisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruimtekolonisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91" title="宇宙移民 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙移民" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7_%DA%9A%DA%A9%DB%90%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="د فضا ښکېلاک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فضا ښکېلاک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonizacja_kosmosu" title="Kolonizacja kosmosu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolonizacja kosmosu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_espacial" title="Colonização espacial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colonização espacial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizarea_spa%C8%9Biului" title="Colonizarea spațiului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colonizarea spațiului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Колонизация космоса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колонизация космоса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Space colonization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%AC%DB%8E%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="نیشتەجێبوونی بۆشایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیشتەجێبوونی بۆشایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Колонизација свемира – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колонизација свемира" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonizacija_svemira" title="Kolonizacija svemira – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kolonizacija svemira" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaruuden_asuttaminen" title="Avaruuden asuttaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaruuden asuttaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymdkolonisering" title="Rymdkolonisering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rymdkolonisering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkalawakang_Kolonisasyon" title="Pangkalawakang Kolonisasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangkalawakang Kolonisasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzay_kolonizasyonu" title="Uzay kolonizasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzay kolonizasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Колонізація космосу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колонізація космосу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%99c_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_ho%C3%A1_kh%C3%B4ng_gian" title="Thuộc địa hoá không gian – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuộc địa hoá không gian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png/330px-Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png/495px-Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png/660px-Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png 2x" data-file-width="6120" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a> (blue) and <a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a>'s treaties (red) are about establishing lunar bases and using lunar resources. The member arrangement of these treaties is described to mirror geopolitical rivalry between <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>/<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure>Space colonization is the process of establishing <a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">human settlements beyond Earth</a> for prestige, commercial or strategic benefit,<a href="#cite_note-:02-3">[3]</a> in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> for scientific benefit. <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> in this sense is multi-dimensional, including the exploitation of labor, resources and rights. While there have been initiatives to start space colonization programs in the past, none have been feasible due to the extreme cost of space launch. As <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a> are becoming the norm in the 2020s, launch cost will decrease and colonization projects will become feasible. Space colonization is likely to begin with the <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">establishment of a lunar base</a> with either <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Artemis_Base_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis Base Camp">Artemis Base Camp</a> or <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-3">[3]</a> While <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, the main launch provider for <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_colonization_program" title="SpaceX Mars colonization program">has expressed interest in establishing a</a> <a href="/wiki/Mars_habitat" title="Mars habitat">Mars base</a>, SpaceX is currently <a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">contracted to perform lunar landings</a> for the Artemis program and has no detailed plans for a Mars base.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The first entity to have a Moon base will have an immense <a href="/wiki/First-mover_advantage" title="First-mover advantage">first-mover advantage</a> to the point of shaping human history and <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a> in the <a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st century</a>. However, collaboration can also be extremely beneficial to all entities.<a href="#cite_note-:02-3">[3]</a> In the near term, the Moon is believed to contain various types of <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth metals">rare earth metals</a>, which can be mass-extracted in space without causing environmental damage on Earth. <a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Space manufacturing</a> would allow <a href="/wiki/3D_bioprinting" title="3D bioprinting">human organs to be 3D printed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_pharmacology" title="Space pharmacology">exotic pharmaceuticals</a> to be produced which have the potential to improve <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">healthcare</a>. However, the great potential of space colonization would be the many unknown technological, economic and societal advancements that can be made with space bases.<a href="#cite_note-:02-3">[3]</a> Once lunar or Mars-based infrastructure is sufficiently well-developed, other bodies in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> could be subject to human colonization and exploitation, making humans a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_civilization" title="Planetary civilization">multiplanetary species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Space colonization is an important topic in academic debates across many disciplines. Space colonization will <a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">ensure human survival in case of a planetary disaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">accessing space resources to expand society</a>, but it could also benefit the ruling class like traditional colonialism and worsen existing problems like <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental damage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dickens-MR-2010-112-8">[8]</a> There has been calls to halt space colonization process before major <a href="/wiki/Social_issue" title="Social issue">social issues</a> are solved,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> but the momentum of United States and Chinese space program have made this less viable. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Locations">edit</a>]</div> As <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wanjek" title="Christopher Wanjek">Christopher Wanjek</a> pointed out, space colonization is a project that require political goodwill and great sums of money. There are three main reasons why a nation or <a href="/wiki/Benefactor_(law)" title="Benefactor (law)">benefactor</a> might sponsor such a project: <a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">prestige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militaristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Militaristic">militaristic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a>. These reasons, combined with lower costs, hedged risks, and increased returns could enable settlement and trade, could potentially lead to a successful large-scale colonization effort beyond a few small habitats like in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 10–15  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_space">Outer space</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outer space">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Space_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Space habitat">Space habitat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Axiom_modules_connected_to_ISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Axiom_modules_connected_to_ISS.jpg/220px-Axiom_modules_connected_to_ISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Axiom_modules_connected_to_ISS.jpg/330px-Axiom_modules_connected_to_ISS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Axiom_modules_connected_to_ISS.jpg/440px-Axiom_modules_connected_to_ISS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Using the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Axiom_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiom Station">Axiom Station</a> can gradually establish commercial uses and become economically sustainable.</figcaption></figure> Until the 2010s, space travel was extremely expensive because <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable launch vehicles</a>, making the cost of each launch equal to the manufacturing cost of a launch vehicle. With the development of <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch vehicle</a>, the manufacturing cost is <a href="/wiki/Amortization_(accounting)" title="Amortization (accounting)">amortised</a> and with multiple flights the only significant costs are <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> and operational cost. When space launch cost decreases, the cost of space hardware will significantly decrease, which would allow more payload and <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> to be sent to space.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>: 21–25  In addition, most of the <a href="/wiki/Delta-v_budget" title="Delta-v budget">delta-v budget</a>, and thus propellant, is in bringing a spacecraft to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 100  This is the main reason why <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle" title="Jerry Pournelle">Jerry Pournelle</a> said "If you can get your ship into orbit, you're halfway to anywhere".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The major advantages to construct a space habitat are accessibility to the Earth and already-existing economic motives such as <a href="/wiki/Space_hotels" class="mw-redirect" title="Space hotels">space hotels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">space manufacturing</a>, however, a big disadvantage is that orbit does not host any materials that is available for exploitation. Thus, outer space will not be a destination by itself, but as a place to host space infrastructures and an exploitation point for the <a href="/wiki/Service_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Service industry">service industry</a>. Space colonization eventually will demand lifting vast amounts of payload into orbit, making thousands of daily launches potentially unsustainable. Various theoretical concepts, such as <a href="/wiki/Orbital_ring" title="Orbital ring">orbital rings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skyhook_(structure)" title="Skyhook (structure)">skyhooks</a>, have been proposed to reduce the cost of accessing space.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 142–147  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moon">Moon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Moon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg/220px-HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg/330px-HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg/440px-HLS_Starship_rendering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="7650" /></a><figcaption>With the height of 50 meters and diameter of 9 meters, it has been proposed that <a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a> can be turned into a <a href="/wiki/Moonbase" title="Moonbase">Moonbase</a> with little modifications.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2024, both <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> plan to establish scientific <a href="/wiki/Moonbase" title="Moonbase">Moonbases</a> at the poles near <a href="/wiki/Permanently_shadowed_crater" title="Permanently shadowed crater">permanently shadowed craters</a> in the 2030s. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</a> aims to bolster its political influence and enhance its bid for <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a> status, and the United States’ <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a> seeks to maintain its position as the leading space power. A prestige imperative means that converting a scientific Moonbase into a Moon colony is likely to receive political and financial support.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 154–158  The Moon is reachable from Earth in three days, has a near-instant communication to Earth, with minable minerals, no atmosphere, and low gravity, making it extremely easy to ship materials and products to orbit.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 175  There are only a few materials on the Moon which make economic sense to ship directly back to the Earth, which are <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">fusion power</a>) and rare-earth minerals (for <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>). Instead, it makes more sense for these materials to be used in-space or being turned into valuable products for export. Since the Moon has extreme temperature swings and toxic <a href="/wiki/Lunar_regolith" title="Lunar regolith">lunar regolith</a>, it is likely that the Moon will not a place of habitation, but instead attract polluting <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">extraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">manufacturing industries</a>. Moving these industries to the Moon will help protect the Earth's environment and allow poorer countries to be released from the shackles of <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a> by wealther countries. In the space colonization framework, the Moon will be transformed into an industrial hub of the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 161–172  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars">Mars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization of Mars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_rendering_of_the_approach_to_Mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Artist%E2%80%99s_rendering_of_the_approach_to_Mars.jpg/220px-Artist%E2%80%99s_rendering_of_the_approach_to_Mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Artist%E2%80%99s_rendering_of_the_approach_to_Mars.jpg/330px-Artist%E2%80%99s_rendering_of_the_approach_to_Mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Artist%E2%80%99s_rendering_of_the_approach_to_Mars.jpg/440px-Artist%E2%80%99s_rendering_of_the_approach_to_Mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>SpaceX has long consider <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_colonization_program" title="SpaceX Mars colonization program">settling and colonizing Mars</a> as its prime objective.</figcaption></figure> While there has been many plans for a <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human Mars mission</a>, including affortable ones such as <a href="/wiki/Mars_Direct" title="Mars Direct">Mars Direct</a>, none has been realized as of 2024. Both the United States and China has plans to send humans to Mars sometime in the 2040s, but these plans are backed with hardware and funding.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 219–223  However, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> is currently developing <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">super-heavy-lift reusable launch vehicle</a>, with a vision of sending humans to Mars. As of November 2024, the company plans to send five uncrewed Starships to Mars in either 2026 or 2028–2029 <a href="/wiki/Launch_window" title="Launch window">launch windows</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and SpaceX's CEO <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> has repeatingly stated to back the Mars efforts financially and politically.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Mars is more suitable for habitation than the Moon, with a stronger gravity, rich amount of materials needed for life, day/night cycle nearly identical to Earth, and a thin atmosphere to protect from <a href="/wiki/Micrometeoroid" title="Micrometeoroid">micrometeroids</a>. The main disadvantage of Mars compared to the Moon is the six-to-nine-month transit time and the lengthy launch window, which occurs approximately every two years.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 175  Without <a href="/wiki/In_situ_resource_utilization" title="In situ resource utilization">in situ resource utlization</a>, Mars colonization would be nearly impossible as it would require bringing thousands of tons of payload to sustain a handful of astronauts. If Martian materials can be used to make propellant (such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier process</a>) and supplies (such as <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> for crews), the amount of supplies needed to bring to Mars can be greatly reduced.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 228–230  Even then, Mars colonies will not be economically viable in the near term, thus reasons for colonizing Mars will be mostly ideological and prestige-based, such as a desire for <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 267–270, 280  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_bodies">Other bodies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other bodies">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_system_delta_v_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Solar_system_delta_v_map.svg/300px-Solar_system_delta_v_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Solar_system_delta_v_map.svg/450px-Solar_system_delta_v_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Solar_system_delta_v_map.svg/600px-Solar_system_delta_v_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">Delta-v</a> map of the Solar System. The map demostrates the amount of energy needed to reach from one destination in the Solar System to another.</figcaption></figure> Once Earth orbit becomes a gateway point for spaceships, the Moon becomes an industrial hub and Mars becoming a place for space settlement, settling on other bodies in the Solar System become more attractive. These bodies are ordered based on economic feasibility. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_asteroid_belt" title="Colonization of the asteroid belt">Asteroids</a>: Asteroids can provide enough material in the form of water, air, fuel, metal, soil, and nutrients to support ten to a hundred trillion humans in space. Many asteroids contain minerals that are inheriently valuable, such as rare earths and precious metals. However, low gravity, distance from Earth and disperse nature of their orbits make it difficult to settle on small asteroids.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 203, 204, 218 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Venus</a>: Though the surface of Venus is extremely hostile, habitats high above the atmosphere of Venus are fairly habitable, with a temperature of around 50°C and a pressure similar to the Earth's sea level. However, beside tourism opportunities, the economic benefit of a Venusian colonies is minimal.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 308–310 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Titan" title="Colonization of Titan">Titan</a>: Among all moons around <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, Titan is the most attractive to colonization because of its dense atmosphere and vast lakes of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>. The biggest challenges for colonists are the distance from Earth, extreme cold, low gravity and the lack of solar energy on the surface.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 320–326 </li> <li>Galilean moons around <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>: Radiation levels on <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> are extreme, enough to kill unshielded humans within an Earth day.<a href="#cite_note-zoob2ttn-16">[16]</a> Therefore, only <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> could reasonably support a human colony. Callisto orbits outside Jupiter's radiation belt.<a href="#cite_note-Kerwick-17">[17]</a> However, due to the extreme radiation and these moons do not contain precious minerals, it might be more practical to setup an orbiting space hub around Jupiter and visit these moons only briefly.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 318–319 </li> <li>Mercury: Mercury is rich of metals and volatiles, as well as solar energy. However, Mercury is the <a href="/wiki/Delta-v_budget" title="Delta-v budget">most energy-consuming body on the Solar System</a> to land for spacecraft launching from Earth, and astronauts there must contend with the extreme temperature differential and radiation.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 311–314 </li> <li>Moons of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects">trans-Neptunian objects</a>: Due to the lack of scienfific knowledge, it is unknown whether settling on these worlds are feasible and economically viable.<a href="#cite_note-:3-10">[10]</a>: 333 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> When the first space flight programs commenced, they partly used – and have continued to use – colonial spaces on Earth, such as places of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> at the <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Woomera_Range_Complex" title="RAAF Woomera Range Complex">RAAF Woomera Range Complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a> or contemporarily for astronomy at the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Meter_Telescope_protests" title="Thirty Meter Telescope protests">Mauna Kea telescope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smiles_2022-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorman_2005_pp._85–107-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-nationColonial-20">[20]</a> When orbital spaceflight was achieved in the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> was still a strong international project, e.g. easing the United States to advance <a href="/wiki/United_States_space_program" class="mw-redirect" title="United States space program">its space program</a> and space in general as part of a "<a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a>".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> At the same time of the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> gained again in force, producing many newly <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independent</a> countries. These newly independent countries confronted spacefaring countries, demanding an anti-colonial stance and regulation of space activity when <a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">space law</a> was raised and negotiated internationally. Fears of confrontations because of <a href="/wiki/Land_grab" class="mw-redirect" title="Land grab">land grabs</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> <a href="/wiki/Militarization_of_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Militarization of space">in space</a> between the few countries with spaceflight capabilities grew and were ultimately shared by the spacefaring countries themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Center_2021-22">[22]</a> This produced the wording of the agreed on international space law, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a> of 1967, calling space a "<a href="/wiki/Common_heritage_of_humanity" title="Common heritage of humanity">province of all mankind</a>" and securing provisions for international regulation and sharing of outer space. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary satellite">geostationary satellites</a> raised the case of limited space in outer space. A group of <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a> countries, all of which were countries that were once colonies of colonial empires, but without spaceflight capabilities, signed in 1976 the <a href="/wiki/Bogota_Declaration" title="Bogota Declaration">Bogota Declaration</a>. These countries declared that <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> is a limited natural resource and belongs to the equatorial countries directly below, seeing it not as part of outer space, humanity's <a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">common</a>. Through this, the declaration challenged the dominance of geostationary orbit by spacefaring countries through identifying their dominance as imperialistic. Furthermore this dominance in space has foreshadowed threats to the Outer Space Treaty guaranteed accessibility to space, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a> which is ever increasing because of a lack of access regulation.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia_Journal_of_Transnational_Law_2017-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biondi_2018-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collis_2009_pp._47–65-25">[25]</a> In 1977, the first sustained space habitat, the <a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a> station, was put into Earth's orbit. Eventually the first space stations were succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">ISS</a>, today's largest <a href="/wiki/Human_outpost" title="Human outpost">human outpost</a> in space and closest to a space settlement. Built and operated under a multilateral regime, it has become a blueprint for future stations, such as <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">around</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Moonbase" title="Moonbase">on the Moon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foust_2018-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-ESA_Blog_Navigator_–_Navigator_page_for_active_ESA_blogs_2016-27">[27]</a> An international regime for lunar activity was demanded by the international <a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a>, but is currently developed multilaterally as with the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Space_Review_2020-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Space_Treaty_Institute_–_Dedicated_to_Peace_and_Sustainability_in_Outer_Space._Our_Mission-29">[29]</a> The only habitation on a different celestial body so far have been the temporary habitats of the crewed <a href="/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">lunar landers</a>. Similar to the Artemis program, China is leading an effort to develop a lunar base called the <a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> beginning in the 2030s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conceptual">Conceptual</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conceptual">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestriality" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestriality">Extraterrestriality</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#In_media_and_fiction">Space colonization § In media and fiction</a></div> In the first half of the 17th century <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a> suggested in A Discourse Concerning a New Planet that future adventurers like <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> might reach the Moon and allow people to live there.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The first known work on space colonization was the 1869 novella <a href="/wiki/The_Brick_Moon" title="The Brick Moon">The Brick Moon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett_Hale" title="Edward Everett Hale">Edward Everett Hale</a>, about an inhabited artificial satellite.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1897, <a href="/wiki/Kurd_Lasswitz" title="Kurd Lasswitz">Kurd Lasswitz</a> also wrote about space colonies. The Russian rocket science pioneer <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a> foresaw elements of the space community in his book Beyond Planet Earth written about 1900. Tsiolkovsky imagined his space travelers building greenhouses and raising crops in space.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Tsiolkovsky believed that going into space would help perfect human beings, leading to immortality and peace.<a href="#cite_note-bio-33">[33]</a> One of the first to speak about space colonization was <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> who in 1902 spoke about "these stars that you see overhead at night, these vast worlds which we can never reach", adding "I would annex the planets if I could; I often think of that. It makes me sad to see them so clear and yet so far".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In the 1920s <a href="/wiki/John_Desmond_Bernal" class="mw-redirect" title="John Desmond Bernal">John Desmond Bernal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Oberth" title="Hermann Oberth">Hermann Oberth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_von_Pirquet" title="Guido von Pirquet">Guido von Pirquet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Noordung" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Noordung">Herman Noordung</a> further developed the idea. <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> contributed his ideas in a 1952 Colliers magazine article. In the 1950s and 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Dandridge_M._Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandridge M. Cole">Dandridge M. Cole</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> published his ideas. Another seminal book on the subject was the book The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_K._O%27Neill" title="Gerard K. O'Neill">Gerard K. O'Neill</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> in 1977 which was followed the same year by Colonies in Space by <a href="/wiki/T._A._Heppenheimer" title="T. A. Heppenheimer">T. A. Heppenheimer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marianne_J._Dyson" title="Marianne J. Dyson">Marianne J. Dyson</a> wrote Home on the Moon; Living on a Space Frontier in 2003;<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Eckart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Eckart (page does not exist)">Peter Eckart</a> wrote Lunar Base Handbook in 2006<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a>'s Return to the Moon written in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law,_governance,_and_sovereignty">Law, governance, and sovereignty</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Law, governance, and sovereignty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_heritage_of_humanity" title="Common heritage of humanity">Common heritage of humanity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></div> Space activity is legally based on the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a>, the main international treaty. But <a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">space law</a> has become a larger legal field, which includes other international agreements such as the significantly less ratified <a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a> and diverse national laws. The Outer Space Treaty established the basic ramifications for space activity in article one: "The exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development, and shall be the province of all mankind." And continued in article two by stating: "Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means."<a href="#cite_note-unoda-41">[41]</a> The development of international space law has revolved much around outer space being defined as <a href="/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Common heritage of mankind">common heritage of mankind</a>. The Magna Carta of Space presented by William A. Hyman in 1966 framed outer space explicitly not as <a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">terra nullius</a> but as <a href="/wiki/Res_communis" title="Res communis">res communis</a>, which subsequently influenced the work of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Durrani_2019-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons">Reasons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reasons">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survival_of_human_civilization">Survival of human civilization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Survival of human civilization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></div> A primary argument calling for space colonization is the long-term survival of human civilization and terrestrial life.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> By developing alternative locations off Earth, the planet's species, including humans, could live on in the event of <a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">natural or human-made disasters on Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> On two occasions, theoretical physicist and cosmologist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> argued for space colonization as a means of saving humanity. In 2001, Hawking predicted that the human race would become extinct within the next thousand years unless colonies could be established in space.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 2010, he stated that humanity faces two options: either we colonize space within the next two hundred years, or we will face the long-term prospect of <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">extinction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 2005, then <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Administrator <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin">Michael Griffin</a> identified space colonization as the ultimate goal of current spaceflight programs, saying: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">... the goal isn't just scientific exploration ... it's also about extending the range of human habitat out from Earth into the solar system as we go forward in time ... In the long run, a single-planet species will not survive ... If we humans want to survive for hundreds of thousands of millions of years, we must ultimately populate other planets. Now, today the technology is such that this is barely conceivable. We're in the infancy of it. ... I'm talking about that one day, I don't know when that day is, but there will be more human beings who live off the Earth than on it. We may well have people living on the Moon. We may have people living on the moons of Jupiter and other planets. We may have people making habitats on asteroids ... I know that humans will colonize the solar system and one day go beyond.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></blockquote> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_J._Halle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis J. Halle (page does not exist)">Louis J. Halle</a>, formerly of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, wrote in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a> (Summer 1980) that the colonization of space will protect humanity in the event of global <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The physicist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a> also supports the view that if a planetary catastrophe threatens the survival of the human species on Earth, a self-sufficient colony could "reverse-colonize" Earth and restore <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">human civilization</a>. The author and journalist <a href="/wiki/William_E._Burrows" title="William E. Burrows">William E. Burrows</a> and the biochemist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Shapiro_(chemist)" title="Robert Shapiro (chemist)">Robert Shapiro</a> proposed a private project, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_to_Rescue_Civilization" title="Alliance to Rescue Civilization">Alliance to Rescue Civilization</a>, with the goal of establishing an off-Earth "<a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">backup</a>" of human civilization.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Based on his <a href="/wiki/Copernican_principle" title="Copernican principle">Copernican principle</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Gott" title="J. Richard Gott">J. Richard Gott</a> has estimated that the human race could survive for another 7.8 million years, but it is not likely to ever colonize other planets. However, he expressed a hope to be proven wrong, because "colonizing other worlds is our best chance to hedge our bets and improve the survival prospects of our species".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In a theoretical study from 2019, a group of researchers have pondered the long-term trajectory of human civilization.<a href="#cite_note-sb01-52">[52]</a> It is argued that due to Earth's finitude as well as the <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System#The_Sun_and_planetary_environments" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">limited duration of the Solar System</a>, mankind's survival into the far future will very likely require extensive space colonization.<a href="#cite_note-sb01-52">[52]</a>: 8, 22f  This 'astronomical trajectory' of mankind, as it is termed, could come about in four steps: First step, space colonies could be established at various habitable locations — be it in outer space or on <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial bodies</a> away from Earth – and allowed to remain temporarily dependent on support from Earth. In the second step, these colonies could gradually become self-sufficient, enabling them to survive if or when the mother civilization on Earth fails or dies. Third step, the colonies could develop and expand their habitation by themselves on their <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a> or celestial bodies, for example via <a href="/wiki/Terraforming" title="Terraforming">terraforming</a>. In the fourth step, the colonies could self-replicate and establish new colonies further into space, a process that could then repeat itself and continue at an <a href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponential rate</a> throughout the cosmos. However, this astronomical trajectory may not be a lasting one, as it will most likely be interrupted and eventually decline due to resource depletion or straining competition between various human factions, bringing about some 'star wars' scenario.<a href="#cite_note-sb01-52">[52]</a>: 23–25  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vast_resources_in_space">Vast resources in space</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vast resources in space">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy#Pushing_some_of_the_terrestrial_limits_into_outer_space" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy § Pushing some of the terrestrial limits into outer space</a></div> Resources in space, both in materials and energy, are enormous. The <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> has enough material and energy to support anywhere from several thousand to over a billion times that of the current Earth-based human population, mostly from the Sun itself.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Asteroid mining will likely be a key player in space colonization. Water and materials to make structures and shielding can be easily found in asteroids. Instead of resupplying on Earth, mining and fuel stations need to be established on asteroids to facilitate better space travel.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Optical mining is the term NASA uses to describe extracting materials from asteroids. NASA believes by using propellant derived from asteroids for exploration to the moon, Mars, and beyond will save $100 billion. If funding and technology come sooner than estimated, asteroid mining might be possible within a decade.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Although some items of the infrastructure requirements above can already be easily produced on Earth and would therefore not be very valuable as trade items (oxygen, water, base metal ores, silicates, etc.), other high-value items are more abundant, more easily produced, of higher quality, or can only be produced in space. These could provide (over the long-term) a high return on the initial investment in space infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Some of these high-value trade goods include precious metals,<a href="#cite_note-members.nova.org-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> gemstones,<a href="#cite_note-tricitiesnet.com-61">[61]</a> power,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> solar cells,<a href="#cite_note-panix.com-63">[63]</a> ball bearings,<a href="#cite_note-panix.com-63">[63]</a> semi-conductors,<a href="#cite_note-panix.com-63">[63]</a> and pharmaceuticals.<a href="#cite_note-panix.com-63">[63]</a> The mining and extraction of metals from a small asteroid the size of <a href="/wiki/3554_Amun" title="3554 Amun">3554 Amun</a> or <a href="/wiki/(6178)_1986_DA" title="(6178) 1986 DA">(6178) 1986 DA</a>, both small near-Earth asteroids, may yield 30 times as much metal as humans have mined throughout history. A metal asteroid this size would be worth approximately US$20 trillion at 2001 market prices<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The main impediments to commercial exploitation of these resources are the very high cost of initial investment,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> the very long period required for the expected return on those investments (The Eros Project plans a 50-year development),<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and the fact that the venture has never been carried out before—the high-risk nature of the investment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_with_fewer_negative_consequences">Expansion with fewer negative consequences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Expansion with fewer negative consequences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></div> Expansion of humans and technological progress has usually resulted in some form of environmental devastation, and destruction of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> and their accompanying <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>. In the past, expansion has often come at the expense of displacing many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>, the resulting treatment of these peoples ranging anywhere from encroachment to genocide. Because space has no known life, this need not be a consequence, as some space settlement advocates have pointed out.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> However, on some bodies of the Solar System, there is the potential for extant native lifeforms and so the negative consequences of space colonization cannot be dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Counterarguments state that changing only the location but not the logic of exploitation will not create a more sustainable future.<a href="#cite_note-Yun-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleviating_overpopulation_and_resource_demand">Alleviating overpopulation and resource demand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alleviating overpopulation and resource demand">edit</a>]</div> An argument for space colonization is to mitigate proposed impacts of <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation of Earth</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> If the resources of space were opened to use and viable life-supporting habitats were built, Earth would no longer define the limitations of growth. Although many of Earth's resources are non-renewable, off-planet colonies could satisfy the majority of the planet's resource requirements. With the availability of extraterrestrial resources, demand on terrestrial ones would decline.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Proponents of this idea include <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_K._O%27Neill" title="Gerard K. O'Neill">Gerard K. O'Neill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a> Others including cosmologist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> and science fiction writers <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>,<a href="#cite_note-clarkebipeds-74">[74]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> have argued that shipping any excess population into space is not a viable solution to human overpopulation. According to Clarke, "the population battle must be fought or won here on Earth".<a href="#cite_note-clarkebipeds-74">[74]</a> The problem for these authors is not the lack of resources in space (as shown in books such as Mining the Sky<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>), but the physical impracticality of shipping vast numbers of people into space to "solve" overpopulation on Earth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_arguments">Other arguments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other arguments">edit</a>]</div> Advocates for space colonization cite a presumed innate human drive to explore and discover, and call it a quality at the core of progress and thriving civilizations.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> has argued that from a <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a> perspective, space colonization should be a chief goal as it would enable a very large population to live for a very long time (possibly billions of years), which would produce an enormous amount of utility (or happiness).<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> He claims that it is more important to reduce existential risks to increase the probability of eventual colonization than to accelerate technological development so that space colonization could happen sooner. In his paper, he assumes that the created lives will have positive ethical value despite the problem of <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a>. In a 2001 interview with Freeman Dyson, J. Richard Gott and Sid Goldstein, they were asked for reasons why some humans should live in space.<a href="#cite_note-dyson-80">[80]</a> Their answers were: <ul><li>Spread life and beauty throughout the universe</li> <li>Ensure the survival of our species</li> <li>Make money through new forms of <a href="/wiki/Commercialization_of_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercialization of space">space commercialization</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Space-based_solar_power" title="Space-based solar power">solar-power satellites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">asteroid mining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">space manufacturing</a></li> <li>Save the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a> of Earth by moving people and industry into space</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Biotic_ethics" title="Biotic ethics">Biotic ethics</a> is a branch of ethics that values life itself. For biotic ethics, and their extension to space as panbiotic ethics, it is a human purpose to secure and propagate life and to use space to maximize life. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difficulties">Difficulties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Difficulties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Space_colonization" title="Special:EditPage/Space colonization">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (June 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> There would be many problems in colonizing the outer Solar System. These include: <ul><li>Distance from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> – The outer planets are much farther from Earth than the inner planets, and would therefore be harder and more time-consuming to reach. In addition, return voyages may well be prohibitive considering the time and distance.</li> <li>Extreme cold – temperatures are near <a href="/wiki/Absolute_zero" title="Absolute zero">absolute zero</a> in many parts of the outer Solar System.</li> <li>Power – <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar power</a> is many times less concentrated in the outer Solar System than in the inner Solar System. It is unclear as to whether it would be usable there, using some form of concentration mirrors, or whether <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> would be necessary. There have also been proposals to use the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">gravitational potential energy</a> of planets or dwarf planets with moons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body#Weightlessness" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effects of low gravity on the human body</a> – All moons of the gas giants and all outer dwarf planets have a very low gravity, the highest being <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io's</a> gravity (0.183 g) which is less than 1/5 of the Earth's gravity. Since the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> all crewed spaceflight has been constrained to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth orbit</a> and there has been no opportunity to test the effects of such low gravitational accelerations on the human body. It is speculated (but not confirmed) that the low gravity environments might have very similar effects to long-term exposure in <a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">weightlessness</a>. Such effects can be avoided by <a href="/wiki/Artificial_gravity#Centripetal_force" title="Artificial gravity">rotating spacecraft creating artificial gravity</a>.</li> <li>Dust – breathing risks associated with fine dust from rocky surface objects, for similar reasons as <a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil#Harmful_effects_of_lunar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">harmful effects of lunar dust</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</a>]</div> Space colonization has been seen as a relief to the problem of <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">human overpopulation</a> as early as 1758,<a href="#cite_note-tsr2009-81">[81]</a> and listed as one of Stephen Hawking's reasons for pursuing space exploration.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Critics note, however, that a slowdown in population growth rates since the 1980s has alleviated the risk of overpopulation.<a href="#cite_note-tsr2009-81">[81]</a> Critics also argue that the costs of commercial activity in space are too high to be profitable against Earth-based industries, and hence that it is unlikely to see significant exploitation of space resources in the foreseeable future.<a href="#cite_note-Marshall-83">[83]</a> Other objections include concerns that the forthcoming colonization and <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> of the cosmos is likely to enhance the interests of the already powerful, including major economic and military institutions e.g. the large financial institutions, the major aerospace companies and the <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">military–industrial complex</a>, to lead to new <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">wars</a>, and to exacerbate pre-existing exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">workers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Social division">social division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">marginalization</a>, environmental degradation, and other detrimental processes or institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Dickens-MR-2010-11-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dickens-MR-2008-02-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dickens-MR-2017-03-86">[86]</a> Additional concerns include creating a culture in which humans are no longer seen as human, but rather as material assets. The issues of <a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">human dignity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">bioethics</a>, and the threat of megalomaniac leaders in these new "societies" would all have to be addressed in order for space colonization to meet the <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Group_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (sociology)">social</a> needs of people living in isolated colonies.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> As an alternative or addendum for the future of the human race, many science fiction writers have focused on the realm of the 'inner-space', that is the computer-aided exploration of the <a href="/wiki/Human_mind" class="mw-redirect" title="Human mind">human mind</a> and human <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>—possibly en route developmentally to a <a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_Brain" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrioshka Brain">Matrioshka Brain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> are proposed as an alternative to gain many of the same scientific advantages without the limited mission duration and high cost of life support and return transportation involved in human missions.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> A corollary to the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a>—"nobody else is doing it"<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>—is the argument that, because no evidence of <a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox#Alien_constructs" title="Fermi paradox">alien colonization technology</a> exists, it is statistically unlikely to even be possible to use that same level of technology ourselves.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonialism">Colonialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Colonialism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_advocacy#Decolonizing_space" title="Space advocacy">Space advocacy § Decolonizing space</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_ethics" title="Space ethics">Space ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_terraforming" title="Ethics of terraforming">Ethics of terraforming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_chauvinism" title="Planetary chauvinism">Planetary chauvinism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini5insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gemini5insignia.png/130px-Gemini5insignia.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gemini5insignia.png/195px-Gemini5insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gemini5insignia.png/260px-Gemini5insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gemini_5" title="Gemini 5">Gemini 5</a> mission badge (1965) connecting spaceflight to colonial endeavours<a href="#cite_note-Roger_Launiuss_Blog_2011-92">[92]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Artemis_Gateway_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/NASA_Artemis_Gateway_logo.png/130px-NASA_Artemis_Gateway_logo.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/NASA_Artemis_Gateway_logo.png/195px-NASA_Artemis_Gateway_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/NASA_Artemis_Gateway_logo.png/260px-NASA_Artemis_Gateway_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="9252" data-file-height="8072" /></a><figcaption>The logo and name of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a> references the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch" title="Gateway Arch">Gateway Arch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> which some see as associating Mars with the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a> mentality of <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism#Settler_colonialism_in_the_United_States" title="Settler colonialism">American settler colonialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPR.org_2015-94">[94]</a></figcaption></figure> Space colonization has been discussed as <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">postcolonial</a><a href="#cite_note-Durrani_2019-42">[42]</a> continuation of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haskins-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drake-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-marshall-98">[98]</a> calling for <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> instead of colonization.<a href="#cite_note-Bartels_2018h-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo_2018-100">[100]</a> Critics argue that the present politico-legal regimes and their philosophic grounding, advantage imperialist development of space,<a href="#cite_note-marshall-98">[98]</a> that key decisionmakers in space colonization are often wealthy elites affiliated with private corporations, and that space colonization would primarily appeal to their peers rather than ordinary citizens.<a href="#cite_note-DNLee-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Furthermore, it is argued that there is a need for inclusive<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> and democratic participation and implementation of any space exploration, infrastructure or habitation.<a href="#cite_note-Tavares_Buckner_Burton_McKaig_2020-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> According to space law expert Michael Dodge, existing <a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">space law</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a>, guarantees access to space, but does not enforce social inclusiveness or regulate non-state actors.<a href="#cite_note-Bartels_2018h-99">[99]</a> Particularly the narrative of the "<a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a>" has been criticized as unreflected continuation of <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>, continuing the narrative of exploration as fundamental to the assumed <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schaberg_2021-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Renstrom_2021-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haskins-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-DNLee-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drake-97">[97]</a> Joon Yun considers <a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">space colonization as a solution to human survival</a> and global problems like pollution to be imperialist;<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> others have identified space as a new <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_zone" title="Sacrifice zone">sacrifice zone</a> of colonialism.<a href="#cite_note-Calma_2021-109">[109]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natalie_B._Trevino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natalie B. Trevino (page does not exist)">Natalie B. Trevino</a> argues that not colonialism but <a href="/wiki/Decoloniality" title="Decoloniality">coloniality</a> will be carried into space if not reflected on.<a href="#cite_note-Filling_Space_2021-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trevino_2021-111">[111]</a> More specifically the advocacy for territorial colonization <a href="/wiki/Mars_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars colonization">of Mars</a> opposed to <a href="/wiki/Venus_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus colonization">habitation in the atmospheric space of Venus</a> has been called surfacism,<a href="#cite_note-Tickle_2015-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> a concept similar to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gold" title="Thomas Gold">Thomas Golds</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface_chauvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface chauvinism">surface chauvinism</a>. More generally space infrastructure such as the <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea_Observatories" title="Mauna Kea Observatories">Mauna Kea Observatories</a> have also been <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Mauna_Kea_Observatories" title="Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories">criticized and protested against</a> as being colonialist.<a href="#cite_note-Matson_Nunn_2021-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a> has also been the site of anti-colonial protests, connecting colonization as an issue on Earth and in space.<a href="#cite_note-Durrani_2019-42">[42]</a> In regard to the scenario of <a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">extraterrestrial</a> <a href="/wiki/First_contact_(anthropology)" title="First contact (anthropology)">first contact</a>, it has been argued that the employment of colonial language would endanger such first impressions and encounters.<a href="#cite_note-Bartels_2018h-99">[99]</a> Furthermore spaceflight as a whole and space law more particularly has been criticized as a postcolonial project by being built on a colonial legacy and by not facilitating the sharing of access to space and its benefits, too often allowing spaceflight to be used to sustain colonialism and imperialism, most of all on Earth instead.<a href="#cite_note-Durrani_2019-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planetary_protection">Planetary protection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Planetary protection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></div> Robotic spacecraft to Mars are required to be sterilized, to have at most 300,000 spores on the exterior of the craft—and more thoroughly sterilized if they contact "special regions" containing water, or it could contaminate life-detection experiments or the planet itself.<a href="#cite_note-groundwatercontamination-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-COSPAR_PLANETARY_PROTECTION_POLICY-116">[116]</a> It is impossible to sterilize human missions to this level, as humans are host to typically a hundred trillion <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> of thousands of species of the <a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome" title="Human microbiome">human microbiome</a>, and these cannot be removed while preserving the life of the human. Containment seems the only option, but it is a major challenge in the event of a hard landing (i.e. crash).<a href="#cite_note-biospherescollide-117">[117]</a> There have been several planetary workshops on this issue, but with no final guidelines yet for a way forward.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Human explorers could also inadvertently contaminate Earth if they return to the planet while carrying extraterrestrial microorganisms.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_and_mental_health_risks_to_colonists">Physical and mental health risks to colonists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Physical and mental health risks to colonists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a></div> The health of the humans who may participate in a colonization venture would be subject to increased physical, mental and emotional risks. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> learned that – without gravity – bones lose <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">minerals</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bone_density" title="Bone density">Bone density</a> may decrease by 1% per month,<a href="#cite_note-nasa-body-121">[121]</a> which may lead to a greater risk of osteoporosis-related fractures later in life. Fluid shifts towards to the head may cause vision problems.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> NASA found that isolation in closed environments aboard the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> led to <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a>, and diminished personal interactions, likely due to confined spaces and the monotony and boredom of long space flight.<a href="#cite_note-nasa-body-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythm</a> may also be susceptible to the effects of space life due to the effects on sleep of disrupted timing of sunset and sunrise.<a href="#cite_note-weir-124">[124]</a> This can lead to exhaustion, as well as other sleep problems such as <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, which can reduce their productivity and lead to mental health disorders.<a href="#cite_note-weir-124">[124]</a> High-energy radiation is a health risk that colonists would face, as radiation in deep space is deadlier than what astronauts face now in low Earth orbit. Metal shielding on space vehicles protects against only 25–30% of space radiation, possibly leaving colonists exposed to the other 70% of radiation and its short and long-term health complications.<a href="#cite_note-:0-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</a>]</div> Building colonies in space would require access to water, food, space, people, construction materials, energy, transportation, <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_support_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support system">life support</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simulated_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulated gravity">simulated gravity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> protection, migration, governance and capital investment. It is likely the colonies would be located near the necessary physical resources. The practice of <a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">space architecture</a> seeks to transform spaceflight from a heroic test of human endurance to a normality within the bounds of comfortable experience. As is true of other frontier-opening endeavors, the capital investment necessary for space colonization would probably come from governments,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> an argument made by John Hickman<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson" title="Neil deGrasse Tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Migration">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> has enabled only temporarily relocating a few privileged people and no permanent space migrants. The societal motivation for space migration has been questioned as rooted in colonialism, questioning the fundamentals and inclusivity of space colonization. Highlighting the need to reflect on such socio-economic issues beside the technical challenges for implementation.<a href="#cite_note-m794-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-l879-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> A range of different models of transplanetary or extraterrestrial governance have been sketched or proposed. Often envisioning the need for a fresh or independent extraterrestrial governance, particularly in the void left by the contemporarily criticized lack of space governance and inclusivity. It has been argued that space colonialism would, similarly to terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonialism</a>, produce colonial national identities.<a href="#cite_note-Eller_2022_pp._148–160-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a> has been studied as a remedy of such distant and autonomous communities.<a href="#cite_note-u501-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_support">Life support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Life support">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Space food</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Food_Production_-_Bisected.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mars_Food_Production_-_Bisected.jpg/260px-Mars_Food_Production_-_Bisected.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mars_Food_Production_-_Bisected.jpg/390px-Mars_Food_Production_-_Bisected.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mars_Food_Production_-_Bisected.jpg/520px-Mars_Food_Production_-_Bisected.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s plans to grow food on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></figcaption></figure> In space settlements, a life support system must recycle or import all the nutrients without "crashing." The closest terrestrial analogue to space life support is possibly that of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear submarine</a>. Nuclear submarines use mechanical life support systems to support humans for months without surfacing, and this same basic technology could presumably be employed for space use. However, nuclear submarines run "open loop"—extracting oxygen from seawater, and typically dumping <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> overboard, although they recycle existing oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Another commonly proposed life-support system is a <a href="/wiki/Closed_ecological_system" title="Closed ecological system">closed ecological system</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_2" title="Biosphere 2">Biosphere 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solutions_to_health_risks">Solutions to health risks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Solutions to health risks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></div> Although there are many physical, mental, and emotional health risks for future colonists and pioneers, solutions have been proposed to correct these problems. <a href="/wiki/Mars500" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars500">Mars500</a>, <a href="/wiki/HI-SEAS" title="HI-SEAS">HI-SEAS</a>, and SMART-OP represent efforts to help reduce the effects of loneliness and confinement for long periods of time. Keeping contact with family members, celebrating holidays, and maintaining cultural identities all had an impact on minimizing the deterioration of mental health.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> There are also health tools in development to help astronauts reduce anxiety, as well as helpful tips to reduce the spread of germs and bacteria in a closed environment.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Radiation risk may be reduced for astronauts by frequent monitoring and focusing work to minimize time away from shielding.<a href="#cite_note-:0-125">[125]</a> Future space agencies can also ensure that every colonist would have a mandatory amount of daily exercise to prevent degradation of muscle.<a href="#cite_note-:0-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radiation_protection">Radiation protection</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Radiation protection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic rays">Cosmic rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar flares</a> create a lethal radiation environment in space. In orbit around certain planets with magnetospheres (including Earth), the <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_belts" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Allen belts">Van Allen belts</a> make living above the atmosphere difficult. To protect life, settlements must be surrounded by sufficient mass to absorb most incoming radiation, unless magnetic or plasma radiation shields are developed.<a href="#cite_note-spacecraftshielding-137">[137]</a> In the case of Van Allen belts, these could be drained using orbiting tethers<a href="#cite_note-mirnov1996-138">[138]</a> or radio waves.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Passive mass shielding of four metric tons per square meter of surface area will reduce radiation dosage to several <a href="/wiki/Sievert#Yearly_dose_examples" title="Sievert">mSv</a> or less annually, well below the rate of some populated <a href="/wiki/Background_radiation#Natural_background_radiation" title="Background radiation">high natural background areas</a> on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> This can be leftover material (slag) from processing lunar soil and asteroids into oxygen, metals, and other useful materials. However, it represents a significant obstacle to manoeuvering vessels with such massive bulk (mobile spacecraft being particularly likely to use less massive active shielding).<a href="#cite_note-spacecraftshielding-137">[137]</a> Inertia would necessitate powerful thrusters to start or stop rotation, or electric motors to spin two massive portions of a vessel in opposite senses. Shielding material can be stationary around a rotating interior. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychological_adjustment">Psychological adjustment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Psychological adjustment">edit</a>]</div> The monotony and loneliness that comes from a prolonged space mission can leave astronauts susceptible to cabin fever or having a psychotic break. Moreover, lack of sleep, fatigue, and work overload can affect an astronaut's ability to perform well in an environment such as space where every action is critical.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> Space colonization can roughly be said to be possible when the necessary methods of space colonization become <a href="/wiki/Economic_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic behavior">cheap enough</a> (such as space access by cheaper launch systems) to meet the cumulative funds that have been gathered for the purpose, in addition to estimated profits from <a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">commercial use of space</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although there are no immediate prospects for the large amounts of money required for space colonization to be available given traditional launch costs,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> there is some prospect of a radical reduction to launch costs in the 2010s, which would consequently lessen the cost of any efforts in that direction. With a published price of US$56.5 million per launch of up to 13,150 kg (28,990 lb) payload<a href="#cite_note-sxCapabilitiesSvcs20131211-143">[143]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rockets are already the "cheapest in the industry".<a href="#cite_note-fp20131209-144">[144]</a> Advancements currently being developed as part of the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_reusable_launch_system_development_program" title="SpaceX reusable launch system development program">SpaceX reusable launch system development program</a> to enable reusable Falcon 9s "could drop the price by an order of magnitude, sparking more space-based enterprise, which in turn would drop the cost of access to space still further through economies of scale."<a href="#cite_note-fp20131209-144">[144]</a> If SpaceX is successful in developing the reusable technology, it would be expected to "have a major impact on the cost of access to space", and change the increasingly <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competitive market</a> in space launch services.<a href="#cite_note-bbc20130930-145">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy</a> suggested that an <a href="/wiki/Inducement_prize_contest" title="Inducement prize contest">inducement prize</a> should be established, perhaps by government, for the achievement of space colonization, for example by offering the prize to the first organization to place humans on the Moon and sustain them for a fixed period before they return to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Money_and_currency">Money and currency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Money and currency">edit</a>]</div> Experts have debated on the possible use of money and currencies in societies that will be established in space. The Quasi Universal Intergalactic Denomination, or QUID, is a physical currency made from a space-qualified polymer <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">PTFE</a> for inter-planetary travelers. QUID was designed for the foreign exchange company Travelex by scientists from Britain's National Space Centre and the University of Leicester.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Other possibilities include the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> as the primary form of currency, as suggested by <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resources">Resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Resources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></div> Colonies on the Moon, Mars, asteroids, or the metal-rich planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, could extract local materials. The Moon is deficient in <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> and compounds of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>. The LCROSS impacter was targeted at the <a href="/wiki/Cabeus_(crater)" title="Cabeus (crater)">Cabeus crater</a> which was chosen as having a high concentration of water for the Moon. A plume of material erupted in which some water was detected. Mission chief scientist Anthony Colaprete estimated that the Cabeus crater contains material with 1% water or possibly more.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Water <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> should also be in other permanently shadowed craters near the lunar poles. Although helium is present only in low concentrations on the Moon, where it is deposited into <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> by the solar wind, an estimated million tons of He-3 exists over all.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> It also has industrially significant <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, and metals such as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>. Launching materials from Earth is expensive, so bulk materials for colonies could come from the Moon, a <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">near-Earth object</a> (NEO), <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a>. The benefits of using such sources include: a lower gravitational force, no <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">atmospheric drag</a> on cargo vessels, and no biosphere to damage. Many NEOs contain substantial amounts of metals. Underneath a drier outer crust (much like <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a>), some other NEOs are inactive comets which include billions of tons of water ice and <a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">kerogen</a> hydrocarbons, as well as some nitrogen compounds.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Farther out, <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_outer_Solar_System#Jupiter_trojans" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the outer Solar System">Jupiter's Trojan asteroids</a> are thought to be rich in water ice and other volatiles.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> of some raw materials would almost certainly be necessary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy">Energy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a> in orbit is abundant, reliable, and is commonly used to power satellites today. There is no night in free space, and no clouds or atmosphere to block sunlight. Light intensity obeys an <a href="/wiki/Inverse-square_law" title="Inverse-square law">inverse-square law</a>. So the solar energy available at distance d from the Sun is E = 1367/d2 W/m2, where d is measured in <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (AU) and 1367 watts/m2 is the energy available at the distance of Earth's orbit from the Sun, 1 AU.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In the weightlessness and vacuum of space, high temperatures for industrial processes can easily be achieved in <a href="/wiki/Solar_ovens" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar ovens">solar ovens</a> with huge parabolic reflectors made of metallic foil with very lightweight support structures. Flat mirrors to reflect sunlight around radiation shields into living areas (to avoid line-of-sight access for cosmic rays, or to make the Sun's image appear to move across their "sky") or onto crops are even lighter and easier to build. Large solar power photovoltaic cell arrays or thermal power plants would be needed to meet the electrical power needs of the settlers' use. In developed parts of Earth, electrical consumption can average 1 kilowatt/person (or roughly 10 <a href="/wiki/Watt-hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watt-hour">megawatt-hours</a> per person per year.)<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> These power plants could be at a short distance from the main structures if wires are used to transmit the power, or much farther away with <a href="/wiki/Wireless_power_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless power transmission">wireless power transmission</a>. A major export of the initial space settlement designs was anticipated to be large <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power satellite">solar power satellites</a> (SPS) that would use wireless power transmission (phase-locked <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> beams or lasers emitting wavelengths that special solar cells convert with high efficiency) to send power to locations on Earth, or to colonies on the Moon or other locations in space. For locations on Earth, this method of getting power is extremely benign, with zero emissions and far less ground area required per watt than for conventional solar panels. Once these satellites are primarily built from lunar or asteroid-derived materials, the price of SPS electricity could be lower than energy from fossil fuel or nuclear energy; replacing these would have significant benefits such as the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a> from electricity generation.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Transmitting solar energy wirelessly from the Earth to the Moon and back is also an idea proposed for the benefit of space colonization and energy resources. Physicist Dr. David Criswell, who worked for NASA during the Apollo missions, proposed the idea of using power beams to transfer energy from space. These beams, microwaves with a wavelength of about 12 cm, would be almost untouched as they travel through the atmosphere. They could also be aimed at more industrial areas to keep away from humans or animal activities.<a href="#cite_note-i2massociates.com-156">[156]</a> This would allow for safer and more reliable methods of transferring solar energy. In 2008, scientists were able to send a 20 watt microwave signal from a mountain on the island of Maui to the island of Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Since then <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> and Mitsubishi have been working together on a $21 billion project to place satellites in orbit which could generate up to 1 gigawatt of energy.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> These are the next advancements being done today to transmit energy wirelessly for space-based solar energy. However, the value of SPS power delivered wirelessly to other locations in space will typically be far higher than to Earth. Otherwise, the means of generating the power would need to be included with these projects and pay the heavy penalty of Earth launch costs. Therefore, other than proposed demonstration projects for power delivered to Earth,<a href="#cite_note-NatSecSpaceOffice2007-159">[159]</a> the first priority for SPS electricity is likely to be locations in space, such as communications satellites, fuel depots or "orbital tugboat" boosters transferring cargo and passengers between <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO) and other orbits such as <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a> (GEO), <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Highly_elliptical_orbit" title="Highly elliptical orbit">highly-eccentric Earth orbit</a> (HEEO).<a href="#cite_note-Lewis1997-160">[160]</a>: 132  The system will also rely on satellites and receiving stations on Earth to convert the energy into electricity. Because this energy can be transmitted easily from dayside to nightside, power would be reliable 24/7.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a> is sometimes proposed for colonies located on the Moon or on Mars, as the supply of solar energy is too discontinuous in these locations; the Moon has nights of two Earth weeks in duration. Mars has nights, relatively high gravity, and an atmosphere featuring <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars#Effect_of_dust_storms" title="Climate of Mars">large dust storms</a> to cover and degrade solar panels. Also, Mars' greater distance from the Sun (1.52 astronomical units, AU) means that only 1/1.522 or about 43% of the solar energy is available at Mars compared with Earth orbit.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Another method would be transmitting energy wirelessly to the lunar or Martian colonies from solar power satellites (SPSs) as described above; the difficulties of generating power in these locations make the relative advantages of SPSs much greater there than for power beamed to locations on Earth. In order to also be able to fulfill the requirements of a Moon base and energy to supply life support, maintenance, communications, and research, a combination of both nuclear and solar energy may be used in the first colonies.<a href="#cite_note-i2massociates.com-156">[156]</a> For both solar thermal and nuclear power generation in airless environments, such as the Moon and space, and to a lesser extent the very thin Martian atmosphere, one of the main difficulties is dispersing the <a href="/wiki/Carnot_cycle" title="Carnot cycle">inevitable heat generated</a>. This requires fairly large radiator areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-replication">Self-replication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Self-replication">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Neumann probe">von Neumann probe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machine" title="Self-replicating machine">Self-replicating machine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology" title="Molecular nanotechnology">molecular nanotechnology</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Space manufacturing</a> could enable self-replication. Some consider it the ultimate goal because it would allow an <a href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponential</a> increase in colonies, while eliminating costs to, and dependence on, Earth.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> It could be argued that the establishment of such a colony would be Earth's first act of <a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">self-replication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Intermediate goals include colonies that expect only information from Earth (science, engineering, entertainment) and colonies that just require periodic supply of light weight objects, such as <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>, medicines, <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">genetic material</a> and tools. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_size">Population size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Population size">edit</a>]</div> In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_H._Moore" title="John H. Moore">John H. Moore</a> estimated<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> that a population of 150–180 would permit a stable society to exist for 60 to 80 generations—equivalent to 2,000 years. Assuming a journey of 6,300 years, the astrophysicist Frédéric Marin and the particle physicist Camille Beluffi calculated that the minimum viable population for a <a href="/wiki/Generation_ship" title="Generation ship">generation ship</a> to reach <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a> would be 98 settlers at the beginning of the mission (then the crew will breed until reaching a stable population of several hundred settlers within the ship).<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In 2020, Jean-Marc Salotti proposed a method to determine the minimum number of settlers to survive on an extraterrestrial world. It is based on the comparison between the required time to perform all activities and the working time of all human resources. For Mars, 110 individuals would be required.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Advocacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_advocacy" title="Space advocacy">Space advocacy</a></div> Several private companies have announced plans toward the <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">colonization of Mars</a>. Among entrepreneurs leading the call for space colonization are Elon Musk, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Tito" title="Dennis Tito">Dennis Tito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bas_Lansdorp" title="Bas Lansdorp">Bas Lansdorp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involved_organizations">Involved organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Involved organizations">edit</a>]</div> Organizations that contribute to space colonization include: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a> (NSS) is an organization with the vision of people living and working in thriving communities beyond the Earth. The NSS also maintains an extensive library of full-text articles and books on space settlement.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Frontier_Foundation" title="Space Frontier Foundation">Space Frontier Foundation</a> performs <a href="/wiki/Space_advocacy" title="Space advocacy">space advocacy</a> including strong <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> views about space development.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a> promotes Robert Zubrin's <a href="/wiki/Mars_Direct" title="Mars Direct">Mars Direct</a> plan and the settlement of Mars.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Settlement_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Settlement Institute">Space Settlement Institute</a> is searching for ways to make space colonization happen within a lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> is developing extensive <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_transportation_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure">spaceflight transportation infrastructure</a> with the express purpose of enabling long-term human settlement of Mars.<a href="#cite_note-trati20181224-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-sn20181224-174">[174]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Studies_Institute" title="Space Studies Institute">Space Studies Institute</a> funds the study of outer space settlements, especially <a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder" title="O'Neill cylinder">O'Neill cylinders</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alliance_to_Rescue_Civilization" title="Alliance to Rescue Civilization">Alliance to Rescue Civilization</a> plans to establish <a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">backups</a> of human civilization on the Moon and other locations away from Earth.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Artemis_Project" title="Artemis Project">Artemis Project</a> plans to set up a private lunar surface station.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930008978.pdf">[2]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society" title="British Interplanetary Society">British Interplanetary Society</a> (BIS) promotes ideas for the exploration and use of space, including a <a href="/wiki/Project_Boreas" title="Project Boreas">Mars colony</a>, future propulsion systems (see <a href="/wiki/Project_Daedalus" title="Project Daedalus">Project Daedalus</a>), terraforming, and locating other habitable worlds.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <ul><li>In June 2013 the BIS began the SPACE project to re-examine Gerard O'Neill's 1970s space colony studies in light of the advances made since then. The progress of this effort were detailed in a special edition of the BIS journal in September 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:2-176">[176]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgardia_(nation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asgardia (nation)">Asgardia (nation)</a> – an organization searching to circumvent limitations placed by <a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Space_Exploration_Organisation" title="Cyprus Space Exploration Organisation">Cyprus Space Exploration Organisation</a> promotes space exploration and colonization, and fosters collaboration in space.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terrestrial_analogues_to_space_settlement">Terrestrial analogues to space settlement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Terrestrial analogues to space settlement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mars_analog_habitat" title="Mars analog habitat">Mars analog habitat</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_analogs" title="List of Mars analogs">List of Mars analogs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_bio2_sunset_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Wiki_bio2_sunset_001.jpg/260px-Wiki_bio2_sunset_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Wiki_bio2_sunset_001.jpg/390px-Wiki_bio2_sunset_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Wiki_bio2_sunset_001.jpg/520px-Wiki_bio2_sunset_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Biosphere 2 is a test habitat on Earth for space flight.</figcaption></figure> Many <a href="/wiki/Space_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Space agency">space agencies</a> build "testbeds", which are facilities on Earth for testing advanced life support systems, but these are designed for long duration <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a>, not permanent colonization. <ul><li>The most famous attempt to build an analogue to a self-sufficient settlement is <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_2" title="Biosphere 2">Biosphere 2</a>, which attempted to duplicate Earth's biosphere.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOS-3" title="BIOS-3">BIOS-3</a> is another <a href="/wiki/Closed_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed ecosystem">closed ecosystem</a>, completed in 1972 in <a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mars_Desert_Research_Station" title="Mars Desert Research Station">Mars Desert Research Station</a> has a habitat for similar reasons, but the surrounding climate is not strictly inhospitable.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon Island</a> <a href="/wiki/Flashline_Mars_Arctic_Research_Station" title="Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station">Mars Arctic Research Station</a>, can also provide some practice for off-world outpost construction and operation.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media_and_fiction">In media and fiction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: In media and fiction">edit</a>]</div> Although <a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Space stations and habitats in popular culture">established space habitats</a> are a stock element in science fiction stories, fictional works that explore the themes, social or practical, of the settlement and occupation of a habitable world are more rare.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_(novel)" title="Solaris (novel)">Solaris</a> is noted for its critique of space colonization of inhabited planets. At one point, one of the characters says:<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We are humanitarian and chivalrous; we don't want to enslave other races, we simply want to bequeath them our values and take over their heritage in exchange. We think of ourselves as the Knights of the Holy Contact. This is another lie. We are only seeking Man. We have no need of other worlds. We need mirrors. (§6:72)</blockquote> In 2022 <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Herzog" title="Rudolph Herzog">Rudolph Herzog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a> presented an in-depth documentary with <a href="/wiki/Lucianne_Walkowicz" title="Lucianne Walkowicz">Lucianne Walkowicz</a> called Last exit: Space.<a href="#cite_note-Machkovech_2022-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_sphere" title="Bernal sphere">Bernal sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonisation_(biology)" title="Colonisation (biology)">Colonisation (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization of Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_panspermia" title="Directed panspermia">Directed panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domed_city" title="Domed city">Domed city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_outpost" title="Human outpost">Human outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_presence_in_space" title="Human presence in space">Human presence in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point_colonization" title="Lagrange point colonization">Lagrange point colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_analog_habitat" title="Mars analog habitat">Mars analog habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Mars to Stay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewSpace" class="mw-redirect" title="NewSpace">NewSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELiSSA" title="MELiSSA">MELiSSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_colonization" title="Ocean colonization">Ocean colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_Cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Neill Cylinder">O'Neill Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_analog" title="Solar analog">Solar analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_archaeology" title="Space archaeology">Space archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Space habitat">Space habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Space observatory">Space observatory</a> – Instrument in space to study astronomical objectsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_outer_space" title="Politics of outer space">Politics of outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_station" title="Research station">Research station</a> – Facility for scientific research</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spome" title="Spome">Spome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Stanford torus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming" title="Terraforming">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">Timeline of Solar System exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_city" title="Underground city">Underground city</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBilal2024" class="citation web cs1">Bilal, Mustafa (2024-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/advent-astropolitical-alliances/">"The advent of astropolitical alliances"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+on+Principles+Governing+the+Activities+of+States+in+the+Exploration+and+Use+of+Outer+Space%2C+including+the+Moon+and+Other+Celestial+Bodies&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+for+Disarmament+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdisarmament.un.org%2Ftreaties%2Ft%2Fouter_space&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durrani_2019-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Durrani_2019_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durrani_2019_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durrani_2019_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durrani_2019_42-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurrani2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Durrani, Haris (19 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/world/apollo-space-lunar-rockets-colonialism/">"Is Spaceflight Colonialism?"</a>. The Nation. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Is+Spaceflight+Colonialism%3F&rft.date=2019-07-19&rft.aulast=Durrani&rft.aufirst=Haris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fapollo-space-lunar-rockets-colonialism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock2015" class="citation web cs1">Lock, Alexander (6 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2015/06/space-the-final-frontier.html">"Space: The Final Frontier"</a>. The British Library – Medieval manuscripts blog. Retrieved 2 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library+%E2%80%93+Medieval+manuscripts+blog&rft.atitle=Space%3A+The+Final+Frontier&rft.date=2015-06-06&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.bl.uk%2Fdigitisedmanuscripts%2F2015%2F06%2Fspace-the-final-frontier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper2018" class="citation web cs1">Piper, Kelsey (2018-10-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/10/22/17991736/jeff-bezos-elon-musk-colonizing-mars-moon-space-blue-origin-spacex">"Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk want to colonize space to save humanity"</a>. Vox. Retrieved 2021-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Jeff+Bezos+and+Elon+Musk+want+to+colonize+space+to+save+humanity&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Kelsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Ffuture-perfect%2F2018%2F10%2F22%2F17991736%2Fjeff-bezos-elon-musk-colonizing-mars-moon-space-blue-origin-spacex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaku2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michio_Kaku" title="Michio Kaku">Kaku, Michio</a> (2018). The Future of Humanity: Terraforming Mars, Interstellar Travel, Immortality, and Our Destiny Beyond Earth. Doubleday. pp. 3–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385542760" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385542760"><bdi>978-0385542760</bdi></a>. <q>It is as inescapable as the laws of physics that humanity will one day confront some type of <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>-level <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">event</a>. ... [W]e face threats [that include] <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> ... <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">weaponized microbes</a> ... <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">the onset of another ice age</a> ... the possibility that <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Caldera" title="Yellowstone Caldera">the supervolcano under Yellowstone National Park</a> may awaken from its long slumber ... [and] another <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">meteor or cometary impact</a> . ... [from one of the] several thousand <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs (near-Earth objects)</a> that cross the orbit of the Earth. ... Life is too precious to be placed on a single planet . ... Perhaps our fate is to become a multiplanet species that lives <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">among the stars</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Humanity%3A+Terraforming+Mars%2C+Interstellar+Travel%2C+Immortality%2C+and+Our+Destiny+Beyond+Earth&rft.pages=3-6&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0385542760&rft.aulast=Kaku&rft.aufirst=Michio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighfield2001" class="citation news cs1">Highfield, Roger (16 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1359562/Colonies-in-space-may-be-only-hope-says-Hawking.html">"Colonies in space may be only hope, says Hawking"</a>. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417023904/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/01/science/01arc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-04-17. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629081936/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/17/science/17tier.html?ex=1342324800&en=ccf375ae9f268470&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Survival+Imperative+for+Space+Colonization&rft.date=2007-07-17&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F17%2Fscience%2F17tier.html%3Fex%3D1342324800%26en%3Dccf375ae9f268470%26ei%3D5090%26partner%3Drssuserland%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sb01-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sb01_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sb01_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sb01_52-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seth_Baum" title="Seth Baum">Baum, Seth D.</a>; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gcrinstitute.org/papers/trajectories.pdf">"Long-Term Trajectories of Human Civilization"</a> (PDF). Foresight. 21 (1). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing: 53–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FFS-04-2018-0037">10.1108/FS-04-2018-0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52042667">52042667</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102042937/http://gcrinstitute.org/papers/trajectories.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2019-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foresight&rft.atitle=Long-Term+Trajectories+of+Human+Civilization&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-83&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FFS-04-2018-0037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52042667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Seth+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgcrinstitute.org%2Fpapers%2Ftrajectories.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Estimated 3000 times the land area of Earth. O'Neill, Gerard K. (1976, 2000). <a href="/wiki/The_High_Frontier" class="mw-redirect" title="The High Frontier">The High Frontier</a>. Apogee Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896522-67-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-896522-67-X">1-896522-67-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Estimated 10 quadrillion (1016) people. Lewis, John S. (1997). <a href="/wiki/Mining_the_Sky" title="Mining the Sky">Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets</a>. Helix Books/Addison-Wesley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-32819-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-32819-4">0-201-32819-4</a> version 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Estimated 5 quintillion (5 x 1018) people. Savage, Marshall (1992, 1994). <a href="/wiki/The_Millennial_Project:_Colonizing_the_Galaxy_in_Eight_Easy_Steps" class="mw-redirect" title="The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps">The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps</a>. Little, Brown. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-77163-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-77163-5">0-316-77163-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2017_Phase_I_Phase_II/Sustainable_Human_Exploration">Optical Mining of Asteroids, Moons, and Planets to Enable Sustainable Human Exploration and Space Industrialization</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304024010/https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2017_Phase_I_Phase_II/Sustainable_Human_Exploration/">Archived</a> 2020-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; April 6, 2017; NASA. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2016/05/24/how-to-optically-mine-water-from-an-asteroid/#37f0e05c389f">Turning Near-Earth Asteroids Into Strategically-Placed Fuel Dumps</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918065620/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2016/05/24/how-to-optically-mine-water-from-an-asteroid/#37f0e05c389f">Archived</a> 2017-09-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; May 24, 2016; Forbes. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Mark J. Sonter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/the_technical_and_economic_feasibility_of_mining_the_near_earth_asteriods.shtml">The Technical and Economic Feasibility of Mining the Near-Earth Asteroids</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080815034645/http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/the_technical_and_economic_feasibility_of_mining_the_near_earth_asteriods.shtml">Archived</a> 2008-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Presented at 49th IAF Congress, September 28 – October 2, 1998, Melbourne, Australia. Space Future. </li> <li id="cite_note-members.nova.org-59"><a href="#cite_ref-members.nova.org_59-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.nova.org/~sol/station/ast-mine.htm">Asteroid Mining</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512000822/http://members.nova.org/~sol/station/ast-mine.htm">Archived</a> 2008-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sol Station. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehouse1999" class="citation news cs1">Whitehouse, David (22 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/401227.stm">"Gold rush in space?"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307111033/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/401227.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gold+rush+in+space%3F&rft.date=1999-07-22&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F401227.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tricitiesnet.com-61"><a href="#cite_ref-tricitiesnet.com_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706123345/http://www.tricitiesnet.com/donsastronomy/mining.html">"Asteroid Mining for Profit"</a>. Don's Astronomy Pages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tricitiesnet.com/donsastronomy/mining.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Don%27s+Astronomy+Pages&rft.atitle=Asteroid+Mining+for+Profit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tricitiesnet.com%2Fdonsastronomy%2Fmining.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Makoto Nagatomo, Susumu Sasaki and Yoshihiro Naruo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/conceptual_study_of_a_solar_power_satellite_sps_2000.shtml">Conceptual Study of A Solar Power Satellite, SPS 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725171510/http://spacefuture.com/archive/conceptual_study_of_a_solar_power_satellite_sps_2000.shtml">Archived</a> 2008-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science, Yokohama, Japan, May 1994, pp. 469–476 Paper No. ISTS-94-e-04 – Space Future. </li> <li id="cite_note-panix.com-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-panix.com_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-panix.com_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-panix.com_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-panix.com_63-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panix.com/~kingdon/space/manuf.html">Space Manufacturing</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080904234210/http://www.panix.com/~kingdon/space/manuf.html">Archived</a> 2008-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Jim Kingdon's space markets page. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.nss.org/asteroids/">"Asteroids|National Space Society"</a>. 2 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226111255/https://space.nss.org/asteroids/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-26. Retrieved 2019-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asteroids%7CNational+Space+Society&rft.date=2017-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspace.nss.org%2Fasteroids%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Ricky J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809183150/http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=406&gTable=Paper&gID=16257">"Costing and financing a commercial asteroid mining venture"</a>. 54th International Astronautical Congress. Bremen, Germany. IAC-03-IAA.3.1.06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiaa.org/content.cfm?pageid=406&gTable=Paper&gID=16257">the original</a> on 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2009-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=54th+International+Astronautical+Congress&rft.atitle=Costing+and+financing+a+commercial+asteroid+mining+venture&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ricky+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiaa.org%2Fcontent.cfm%3Fpageid%3D406%26gTable%3DPaper%26gID%3D16257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orbdev.com/erosproj.html">The Eros Project</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705103530/http://www.orbdev.com/erosproj.html">Archived</a> 2008-07-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Orbital Development. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space-settlement-institute.org/meaning.html">"The Meaning of Space Settlement"</a>. Space Settlement Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141003151529/http://www.space-settlement-institute.org/meaning.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Space+Settlement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space-settlement-institute.org%2Fmeaning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Savage, Marshall (1992, 1994). <a href="/wiki/The_Millennial_Project:_Colonizing_the_Galaxy_in_Eight_Easy_Steps" class="mw-redirect" title="The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps">The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps</a>. Little, Brown. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-77163-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-77163-5">0-316-77163-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> See for example, the work of Dr. Alan Marshall in Alan Marshall (1993) '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-5930.1993.tb00078.x">Ethics and the Extraterrestrial Environment</a>', Journal of Applied Philosophy, Vol. 10, No 2, pp227-237; Alan Marshall (1994) 'Martians Beware', New Zealand Science Monthly, December 1994 issue; Alan Marshall (1997) 'Extraterrestrial Environmentalism', Australian Science, Vol. 18, No. 2, Winter issue, pp. 25–27. July 1997; and "Cosmic Preservationist", The Word: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17723765-100-the-word-cosmic-preservationist/">New Scientist</a>, January 4th, 2003 issue. </li> <li id="cite_note-Yun-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Yun_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoon_Yun2020" class="citation web cs1">Joon Yun (January 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worth.com/is-space-the-next-frontier-for-the-same-old-story-of-imperialism/">"The Problem With Today's Ideas About Space Exploration"</a>. Worth.com. Retrieved 2020-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worth.com&rft.atitle=The+Problem+With+Today%27s+Ideas+About+Space+Exploration.&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft.au=Joon+Yun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worth.com%2Fis-space-the-next-frontier-for-the-same-old-story-of-imperialism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajk1976" class="citation journal cs1">Vajk, J.Peter (1976-01-01). "The impact of space colonization on world dynamics". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 9 (4): 361–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-1625%2876%2990019-6">10.1016/0040-1625(76)90019-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-1625">0040-1625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technological+Forecasting+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+space+colonization+on+world+dynamics&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=361-99&rft.date=1976-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0040-1625%2876%2990019-6&rft.issn=0040-1625&rft.aulast=Vajk&rft.aufirst=J.Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> O'Neill, Colonies in Space; Pournelle, A Step Farther Out. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140817025438/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/7935505/Stephen-Hawking-mankind-must-move-to-outer-space-within-a-century.html">"Stephen Hawking: mankind must move to outer space within a century - Telegraph"</a>. 2014-08-17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/7935505/Stephen-Hawking-mankind-must-move-to-outer-space-within-a-century.html">the original</a> on 2014-08-17. Retrieved 2021-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephen+Hawking%3A+mankind+must+move+to+outer+space+within+a+century+-+Telegraph&rft.date=2014-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fscience%2Fspace%2F7935505%2FStephen-Hawking-mankind-must-move-to-outer-space-within-a-century.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clarkebipeds-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clarkebipeds_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clarkebipeds_74-1">b</a> Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds! (1999), <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>, Voyager, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-224698-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-224698-8">0-00-224698-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> The Good Earth Is Dying (1971), <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, (published in <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mining_the_Sky:_Untold_Riches_from_the_Asteroids,_Comets,_and_Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets">Mining the Sky</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/John_S._Lewis" title="John S. Lewis">John S. Lewis</a>. Addison Wesley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-47959-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-47959-1">0-201-47959-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke,_Arthur_C.1962" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Arthur C. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/profilesoffuture00clar">"Rocket to the Renaissance"</a>. Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry Into the Limits of the Possible.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rocket+to+the+Renaissance&rft.btitle=Profiles+of+the+Future%3A+An+Inquiry+Into+the+Limits+of+the+Possible&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Arthur+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprofilesoffuture00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight,_John_Carter2003" class="citation web cs1">McKnight, John Carter (20 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/news/oped-03y.html">"The Space Settlement Summit"</a>. Space Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514103953/http://www.spacedaily.com/news/oped-03y.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Space+Settlement+Summit&rft.pub=Space+Daily&rft.date=2003-03-20&rft.au=McKnight%2C+John+Carter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Fnews%2Foped-03y.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostrom2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bostrom, Nick (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/astronomical/waste.html">"Astronomical Waste: The Opportunity Cost of Delayed Technological Development"</a>. Utilitas. 15 (3): 308–14. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.429.2849">10.1.1.429.2849</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0953820800004076">10.1017/S0953820800004076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15860897">15860897</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409031022/http://www.nickbostrom.com/astronomical/waste.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-04-09. 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Retrieved 2019-03-04. <q>We are a circadian species, and if you don't have the proper lighting to maintain that <a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">chronobiology</a>, it can create significant problems for crew members</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+to+Mars&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fmonitor%2F2018%2F06%2Fmission-mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_125-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/travelinginspace/30sept_spacemedicine.html">"Keeping Astronauts Healthy in Space"</a>. 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Retrieved 2022-09-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Interplanetary+Society&rft.atitle=Journal+of+the+British+Interplanetary+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis-space.com%2Fpublications%2Fjbis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-176"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis-space.com/membership/jbis/2019/JBIS-v72-no09-September-October-2019_dk64ll.pdf">"BIS SPACE Project special issue"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_British_Interplanetary_Society" title="Journal of the British Interplanetary Society">Journal of the British Interplanetary Society</a>. 72 (9/10). September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Interplanetary+Society&rft.atitle=BIS+SPACE+Project+special+issue&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=9%2F10&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bis-space.com%2Fmembership%2Fjbis%2F2019%2FJBIS-v72-no09-September-October-2019_dk64ll.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecowatch.com/the-worlds-largest-earth-science-experiment-biosphere-2-1882107636.html">"The World's Largest Earth Science Experiment: Biosphere 2"</a>. EcoWatch. 2015-10-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814040305/https://www.ecowatch.com/the-worlds-largest-earth-science-experiment-biosphere-2-1882107636.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-14. Retrieved 2018-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EcoWatch&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Largest+Earth+Science+Experiment%3A+Biosphere+2&rft.date=2015-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecowatch.com%2Fthe-worlds-largest-earth-science-experiment-biosphere-2-1882107636.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814040445/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/12/exploring-mars-utah-mock-mission-simulation-space-science/">"8 Amazing Places You Can Visit 'Mars' on Earth"</a>. 2016-12-12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/12/exploring-mars-utah-mock-mission-simulation-space-science/">the original</a> on 2018-08-14. Retrieved 2018-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=8+Amazing+Places+You+Can+Visit+%27Mars%27+on+Earth&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F12%2Fexploring-mars-utah-mock-mission-simulation-space-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/stories/devon-island-close-mars-you-may-get">"Devon Island is as close to Mars as you may get"</a>. MNN - Mother Nature Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814040256/https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/stories/devon-island-close-mars-you-may-get">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-14. Retrieved 2018-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MNN+-+Mother+Nature+Network&rft.atitle=Devon+Island+is+as+close+to+Mars+as+you+may+get&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnn.com%2Fearth-matters%2Fwilderness-resources%2Fstories%2Fdevon-island-close-mars-you-may-get&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstone1994" class="citation journal cs1">Weinstone, Ann (July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4240332">"Resisting Monsters: Notes on "Solaris""</a>. Science Fiction Studies. 21 (2). SF-TH Inc: 173–190. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4240332">4240332</a>. Retrieved 4 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Resisting+Monsters%3A+Notes+on+%22Solaris%22&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-190&rft.date=1994-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4240332%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Weinstone&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4240332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988">"Lem's critique of colonialism, as he broadly defines it, is articulated by Snow, one of the other scientists on the space station, who says in the book's most frequently quoted passage. </li> <li id="cite_note-Machkovech_2022-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Machkovech_2022_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachkovech2022" class="citation web cs1">Machkovech, Sam (2022-03-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2022/03/ars-talks-to-werner-herzog-about-space-colonization-its-poetry/?amp=1">"Why Werner Herzog thinks human space colonization "will inevitably fail" – Ars Technica"</a>. Ars Technica. Retrieved 2022-10-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Why+Werner+Herzog+thinks+human+space+colonization+%22will+inevitably+fail%22+%E2%80%93+Ars+Technica&rft.date=2022-03-12&rft.aulast=Machkovech&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgaming%2F2022%2F03%2Fars-talks-to-werner-herzog-about-space-colonization-its-poetry%2F%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_colonization&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Space colonization <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Space+colonization">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Space+colonization&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Papers</dt></dl> <ul><li>Yap, Xiao-Shan & Rakhyun E. Kim (2023). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2023.100173" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/j.esg.2023.100173">Towards Earth-Space Governance in a Multi-Planetary Era</a>". Earth System Governance, 16: 100173.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrando2016" class="citation book cs1">Ferrando, Francesca (July 2016). "Why Space Migration Must be Posthuman". The Ethics of Space Exploration. Space and Society. New York, US: Springer. pp. 137–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-39827-3_10">10.1007/978-3-319-39827-3_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-39825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-39825-9"><bdi>978-3-319-39825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Space+Migration+Must+be+Posthuman&rft.btitle=The+Ethics+of+Space+Exploration&rft.place=New+York%2C+US&rft.series=Space+and+Society&rft.pages=137-152&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-39827-3_10&rft.isbn=978-3-319-39825-9&rft.aulast=Ferrando&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiziani2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tiziani, Moreno (Jun 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223755/http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/090113/21-Antrocom.pdf">"The Colonization of Space - An Anthropological Outlook"</a> (PDF). Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology. 9 (1). Rome, Italy: Antrocom: 225–236. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1973-2880">1973-2880</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antrocom.net/upload/sub/antrocom/090113/21-Antrocom.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2013-12-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antrocom+Online+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Colonization+of+Space+-+An+Anthropological+Outlook&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=225-236&rft.date=2013-06&rft.issn=1973-2880&rft.aulast=Tiziani&rft.aufirst=Moreno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antrocom.net%2Fupload%2Fsub%2Fantrocom%2F090113%2F21-Antrocom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoss2016" class="citation book cs1">Foss, Nicole (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theautomaticearth.com/2016/12/mass-extinction-and-mass-insanity/">Mass Extinction and Mass Insanity</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Extinction+and+Mass+Insanity&rft.date=2016-12&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theautomaticearth.com%2F2016%2F12%2Fmass-extinction-and-mass-insanity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2002" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Albert A. (2002). Spacefaring: The Human Dimension. Berkeley, CA, US: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23677-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23677-6"><bdi>978-0-520-23677-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spacefaring%3A+The+Human+Dimension&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA%2C+US&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23677-6&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Albert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeedhouse2009" class="citation book cs1">Seedhouse, Erik (2009). Lunar Outpost: The Challenges of Establishing a Human Settlement on the Moon. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09746-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09746-6"><bdi>978-0-387-09746-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lunar+Outpost%3A+The+Challenges+of+Establishing+a+Human+Settlement+on+the+Moon&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Praxis+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-387-09746-6&rft.aulast=Seedhouse&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.springer.com/astronomy/space+exploration/book/978-0-387-09746-6">[3]</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeedhouse2009" class="citation book cs1">Seedhouse, Erik (2009). Martian Outpost: The Challenges of Establishing a Human Settlement on Mars. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009maou.book.....S">2009maou.book.....S</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98190-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98190-1"><bdi>978-0-387-98190-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martian+Outpost%3A+The+Challenges+of+Establishing+a+Human+Settlement+on+Mars&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Praxis+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009maou.book.....S&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98190-1&rft.aulast=Seedhouse&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeedhouse2012" class="citation book cs1">Seedhouse, Erik (2012). Interplanetary Outpost: The Human and Technological Challenges of Exploring the Outer Planets. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-9747-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-9747-0"><bdi>978-1-4419-9747-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interplanetary+Outpost%3A+The+Human+and+Technological+Challenges+of+Exploring+the+Outer+Planets&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-9747-0&rft.aulast=Seedhouse&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron_M._Smith2012" class="citation book cs1">Cameron M. Smith, Evan T. Davies (2012). Emigrating Beyond Earth: Human Adaptation and Space Colonization. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-1164-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-1164-2"><bdi>978-1-4614-1164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emigrating+Beyond+Earth%3A+Human+Adaptation+and+Space+Colonization&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-1164-2&rft.aulast=Cameron+M.+Smith&rft.aufirst=Evan+T.+Davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Video</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Rees" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin J. Rees">Rees, Martin</a> (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngrJLQjZqY4">Brief talk on some key issues in space exploration and colonization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ngrJLQjZqY4">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brief+talk+on+some+key+issues+in+space+exploration+and+colonization&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DngrJLQjZqY4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> Posted on the official YouTube channel of <a href="/wiki/Casina_Pio_IV" title="Casina Pio IV">Casina Pio IV</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarmont2018" class="citation book cs1">Sarmont, Eagle (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/306453241">Opening the High Frontier</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opening+the+High+Frontier&rft.date=2018-12&rft.aulast=Sarmont&rft.aufirst=Eagle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F306453241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+colonization" class="Z3988"> Affordable to everyone spaceflight is the key to building a spacefaring civilization. Posted on Vimeo.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" title="Orbital pass">Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Category</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_tourism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_tourism" title="Template:Space tourism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_tourism" title="Template talk:Space tourism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_tourism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space tourism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_tourism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Space" title="Axiom Space">Axiom Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Aerospace" title="Bigelow Aerospace">Bigelow Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space_Spaceplane" title="Airbus Defence and Space Spaceplane">Airbus D&S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Aerospace_Ventures" title="Mojave Aerospace Ventures">Mojave Aerospace Ventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Technologies_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station">Orbital Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD_AeroSpace" title="PD AeroSpace">PDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwire" title="Redwire">Redwire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Adventures" title="Space Adventures">Space Adventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceship_Company" title="The Spaceship Company">The Spaceship Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAS_Space" title="CAS Space">CAS Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCA_Space_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ARCA Space Corporation">ARCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Autonomous_Astronauts" title="Association of Autonomous Astronauts">Association of Autonomous Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaute_Club_Europ%C3%A9en" title="Astronaute Club Européen">Astronaute Club Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Spaceflight_Federation" title="Commercial Spaceflight Federation">Commercial Spaceflight Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Suborbitals" title="Copenhagen Suborbitals">Copenhagen Suborbitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Frontier_Foundation" title="Space Frontier Foundation">Space Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Tourism_Society" title="Space Tourism Society">Space Tourism Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armadillo_Aerospace" title="Armadillo Aerospace">Armadillo Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arrow" title="Canadian Arrow">Canadian Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Spike_Company" title="Golden Spike Company">Golden Spike Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MirCorp" class="mw-redirect" title="MirCorp">MirCorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Span" class="mw-redirect" title="Orion Span">Orion Span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetSpace" title="PlanetSpace">PlanetSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RocketShip_Tours" title="RocketShip Tours">RocketShip Tours</a></li> <li>Space Island Group (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Island_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Island Project (page does not exist)">Space Island Project</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCOR_Aerospace" title="XCOR Aerospace">XCOR Aerospace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Denis Tito, Talgat Musabayev, and Yury Baturin"><img alt="Denis Tito, Talgat Musabayev, and Yury Baturin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg/140px-ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg/210px-ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg/280px-ISS-02_Soyuz_TM-32_Taxi_crewmembers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1226" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Current <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Future <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceShip_III" title="SpaceShip III">SpaceShip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Starliner" title="Boeing Starliner">Starliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Living in space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercialization_of_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercialization of space">Commercialization of space</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suborbital_spaceplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Suborbital spaceplane">Suborbital spaceplane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_competition" title="Space competition">Space competitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Space_Prize" title="America's Space Prize">America's Space Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansari_X_Prize" title="Ansari X Prize">Ansari X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_elevator_competitions" title="Space elevator competitions">Space elevator competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space tourists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Tito" title="Dennis Tito">Dennis Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Olsen" title="Gregory Olsen">Gregory Olsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anousheh_Ansari" title="Anousheh Ansari">Anousheh Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Simonyi" title="Charles Simonyi">Charles Simonyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garriott" title="Richard Garriott">Richard Garriott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Lalibert%C3%A9" title="Guy Laliberté">Guy Laliberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Daemen" title="Oliver Daemen">Oliver Daemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Isaacman" title="Jared Isaacman">Jared Isaacman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_Proctor" title="Sian Proctor">Sian Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayley_Arceneaux" title="Hayley Arceneaux">Hayley Arceneaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sembroski" title="Christopher Sembroski">Christopher Sembroski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusaku_Maezawa" title="Yusaku Maezawa">Yusaku Maezawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yozo_Hirano" title="Yozo Hirano">Yozo Hirano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Connor" title="Larry Connor">Larry Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pathy" title="Mark Pathy">Mark Pathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eytan_Stibbe" title="Eytan Stibbe">Eytan Stibbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shoffner" title="John Shoffner">John Shoffner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space tourism missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration4" title="Inspiration4">Inspiration4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-16" title="Blue Origin NS-16">Blue Origin NS-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-18" title="Blue Origin NS-18">Blue Origin NS-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-19" title="Blue Origin NS-19">Blue Origin NS-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-20" title="Blue Origin NS-20">Blue Origin NS-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-21" title="Blue Origin NS-21">Blue Origin NS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-22" title="Blue Origin NS-22">Blue Origin NS-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_02" title="Galactic 02">Galactic 02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_03" title="Galactic 03">Galactic 03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_04" title="Galactic 04">Galactic 04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_05" title="Galactic 05">Galactic 05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_06" title="Galactic 06">Galactic 06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_1" title="Axiom Mission 1">Axiom-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Mission_2" title="Axiom Mission 2">Axiom-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_Dawn" title="Polaris Dawn">Polaris Dawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">dearMoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Orbital_Segment" title="Axiom Orbital Segment">Axiom Orbital Segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Tourism on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism on Mars">Tourism on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haven-1" title="Haven-1">Haven-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="..._in_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;;background:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:In_space" title="Template:In space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:In_space" title="Template talk:In space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:In_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:In space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="..._in_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_in_space" title="List of topics in space">... in space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:">Biology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_presence_in_space" title="Human presence in space">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">The human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronautical_hygiene" title="Astronautical hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotion_in_space" title="Locomotion in space">Locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_in_space" title="Neuroscience in space">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_space" title="Sleep in space">Sleep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licette" title="Félicette">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_(cockroach)" title="Nadezhda (cockroach)">Cockroaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Frog_Otolith" title="Orbiting Frog Otolith">Frogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_flies_in_space" title="Fruit flies in space">Fruit flies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Tortoises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_space" title="Plants in space">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="STS-39 in Earth orbit"><img alt="STS-39 in Earth orbit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg/140px-Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg/210px-Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg/280px-Aurora-SpaceShuttle-EO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="1173" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:"><a href="/wiki/Space_environment" title="Space environment">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_climate" title="Space climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_in_space" title="Corrosion in space">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">Weathering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_advertising" title="Space advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_spaceflight" title="Alcohol and spaceflight">Alcohol</a></li> <li>Archaeology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_archaeology" title="Space archaeology">of items in space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_art#Art_in_space" title="Space art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_burial" title="Space burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_economy" title="Space-based economy">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_trade" title="Space trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_ethics" title="Space ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_space" title="Music in space">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_space" title="Religion in space">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_on_the_International_Space_Station" title="Christmas on the International Space Station">Christmas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">Selfies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_space" title="Voting in space">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%;background:"><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_farming" title="Space farming">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Cola_Wars" title="Space Cola Wars">Carbonated drinks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_in_space" title="Writing in space">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_logistics" title="Space logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Mining</a></li> <li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batteries_in_space" title="Batteries in space">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_space" title="Nuclear power in space">Nuclear</a></li> <li>Solar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_solar_power" title="Space-based solar power">for Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">for spacecraft</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_radar" title="Space-based radar">Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,dwarfs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">other near-Earth objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_1%E2%80%931000" title="List of minor planets: 1–1000">first 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Fifth giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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aria-labelledby="Space_colonization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_colonization" title="Template:Space colonization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_colonization" title="Template talk:Space colonization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_colonization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space colonization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_colonization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space colonization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming" title="Terraforming">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space habitats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Ring_(habitat)" title="Bishop Ring (habitat)">Bishop Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKendree_cylinder" title="McKendree cylinder">McKendree cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder" title="O'Neill cylinder">O'Neill cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Stanford torus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonization targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point_colonization" title="Lagrange point colonization">Lagrange points</a></li> <li><a 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title="Space settlement">Free space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terraforming targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terraforming_of_Europa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terraforming of Europa (page does not exist)">Europa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a 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