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Account Manipulation: Additional Container Cluster Roles, Sub-technique T1098.006 - Enterprise | MITRE ATT&CK®
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For example, an adversary with sufficient permissions may create a RoleBinding or a ClusterRoleBinding to bind a Role or ClusterRole to a Kubernetes account.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-1') id="scite-ref-1-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kubernetes. (n.d.). Role Based Access Control Good Practices. Retrieved March 8, 2023."data-reference="Kubernetes RBAC"><sup><a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/rbac-good-practices/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="0" aria-describedby="qtip-0">[1]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-2') id="scite-ref-2-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Michael Katchinskiy, Assaf Morag. (2023, April 21). First-Ever Attack Leveraging Kubernetes RBAC to Backdoor Clusters. Retrieved July 14, 2023."data-reference="Aquasec Kubernetes Attack 2023"><sup><a href="https://blog.aquasec.com/leveraging-kubernetes-rbac-to-backdoor-clusters" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="1" aria-describedby="qtip-1">[2]</a></sup></span> Where attribute-based access control (ABAC) is in use, an adversary with sufficient permissions may modify a Kubernetes ABAC policy to give the target account additional permissions.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-3') id="scite-ref-3-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Kuberenets. (n.d.). Using ABAC Authorization. Retrieved July 14, 2023."data-reference="Kuberentes ABAC"><sup><a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/abac/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="2" aria-describedby="qtip-2">[3]</a></sup></span></p><p>This account modification may immediately follow <a href="/techniques/T1136">Create Account</a> or other malicious account activity. Adversaries may also modify existing <a href="/techniques/T1078">Valid Accounts</a> that they have compromised. </p><p>Note that where container orchestration systems are deployed in cloud environments, as with Google Kubernetes Engine, Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service, and Azure Kubernetes Service, cloud-based role-based access control (RBAC) assignments or ABAC policies can often be used in place of or in addition to local permission assignments.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-4') id="scite-ref-4-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Google Cloud. (n.d.). Create IAM policies. Retrieved July 14, 2023."data-reference="Google Cloud Kubernetes IAM"><sup><a href="https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/how-to/iam" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="3" aria-describedby="qtip-3">[4]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-5') id="scite-ref-5-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). IAM roles for service accounts. Retrieved July 14, 2023."data-reference="AWS EKS IAM Roles for Service Accounts"><sup><a href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/latest/userguide/iam-roles-for-service-accounts.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="4" aria-describedby="qtip-4">[5]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-6') id="scite-ref-6-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Microsoft Azure. (2023, April 28). Access and identity options for Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS). Retrieved July 14, 2023."data-reference="Microsoft Azure Kubernetes Service Service Accounts"><sup><a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/concepts-identity" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="5" aria-describedby="qtip-5">[6]</a></sup></span> In these cases, this technique may be used in conjunction with <a href="/techniques/T1098/003">Additional Cloud Roles</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="row card-data" id="card-id"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">ID: </span>T1098.006 </div> </div> <!--stop-indexing-for-search--> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Sub-technique of: </span> <a href="/techniques/T1098">T1098</a> </div> </div> <!--start-indexing-for-search--> <div id="card-tactics" class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The tactic objectives that the (sub-)technique can be used to accomplish">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Tactics:</span> <a href="/tactics/TA0003">Persistence</a>, <a href="/tactics/TA0004">Privilege Escalation</a> </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The system an adversary is operating within; could be an operating system or application">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Platforms: </span>Containers </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Version: </span>1.0 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Created: </span>14 July 2023 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Last Modified: </span>16 October 2023 </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-center pt-2 version-button live"> <div class="live"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Permalink to this version of T1098.006" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1098/006/" data-test-ignore="true">Version Permalink</a> </div> <div class="permalink"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Go to the live version of T1098.006" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1098/006/" data-test-ignore="true">Live Version</a><!--do not change this line without also changing versions.py--> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="mitigations">Mitigations</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Mitigation</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1032"> M1032 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1032"> Multi-factor Authentication </a> </td> <td> <p>Require multi-factor authentication for user accounts integrated into container clusters through cloud deployments or via authentication protocols such as LDAP or SAML. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1018"> M1018 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1018"> User Account Management </a> </td> <td> <p>Ensure that low-privileged accounts do not have permissions to add permissions to accounts or to update container cluster roles. </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="detection">Detection</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table datasources-table table-bordered"> <thead> <tr> <th class="p-2" scope="col">ID</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Source</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Component</th> <th class="p-2" scope="col">Detects</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0002"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0002">DS0002</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0002">User Account</a> </td> <!-- Add first data component here --> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0002/#User%20Account%20Modification">User Account Modification</a> </td> <td> <p>Collect usage logs from accounts to identify unusual activity in the assignment of roles to those accounts. Monitor for accounts assigned to high-privileged cluster roles that go over a certain threshold of known admins. </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="references">References</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <ol> <li> <span id="scite-1" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-1" href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/rbac-good-practices/" target="_blank"> Kubernetes. (n.d.). Role Based Access Control Good Practices. Retrieved March 8, 2023. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-2" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-2" href="https://blog.aquasec.com/leveraging-kubernetes-rbac-to-backdoor-clusters" target="_blank"> Michael Katchinskiy, Assaf Morag. (2023, April 21). First-Ever Attack Leveraging Kubernetes RBAC to Backdoor Clusters. Retrieved July 14, 2023. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-3" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-3" href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/abac/" target="_blank"> Kuberenets. (n.d.). Using ABAC Authorization. Retrieved July 14, 2023. </a> </span> </span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="col"> <ol start="4.0"> <li> <span id="scite-4" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-4" href="https://cloud.google.com/kubernetes-engine/docs/how-to/iam" target="_blank"> Google Cloud. (n.d.). Create IAM policies. Retrieved July 14, 2023. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-5" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-5" href="https://docs.aws.amazon.com/eks/latest/userguide/iam-roles-for-service-accounts.html" target="_blank"> Amazon Web Services. (n.d.). IAM roles for service accounts. Retrieved July 14, 2023. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-6" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-6" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/concepts-identity" target="_blank"> Microsoft Azure. (2023, April 28). Access and identity options for Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS). 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