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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technical information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactors_built" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactors_built"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reactors built</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactors_built-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reactors built subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reactors_built-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derating_to_reduce_corrosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derating_to_reduce_corrosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Derating to reduce corrosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derating_to_reduce_corrosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_operating_magnox_reactor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_operating_magnox_reactor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Last operating magnox reactor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_operating_magnox_reactor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnox_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnox_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Magnox definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Magnox_definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Magnox definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Magnox_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magnox_alloy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnox_alloy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Magnox alloy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnox_alloy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnox_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnox_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Magnox plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnox_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decommissioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decommissioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Decommissioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decommissioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Magnox_reactors_in_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Magnox_reactors_in_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>List of Magnox reactors in the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Magnox_reactors_in_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnox_reactors_exported_from_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnox_reactors_exported_from_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Magnox reactors exported from the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnox_reactors_exported_from_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="مفاعل ماجنوكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مفاعل ماجنوكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Магнокс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магнокс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Magnox" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox-Reaktor" title="Magnox-Reaktor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magnox-Reaktor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magnox" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magnox" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%85%B9%EC%8A%A4" title="마그녹스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마그녹스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox_reaktor" title="Magnox reaktor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Magnox reaktor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktor_Magnox" title="Reaktor Magnox – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reaktor Magnox" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reattore_nucleare_Magnox" title="Reattore nucleare Magnox – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reattore nucleare Magnox" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magnox" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E7%82%89" title="マグノックス炉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マグノックス炉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox_(reaktor_j%C4%85drowy)" title="Magnox (reaktor jądrowy) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magnox (reaktor jądrowy)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magnox" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Магнокс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магнокс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Magnox" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magnox" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Magnox" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox_reaktor" title="Magnox reaktor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magnox reaktor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Magnox" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Magnox" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Magnox" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of nuclear reactor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Magnox_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Magnox (disambiguation)">Magnox (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnox_reactor_schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Magnox_reactor_schematic.svg/350px-Magnox_reactor_schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Magnox_reactor_schematic.svg/525px-Magnox_reactor_schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Magnox_reactor_schematic.svg/700px-Magnox_reactor_schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of a magnox nuclear reactor showing gas flow. The heat exchanger is outside the concrete radiation shielding. This represents an early Magnox design with a cylindrical, steel, pressure vessel.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Magnox</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear power / production reactor</a> that was designed to run on <a href="/wiki/Natural_uranium" title="Natural uranium">natural uranium</a> with <a href="/wiki/Graphite-moderated_reactor" title="Graphite-moderated reactor">graphite as the moderator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> gas as the <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchange</a> coolant. It belongs to the wider class of <a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_reactor" title="Gas-cooled reactor">gas-cooled reactors</a>. The name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>-<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnox_(alloy)" title="Magnox (alloy)">alloy</a> (called <b>mag</b>nesium <b>n</b>on-<b>ox</b>idising), used to clad the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel rod">fuel rods</a> inside the reactor. Like most other <a href="/wiki/Generation_I_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation I reactor">generation I nuclear reactors</a>, the magnox was designed with the dual purpose of producing <a href="/wiki/Electrical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical power">electrical power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">nascent nuclear weapons programme in Britain</a>. The name refers specifically to the United Kingdom design but is sometimes used generically to refer to any similar reactor. </p><p>As with other plutonium-producing reactors, conserving <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> is a key element of the design. In magnox, the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutrons are moderated</a> in large blocks of <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>. The efficiency of graphite as a moderator allows the magnox to run using natural uranium fuel, in contrast with the more common commercial <a href="/wiki/Light-water_reactor" title="Light-water reactor">light-water reactor</a> which requires slightly <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a>. Graphite oxidizes readily in air, so the core is cooled with CO<sub>2</sub>, which is then pumped into a <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a> to generate <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> to drive conventional <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> equipment for power production. The core is open on one end, so fuel elements can be added or removed while the reactor is still running. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">dual-use</a> capability of the magnox design led to the UK building up a large stockpile of <a href="/wiki/Reactor-grade_plutonium#Classification_by_isotopic_composition" title="Reactor-grade plutonium">fuel-grade</a> (reactor-grade) plutonium, with the aid of the <a href="/wiki/B205" class="mw-redirect" title="B205">B205 reprocessing facility</a>. The low-to-interim <a href="/wiki/Burnup" title="Burnup">burnup</a> feature of the reactor design would become responsible for changes to US regulatory classifications after the US–UK <a href="/wiki/Reactor-grade_plutonium#.22Reactor-grade.22_plutonium_nuclear_tests" title="Reactor-grade plutonium">reactor-grade plutonium detonation test</a> of the 1960s. Despite improvements to the design in later decades as electricity generation became the primary operational aim, magnox reactors were never capable of competing with the higher efficiency and higher fuel <a href="/wiki/Burnup" title="Burnup">burnup</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pressurised_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressurised water reactor">pressurised water reactors</a>. </p><p>In total, only a few dozen reactors of this type were constructed, most of them in the UK from the 1950s to the 1970s, with very few exported to other countries. The first magnox reactor to come online was <a href="/wiki/Sellafield#Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station" title="Sellafield">Calder Hall</a> (at the <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> site) in 1956, frequently regarded as the world's first commercial nuclear power station,<sup id="cite_ref-pathe-2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pathe-2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the last in Britain to shut down was Reactor 1 in <a href="/wiki/Wylfa_Nuclear_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Wylfa Nuclear Power Station">Wylfa</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>) in 2015. As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> remains the only operator to continue using magnox style reactors, at the <a href="/wiki/Yongbyon_Nuclear_Scientific_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center">Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center</a>. The magnox design was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_gas-cooled_reactor" title="Advanced gas-cooled reactor">advanced gas-cooled reactor</a>, which is similarly cooled but includes changes to improve its economic performance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_description">General description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnox_fuel_rod_science_museum_2019.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Magnox_fuel_rod_science_museum_2019.JPG/90px-Magnox_fuel_rod_science_museum_2019.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="582" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Magnox_fuel_rod_science_museum_2019.JPG/135px-Magnox_fuel_rod_science_museum_2019.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Magnox_fuel_rod_science_museum_2019.JPG/180px-Magnox_fuel_rod_science_museum_2019.JPG 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="5047" /></a><figcaption>An early design magnox fuel rod</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windscale">Windscale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Windscale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a></div> <p>The UK's first full-scale <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Windscale_Piles" title="Windscale Piles">Windscale Pile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a>. The pile was designed for the production of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a> which was bred in multi-week reactions taking place in <a href="/wiki/Natural_uranium" title="Natural uranium">natural uranium</a> fuel. Under normal conditions, natural uranium is not sensitive enough to its own <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> to maintain a <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reaction</a>. To improve the fuel's sensitivity to neutrons, a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a> is used, in this case highly purified <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WNN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WNN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WISE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WISE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reactors consisted of a huge cube of this material (the "pile") made up of many smaller blocks and drilled through horizontally to make a large number of <i>fuel channels</i>. Uranium fuel was placed in aluminium canisters and pushed into the channels in the front, pushing previous fuel canisters through the channel and out the back of the reactor where they fell into a pool of water. The system was designed to work at low temperatures and power levels and was air-cooled with the help of large fans.<sup id="cite_ref-WNN_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WNN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WISE_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WISE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graphite is flammable and presents a serious safety risk. This was demonstrated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Magnox#Talk:Magnox#Windscale_fire" title="Talk:Magnox">discuss</a></i>]</sup> on 10 October 1957 when Unit 1 of the now two-unit site caught fire. The reactor burned for three days, and massive contamination was only avoided due to the addition of filtering systems that had previously been derided as unnecessary "<a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft#Cockcroft's_Folly" title="John Cockcroft">follies</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnox">Magnox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Magnox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_(11823864155).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg/220px-Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg/330px-Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg/440px-Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station_%2811823864155%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2558" /></a><figcaption>Calder Hall, United Kingdom – The world's first commercial nuclear power station.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First connected to the national power grid on 27 August 1956 and officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 17 October 1956.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the UK nuclear establishment began to turn its attention to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, the need for more plutonium for weapons development remained acute. This led to an effort to adapt the basic Windscale design to a power-producing version that would also produce plutonium. In order to be economically useful the plant would have to run at much higher power levels, and in order to efficiently convert that power to electricity, it would have to run at higher temperatures. </p><p>At these power levels, the fire risk is amplified and air cooling is no longer appropriate. In the case of the magnox design, this led to the use of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) as the coolant. There is no facility in the reactor to adjust the gas flow through the individual channels whilst at power, but gas flow was adjusted by using flow gags attached to the support strut which located into the <a href="/wiki/Diagrid" title="Diagrid">diagrid</a>. These gags were used to increase flow in the centre of the core and to reduce it at the periphery. Principal control over the reaction rate was provided by a number (48 at Chapelcross and Calder Hall) of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>-steel control rods which could be raised and lowered as required in vertical channels. </p><p>At higher temperatures, aluminium is no longer structurally sound, which led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Magnox_(alloy)" title="Magnox (alloy)">magnox alloy</a> fuel cladding. Unfortunately, magnox is increasingly reactive with increasing temperature, and the use of this material limited the operational gas temperatures to 360 °C (680 °F), much lower than desirable for efficient steam generation. This limit also meant that the reactors had to be very large in order to generate any given power level, which was further amplified by the use of gas for cooling, as the low <a href="/wiki/Thermal_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal capacity">thermal capacity</a> of the fluid required very high flow rates. </p><p>The magnox fuel elements consisted of refined uranium enclosed in a loose-fitting magnox shell and then pressurized with <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. The outside of the shell was typically finned in order to improve heat exchange with the CO<sub>2</sub>. Magnox alloy is reactive with water, which means it cannot be left in a cooling pond after extraction from the reactor for extended periods. In contrast to the Windscale layout, the magnox design used vertical fuel channels. This required the fuel shells to lock together end-to-end, or to sit one on top the other to allow them to be pulled out of the channels from the top. </p><p>Like the Windscale designs, the later magnox reactors allowed access to the fuel channels and could be <a href="/wiki/Online_refuelling" title="Online refuelling">refuelled while operating</a>. This was a key criterion for the design because its use of natural uranium leads to low <a href="/wiki/Burnup" title="Burnup">burnup</a> ratios and the requirement for frequent refuelling. For power use, the fuel canisters were left in the reactor as long as possible, while for plutonium production they were removed earlier. The complicated refuelling equipment proved to be less reliable than the reactor systems, and perhaps not advantageous overall.<sup id="cite_ref-hawley-2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawley-2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entire reactor assembly was placed in a large pressure vessel. Due to the size of the pile, only the reactor core itself was placed within the steel pressure assembly, which was then surrounded by a concrete confinement building (or <i>biological shield</i>). As there was no water in the core, and thus no possibility of a steam explosion, the building was able to tightly wrap the pressure vessel, which helped reduce construction costs. In order to keep the size of the confinement building down, the early magnox designs placed the <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a> for the CO<sub>2</sub> gas outside the dome, connected through piping. Although there were strengths with this approach in that maintenance and access was generally more straightforward, the major weakness was the radiation 'shine' emitted particularly from the unshielded top duct. </p><p>The magnox design was an evolution and never truly finalised, and later units differ considerably from earlier ones. As neutron fluxes increased in order to improve power densities problems with <a href="/wiki/Neutron_embrittlement" title="Neutron embrittlement">neutron embrittlement</a> were encountered, particularly at low temperatures. Later units at <a href="/wiki/Oldbury_nuclear_power_station" title="Oldbury nuclear power station">Oldbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wylfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wylfa">Wylfa</a> replaced the steel pressure vessels with <a href="/wiki/Prestressed_concrete" title="Prestressed concrete">prestressed concrete</a> versions which also contained the heat exchangers and steam plant. Working pressure varies from 6.9 to 19.35<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a> for the steel vessels, and 24.8 and 27<span class="nowrap"> </span>bar for the two concrete designs.<sup id="cite_ref-hse-msr-2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hse-msr-2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No British construction company at the time was large enough to build all the power stations, so various competing consortiums were involved, adding to the differences between the stations; for example, nearly every power station used a different design of magnox fuel element.<sup id="cite_ref-magnox-story_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnox-story-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the magnox builds suffered time overruns and cost escalation.<sup id="cite_ref-rcs-2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcs-2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the initial start up of the reactor neutron sources were located within the core to provide sufficient neutrons to initiate the nuclear reaction. Other aspects of the design included the use of flux shaping or flattening bars or controls rods to even out (to some extent) the neutron flux density across the core. If not used, the flux in the centre would be very high relative to the outer areas leading to excessive central temperatures and lower power output limited by the temperature of the central areas. Each fuel channel would have several elements stacked one upon another to form a <i>stringer</i>. This required the presence of a latching mechanism to allow the stack to be withdrawn and handled. This caused some problems as the <a href="/wiki/Nimonic" title="Nimonic">Nimonic</a> springs used contained cobalt, which became irradiated giving high gamma level when removed from the reactor. Additionally, thermocouples were attached to some elements and needed to be removed on fuel discharge from the reactor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AGR">AGR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: AGR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a></div> <p>The dual-use nature of the magnox design leads to design compromises that limit its economic performance. As the magnox design was being rolled out, work was already underway on the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_gas-cooled_reactor" title="Advanced gas-cooled reactor">advanced gas-cooled reactor</a> (AGR) with the explicit intention of making the system more economical. Primary among the changes was the decision to run the reactor at much higher temperatures, about 650 °C (1,200 °F), which would greatly improve the efficiency when running the power-extracting <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbines</a>. This was too hot for the magnox alloy, and the AGR originally intended to use a new <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>-based cladding, but this proved too brittle. This was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> cladding, but this absorbed enough neutrons to affect criticality, and in turn required the design to operate on slightly <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a> rather than the magnox's natural uranium, driving up fuel costs. Ultimately the economics of the system proved little better than Magnox. Former Treasury Economic Advisor, <a href="/wiki/David_Henderson_(economist)" title="David Henderson (economist)">David Henderson</a>, described the AGR programme as one of the two most costly British government-sponsored project errors, alongside <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nei-20130621_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nei-20130621-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_information">Technical information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Technical information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="standard" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Specification</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sellafield#Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station" title="Sellafield">Calder Hall</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wylfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wylfa">Wylfa</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Oldbury_nuclear_power_station" title="Oldbury nuclear power station">Oldbury</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Thermal output (gross), MW</td> <td>182</td> <td>1875</td> <td>835 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Electrical output (gross), MW</td> <td>46</td> <td>590</td> <td>280 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Efficiency, %</td> <td>23</td> <td>33</td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Number of fuel channels</td> <td>1696</td> <td>6150</td> <td>3320 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Active core diameter</td> <td>9.45 m</td> <td>17.4 m</td> <td>12.8 m </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Active core height</td> <td>6.4 m</td> <td>9.2 m</td> <td>8.5 m </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Mean gas pressure</td> <td>7 bar</td> <td>26.2 bar</td> <td>25.6 bar </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Mean inlet gas temperature °C</td> <td>140</td> <td>247</td> <td>245 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Mean outlet gas temperature °C</td> <td>336</td> <td>414</td> <td>410 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Total gas flow</td> <td>891 kg/s</td> <td>10254 kg/s</td> <td>4627 kg/s </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Material</td> <td>Natural uranium metal</td> <td>Natural uranium metal</td> <td>Natural uranium metal </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Mass of uranium in tonnes</td> <td>120</td> <td>595</td> <td>293 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Pressure vessel internal diameter</td> <td>11.28 m</td> <td>29.3 m</td> <td>23.5 m </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Pressure vessel internal height</td> <td>21.3 m</td> <td>—</td> <td>18.3 m </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Gas circulators</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Steam generators</td> <td>4</td> <td>1</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Number of generators</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calder_Hall,_fuel_loading.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Calder_Hall%2C_fuel_loading.jpg/220px-Calder_Hall%2C_fuel_loading.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Calder_Hall%2C_fuel_loading.jpg/330px-Calder_Hall%2C_fuel_loading.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Calder_Hall%2C_fuel_loading.jpg/440px-Calder_Hall%2C_fuel_loading.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1603" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>Loading magnox fuel at Calder Hall nuclear power station</figcaption></figure> <p>The first magnox reactors at <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Calder Hall</a><sup id="cite_ref-the-engineer_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the-engineer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were designed principally to produce plutonium for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">nuclear weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UKAEA-10years_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKAEA-10years-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production of plutonium from uranium by irradiation in a pile generates large quantities of heat which must be disposed of, and so generating steam from this heat, which could be used in a turbine to generate electricity, or as process heat in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Windscale" class="mw-redirect" title="Windscale">Windscale</a> works, was seen as a kind of free by-product of an essential process. </p><p>The Calder Hall reactors had low efficiency by today's standards, only 18.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-Kingery2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingery2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British government decided in 1957 that electricity generation by nuclear power would be promoted, and that there would be a building programme to achieve 5,000 to 6,000<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/MWe" class="mw-redirect" title="MWe">MWe</a> capacity by 1965, a quarter of UK's generating needs.<sup id="cite_ref-UKAEA-10years_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKAEA-10years-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Sir John Cockcroft</a> had advised the government that electricity generated by nuclear power would be more expensive than that from coal, the government decided that nuclear power stations as alternatives to <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired power stations</a> would be useful to reduce the bargaining power of the coal miners' unions,<sup id="cite_ref-rcs-2011_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcs-2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so decided to go ahead. In 1960 a government <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a> scaled back the building programme to 3,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>MWe,<sup id="cite_ref-UKAEA-10years_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKAEA-10years-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acknowledging that coal generation was 25% cheaper.<sup id="cite_ref-rcs-2011_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcs-2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A government statement to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> in 1963 stated that nuclear generation was more than twice as expensive as coal.<sup id="cite_ref-rcs-2011_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcs-2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>plutonium credit</i> which assigned a value to the plutonium produced was used to improve the economic case,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the operators of the power stations were never paid this credit. </p><p>Once removed from the reactor, the used fuel elements are stored in cooling ponds (with the exception of Wylfa which has dry stores in a carbon dioxide atmosphere) where the decay heat is transferred to the pond water, and then removed by the pond water circulation, cooling and filtration system. The fact that fuel elements can only be stored for a limited period in water before the magnox cladding deteriorates, and must therefore inevitably be <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">reprocessed</a>, added to the costs of the magnox programme.<sup id="cite_ref-RWMAC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWMAC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later reviews criticised the continuing development project by project instead of standardisation on the most economical design, and for persisting with the development of a reactor which achieved only two export orders.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A retrospective evaluation of costs, using a low 5% <a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">discount rate</a> on capital, estimated magnox electricity costs were nearly 50% higher than coal power stations would have provided.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Magnox" title="Special:EditPage/Magnox">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradwell_nuclear_power_station,_from_entrance_road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bradwell_nuclear_power_station%2C_from_entrance_road.jpg/220px-Bradwell_nuclear_power_station%2C_from_entrance_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bradwell_nuclear_power_station%2C_from_entrance_road.jpg/330px-Bradwell_nuclear_power_station%2C_from_entrance_road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bradwell_nuclear_power_station%2C_from_entrance_road.jpg/440px-Bradwell_nuclear_power_station%2C_from_entrance_road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The reactor buildings of <a href="/wiki/Bradwell_nuclear_power_station" title="Bradwell nuclear power station">Bradwell</a> magnox nuclear power station</figcaption></figure> <p>The magnox reactors were considered at the time to have a considerable degree of inherent safety because of their simple design, low power density, and gas coolant. Because of this they were not provided with <a href="/wiki/Containment_building" title="Containment building">secondary containment</a> features. A safety design principle at the time was that of the "maximum credible accident", and the assumption was made that if the plant were designed to withstand that, then all other lesser but similar events would be encompassed. <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_coolant" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of coolant">Loss of coolant</a> accidents (at least those considered in the design) would not cause large-scale fuel failure as the Magnox cladding would retain the bulk of the radioactive material, assuming the reactor was rapidly shutdown (a <a href="/wiki/SCRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="SCRAM">SCRAM</a>), because the decay heat could be removed by natural circulation of air. As the coolant is already a gas, explosive pressure buildup from boiling is not a risk, as happened in the catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Steam_explosion" title="Steam explosion">steam explosion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobyl accident">Chernobyl accident</a>. Failure of the reactor shutdown system to rapidly shut down the reactor, or failure of natural circulation, was not considered in the design. In 1967 <a href="/wiki/Chapelcross_nuclear_power_station" title="Chapelcross nuclear power station">Chapelcross</a> experienced a fuel melt due to restricted gas flow in an individual channel and, although this was dealt with by the station crew without major incident, this event had not been designed or planned for, and the radioactivity released was greater than anticipated during the station design. </p><p>Despite the belief in their inherently safe design, it was decided that the magnox stations would not be built in heavily populated areas. The positioning constraint decided upon was that any 10-degree sector would have a population less than 500 within 1.5 miles (2.4 km), 10,000 within 5 miles (8.0 km) and 100,000 within 10 miles (16 km). In addition population around the site in all directions would be less than six times the 10-degree limits. Planning permission constraints would be used to prevent any large growth of population within five miles.<sup id="cite_ref-grimston-201310_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimston-201310-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the older steel pressure vessel design, boilers and gas ducting are outside the concrete biological shield. Consequently, this design emits a significant amount of direct <a href="/wiki/Gamma_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma radiation">gamma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">neutron radiation</a>, termed <i>direct shine</i>, from the reactors.<sup id="cite_ref-no2nuclearpower-_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no2nuclearpower--20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the most exposed members of the public living near <a href="/wiki/Dungeness_nuclear_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungeness nuclear power station">Dungeness</a> magnox reactor in 2002 received 0.56<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">mSv</a>, over half the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Radiological_Protection" title="International Commission on Radiological Protection">International Commission on Radiological Protection</a> recommended maximum radiation dose limit for the public, from <i>direct shine</i> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-discharges-2002_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discharges-2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doses from the <a href="/wiki/Oldbury_nuclear_power_station" title="Oldbury nuclear power station">Oldbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wylfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wylfa">Wylfa</a> reactors, which have concrete pressure vessels which encapsulate the complete gas circuit, are much lower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactors_built">Reactors built</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reactors built"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sizewell_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sizewell_A.jpg/220px-Sizewell_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sizewell_A.jpg/330px-Sizewell_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sizewell_A.jpg/440px-Sizewell_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1572" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sizewell_nuclear_power_stations#Sizewell_A" title="Sizewell nuclear power stations">Sizewell A</a> magnox nuclear power station</figcaption></figure> <p>In all, 11 power stations totalling 26 units were built in the United Kingdom where the design originated. In addition, one was exported to <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant">Tōkai</a> in Japan<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another to <a href="/wiki/Latina_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Latina Nuclear Power Plant">Latina</a> in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-grimston-201310_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimston-201310-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Korea also developed their own magnox reactors, based on the UK design which was made public at an <a href="/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace" title="Atoms for Peace">Atoms for Peace</a> conference. </p><p>The first magnox power station, <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Calder Hall</a>, was the world's first nuclear power station to generate electrical power on an industrial scale<sup id="cite_ref-the-engineer_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the-engineer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a power station in Obninsk, Russia started supplying the grid in very small non-commercial quantities on 1 December 1954). The first connection to the grid was on 27 August 1956, and the plant was officially opened by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Queen Elizabeth II</a> on 17 October 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the station closed on 31 March 2003, the first reactor had been in use for nearly 47 years.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first two stations (Calder Hall and <a href="/wiki/Chapelcross_nuclear_power_station" title="Chapelcross nuclear power station">Chapelcross</a>) were originally owned by the <a href="/wiki/UKAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="UKAEA">UKAEA</a> and primarily used in their early life to produce <a href="/wiki/Weapons-grade" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons-grade">weapons-grade</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, with two fuel loads per year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1964 they were mainly used on commercial fuel cycles and in April 1995 the UK Government announced that all production of plutonium for weapons purposes had ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The later and larger units were owned by the <a href="/wiki/CEGB" class="mw-redirect" title="CEGB">CEGB</a> and operated on commercial fuel cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-dalton-201612_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalton-201612-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However <a href="/wiki/Hinkley_Point_A_nuclear_power_station" title="Hinkley Point A nuclear power station">Hinkley Point A</a> and two other stations were modified so that <a href="/wiki/Weapons-grade_plutonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons-grade plutonium">weapons-grade plutonium</a> could be extracted <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom">for military purposes</a> should the need arise.<sup id="cite_ref-ecologist-20141113_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecologist-20141113-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derating_to_reduce_corrosion">Derating to reduce corrosion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Derating to reduce corrosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early operation it was found that there was significant oxidation of mild steel components by the high temperature carbon dioxide coolant, requiring a reduction in <a href="/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a> and power output.<sup id="cite_ref-lynceans-20160521_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lynceans-20160521-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Latina_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Latina Nuclear Power Plant">Latina reactor</a> was derated in 1969 by 24%, from 210<span class="nowrap"> </span>MWe to 160<span class="nowrap"> </span>MWe, by the reduction of operating temperature from 390 to 360 °C (734 to 680 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-inis-1989_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inis-1989-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_operating_magnox_reactor">Last operating magnox reactor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Last operating magnox reactor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a> (NDA) announced on 30 December 2015 that <a href="/wiki/Wylfa_nuclear_power_station" title="Wylfa nuclear power station">Wylfa</a> Unit 1 – the world's last operating Magnox reactor – was closed. The unit had generated electricity for five years longer than originally planned. Two units at Wylfa were both scheduled to shut down at the end of 2012, but the NDA decided to shut down Unit 2 in April 2012 so that Unit 1 could continue operating in order to fully utilize existing stocks of fuel, which was no longer being manufactured.<sup id="cite_ref-wnn-20151231_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnn-20151231-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The small 5<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/MWe" class="mw-redirect" title="MWe">MWe</a> experimental reactor, based on the magnox design, at <a href="/wiki/Yongbyon_Nuclear_Scientific_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center">Yongbyon</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, continues to operate as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magnox_definitions">Magnox definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Magnox definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnox_alloy">Magnox alloy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Magnox alloy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnox_(alloy)" title="Magnox (alloy)">magnox (alloy)</a></div> <p><b>Magnox</b> is also the name of an <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a>—mainly of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> with small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and other metals—used in cladding unenriched <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> metal fuel with a non-oxidising covering to contain fission products. <b>Magnox</b> is short for <b>mag</b>nesium <b>n</b>on-<b>ox</b>idising. This material has the advantage of a low <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> capture cross-section, but has two major disadvantages: </p> <ul><li>It limits the maximum temperature, and hence the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">thermal efficiency</a>, of the plant.</li> <li>It reacts with water, preventing long-term storage of spent fuel under water.</li></ul> <p>Magnox fuel incorporated cooling fins to provide maximum heat transfer despite low operating temperatures, making it expensive to produce. While the use of uranium metal rather than oxide made reprocessing more straightforward and therefore cheaper, the need to reprocess fuel a short time after removal from the reactor meant that the fission product hazard was severe. Expensive remote handling facilities were required to address this danger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnox_plants">Magnox plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Magnox plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <b>magnox</b> may also loosely refer to: </p> <ul><li>Three <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> reactors, all based on the declassified blueprints of the Calder Hall magnox reactors: <ul><li>A small 5 <a href="/wiki/MWe" class="mw-redirect" title="MWe">MWe</a> experimental reactor at <a href="/wiki/Yongbyon_Nuclear_Scientific_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center">Yongbyon</a>, operated from 1986 to 1994, and restarted in 2003. Plutonium from this reactor's spent fuel has been used in the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_nuclear_weapons_program" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korea nuclear weapons program">North Korea nuclear weapons program</a>.</li> <li>A 50 MWe reactor, also at Yongbyon, whose construction commenced in 1985 but was never finished in accord with the <a href="/wiki/Agreed_Framework" title="Agreed Framework">1994 U.S.-North Korea Agreed Framework</a>.</li> <li>A 200 MWe reactor at <a href="/wiki/Taechon" class="mw-redirect" title="Taechon">Taechon</a>, construction of which also halted in 1994.</li></ul></li> <li>Nine <a href="/wiki/UNGG" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGG">UNGG</a> power reactors built in France, all now shut down. These were carbon dioxide-cooled, graphite reactors with natural uranium metal fuel, very similar in design and purpose to the British magnox reactors except that the fuel cladding was <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> alloy and that the bars were disposed horizontally (instead of vertically for magnox).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decommissioning">Decommissioning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Decommissioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapelcross_Nuclear_Power_Station_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Chapelcross_Nuclear_Power_Station_2.jpg/220px-Chapelcross_Nuclear_Power_Station_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Chapelcross_Nuclear_Power_Station_2.jpg/330px-Chapelcross_Nuclear_Power_Station_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Chapelcross_Nuclear_Power_Station_2.jpg/440px-Chapelcross_Nuclear_Power_Station_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chapelcross_nuclear_power_station" title="Chapelcross nuclear power station">Chapelcross</a> before the cooling towers were demolished in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a> (NDA) is responsible for the decommissioning of the UK magnox power plants, at an estimated cost of £12.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion. There has been debate about whether a 25 or 100-year decommissioning strategy should be adopted. After 80<span class="nowrap"> </span>years short-lifetime radioactive material in the defuelled core would have decayed to the point that human access to the reactor structure would be possible, easing dismantling work. A shorter decommissioning strategy would require a robotic core dismantling technique.<sup id="cite_ref-stakeholders-20061101_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stakeholders-20061101-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current approximately 100-year decommissioning plan is called Safestore. A 130-year Deferred Safestore Strategy was also considered, with an estimated cost saving of £1.4 billion, but not selected.<sup id="cite_ref-nei-20211124_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nei-20211124-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition the <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> site which, amongst other activities, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">reprocessed</a> spent magnox fuel, has an estimated decommissioning cost of £31.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion. Magnox fuel was produced at Springfields near <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a>; estimated decommissioning cost is £371<span class="nowrap"> </span>million. The total cost of decommissioning magnox activities is likely to exceed £20<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion, averaging about £2<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion per productive reactor site. </p><p>Calder Hall was opened in 1956 as the world's first commercial nuclear power station, and is a significant part of the UK's industrial heritage. The NDA is considering whether to preserve Calder Hall reactor 1 as a museum site. </p><p>All the UK's magnox reactor sites (apart from Calder Hall) are operated by <a href="/wiki/Magnox_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnox Ltd">Magnox Ltd</a>, a subsidiary of the NDA. </p><p>Reactor Sites Management Company (RSMC), a NDA Site Licence Company (SLC), originally held the contract to manage Magnox Ltd on behalf of the NDA. In 2007, RSMC was acquired by American nuclear fuel cycle service provider <a href="/wiki/EnergySolutions" title="EnergySolutions">EnergySolutions</a> from <a href="/wiki/BNFL" class="mw-redirect" title="BNFL">British Nuclear Fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 October 2008, Magnox Electric Ltd separated into two nuclear licensed companies, Magnox North Ltd and Magnox South Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnox North sites </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapelcross_nuclear_power_station" title="Chapelcross nuclear power station">Chapelcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterston_A_nuclear_power_station" title="Hunterston A nuclear power station">Hunterston A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldbury_nuclear_power_station" title="Oldbury nuclear power station">Oldbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawsfynydd_nuclear_power_station" title="Trawsfynydd nuclear power station">Trawsfynydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wylfa_Nuclear_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Wylfa Nuclear Power Station">Wylfa</a></li></ul> <p>Magnox South sites </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_nuclear_power_station" title="Berkeley nuclear power station">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradwell_nuclear_power_station" title="Bradwell nuclear power station">Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeness_Nuclear_Power_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungeness Nuclear Power Station">Dungeness A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinkley_Point_A_nuclear_power_station" title="Hinkley Point A nuclear power station">Hinkley Point A</a></li></ul> <p>In January 2011 Magnox North Ltd and Magnox South Ltd recombined as <a href="/wiki/Magnox_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnox Ltd">Magnox Ltd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following procurement and management issues with the contract, Magnox Ltd will become a subsidiary of the NDA in September 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-wnn-20180703_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wnn-20180703-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pac-20180227_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pac-20180227-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Magnox_reactors_in_the_UK">List of Magnox reactors in the UK</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of Magnox reactors in the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Location (GeoHack)</th> <th>Number of units</th> <th>Production per unit</th> <th>Total production</th> <th>First grid connection</th> <th>Shut down </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sellafield#Calder_Hall_nuclear_power_station" title="Sellafield">Calder Hall</a></td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Whitehaven" title="Whitehaven">Whitehaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></td> <td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Magnox&params=54.423848_N_3.504249_W_region:GB_scale:25000">NY025042</a></span></td> <td>4</td> <td>50 MWe</td> <td>200 MWe</td> <td>1956</td> <td>2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chapelcross_nuclear_power_station" title="Chapelcross nuclear power station">Chapelcross</a></td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Annan,_Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Annan, Dumfries and Galloway">Annan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway" title="Dumfries and Galloway">Dumfries and Galloway</a></td> <td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Magnox&params=55.015645_N_3.227609_W_region:GB_scale:25000">NY216697</a></span></td> <td>4</td> <td>60 MWe</td> <td>240 MWe</td> <td>1959</td> <td>2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_nuclear_power_station" title="Berkeley nuclear power station">Berkeley</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></td> <td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Magnox&params=51.692309_N_2.494729_W_region:GB_scale:25000">ST659994</a></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>138 MWe</td> <td>276 MWe</td> <td>1962</td> <td>1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bradwell_nuclear_power_station" title="Bradwell nuclear power station">Bradwell</a></td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Southminster" title="Southminster">Southminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></td> <td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Magnox&params=51.741209_N_0.896885_E_region:GB_scale:25000">TM001087</a></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>121 MWe</td> <td>242 MWe</td> <td>1962</td> <td>2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hunterston_A_nuclear_power_station" title="Hunterston A nuclear power station">Hunterston "A"</a></td> <td>between <a href="/wiki/West_Kilbride" title="West Kilbride">West Kilbride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fairlie,_North_Ayrshire" title="Fairlie, North Ayrshire">Fairlie</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a></td> <td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Magnox&params=55.720900_N_4.894484_W_region:GB_scale:25000">NS183513</a></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>180 MWe</td> <td>360 MWe</td> <td>1964</td> <td>1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinkley_Point_A_nuclear_power_station" title="Hinkley Point A nuclear power station">Hinkley Point "A"</a></td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Bridgwater" title="Bridgwater">Bridgwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a></td> <td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Magnox&params=51.311979_N_1.341933_E_region:GB_scale:25000">TR330623</a></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>235 MWe</td> <td>470 MWe</td> <td>1965</td> <td>1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trawsfynydd_nuclear_power_station" title="Trawsfynydd nuclear power station">Trawsfynydd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a></td> <td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Magnox&params=52.924275_N_3.950092_W_region:GB_scale:25000">SH690381</a></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>195 MWe</td> <td>390 MWe</td> <td>1965</td> <td>1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dungeness_nuclear_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungeness nuclear power station">Dungeness "A"</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></td> <td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Magnox&params=50.915123_N_0.949129_E_region:GB_scale:25000">TR074170</a></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>219 MWe</td> <td>438 MWe</td> <td>1966</td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sizewell_nuclear_power_stations#Sizewell_A" title="Sizewell nuclear power stations">Sizewell "A"</a></td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Leiston" title="Leiston">Leiston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></td> <td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Magnox&params=52.213177_N_1.617141_E_region:GB_scale:25000">TM472634</a></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>210 MWe</td> <td>420 MWe</td> <td>1966</td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oldbury_nuclear_power_station" title="Oldbury nuclear power station">Oldbury</a></td> <td>near <a href="/wiki/Thornbury,_South_Gloucestershire" class="mw-redirect" title="Thornbury, South Gloucestershire">Thornbury, South Gloucestershire</a></td> <td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Magnox&params=51.647906_N_2.570847_W_region:GB_scale:25000">ST606945</a></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>217 MWe</td> <td>434 MWe</td> <td>1968</td> <td>2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wylfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wylfa">Wylfa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a></td> <td><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="white-space: nowrap"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Magnox&params=53.414202_N_4.484077_W_region:GB_scale:25000">SH350937</a></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>490 MWe</td> <td>980 MWe</td> <td>1971</td> <td>2015 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magnox_reactors_exported_from_the_UK">Magnox reactors exported from the UK</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Magnox reactors exported from the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Number of units</th> <th>Production per unit</th> <th>Total production</th> <th>First grid connection</th> <th>Shut down </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latina_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Latina Nuclear Power Plant">Latina</a></td> <td>Italy</td> <td>1</td> <td>160 MWe</td> <td>160 MWe</td> <td>1963</td> <td>1987 following <a href="/wiki/Italian_nuclear_power_referendum,_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian nuclear power referendum, 1987">Italian referendum on nuclear power</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokai_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokai Nuclear Power Plant">Tokai Mura</a></td> <td>Japan</td> <td>1</td> <td>166 MWe</td> <td>166 MWe</td> <td>1966</td> <td>1998 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pathe-2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pathe-2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHumphrys2011" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Humphrys, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishpathe.com/programmes/day-that-shook-the-world/episode/asc/playlist/39"><i>A Day That Shook the World : First Nuclear Power Station 1956</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>the country that built the first civil nuclear power station</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Osborne+hails+UK+nuclear+deal+with+China+as+%27new+dawn%27&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F9fffdb6a-367c-11e3-aaf1-00144feab7de.html%23axzz3H9SBizea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hawley-2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hawley-2006_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Hawley2006" class="citation conference cs1">Robert Hawley (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214183208/http://www.world-nuclear.org/sym/2006/restore/haw-rest.htm"><i>Nuclear Power in the UK – Past, Present & Future</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Nuclear_Association" title="World Nuclear Association">World Nuclear Association</a> Annual Symosium. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NDA+to+take+over+management+of+Magnox+sites&rft.date=2018-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear-news.org%2FC-NDA-to-take-over-management-of-Magnox-sites-0307185.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pac-20180227-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pac-20180227_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmpubacc/461/46102.htm">"The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority's Magnox contract"</a>. <i>Public Accounts Committee</i>. UK Parliament. 27 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Accounts+Committee&rft.atitle=The+Nuclear+Decommissioning+Authority%27s+Magnox+contract&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201719%2Fcmselect%2Fcmpubacc%2F461%2F46102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnox&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energysolutions.com/">Energy<i>Solutions</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearsites.co.uk">Nuclear Sites Stakeholder Information</a> – Overview of each Magnox power station, provided by British Nuclear Group</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hse.gov.uk/nuclear/magnox.pdf">Magnox Safety Reviews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060526203659/https://www.hse.gov.uk/nuclear/magnox.pdf">Archived</a> 26 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, September 2000, <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">HSE</a> Nuclear Installations Inspectorate</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hse.gov.uk/nuclear/magdecom.pdf">Magnox Electric plc's strategy for decommissioning its nuclear licensed sites</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514073930/http://www.hse.gov.uk/nuclear/magdecom.pdf">Archived</a> 14 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, February 2002, <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">HSE</a> Nuclear Installations Inspectorate</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015211645/http://www.iaea.org/inis/aws/htgr/abstracts/abst_29059903.html">The decommissioning of commercial magnox gas cooled reactor power stations in the United Kingdom</a>, G. Holt, Magnox Electric, IAEA meeting paper, 8–10 September 1997</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/inis/aws/htgr/abstracts_c/abst_iwggcr19_17.html">Operating experience with the Latina Magnox reactor</a>, 21–23 September 1988, Ente Nazionale per l'Energia Electrica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710110206/http://www.telltony.greenpeace.org.uk/MultimediaFiles/Live/FullReport/3244.pdf">Review of ageing processes and their influence on Safety and Performance at Wylfa Nuclear Power Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Large" title="John Large">John Large</a>, 14 March 2001 – includes detailed diagrams</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicinsights.com/jan96/Magnox.html">Magnox Fuel Element Design</a> – Atomic Energy Insights</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191258/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode=132&storyCode=2032396">Sellafield Magnox cooling ponds cleanup job commences</a> – Nuclear Engineering International</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061127031916/http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?storyCode=2038060">A ponderous hazard</a> – Nuclear Engineering International</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magnox.info">British Nuclear Group image asset library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060402202057/http://magnox.info/">Archived</a> 2 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – A large collection of interior and exterior photographs of all the Magnox power stations in the UK.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._E._Jensen_and_E._Nonbol_(Riso_National_Laboratory)1998" class="citation report cs1">S. E. Jensen and E. Nonbol (Riso National Laboratory) (November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/30/052/30052480.pdf">Description of the Magnox Type of Gas Cooled Reactor (MAGNOX)</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). IAEA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7893-050-2" title="Special:BookSources/87-7893-050-2"><bdi>87-7893-050-2</bdi></a>. NKS/RAK-2(97)TR-C5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Description+of+the+Magnox+Type+of+Gas+Cooled+Reactor+%28MAGNOX%29&rft.pub=IAEA&rft.date=1998-11&rft.isbn=87-7893-050-2&rft.au=S.+E.+Jensen+and+E.+Nonbol+%28Riso+National+Laboratory%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2Finis%2Fcollection%2FNCLCollectionStore%2F_Public%2F30%2F052%2F30052480.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnox" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_fission_reactors" title="Template:Nuclear fission reactors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_fission_reactors" title="Template talk:Nuclear fission reactors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_fission_reactors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear fission reactors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_nuclear_fission_reactor1378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fission" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear fission reactor</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">Moderator</a></b></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light-water_reactor" title="Light-water reactor">Light water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_homogeneous_reactor" title="Aqueous homogeneous reactor">Aqueous homogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">Boiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_boiling_water_reactor" title="Advanced boiling water reactor">ABWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Simplified_Boiling_Water_Reactor" title="Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor">ESBWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerena_boiling_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerena boiling water reactor">Kerena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">Natural fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR-1400" title="APR-1400">APR-1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APR%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="APR+">APR+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APWR" class="mw-redirect" title="APWR">APWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATMEA1" class="mw-redirect" title="ATMEA1">ATMEA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAP1400" title="CAP1400">CAP1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPR-1000" title="CPR-1000">CPR-1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPR_(nuclear_reactor)" title="EPR (nuclear reactor)">EPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualong_One" title="Hualong One">HPR-1000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACPR1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACPR1000">ACPR1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACP1000">ACP1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPWR-900" title="IPWR-900">IPWR-900</a></li> <li>many others</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_water_reactor" title="Supercritical water reactor">Supercritical (SCWR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy-water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy-water reactor">Heavy water</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;;background:whitesmoke;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterium oxide">D<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor" title="Pressurized heavy-water reactor">Pressurized</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CANDU_reactor" title="CANDU reactor">CANDU</a> <ul><li>CANDU 6</li> <li>CANDU 9</li> <li>EC6</li> <li>AFCR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACR-1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACR-1000">ACR-1000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor" title="Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor">CVTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR" title="IPHWR">IPHWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-220" title="IPHWR-220">IPHWR-220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR#IPHWR-540" title="IPHWR">IPHWR-540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPHWR-700" title="IPHWR-700">IPHWR-700</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Argentina">PHWR KWU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MZFR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MZFR (page does not exist)">MZFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85gestaverket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ågestaverket">R3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R4_nuclear_reactor" title="R4 nuclear reactor">R4 Marviken</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWLWR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWLWR (page does not exist)">HWLWR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugen_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fugen Nuclear Power Plant">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentilly_Nuclear_Generating_Station#Gentilly-1" title="Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station">HW BLWR 250</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam-generating_heavy_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-generating heavy water reactor">Steam-generating (SGHWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_heavy-water_reactor" title="Advanced heavy-water reactor">AHWR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WR-1" title="WR-1">WR-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HWGCR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWGCR (page does not exist)">HWGCR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brennilis_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant">EL-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kernkraftwerk_Niederaichbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernkraftwerk Niederaichbach (page does not exist)">KKN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_150" title="KS 150">KS 150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucens_reactor" title="Lucens reactor">Lucens</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Graphite-moderated_reactor" title="Graphite-moderated reactor">Graphite</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></span></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="H2O22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant">AM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloyarsk_Nuclear_Power_Station#Early_reactors" title="Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station">AMB-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGP-6" title="EGP-6">EGP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBMK" title="RBMK">RBMK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_reactor" title="Gas-cooled reactor">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNGG_reactor" title="UNGG reactor"><i>Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz</i> (UNGG)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine_modular_helium_reactor" title="Gas turbine modular helium reactor">GTMHR</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MHR-T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MHR-T (page does not exist)">MHR-T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UHTREX" title="UHTREX">UHTREX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-temperature_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high-temperature reactor">VHTR (HTGR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pebble-bed_reactor" title="Pebble-bed reactor">PBR (PBMR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AVR_reactor" title="AVR reactor">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-10" title="HTR-10">HTR-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR-PM" title="HTR-PM">HTR-PM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THTR-300" title="THTR-300">THTR-300</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prismatic_block_reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prismatic block reactor (page does not exist)">PMR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Molten salt reactor">Molten-salt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fluorides19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/FLiBe" title="FLiBe">Fluorides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Fuji Molten Salt Reactor">Fuji MSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor" title="Liquid fluoride thorium reactor">Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten-Salt_Reactor_Experiment" title="Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment">Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Integral Molten Salt Reactor">Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-500" class="mw-redirect" title="TMSR-500">TMSR-500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMSR-LF1" title="TMSR-LF1">TMSR-LF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">None<br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">fast-neutron</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder reactor">Breeder (FBR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_fast_reactor" title="Integral fast reactor">Integral (IFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" title="Liquid metal cooled reactor">Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small,_sealed,_transportable,_autonomous_reactor" title="Small, sealed, transportable, autonomous reactor">Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_wave_reactor" title="Traveling wave reactor">Traveling-wave (TWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Multiplier_Module" title="Energy Multiplier Module">Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_moderation_water_reactor" title="Reduced moderation water reactor">Reduced-moderation (RMWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Breeder_Test_Reactor" title="Fast Breeder Test Reactor">Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_fluid_reactor" title="Dual fluid reactor">Dual fluid reactor (DFR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Generation_IV_reactor" title="Generation IV reactor">Generation IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Sodium-cooled fast reactor">Sodium (SFR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BN-350_reactor" title="BN-350 reactor">BN-350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-600_reactor" title="BN-600 reactor">BN-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-800_reactor" title="BN-800 reactor">BN-800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BN-1200_reactor" title="BN-1200 reactor">BN-1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFR-600" title="CFR-600">CFR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nix" title="Phénix">Phénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix" title="Superphénix">Superphénix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype_Fast_Breeder_Reactor" title="Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor">PFBR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBR-600" title="FBR-600">FBR-600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Experimental_Fast_Reactor" title="China Experimental Fast Reactor">CEFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dounreay#Prototype_Fast_Reactor_(PFR)" title="Dounreay">PFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(reactor)" title="PRISM (reactor)">PRISM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Lead-cooled fast reactor">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Gas-cooled fast reactor">Helium gas (GFR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_salt_reactor" title="Stable salt reactor">Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:none;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_nuclear_reactor" title="Organic nuclear reactor">Organic nuclear reactor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Moderated_Reactor_Experiment" title="Organic Moderated Reactor Experiment">OMRE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbus-reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbus-reactor (page does not exist)">Arbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqua_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Piqua Nuclear Generating Station">Piqua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion" title="Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion">Aircraft Reactor Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_fusion_reactors" title="Template:Nuclear fusion reactors">Nuclear fusion reactors</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear reactors">List of nuclear reactors</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_technology" title="Template:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Template:Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">Nuclear accidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Nuclear power in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Nuclear power in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear power in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear power in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_British_Nuclear" title="Great British Nuclear">Great British Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnox Ltd">Magnox Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield_Ltd" title="Sellafield Ltd">Sellafield Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Forgemasters" title="Sheffield Forgemasters">Sheffield Forgemasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urenco_Group" title="Urenco Group">Urenco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New build operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NNB_Generation_Company" title="NNB Generation Company">NNB Generation Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Nuclear_Power" title="Horizon Nuclear Power">Horizon Nuclear Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Energy" title="British Energy">British Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield_Ltd#History" title="Sellafield Ltd">British Nuclear Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox_Ltd#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnox Ltd">Magnox Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Electric" title="Nuclear Electric">Nuclear Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Nuclear" title="Scottish Nuclear">Scottish Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuGeneration" title="NuGeneration">NuGeneration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Nuclear_Constabulary" title="Civil Nuclear Constabulary">Civil Nuclear Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Industry_Association" title="Nuclear Industry Association">Nuclear Industry Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Institute" title="Nuclear Institute">Nuclear Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Liabilities_Fund" title="Nuclear Liabilities Fund">Nuclear Liabilities Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Nuclear_Regulation" title="Office for Nuclear Regulation">Office for Nuclear Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority" title="United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority">United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Laboratory" title="National Nuclear Laboratory">United Kingdom National Nuclear Laboratory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_reactors#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear reactors">Reactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_gas-cooled_reactor" title="Advanced gas-cooled reactor">AGR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_nuclear_power_station" title="Hartlepool nuclear power station">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heysham_nuclear_power_station#Heysham_1" title="Heysham nuclear power station">Heysham 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heysham_nuclear_power_station#Heysham_2" title="Heysham nuclear power station">Heysham 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torness_nuclear_power_station" title="Torness nuclear power station">Torness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_gas-cooled_reactor" title="Advanced gas-cooled reactor">AGR</a> (closed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungeness_nuclear_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungeness nuclear power station">Dungeness B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinkley_Point_B_nuclear_power_station" title="Hinkley Point B nuclear power station">Hinkley Point B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterston_B_nuclear_power_station" title="Hunterston B nuclear power station">Hunterston B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder reactor">FBR</a> (closed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dounreay" title="Dounreay">Dounreay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnox</a> (closed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_nuclear_power_station" title="Berkeley nuclear power station">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradwell_nuclear_power_station" title="Bradwell nuclear power station">Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield#Calder_Hall_power_station" title="Sellafield">Calder Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapelcross_nuclear_power_station" title="Chapelcross nuclear power station">Chapelcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeness_nuclear_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungeness nuclear power station">Dungeness A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinkley_Point_A_nuclear_power_station" title="Hinkley Point A nuclear power station">Hinkley Point A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterston_A_nuclear_power_station" title="Hunterston A nuclear power station">Hunterston A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldbury_nuclear_power_station" title="Oldbury nuclear power station">Oldbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizewell_nuclear_power_stations#Sizewell_A" title="Sizewell nuclear power stations">Sizewell A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawsfynydd_nuclear_power_station" title="Trawsfynydd nuclear power station">Trawsfynydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wylfa_nuclear_power_station" title="Wylfa nuclear power station">Wylfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active71" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sizewell_nuclear_power_stations#Sizewell_B" title="Sizewell nuclear power stations">Sizewell B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em"><a href="/wiki/Proposed_nuclear_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom">Planned</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradwell_B_nuclear_power_station" title="Bradwell B nuclear power station">Bradwell B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinkley_Point_C_nuclear_power_station" title="Hinkley Point C nuclear power station">Hinkley Point C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorside_nuclear_power_station" title="Moorside nuclear power station">Moorside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizewell_C_nuclear_power_station" title="Sizewell C nuclear power station">Sizewell C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-reactor sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capenhurst" title="Capenhurst">Capenhurst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">uranium enrichment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_Oxide_Reprocessing_Plant" title="Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant">Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windscale_fire" title="Windscale fire">Windscale fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfields" title="Springfields">Springfields</a> (fuel manufacture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfrith" title="Winfrith">Winfrith</a> (research and development)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Fair" title="Energy Fair">Energy Fair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Nuclear_Forum" title="Franco-British Nuclear Forum">Franco-British Nuclear Forum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_or_Not%3F" title="Nuclear or Not?">Nuclear or Not?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_and_the_Environment" title="Nuclear Power and the Environment">Nuclear Power and the Environment</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Scotland" title="Nuclear power in Scotland">Nuclear power in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Commission" title="Sustainable Development Commission">Sustainable Development Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom350" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Companies350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy companies of the United Kingdom">Companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal companies of the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Natural_Resources_Corporation" title="Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation">ENRC</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GCM_Resources" title="GCM Resources">GCM Resources</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Coal" title="UK Coal">UK Coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom">Oil and <br />gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Exploration<br />and production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afren" title="Afren">Afren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_Energy" title="Capricorn Energy">Capricorn Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Petroleum" title="Dana Petroleum">Dana Petroleum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desire_Petroleum" title="Desire Petroleum">Desire Petroleum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Energy" title="Emerald Energy">Emerald Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnQuest" title="EnQuest">EnQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essar_Energy" title="Essar Energy">Essar Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_Energy" title="Harbour Energy">Harbour Energy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Oil_and_Gas" title="Hardy Oil and Gas">Hardy Oil and Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JKX_Oil_%26_Gas" title="JKX Oil & Gas">JKX Oil & Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melrose_Resources" title="Melrose Resources">Melrose Resources</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophir_Energy" title="Ophir Energy">Ophir Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perenco" title="Perenco">Perenco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pharos_Energy" title="Pharos Energy">Pharos Energy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regal_Petroleum" title="Regal Petroleum">Regal Petroleum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rockhopper_Exploration" title="Rockhopper Exploration">Rockhopper Exploration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Energy" title="Star Energy">Star Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenergy" title="Greenergy">Greenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murco_Petroleum" title="Murco Petroleum">Murco Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Group" title="Abbot Group">Abbot Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expro" title="Expro">Expro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_plc" title="Hunting plc">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qserv" title="Qserv">Qserv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir_Group" title="Weir Group">Weir Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WesternGeco" title="WesternGeco">WesternGeco</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Electric power companies of the United Kingdom">Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.ON_UK" title="E.ON UK">E.ON UK</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npower_(United_Kingdom)" title="Npower (United Kingdom)">Npower</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower" title="ScottishPower">ScottishPower</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc" title="SSE plc">SSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Generation<br />and supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drax_Group" title="Drax Group">Drax Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engie_Energy_International" title="Engie Energy International">Engie Energy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Nuclear_Power" title="Horizon Nuclear Power">Horizon Nuclear Power</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renantis" title="Renantis">Renantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattenfall_UK" title="Vattenfall UK">Vattenfall UK</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Resources" title="Vedanta Resources">Vedanta Resources</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">Supply</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100Green" title="100Green">100Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Energy" title="Bristol Energy">Bristol Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-op_Energy" title="Co-op Energy">Co-op Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotricity" title="Ecotricity">Ecotricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESB_Group" title="ESB Group">ESB Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Energy" title="Good Energy">Good Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_Energy" title="Octopus Energy">Octopus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Energy" title="Opus Energy">Opus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outfox_the_Market" title="Outfox the Market">Outfox the Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVO_Energy" title="OVO Energy">OVO Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Energy" title="Shell Energy">Shell Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies_Gas_%26_Power" title="TotalEnergies Gas & Power">TotalEnergies Gas & Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilita_Energy" title="Utilita Energy">Utilita Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Warehouse" title="Utility Warehouse">Utility Warehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Distribution_network_operator" title="Distribution network operator">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_North_West" title="Electricity North West">Electricity North West</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Powergrid" title="Northern Powergrid">Northern Powergrid</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">SSE Power Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Power_Networks" title="UK Power Networks">UK Power Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Power_Distribution" title="Western Power Distribution">Western Power Distribution</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadent_Gas" title="Cadent Gas">Cadent Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Gas_Networks" title="Northern Gas Networks">Northern Gas Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGN_(company)" title="SGN (company)">SGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_West_Utilities" title="Wales & West Utilities">Wales & West Utilities</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggreko" title="Aggreko">Aggreko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APX_Group" title="APX Group">APX Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_Power" title="Aquamarine Power">Aquamarine Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnServe" title="EnServe">EnServe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-Gen_Power" title="Hi-Gen Power">Hi-Gen Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Group" title="Mark Group">Mark Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power" title="United Downs Deep Geothermal Power">United Downs Deep Geothermal Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavegen" title="Wavegen">Wavegen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in <i>italics</i> <sup>1</sup>Ultimate parent company is not UK-based <sup>2</sup>Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_sources350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal Authority">Coal Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Coal-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mines in the United Kingdom">Coal mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_regions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mining regions in the United Kingdom">Coal mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_UK_Coal_Producers" title="Confederation of UK Coal Producers">Confederation of UK Coal Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike" title="1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike">miners' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-pit_coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom">Open-pit coal mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in the United Kingdom">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Electricity_Producers" title="Association of Electricity Producers">Association of Electricity Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BritNed" title="BritNed">BritNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Interconnector" title="East–West Interconnector">East–West Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_7" title="Economy 7">Economy 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_10" title="Economy 10">Economy 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_billing_in_the_UK" title="Electricity billing in the UK">Electricity billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_switching_services_in_the_UK" title="Energy switching services in the UK">Energy switching services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_electricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Green electricity in the United Kingdom">Green electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_Trade_Master_Agreement" title="Grid Trade Master Agreement">Grid Trade Master Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridlink_Interconnector" title="Gridlink Interconnector">Gridlink Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Cross-Channel" title="HVDC Cross-Channel">HVDC Cross-Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_to_England_Interconnector" title="Isle of Man to England Interconnector">Isle of Man to England Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyle_Interconnector" title="Moyle Interconnector">Moyle Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">National Grid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_the_National_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of the National Grid">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_Reserve_Service" title="National Grid Reserve Service">Reserve Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Electricity_Trading_Arrangements" title="New Electricity Trading Arrangements">New Electricity Trading Arrangements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Link" title="North Sea Link">North Sea Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Power stations in the United Kingdom">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_UK_electricity_supply_industry" title="Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry">Timeline of the electricity supply industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Nuclear_Forum" title="Franco-British Nuclear Forum">Franco-British Nuclear Forum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Liabilities_Fund" title="Nuclear Liabilities Fund">Nuclear Liabilities Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom">Nuclear power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Nuclear_Regulation" title="Office for Nuclear Regulation">Office for Nuclear Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority" title="United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority">United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Laboratory" title="National Nuclear Laboratory">United Kingdom National Nuclear Laboratory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom">Oil and gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBL_Pipeline" title="BBL Pipeline">BBL Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash_for_Gas" title="Dash for Gas">Dash for Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forties_pipeline_system" title="Forties pipeline system">Forties pipeline system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fuel protests in the United Kingdom">Fuel protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Gas infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_Oil_Duty" title="Hydrocarbon Oil Duty">Hydrocarbon Oil Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">National Transmission System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas fields in the United Kingdom">Natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Natural gas-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Transition_Authority" title="North Sea Transition Authority">North Sea Transition Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Energies_UK" title="Offshore Energies UK">Offshore Energies UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil fields of the United Kingdom">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Oil-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Petroleum infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Oil infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_refineries_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil refineries in the United Kingdom">Oil refineries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Revenue_Tax" title="Petroleum Revenue Tax">Petroleum Revenue Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Biofuel in the United Kingdom">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biofuel_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Biofuel power stations in the United Kingdom">Biofuel power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNFCC" title="NNFCC">NNFCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuels_Agency" title="Renewable Fuels Agency">Renewable Fuels Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Transport_Fuel_Obligation" title="Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation">Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geothermal_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Geothermal power stations in the United Kingdom">Geothermal power stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectric_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectric power stations in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_Barrage" title="Mersey Barrage">Mersey Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn_Barrage" title="Severn Barrage">Severn Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wave_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Wave farms in the United Kingdom">Wave farms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Offshore wind power in the United Kingdom">Offshore wind power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of offshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of onshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Seas_Energy_Cooperation" title="North Seas Energy Cooperation">North Seas Energy Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Scotland" title="Wind power in Scotland">Wind power in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_and_regulation350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government and regulation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Trust" title="Carbon Trust">Carbon Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenex" title="Cenex">Cenex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Committee" title="Climate Change Committee">Climate Change Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Department for Energy Security and Net Zero">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas and Electricity Markets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">Legislation and<br />initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Emission_Reduction_Target" title="Carbon Emission Reduction Target">Carbon Emission Reduction Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Act_2008" title="Climate Change Act 2008">Climate Change Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Agreement_(UK)" title="Climate Change Agreement (UK)">Climate Change Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_and_Sustainable_Energy_Act_2006" title="Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006">Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Levy" title="Climate Change Levy">Climate Change Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRC_Energy_Efficiency_Scheme" title="CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme">CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarbonisation_measures_in_proposed_UK_electricity_market_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform">Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_Energy_Certificate" title="Display Energy Certificate">Display Energy Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Act_2013" title="Energy Act 2013">Energy Act 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_performance_certificate" title="Energy performance certificate">Energy performance certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Fuel_Levy" title="Fossil Fuel Levy">Fossil Fuel Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Carbon_Building_Programme" title="Low Carbon Building Programme">Low Carbon Building Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Fossil_Fuel_Obligation" title="Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation">Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Act_2008" title="Planning Act 2008">Planning Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Heat_Incentive" title="Renewable Heat Incentive">Renewable Heat Incentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation_(United_Kingdom)" title="Renewables Obligation (United Kingdom)">Renewables Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Climate_Change_Programme" title="United Kingdom Climate Change Programme">United Kingdom Climate Change Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-governmental_organisations350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-governmental organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Charities and<br />pressure groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashden_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashden Award">Ashden Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregional" title="Bioregional">Bioregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_Climate_Change" title="Campaign against Climate Change">Campaign against Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Action" title="National Energy Action">National Energy Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Climate_Chaos" title="Stop Climate Chaos">Stop Climate Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Centre" title="Tyndall Centre">Tyndall Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Industry bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Decentralised_Energy" title="Association for Decentralised Energy">Association for Decentralised Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Institute" title="Energy Institute">Energy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Networks_Association_(United_Kingdom)" title="Energy Networks Association (United Kingdom)">Energy Networks Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Retail_Association" title="Energy Retail Association">Energy Retail Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Power_Forum" title="Green Power Forum">Green Power Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenewableUK" title="RenewableUK">RenewableUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilities_Intermediaries_Association" title="Utilities Intermediaries Association">Utilities Intermediaries Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Renewable_Energy_Systems_Technology" title="Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology">Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Technologies_Institute" title="Energy Technologies Institute">Energy Technologies Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office_Hadley_Centre" title="Met Office Hadley Centre">Met Office Hadley Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narec" title="Narec">Narec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre" title="Oil Depletion Analysis Centre">Oil Depletion Analysis Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury_Research_Centre" title="Sunbury Research Centre">Sunbury Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Energy_Research_Centre" title="UK Energy Research Centre">UK Energy Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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