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mx-n20 mx-sm-20 my-sm-20 justify-content-center"><div class="TableOfContents_TableOfContents__g8WLR d-none d-md-block position-sticky p-20 border border-right-0" data-testid="TableOfContents"><div class="font-16 font-weight-bold">Table of Contents</div><hr class="mt-0"/><ul class="TableOfContents_TableOfContentsList__yU1tL p-0 mt-0 mb-0 list-unstyled" style="--category-color:var(--orange-light)"><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Organization-of-American-States#ref20243-1">Introduction</a></li><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Organization-of-American-States#ref282726">History</a></li><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Organization-of-American-States#ref282727">Structure</a></li><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Organization-of-American-States#ref282728">Relations with member countries</a></li></ul><div class="font-14 font-weight-bold mt-20">Read More</div><div class="TableOfContents_RelatedArticle__yK5m6" 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company, HP" data-testid="IrisImage"/></div><div class="card-body" data-testid="CardBody"><div class="font-14">Hewlett-Packard Company</div></div></div></a></div></div><button class="btn btn-outline-undefined TableOfContents_MobileTableOfContentsButton__dHpRi d-md-none mb-20 w-100 d-none" data-testid="MobileTableOfContents" type="button" aria-label="Table Of Contents" style="--category-color:var(--orange-light)"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M4 10.5c-.83 0-1.5.67-1.5 1.5s.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5zm0-6c-.83 0-1.5.67-1.5 1.5S3.17 7.5 4 7.5 5.5 6.83 5.5 6 4.83 4.5 4 4.5zm0 12c-.83 0-1.5.68-1.5 1.5s.68 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5-.68 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5zM7 19h14v-2H7v2zm0-6h14v-2H7v2zm0-8v2h14V5H7z"></path></svg><span class="font-18 ml-5">Table Of Contents</span></button><span hidden="" 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style="position:fixed;top:1px;left:1px;width:1px;height:0;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;display:none"></span></div><div class="caption mt-10">Also known as: OAS</div><strong class="font-12 mr-5">Written and fact-checked by</strong><span class="mr-5" data-testid="Byline"><span class="Byline_popoverTrigger__xVs4j font-14" id="_R1liksvf7ksq">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></span><div class="popover AuthorPopover_AuthorPopover__0W0b4" data-testid="Popover"><a class="font-weight-semi-bold" href="/money/author/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a><div class="AuthorPopover_shortBio__1tFaf mt-5 font-14 font-serif text-gray-700 line-clamp clamp-4">Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.</div><div data-popper-arrow="true"></div></div><div class="caption mt-5 d-flex" data-testid="ContentDateAndHistory"><span>Updated: <time dateTime="Oct. 08, 2024">Oct. 08, 2024</time></span></div></div><div class="TableOfContents_TableOfContents__g8WLR d-none" data-testid="TableOfContents"><div class="font-16 font-weight-bold">Table of Contents</div><hr class="mt-0"/><ul class="TableOfContents_TableOfContentsList__yU1tL p-0 mt-0 mb-0 list-unstyled pl-5" style="--category-color:var(--orange-light)"><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Organization-of-American-States#ref20243-1">Introduction</a></li><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Organization-of-American-States#ref282726">History</a></li><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Organization-of-American-States#ref282727">Structure</a></li><li class="link-black font-14 my-10"><a href="/money/Organization-of-American-States#ref282728">Relations with member countries</a></li></ul><div class="font-14 font-weight-bold mt-20">Read More</div><div class="TableOfContents_RelatedArticle__yK5m6" data-testid="RelatedContents"><a href="/money/economic-growth" class="link-black" data-testid="RelatedContent-1-178400-1"><div class="card card-sm card-horizontal my-15" data-testid="Card"><div class="card-media" data-testid="CardMedia" style="aspect-ratio:50/40"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/45/236545-138-9A9D0C7E/what-is-inflation.jpg?c=crop&h=40&w=50" alt="What Is Inflation?" data-testid="IrisImage"/></div><div class="card-body" data-testid="CardBody"><div class="font-14">economic growth</div></div></div></a><a href="/money/Hewlett-Packard-Company" class="link-black" data-testid="RelatedContent-1-264529-1"><div class="card card-sm card-horizontal my-15" data-testid="Card"><div class="card-media" data-testid="CardMedia" style="aspect-ratio:50/40"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/05/23605-004-F2B4F973/Palo-Alto-garage-equipment-William-Hewlett-California-1938.jpg?c=crop&h=40&w=50" alt="Garage where William Hewlett and David Packard began their company, HP" data-testid="IrisImage"/></div><div class="card-body" data-testid="CardBody"><div class="font-14">Hewlett-Packard Company</div></div></div></a></div></div><button class="btn btn-outline-undefined TableOfContents_MobileTableOfContentsButton__dHpRi d-md-none mb-20 w-100" data-testid="MobileTableOfContents" type="button" aria-label="Table Of Contents" style="--category-color:var(--orange-light)"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M4 10.5c-.83 0-1.5.67-1.5 1.5s.67 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5-.67 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5zm0-6c-.83 0-1.5.67-1.5 1.5S3.17 7.5 4 7.5 5.5 6.83 5.5 6 4.83 4.5 4 4.5zm0 12c-.83 0-1.5.68-1.5 1.5s.68 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5-.68 1.5-1.5-.67-1.5-1.5-1.5zM7 19h14v-2H7v2zm0-6h14v-2H7v2zm0-8v2h14V5H7z"></path></svg><span class="font-18 ml-5">Table Of Contents</span></button><span hidden="" style="position:fixed;top:1px;left:1px;width:1px;height:0;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border-width:0;display:none"></span><div class="font-serif font-18 lh-lg dropCapArticle"><div class="Article_floatedHeroComponents__8_NjL"><div class="mb-10 BorderlessCard_BorderlessCard__u5tTW d-inline-block w-100 pb-0 rounded border p-10" data-testid="BorderlessCard"><div class="w-100 position-relative d-flex"><img loading="eager" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/31/80531-050-DCAAD257/Flag-Organization-of-American-States.jpg?w=385" alt="Flag of the Organization of American States." width="385" data-testid="IrisImage" class="border rounded w-100"/><button class="btn btn-outline-blue-dark btn-xl btn-circle CircleIconButton_CircleIconButton__HkIE0 position-absolute 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border rounded p-20 mb-20 ml-sm-20 mx-auto font-14 bg-white font-sans-serif"><div class="" data-testid="QuickFacts-Facts"><div class="QuickFacts_fact__5ukCJ position-relative mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"><dl class=""> <dt class="font-weight-bold text-capitalize mr-5">Date:</dt><dd>April 30, 1948 - present</dd></dl></div><div class="QuickFacts_fact__5ukCJ position-relative mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"><dl class=""> <dt class="font-weight-bold text-capitalize mr-5">Areas Of Involvement:</dt><dd><a href="/money/economic-growth">economic growth</a></dd><dd><a href="/topic/social-change">social change</a></dd><dd><a href="/topic/communism">communism</a></dd><dd><a href="/topic/culture">culture</a></dd><dd><a href="/topic/defense-national-defense">defense</a></dd></dl></div><div class="QuickFacts_fact__5ukCJ position-relative line-clamp clamp-3"><dl class=""> <dt class="font-weight-bold text-capitalize mr-5">Related People:</dt><dd><a href="/biography/Itamar-Franco">Itamar Franco</a></dd><dd><a href="/biography/Alejandro-Orfila">Alejandro Orfila</a></dd></dl></div></div></div><section class="HTMLContent_HTMLContent__cOyPs" data-testid="HTMLContent"><span id="ref20243-1" data-level="1" /><p><strong><span id="ref1044853" />Organization of American States (OAS)</strong>, organization formed to promote economic, military, and cultural cooperation among its members, which include almost all of the independent states of the <a href="/place/Western-Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>. The OAS’s main goals are to prevent any outside state’s intervention in the Western Hemisphere and to maintain peace between the various states within the hemisphere.</p></section><section class="HTMLContent_HTMLContent__cOyPs" data-testid="HTMLContent"><span id="ref282726" data-level="1" /><h2 class="h2">History</h2><p>The founding of the OAS was based on the general acceptance of the principles of the U.S. <span id="ref41640" /><a href="/event/Monroe-Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> (Dec. 2, 1823) by the countries of the Western Hemisphere, especially the principle that an attack upon one American state would be considered as an attack upon all. The OAS attempted to “continentalize” the Monroe Doctrine, creating obligations for the other states without restricting the right of the United States to take immediate action in self-defense.</p><p>The OAS grew out of an earlier U.S.-sponsored <a href="/topic/international-organization">international organization</a> for the Western Hemisphere, the <a href="/topic/Pan-American-Union">Pan-American Union</a>, which held a series of nine <span id="ref41636" /><a href="/topic/Pan-American-conferences">Pan-American conferences</a> from 1889–90 to 1948 to reach agreement on various commercial and juridical problems common to the United States and Latin America. (<em>See</em> <a href="/topic/Pan-American-conferences">Pan-American conferences</a>.) In <a href="/event/World-War-II">World War II</a> most Latin American nations sided with the United States and declared war against the <a href="/topic/Axis-Powers">Axis powers</a>. After this global conflict, all 21 independent nations of the Western Hemisphere agreed in 1947 on a formal mutual-defense pact called the <span id="ref41637" />Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance. By 1948, with the start of the <span id="ref41638" /><a href="/event/Cold-War">Cold War</a>, it had become apparent that a stronger security system was needed in the Western Hemisphere to meet the perceived threat of international <a href="/topic/communism">communism</a>. At the urging of the <span id="ref41639" /><a href="/topic/history-of-United-States">United States</a>, the OAS Charter was signed on April 30, 1948, at the conclusion of the Ninth Pan-American Conference, held in <a href="/place/Bogota">Bogotá</a>, Colom. The aims of the organization were to strengthen the peace and security of the Western Hemisphere, to promote the peaceful settlement of disputes between member states, to provide for <a href="/topic/collective-security">collective security</a>, and to encourage cooperation in economic, social, and cultural matters. Most of the newly independent nations of the Caribbean joined the OAS in the 1960s, and the last major holdout, <a href="/place/Canada">Canada</a>, joined in 1990.</p><p>After the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s, the OAS became more active in encouraging democratic government in member states, and it became a leader in observing and monitoring elections to safeguard against fraud and irregularities. In the economic and social field, its most notable achievement was its adoption of the <span id="ref41647" /><a href="/topic/Charter-of-Punta-del-Este">Charter of Punta del Este</a> (1961), establishing the <a href="/topic/Alliance-for-Progress">Alliance for Progress</a>. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights was established at San José, C.Rica, in 1979.</p><span id="ref282727" data-level="1" /><h2 class="h2">Structure</h2><p>The <span id="ref41641" />General Secretariat is the administrative backbone of the OAS and is headed by a secretary-general elected to a five-year term. The chief policy-making body of the OAS is the General Assembly, which holds annual meetings at which member states are represented by their foreign ministers or chiefs of state. The General Assembly controls the OAS’s budget and supervises various specialized organizations. In case of attack or an act of aggression within or between member states, the <span id="ref41642" />Permanent Council, composed of an ambassador from each member state, acts as the provisional organ of consultation until all the member states’ ministers of foreign affairs can assemble. At this consultation meeting of foreign ministers, collective action cannot be undertaken without the approval of two-thirds of the foreign ministers present. The General Secretariat and the Permanent Council are based in Washington, D.C.</p></section><div class="Assemblies_assemblyItemWrapper__siPLQ align-middle Assemblies_singleAssembly__V5KfU Assemblies_floated__P8hHn"><div class="mb-10 BorderlessCard_BorderlessCard__u5tTW d-inline-block w-100 pb-0 rounded border p-10" data-testid="BorderlessCard"><div class="w-100 position-relative d-flex" style="aspect-ratio:1600/1063"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/28/144028-050-89E5CF16/headquarters-Organization-of-American-States-Washington-DC.jpg?w=385" alt="Organization of American States" width="385" data-testid="IrisImage" class="border rounded w-100"/><button class="btn btn-outline-blue-dark btn-xl btn-circle CircleIconButton_CircleIconButton__HkIE0 position-absolute bottom-10 right-10 bg-white" data-testid="CircleIconButton" type="button" aria-label="Open full size image" id="_Rckksvf7ksq"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27A6.471 6.471 0 0 0 16 9.5 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z"></path><path d="M12 10h-2v2H9v-2H7V9h2V7h1v2h2v1z"></path></svg></button><div class="tooltip font-16" data-testid="Tooltip">Open full sized image<div data-popper-arrow="true"></div></div></div><div class="font-serif text-gray-700 mt-5 font-14 text-left">Organization of American States headquarters, Washington, D.C.</div><div class="font-serif text-gray-700 mt-5 font-12 font-italic mb-10 text-left">Courtesy of the Organization of American States</div></div></div><section class="HTMLContent_HTMLContent__cOyPs" data-testid="HTMLContent"><span id="ref282728" data-level="1" /><h2 class="h2">Relations with member countries</h2><p>The OAS has settled border conflicts between various member countries since the late 1940s. For example, it provided the framework for a truce and subsequent resolution of the <span id="ref1041316" /><a href="/topic/Soccer-War">Soccer War</a> (1969) between <a href="/place/Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/place/El-Salvador">El Salvador</a>. The OAS also supported the United States’ unilateral military intervention in the <span id="ref41646" /><a href="/topic/history-of-Dominican-Republic">Dominican Republic</a> in 1965 to prevent a left-wing government from coming to power. In the wake of the U.S. invasion, the OAS created an inter-American military force that kept the peace in the Dominican Republic until new elections were held there in 1966. The left-wing <span id="ref1041318" /><a href="/topic/Sandinista">Sandinista</a> movement that held power in <a href="/place/Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> between 1979 and 1990 was not opposed by the OAS, however, because the organization believed that the Sandinista government did not offer any potential for Soviet intervention in the Western Hemisphere, despite the United States’ claims to the contrary.</p><p>Because the OAS was strongly anticommunist in its orientation, it suspended <span id="ref41643" /><a href="/topic/history-of-Cuba">Cuba</a>’s membership in the group in 1962; that country had declared itself Marxist-Leninist in 1961. The OAS then supported U.S. Pres. <span id="ref41644" /><a href="/biography/John-F-Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in the quarantine against the shipment of Soviet missiles to Cuba. In the face of <span id="ref41645" /><a href="/event/Cuban-missile-crisis">Cuban</a> attempts to subvert neighbouring countries, the OAS ordered trade sanctions and the breaking of diplomatic ties with that nation from 1964 to 1975. By the early 21st century, however, the OAS looked toward Cuba’s reentry into the group. In June 2009 OAS’s foreign ministers voted to lift the suspension of Cuba’s membership, but Cuba declined to rejoin the organization.</p><p>In July 2009, following a <a href="/topic/coup-detat">coup</a> that ousted Pres. <span id="ref1062918" /><a href="/biography/Manuel-Zelaya">Manuel Zelaya</a> from the Honduran presidency, the interim government of Honduras announced its departure from the OAS. Because the OAS did not recognize the government as a legitimate one, it refused to accept the withdrawal. In a show of support for Zelaya, the OAS then unanimously voted to suspend Honduras from the group.</p></section><span class="Signature_signature__PzeTY d-block border-left font-italic pb-5 pl-10 mt-10 font-14" data-testid="Signature">This article was most recently revised and updated by <a href="/money/author/Jeannette-L-Nolen/6757">Jeannette L. Nolen</a>.</span></div></div><aside class="d-none d-lg-block cm-right-rail col-da-320 z-1" data-testid="RightRail"></aside></div><div data-page-index="1" data-testid="PageSentinel"></div></div></main><footer class="Footer_Footer__h6k1G text-align-center pb-100" data-testid="Footer"><div class="pt-30 pt-md-40 mx-25 mx-md-0"><a href="/money"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/money/assets/Money-475x60-footer-2x.png?h=47&w=390" alt="Britannica Money Logo" data-testid="IrisImage"/></a></div><div class="Footer_SubLinks__z2QDt my-30 font-weight-semi-bold font-weight-semi-bold d-flex flex-row tw-justify-center tw-items-center"><a class="mx-20" href="/money/about">About Us</a><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy-2" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="mx-20">Privacy Policy</a><a href="https://corporate.britannica.com/termsofuse.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="mx-20">Terms & Conditions</a></div><div 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Stocks, bonds, mutual funds, ETFs, and alternative investments such as commodities and real estate, are part of a vast market ecosystem.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdShowChart\",\"color\":\"orange\"},\"slug\":\"investing\",\"url\":\"/browse/investing\"},\"subcategories\":[{\"id\":13110,\"parentId\":13100,\"title\":\"Alternative Investments\",\"description\":\"alts\\\") would be everything else. Learn about commodities, precious metals, derivatives, real estate, art, and collectibles—and the institutional traders and fund managers who invest in them.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdShowChart\",\"color\":\"orange\"},\"slug\":\"Alternative-Investments\",\"url\":\"/browse/Alternative-Investments\"},{\"id\":13111,\"parentId\":13100,\"title\":\"Bonds \u0026 Fixed Income\",\"description\":\"A diversified investment portfolio typically includes bonds and other fixed-income securities. But like all invements, fixed income has its share of product types, risks, and complexities that are worth exploring and understanding.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdShowChart\",\"color\":\"orange\"},\"slug\":\"Bonds-Fixed-Income\",\"url\":\"/browse/Bonds-Fixed-Income\"},{\"id\":13113,\"parentId\":13100,\"title\":\"ETFs \u0026 Mutual Funds\",\"description\":\"Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and mutual funds are baskets of stocks, bonds, and other securities. A fund may track an index such as the S\u0026P 500, or it may be tied to a sector, industry, risk profile, or strategy.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdShowChart\",\"color\":\"orange\"},\"slug\":\"ETFs-Mutual-Funds\",\"url\":\"/browse/ETFs-Mutual-Funds\"},{\"id\":13112,\"parentId\":13100,\"title\":\"Economic Data\",\"description\":\"No exploration of investment opportunies is complete without context of the economic realities of the day. Economic data includes government reports such as GDP, unemployment, inflation, and housing numbers, as well as trends in fiscal and monetary policy.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdShowChart\",\"color\":\"orange\"},\"slug\":\"Economic-Data\",\"url\":\"/browse/Economic-Data\"},{\"id\":13114,\"parentId\":13100,\"title\":\"Fundamental Analysis\",\"description\":\"Does a specific stock deserve a place in your portfolio? Due diligence starts with fundamental analysis: Earnings and earnings ratios, financial statements, growth and growth potential, and the competitive environment.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdShowChart\",\"color\":\"orange\"},\"slug\":\"Fundamental-Analysis\",\"url\":\"/browse/Fundamental-Analysis\"},{\"id\":13115,\"parentId\":13100,\"title\":\"Markets \u0026 Regulation\",\"description\":\"Modern financial markets are relatively easy to navigate, but amazingly complex when you dig beneath the surface. Learn how markets work, who the players are, how money and securities change hands, and how the system is regulated.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdShowChart\",\"color\":\"orange\"},\"slug\":\"Markets-Regulation\",\"url\":\"/browse/Markets-Regulation\"},{\"id\":13116,\"parentId\":13100,\"title\":\"Portfolio Management\",\"description\":\"Your portfolio is the amalgamation of all your assets—stocks, bonds, real estate, the funds in your 401(k), and your cash. A well-managed portfolio will aim for solid long-term returns—adjusted for your risk tolerance and time horizon—and will shift along with your changing objectives.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdShowChart\",\"color\":\"orange\"},\"slug\":\"Portfolio-Management\",\"url\":\"/browse/Portfolio-Management\"},{\"id\":13117,\"parentId\":13100,\"title\":\"Stocks \u0026 Indexes\",\"description\":\"A stock represents partial ownership of a company, and a stock index tracks a basket of stocks of different companies. Learn the ins and outs of the stock market, the 11 sectors within it, and the various indexes that measure its overall performance.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdShowChart\",\"color\":\"orange\"},\"slug\":\"Stocks-Indexes\",\"url\":\"/browse/Stocks-Indexes\"}]},{\"category\":{\"id\":13400,\"parentId\":13000,\"title\":\"Trading\",\"description\":\"Trading is the short-term buying and selling of stocks, commodities, options, cryptocurrencies, and other securities. Trading has different objectives and strategies than long-term investing. Traders use technical analysis, buy and sell on margin, and look to capture price inefficiencies.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/21/235621-159-24129B3B/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-retirement.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdOutlineToll\",\"color\":\"violet-strong\"},\"slug\":\"Trading\",\"url\":\"/browse/Trading\"},\"subcategories\":[{\"id\":13401,\"parentId\":13400,\"title\":\"Crypto \u0026 Foreign Exchange\",\"description\":\"Active trading in foreign exchange (“forex”) has been around for decades, while cryptocurrencies are relative newcomers. Both track the relative value of currencies or cryptocurrencies: dollars, euro, yen, and pounds as well as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, and Dogecoin.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/21/235621-159-24129B3B/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-retirement.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdOutlineToll\",\"color\":\"violet-strong\"},\"slug\":\"Crypto-Foreign-Exchange\",\"url\":\"/browse/Crypto-Foreign-Exchange\"},{\"id\":13402,\"parentId\":13400,\"title\":\"Futures \u0026 Margin Trading\",\"description\":\"Futures contracts allow traders and investors to speculate on the direction of—and hedge underlying positions in—stock indexes, interest rates, commodities, precious metals, and more.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/21/235621-159-24129B3B/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-retirement.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdOutlineToll\",\"color\":\"violet-strong\"},\"slug\":\"Futures-Margin-Trading\",\"url\":\"/browse/Futures-Margin-Trading\"},{\"id\":13403,\"parentId\":13400,\"title\":\"Options Trading\",\"description\":\"Options are derivative contracts that give the buyer the right to buy or sell a security at a specific price. Options can be flexible and capital efficient. But understanding the math behind them, plus the lingo, strategies, and risk parameters, requires some training.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/21/235621-159-24129B3B/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-retirement.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdOutlineToll\",\"color\":\"violet-strong\"},\"slug\":\"Options-Trading\",\"url\":\"/browse/Options-Trading\"},{\"id\":13404,\"parentId\":13400,\"title\":\"Technical Analysis\",\"description\":\"Is there predictive power in price and volume data? Technical analysts watch the charts, look for patterns, and use a blend of art and science to try to optimize the timing and price levels for buy and sell orders.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/21/235621-159-24129B3B/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-retirement.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdOutlineToll\",\"color\":\"violet-strong\"},\"slug\":\"Technical-Analysis\",\"url\":\"/browse/Technical-Analysis\"},{\"id\":13405,\"parentId\":13400,\"title\":\"Trading Strategy\",\"description\":\"Active trading requires some specialized skill—and a special mindset. Learn how to manage capital and trading positions, as well as emotions and biases. \",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/21/235621-159-24129B3B/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-retirement.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdOutlineToll\",\"color\":\"violet-strong\"},\"slug\":\"Trading-Strategy\",\"url\":\"/browse/Trading-Strategy\"}]},{\"category\":{\"id\":13200,\"parentId\":13000,\"title\":\"Retirement\",\"description\":\"We all dream of a comfortable retirement. Learn all about the various retirement savings accounts and how to maximize them. Careful planning of your retirement income, budget, and lifestyle can help make sure you don't outlive your money.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/21/235621-159-24129B3B/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-retirement.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdSavings\",\"color\":\"green\"},\"slug\":\"retirement\",\"url\":\"/browse/retirement\"},\"subcategories\":[{\"id\":13201,\"parentId\":13200,\"title\":\"Defined Contribution Plans\",\"description\":\"401(k) plans and individual retirement accounts (IRAs) are examples of defined contribution plans. You decide how much to contribute, and those savings are invested to compound and (hopefully) capture market earnings. 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Pretty much anyone with assets, families, and even pets should have plans in place—just in case.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/21/235621-159-24129B3B/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-retirement.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdSavings\",\"color\":\"green\"},\"slug\":\"Estate-Planning\",\"url\":\"/browse/Estate-Planning\"},{\"id\":13203,\"parentId\":13200,\"title\":\"Pensions \u0026 Annuities\",\"description\":\"An annuity is a series of payments made at fixed, regular intervals. Defined benefit plans (such as government and company pension plans) are one type of annuity. Insurance companies also sell annuity products that are designed to offer predictable income streams in retirement. But fair warning: they're complex.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/21/235621-159-24129B3B/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-retirement.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdSavings\",\"color\":\"green\"},\"slug\":\"Pensions-Annuities\",\"url\":\"/browse/Pensions-Annuities\"},{\"id\":13204,\"parentId\":13200,\"title\":\"Retirement Living\",\"description\":\"Throughout your career, you've been looking forward to retirement. But once you're there, you have a brand new set of decisions to make: travel, budgeting, tackling the bucket list, and maybe even taking on a new job or side hustle. Retirement living: It's a new beginning.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/21/235621-159-24129B3B/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-retirement.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdSavings\",\"color\":\"green\"},\"slug\":\"Retirement-Living\",\"url\":\"/browse/Retirement-Living\"},{\"id\":13205,\"parentId\":13200,\"title\":\"Retirement Planning\",\"description\":\"Are you expecting a long and comfortable retirement? Plan ahead. Will your savings and income streams support all your dreams for your golden years? And do you have contingency plans in case things change? Learn how to plan and strategize for retirement.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/21/235621-159-24129B3B/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-retirement.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdSavings\",\"color\":\"green\"},\"slug\":\"Retirement-Planning\",\"url\":\"/browse/Retirement-Planning\"},{\"id\":13206,\"parentId\":13200,\"title\":\"Social Security \u0026 Medicare\",\"description\":\"Most of us pay into Social Security and Medicare throughout our working lives; in retirement, we receive benefits. But to get the most out of these two government programs—and tailor them to your personal situation—you need to learn how they work.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/21/235621-159-24129B3B/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-retirement.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdSavings\",\"color\":\"green\"},\"slug\":\"Social-Security-Medicare\",\"url\":\"/browse/Social-Security-Medicare\"}]},{\"category\":{\"id\":13700,\"parentId\":13000,\"title\":\"Companies\",\"description\":\"The Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) places companies into eleven sectors: Communication services, consumer discretionary, consumer staples, energy, financials, health care, industrials, information technology, materials, real estate, and utilities.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdBarChart\",\"color\":\"red\"},\"slug\":\"Companies\",\"url\":\"/browse/Companies\"},\"subcategories\":[{\"id\":13709,\"parentId\":13700,\"title\":\"Communication Services\",\"description\":\"Communication services, added in 2018, includes traditional and social media, web platforms, video game makers, and telecom providers. Companies include AT\u0026T, Netflix, Facebook parent Meta, and Google parent Alphabet.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdBarChart\",\"color\":\"red\"},\"slug\":\"Communication-Services\",\"url\":\"/browse/Communication-Services\"},{\"id\":13704,\"parentId\":13700,\"title\":\"Consumer Discretionary\",\"description\":\"Discretionary companies - autos, travel and entertainment companies, apparel makers, and e-commerce - tend to rise and fall with the consumer economy. Companies include Ford, Nike, Disney, McDonald’s, and Amazon.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdBarChart\",\"color\":\"red\"},\"slug\":\"Consumer-Discretionary\",\"url\":\"/browse/Consumer-Discretionary\"},{\"id\":13705,\"parentId\":13700,\"title\":\"Consumer Staples\",\"description\":\"Staples are everyday products such as toothpaste, detergent, food and beverages, groceries, and beauty supplies. Companies include Costco, Walmart, Coca-Cola, and Procter \u0026 Gamble.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdBarChart\",\"color\":\"red\"},\"slug\":\"Consumer-Staples\",\"url\":\"/browse/Consumer-Staples\"},{\"id\":13701,\"parentId\":13700,\"title\":\"Energy\",\"description\":\"The energy sector, which includes oil and gas producers, pipeline builders, and refineries, tends to follow commodities. Companies include ExxonMobil, Halliburton, Chevron, Occidental, and ConocoPhillips.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdBarChart\",\"color\":\"red\"},\"slug\":\"Energy\",\"url\":\"/browse/Energy\"},{\"id\":13707,\"parentId\":13700,\"title\":\"Financials\",\"description\":\"The financials sector includes insurance, commercial and investment banks, brokers, and credit card and payment providers. Companies include JPMorganChase, PayPal, Allstate, Visa, BlackRock, and Goldman Sachs.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdBarChart\",\"color\":\"red\"},\"slug\":\"Financials\",\"url\":\"/browse/Financials\"},{\"id\":13706,\"parentId\":13700,\"title\":\"Health Care\",\"description\":\"The health care sector includes pharmaceuticals, medical devices, biotechnology, and health insurance companies. Top names include Pfizer, UnitedHealth, Medtronic, and Johnson \u0026 Johnson.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdBarChart\",\"color\":\"red\"},\"slug\":\"Health-Care\",\"url\":\"/browse/Health-Care\"},{\"id\":13703,\"parentId\":13700,\"title\":\"Industrials\",\"description\":\"The industrials sector includes construction, agricultural machinery, airplanes, defense (weapons) contractors, railroads, and delivery companies. Top names include Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Caterpillar, FedEx, 3M, and CSX.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdBarChart\",\"color\":\"red\"},\"slug\":\"Industrials\",\"url\":\"/browse/Industrials\"},{\"id\":13708,\"parentId\":13700,\"title\":\"Information Technology\",\"description\":\"The growth-oriented tech sector makes and services semiconductors, cell phones, computer hardware and software, and services such as cloud computing. Companies include Apple, Microsoft, NVIDIA, and Cisco.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdBarChart\",\"color\":\"red\"},\"slug\":\"Information-Technology\",\"url\":\"/browse/Information-Technology\"},{\"id\":13702,\"parentId\":13700,\"title\":\"Materials\",\"description\":\"The materials sector includes agricultural services, miners, and makers of paper, steel, and chemicals. Typically growth-oriented dividend payers, companies include International Paper, Alcoa, Dow, Freeport-McMoRan, and Newmont.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdBarChart\",\"color\":\"red\"},\"slug\":\"Materials\",\"url\":\"/browse/Materials\"},{\"id\":13710,\"parentId\":13700,\"title\":\"Utilities\",\"description\":\"Known for stability and a history of solid dividends, the utilities sector includes electricity providers, nuclear power companies, and waste haulers. Companies include NextEra, Waste Management, and Duke Energy.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/20/235620-159-F34405A1/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-investment.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdBarChart\",\"color\":\"red\"},\"slug\":\"Utilities\",\"url\":\"/browse/Utilities\"}]},{\"category\":{\"id\":13600,\"parentId\":13000,\"title\":\"Biographies\",\"description\":\"Behind all the great ideas, philosophies, inventions, and industries are people who create, cultivate, and lead. Learn about the entrepreneurs, financiers, business executives, and economic thought leaders who shaped the world of money and finance.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/22/235622-159-A518C19F/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-home-finance.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdPerson2\",\"color\":\"blue-strong\"},\"slug\":\"Biographies\",\"url\":\"/browse/Biographies\"},\"subcategories\":[{\"id\":13601,\"parentId\":13600,\"title\":\"Bankers \u0026 Financiers\",\"description\":\"Learn about the bankers, financiers, and other facilitators of capital market growth throughout history - those who underwrote the industrial revolution, the building of railroads and automobiles, and today’s technology platforms.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/22/235622-159-A518C19F/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-home-finance.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdPerson2\",\"color\":\"blue-strong\"},\"slug\":\"Bankers-Financiers\",\"url\":\"/browse/Bankers-Financiers\"},{\"id\":13602,\"parentId\":13600,\"title\":\"Business Executives\",\"description\":\"Learn about the men \u0026 women who helped - and are helping - shape global corporations, private businesses, sports teams, \u0026 technology start-ups.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/22/235622-159-A518C19F/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-home-finance.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdPerson2\",\"color\":\"blue-strong\"},\"slug\":\"Businesspeople-Executives\",\"url\":\"/browse/Businesspeople-Executives\"},{\"id\":13603,\"parentId\":13600,\"title\":\"Economists\",\"description\":\"Learn about the academics, researchers, statisticians, and policymakers who shaped the economy—plus the thought leadership, models, formulas, and philosophies they crafted and implemented.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/22/235622-159-A518C19F/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-home-finance.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdPerson2\",\"color\":\"blue-strong\"},\"slug\":\"Economists\",\"url\":\"/browse/Economists\"},{\"id\":13604,\"parentId\":13600,\"title\":\"Entrepreneurs\",\"description\":\"Entrepreneurs bear the economic uncertainties and risks of starting and running new businesses to generate profit and economic value. Learn about these industrialists, number crunchers, and technology innovators.\",\"imageUrl\":\"https://cdn.britannica.com/22/235622-159-A518C19F/britannica-money-default-subject-logo-home-finance.jpg\",\"categoryIcon\":{\"name\":\"MdPerson2\",\"color\":\"blue-strong\"},\"slug\":\"Entrepreneurs\",\"url\":\"/browse/Entrepreneurs\"}]},{\"category\":{\"id\":13500,\"parentId\":13000,\"title\":\"Finance \u0026 the Economy\",\"description\":\"Explore the full spectrum of finance and economics, from historical frameworks to contemporary topics. 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The OAS attempted to “continentalize” the Monroe Doctrine, creating obligations for the other states without restricting the right of the United States to take immediate action in self-defense.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-2]--\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe OAS grew out of an earlier U.S.-sponsored \u003ca href=\"/topic/international-organization\"\u003einternational organization\u003c/a\u003e for the Western Hemisphere, the \u003ca href=\"/topic/Pan-American-Union\"\u003ePan-American Union\u003c/a\u003e, which held a series of nine \u003cspan id=\"ref41636\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/topic/Pan-American-conferences\"\u003ePan-American conferences\u003c/a\u003e from 1889–90 to 1948 to reach agreement on various commercial and juridical problems common to the United States and Latin America. (\u003cem\u003eSee\u003c/em\u003e \u003ca href=\"/topic/Pan-American-conferences\"\u003ePan-American conferences\u003c/a\u003e.) In \u003ca href=\"/event/World-War-II\"\u003eWorld War II\u003c/a\u003e most Latin American nations sided with the United States and declared war against the \u003ca href=\"/topic/Axis-Powers\"\u003eAxis powers\u003c/a\u003e. After this global conflict, all 21 independent nations of the Western Hemisphere agreed in 1947 on a formal mutual-defense pact called the \u003cspan id=\"ref41637\" /\u003eInter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance. By 1948, with the start of the \u003cspan id=\"ref41638\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/event/Cold-War\"\u003eCold War\u003c/a\u003e, it had become apparent that a stronger security system was needed in the Western Hemisphere to meet the perceived threat of international \u003ca href=\"/topic/communism\"\u003ecommunism\u003c/a\u003e. At the urging of the \u003cspan id=\"ref41639\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/topic/history-of-United-States\"\u003eUnited States\u003c/a\u003e, the OAS Charter was signed on April 30, 1948, at the conclusion of the Ninth Pan-American Conference, held in \u003ca href=\"/place/Bogota\"\u003eBogotá\u003c/a\u003e, Colom. The aims of the organization were to strengthen the peace and security of the Western Hemisphere, to promote the peaceful settlement of disputes between member states, to provide for \u003ca href=\"/topic/collective-security\"\u003ecollective security\u003c/a\u003e, and to encourage cooperation in economic, social, and cultural matters. Most of the newly independent nations of the Caribbean joined the OAS in the 1960s, and the last major holdout, \u003ca href=\"/place/Canada\"\u003eCanada\u003c/a\u003e, joined in 1990.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-3]--\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s, the OAS became more active in encouraging democratic government in member states, and it became a leader in observing and monitoring elections to safeguard against fraud and irregularities. In the economic and social field, its most notable achievement was its adoption of the \u003cspan id=\"ref41647\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/topic/Charter-of-Punta-del-Este\"\u003eCharter of Punta del Este\u003c/a\u003e (1961), establishing the \u003ca href=\"/topic/Alliance-for-Progress\"\u003eAlliance for Progress\u003c/a\u003e. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights was established at San José, C.Rica, in 1979.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-4]--\u003e\u003cspan id=\"ref282727\" data-level=\"1\" /\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"h2\"\u003eStructure\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cspan id=\"ref41641\" /\u003eGeneral Secretariat is the administrative backbone of the OAS and is headed by a secretary-general elected to a five-year term. The chief policy-making body of the OAS is the General Assembly, which holds annual meetings at which member states are represented by their foreign ministers or chiefs of state. The General Assembly controls the OAS’s budget and supervises various specialized organizations. In case of attack or an act of aggression within or between member states, the \u003cspan id=\"ref41642\" /\u003ePermanent Council, composed of an ambassador from each member state, acts as the provisional organ of consultation until all the member states’ ministers of foreign affairs can assemble. At this consultation meeting of foreign ministers, collective action cannot be undertaken without the approval of two-thirds of the foreign ministers present. The General Secretariat and the Permanent Council are based in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-5]--\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"1a:Ta5f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cspan id=\"ref282728\" data-level=\"1\" /\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"h2\"\u003eRelations with member countries\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe OAS has settled border conflicts between various member countries since the late 1940s. For example, it provided the framework for a truce and subsequent resolution of the \u003cspan id=\"ref1041316\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/topic/Soccer-War\"\u003eSoccer War\u003c/a\u003e (1969) between \u003ca href=\"/place/Honduras\"\u003eHonduras\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"/place/El-Salvador\"\u003eEl Salvador\u003c/a\u003e. 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The left-wing \u003cspan id=\"ref1041318\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/topic/Sandinista\"\u003eSandinista\u003c/a\u003e movement that held power in \u003ca href=\"/place/Nicaragua\"\u003eNicaragua\u003c/a\u003e between 1979 and 1990 was not opposed by the OAS, however, because the organization believed that the Sandinista government did not offer any potential for Soviet intervention in the Western Hemisphere, despite the United States’ claims to the contrary.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c!--[P-6]--\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecause the OAS was strongly anticommunist in its orientation, it suspended \u003cspan id=\"ref41643\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/topic/history-of-Cuba\"\u003eCuba\u003c/a\u003e’s membership in the group in 1962; that country had declared itself Marxist-Leninist in 1961. The OAS then supported U.S. Pres. \u003cspan id=\"ref41644\" /\u003e\u003ca href=\"/biography/John-F-Kennedy\"\u003eJohn F. Kennedy\u003c/a\u003e in the quarantine against the shipment of Soviet missiles to Cuba. 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