CINXE.COM
Education in Chemistry
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="/Magazine/core.css?p=7605401671944776"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="/Magazine/core.js?p=7605401671944776"> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice start for edu.rsc.org --> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/consent/f013b414-d5e1-4738-9c99-993a91ab87c6/OtAutoBlock.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="f013b414-d5e1-4738-9c99-993a91ab87c6"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { otShowCookieFooter(); if (otCookieCheck("Targeting")) { OneTrust.InsertScript("https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js", "head", null, null, "4"); } else { OneTrust.InsertScript("https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js", "head", null, null, "1"); } } </script> <!-- Disable OneTrust cookie prompt on embedded AD pages --> <script type="text/javascript"> if (window.location.href.indexOf("/account/MyAccountNavigationIFrame.aspx") !== -1) { document.write("<style>#onetrust-consent-sdk { display: none }</style>"); } </script> <!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice end for edu.rsc.org --> <title>Education in Chemistry</title> <meta name="description" content="News, articles and teaching resources for chemistry and science teachers" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name="momentnowdate" content="2025-04-07 01:57:13.926"/> <meta name="momentlocale" content="en-gb"/> <meta name="momentlocaleformat" content="D MMMM YYYY"/> <meta name="momentrelative" content="false"/> <meta name="momentrelativeformat" content="YYYY,MM,DD"/> <meta name="momentrelativemorethan" content="10"/> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive" /> <meta name="blockthis" content="blockGA" /> <meta name="showwallpaper" content="true" /> <meta name="navcode" content="124" /> <meta name="primarynavigation" content="EIC" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="RSC Education" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Education in Chemistry"/> <meta property="og:description" content="News, articles and teaching resources for chemistry and science teachers" /> <meta property="twitter:title" content="Education in Chemistry"/> <meta property="twitter:description" content="News, articles and teaching resources for chemistry and science teachers"/> <meta property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1024" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="536" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1024x536/P/web/v/p/w/image_4000_516865.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Education in Chemistry magazine in print and digital" /> <meta property="twitter:image:src" content="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1024x536/P/web/v/p/w/image_4000_516865.jpg" /> <meta property="twitter:image:alt" content="Education in Chemistry magazine in print and digital" /> <link rel="icon" href="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" /> <!--[if IE]><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/favicon.ico" /><![endif]--> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/mstile-144x144.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff" /> <link href="/Magazine/core.css?p=7605401671944776" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="/Magazine/print.css?p=7605401671944776" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print"> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha256-CSXorXvZcTkaix6Yvo6HppcZGetbYMGWSFlBw8HfCJo=" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script> <script>var newLang={"more":{"default":"Show more","searchtype":"Show more","searchdates":"Show more"},"less":{"default":"Show fewer","searchtype":"Show fewer","searchdates":"Show fewer"},"show":{"default":"show"},"hide":{"default":"hide"},"caption":{"show":"show caption","hide":"hide caption"},"carousel":{"play":"play slideshow","pause":"pause slideshow"}};</script> <script type="text/javascript"> var IPState = { useripstate: false, useripname: '' }; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({'StoryID':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFormatProperty':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryCategories':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryLayout':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryWidth':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryLayoutCode':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFormatCode':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryTypeCode':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryCategoriesCodes':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFullNavPath':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'UserID':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'NavCode':'124'}); window.dataLayer.push({'MicrositeNavCode':'124'}); window.dataLayer.push({'NavKey':'124'}); window.dataLayer.push({'NavigationAreaNavCode':'124'}); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.dataLayer.push({'UserStateLoggedIn':'False'}); window.dataLayer.push({'FullNavPath':'|100034|124|'}); // For RSC use window.dataLayer.push({'LoggedIn':'False'}); window.dataLayer.push({'AccessStatus':'Granted'}); window.dataLayer.push({'Template':'SPIN'}); window.dataLayer.push({'Format':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryType':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNavCurrent':'EIC'}); window.dataLayer.push({ 'CategoriesCodes':undefined, 'event': 'category_push' }); window.dataLayer.push({'Tags':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Bylines':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'PublishDate':undefined}); // Exclude categories if StoryCategories contains |Exclude from most popular| if (window.dataLayer.filter(function(x) {return x['StoryCategories'];})[0].StoryCategories.indexOf("|Exclude from most popular|")!= -1) { window.dataLayer.push({"StoryCategoriesExclude":"|Exclude from most popular|"}); } else { window.dataLayer.push({"StoryCategoriesExclude":"null"}); } window.dataLayer.push({'grecaptcha':'6LdF8vonAAAAAD7o_GFdZx7ScY1_ggHdHUmijbXX'}); </script> <!-- Global_CSS Head pagetext--> <link href="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/assets/webfonts/fonts.css?cache=20190604" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Bree+Serif&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <!-- RSC overrides --> <style> /*RSCCS-703 : Enhanced ads spacing on empty placholders*/ .storytext div:empty { display: none; } /*RSCCS-889 : Hide inline placeholder containing empty EME response */ .storytext div.story-inlinecontent-placeholder:has(.nl-signup-bucket:empty) { display: none; } /* Access denied li font size fix */ .accessContainer .accessMessage .middleBlock ol li, .accessContainer .accessMessage .middleBlock ul li { font-size: 1rem; } /* RSC OneTrust styles */ .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy { background-color: #FFFFFF; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy #ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings { background-color: #f3e500 !important; border: 0 !important; color: #000 !important; font-size: 0.889rem !important; line-height: 1.802rem !important; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy #ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings:hover { background-color: #fcf800 !important; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy a { color: #147098 !important; text-decoration: none !important; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-policy a:hover { color: #004976 !important; text-decoration: underline !important; } .ot-settings-btn-container { margin-bottom: 30px; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer { background-color: #252729; padding: 1em; padding-bottom: 2em; color: #E5E5E5; text-align: center; font-size: 0.9em; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer a { color: #78D9EA; } .rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer a:focus, .rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer a:hover { color: #FFFFFF; text-decoration: underline; } /* EDU OneTrust overrides */ #onetrust-pc-sdk button { text-transform: uppercase !important; } #onetrust-banner-sdk.ot-iab-2 #onetrust-policy { height: 250px; overflow-y: scroll; } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy-title { font-size: 1rem !important; } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy-text { font-size: 0.889rem !important; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk button:not(#clear-filters-handler):not(.ot-close-icon):not(#filter-btn-handler):not(.ot-remove-objection-handler):not(.ot-obj-leg-btn-handler):not([aria-expanded]):not(.ot-link-btn), #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-leg-btn-container .ot-active-leg-btn, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-accept-btn-handler, #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-reject-all-handler { background-color: #f3e500 !important; border-color: #f3e500 !important; color: #000 !important; border-radius: 5px !important; } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-accept-btn-handler { text-transform: uppercase !important; font-size: .889rem !important; font-weight: 700 !important; letter-spacing: 0 !important; } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-reject-all-handler { text-transform: uppercase !important; font-size: .889rem !important; font-weight: 700 !important; letter-spacing: 0 !important; } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-pc-btn-handler { font-size: .889rem !important; font-weight: 700 !important; text-decoration: none !important; letter-spacing: 0 !important; } #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-vs-list .ot-always-active, #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-cat-grp .ot-always-active { color: #147098 !important; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk :not(.ot-dpd-desc)>.ot-b-addl-desc { font-size: 0.9rem; margin-bottom: 0; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-dpd-title, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-b-addl-desc h3 { font-size: 0.8rem; line-height: 1rem; font-weight: 600; padding-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0.6rem; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk.ot-iab-2 #onetrust-policy-text, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-dpd-desc { font-size: 0.8rem !important; line-height: 1.2rem; } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-pc-btn-handler { text-decoration: underline !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; font-weight: normal !important; } .ot-embed-overlayed { position: relative; } .ot-embed-overlay { z-index: 1; position: absolute; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); top: 0; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; font-family: Source Sans Pro,sans-serif; flex-direction: column; } .ot-embed-container { background-color: #fff; padding: 1rem; width: 75%; max-width: 425px; border: 1px solid #222; box-shadow: 0 4px 8px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 20%), 0 6px 20px 0 rgb(0 0 0 / 19%); } .ot-embed-container div { display: flex; justify-content: space-evenly; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; text-align: center; } .ot-embed-container p { font-size: 0.9rem; line-height: 1.2rem; margin-bottom: 0.8rem; font-style: normal; } .ot-embed-container p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; color: #147098; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; } .tiktok-embed .ot-embed-button { text-transform: uppercase; } .edu-eb-container, div[id^="eventbrite-widget-container"] { height: 790px; background-image: url("https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/600xAny/P/web/u/l/g/eventbritepreviewimageblur_328339.png"); background-size: contain; background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } .eb-cookie-btn { margin-right: 3px; } .eb-booking-btn { margin-left: 3px; background-color: #fff; border: 2px solid #f3e500; padding: 5px 14px; transition: all .25s ease-in; } .eb-booking-btn:hover, .eb-booking-btn:active { border-color: #fcf800; } @media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { .ot-embed-overlay p { font-size: .889rem; line-height: 1.1rem; } .eb-cookie-btn, .eb-booking-btn { margin: 0; } .eb-cookie-btn { margin-bottom: 6px; } } /* Sustainable development goal (SDG) resource fact files */ .sdgMobile { display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding-bottom: 10px; } .sdgMobile img { float: left; width: 15%; } .sdgTable { display: table; } .sdgTableRow { display: table-row; } .sdgTableCell { display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; } .sdgTableCell p { margin-bottom: 20px; } .sdgTableImg { display: table-cell; padding: 0px 20px 20px 0px; width: 140px; vertical-align: middle; } /* Hide on mobile devices */ @media only screen and (max-device-width: 767px) { .sdgTableImg { display: none; } } /* Only show on mobile devices */ @media only screen and (min-device-width: 768px) { .sdgMobile { display: none; } } /* Multiple buttons in media containers */ .media-container li .button { margin-top:5px; } /* Lists inside media containers */ .media-container ul.mc-inner-list { list-style: disc; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0 0 16px 20px; } .mc-inner-list li { display: list-item; border: 0 !important; margin-bottom: 0 !important; padding-bottom: 0 !important; font-size: 1.125rem !important; line-height: 1.802rem !important; } /* Simple newsletter signup 'widget' */ .nl-signup-container .ad-story-inline { width: 100%; margin: 0; } .edu-nl-signup { padding-bottom: 0!important; margin-bottom: 28px; } .edu-nl-teaser p { margin-bottom: 16px; } .nl-signup-std { color: #fff; border: none; background: rgb(0,47,86); background: linear-gradient(144deg, rgba(0,47,86,1) 0%, rgba(72,169,197,1) 100%); } .nl-signup-eic { color: #fff; border: none; background: rgb(153,30,102); background: linear-gradient(128deg, rgba(153,30,102,1) 0%, rgba(218,24,132,1) 100%); } .nl-signup-sis { color: #fff; border: none !important; background: rgb(122,17,71) !important; background: linear-gradient(144deg, rgba(122,17,71,1) 0%, rgba(218,24,132,1) 100%) !important; } .nl-signup-sis .button { background-color: #FF9E1B; color: #000 !important; } .nl-signup-sis .button:hover, .nl-signup-sis .button:active { background-color: #FFBC27; } .nl-signup-std h2, .nl-signup-eic h2, .nl-signup-sis h2 { color: #fff; } .nl-signup-icon { float: right; margin: -10px 5px 0 0; width: 40px; height: 40px; } .nl-signup-icon .cls-1 { fill: currentColor; } .nl-signup-icon .cls-2 { fill: currentColor; } .nl-signup-icon .cls-3 { fill: #fff; } .nl-signup-std .nl-signup-icon .cls-3 { fill: #48A9C5; } .nl-signup-eic .nl-signup-icon .cls-3 { fill: #DA1884; } .nl-signup-sis .nl-signup-icon .cls-3 { fill: #da1884; } /* Enhanced advertising overrides */ .story-rhccontent-placeholder-ad-extrahtml .ad-notice, .story-inlinecontent-placeholder-ad-extrahtml .ad-notice { display: block; font-family: Source Sans Pro,sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center; color: #888; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: .05em; font-size: .7rem; line-height: .7rem; margin-bottom: .3rem; } /* BBC video embed */ .bbc-container { position: relative; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; padding-top: 68%; margin-bottom: 32px; } .bbc-responsive-iframe { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0; right: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; border: none !important; } /* Throbbing red button */ .throbRed{ animation-name: throbbingRed; animation-duration: 2s; animation-iteration-count: infinite; animation-direction: alternate; animation-timing-function: ease-in-out; } @keyframes throbbingRed{ 0% { background-color: #54585a;} 100% { background-color: #EB1F52;} } /* Throbbing green button */ .throbGreen{ animation-name: throbbingGreen; animation-duration: 2s; animation-iteration-count: infinite; animation-direction: alternate; animation-timing-function: ease-in-out; } @keyframes throbbingGreen{ 0% { background-color: #54585a;} 100% { background-color: #97D700;} } /* Updated share icons */ .share-toolbar { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: left; width: 100%; } .share-toolbar a { align-items: center; background-color: #fff; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid #ececec; border-radius: 50%; cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex: none; font-size: .6rem; height: 36px; justify-content: center; margin-right: .5rem; margin-bottom: .5rem; width: 36px; } .share-toolbar a:hover { background-color: #f0f0f0; } .share-toolbar a[data-source="linkedin"] { padding: 0 0.1rem 0 0.2rem } .social-share svg { width: 60%; } .social-share[data-medium="email"] svg, .social-share[data-source="navigator"] svg { fill: #48A9C5; } /* Hide default email icon */ .pageOptions ul:first-of-type li:not(.pageoptions-rating):not(.social-share-container) { display: none; } @media screen and (max-width: 480px) { .not-mobile-share { display: none !important; } } /* Hide byline on spin page */ .hide-byline span.author { display:none; } /* Fix sizes of MPU adverts */ .mpu-fix-size { min-height:266px !important; max-height:266px !important; } /* Hide on desktop devices */ @media only screen and (min-device-width: 1024px) { .not-desktop { display: none; } } /* Only show on desktop devices */ @media only screen and (max-device-width: 1023px) { .only-desktop { display: none; } } /* Only show on mobile devices */ @media only screen and (min-device-width: 768px) { .only-mobile { display: none; } } /* Hide from desktop mega menu */ .desktopNavigation .hide-desktop-mega-menu { display: none; } /* Shrink bottom of factfile */ .factfile { padding-bottom: 15px; } /* Spin Promo Microsite */ .spinPromoEiC { background-color: #CE389E; } /* Additional buttons */ .btn-light { background-color: #EFEFEF; border-color: #EFEFEF; color: #000000; text-shadow: none; } /* Grey out sub navigation items */ ul.main li.highlightdeadsubnav > span { color: grey; } /* Override MyAccountNavigation item text */ .myAccountNavigation ul li { text-transform: none; font-weight: 500; } /* Highlight navigation item in yellow */ ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnav { background: #EEDC00; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnav a span { color: #54585a; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnav:hover { background: #54585a; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnav a span:hover { color: #ffffff; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnav.current a span { color: #000000; } /* Highlight navigation item in purple */ ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnavpurple { background: #991E66; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnavpurple a span { color: #ffffff; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnavpurple:hover { background: #ffffff; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnavpurple a span:hover { color: #54585a; } ul.main>li.nav-item.highlightnavpurple.current a span { color: #ffffff; } /* De-button storyType links */ div.sleeve div.subSleeve span.story-type a.storyType, /* spin page */ .grid .gridLayout ul li div.subSleeve span.story-type a.storyType, /* spin page hero block */ div.storyDetails a.storyType /* solr results */ { background-color: transparent; color: #868686; padding: 0px; } /* Adjust the cookie policy */ div#cookiePolicy.show { padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; z-index: 3000000000; bottom: 10px; } /* Make Google Map embeds responsive */ .google-map-responsive{ overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 56.25%; position: relative; height: 0; } .google-map-responsive iframe{ left: 0; top: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; position: absolute; } /* Image/caption/credit styles for SPIN pages */ .spin-credit { color: #888; font-size: .889rem; line-height: 1.266rem; font-family: Source Sans Pro,sans-serif; font-style: normal; } .spin-caption { color: #444; font-size: .889rem; line-height: 1.266rem; margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 0; font-family: Source Sans Pro,sans-serif; } .spin-image-centre { display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } /* Remove camera icon overlay on picture layout story */ .layoutIcon.pictureLayout:before { background-image:none; } /* Message block styles */ .message-block-wrapper { width: 100vw; position: relative; padding: 0; border: 1px solid #1D749A; background: #78D9EA; } .message-block-content { max-width: 900px; padding: 12px; margin: 0 auto; height: auto; text-align: center; } .message-block-content p { font-family: Gotham Medium; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.424rem; color: #222; font-weight: 500; margin: 1rem 0rem; } .message-block-content h1 { font-family: Gotham Medium; font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: 2rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; font-weight: 700; } .message-block-content .button a:last-child { /* positions 'Close this message' link after main button */ position: inherit; } .message-block-content br { /* on small screens doesn't display <br> so text flows */ display: none; } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { /* on large screens will break lines where <br> is placed */ .message-block-content br { display: initial; } } /* Advertisement label */ .ad-mpu>div:not(:empty)::before { /* if the div with the parent 'ad-mpu' is not empty, eg advert content has been loaded */ content: 'Advertisement'; display: block; font-family: Source Sans Pro,sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center; color: #888; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: .05em; font-size: .7rem; line-height: .7rem; margin-bottom: .3rem; } /* Mega menu image resizing RSC-1119 */ .desktopNavigation .htmlBlock .column.span-2 { width: 48.82117420%; margin-right: 0; } .desktopNavigation .htmlBlock .column.span-3 { width: 74.41058710%; margin-right: 0; } /* Image scaling - see https://www.abacuscloud.info/72.article */ .embedImage img{ width: 100%; height: auto; } /* Accordion */ .accordion { background-color: #eee; color: #444; cursor: pointer; padding: 18px; width: 100%; border: none; text-align: left; outline: none; font-size: 15px; transition: 0.4s; border-radius: 6px; position: relative; display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; } .accordion:after { content: ''; position: absolute; right: 20px; transform: rotate(0deg); transition: transform 250ms; width: 0; height: 0; border-style: solid; border-width: 8px 0 8px 9px; border-color: transparent transparent transparent #888; } .accordion.active:after { transform: rotate(90deg); } .accordion.active + .panel { max-height: 600px; overflow: auto; } .accordion.active .vector-icon { transform: rotate(90deg); } .accordion.active, .accordion:hover { background-color: #ccc; } .accordion+.panel { padding: 0 18px; max-height: 0; background-color: white; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height linear 250ms; } /* YouTube embed box */ .embed-container { position: relative; margin-top: 35px; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; } .embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; } /* Don't show on tablet devices */ @media only screen and (min-device-width: 768px) and (max-device-width: 1023px) { .not-tablet { display: none; } } /* Don't show on mobile and tablet device menus */ #mobilemenu .desktop-only { display: none; } /* Change colour of group story header bar */ .groupTopBox { background-color: #78C600; } /* Sharing Toolbar */ .shareHidden { display: none !important; } /* Starter slide preview */ .starter-slide-preview { position: relative; display: inline-block; float:right; } .starter-slide-preview:hover { opacity: 0.65; transition: opacity 0.3s; } .starter-slide-preview img { border:1px #ADADAD solid; margin-left: 10px; box-shadow: 5px 5px 5px lightgrey; } .starter-slide-preview:after { content: ""; position: absolute; bottom: 12px; right: 10px; background-image: url("https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/web/x/s/e/sprite.css03b34d89_252753.svgz"); background-position: 0px -568.31px; background-repeat: no-repeat; width: 30px; height: 30px; transform: rotate(90deg); } /* Hide nav items */ .hide-nav-item { display: none; } /* Fix anchor scroll / header issue */ #mainnav { scroll-margin-top: 72px; } .microsite.eic-microsite .media-container.mc-links-only li .button:after { display: none !important; } .media-container.mc-links-only li .button { padding-right: 16px; } /* EME testing and experience styles */ .eme-hidden-default { display: none; } .eic-promo-container>.ad-story-inline, .nl-signup-container-v3>.ad-story-inline { margin-bottom: 0; min-height: auto; } /* Fix access denied image preview */ .accessContainer .storyPreview .access-denied-index-img.picture { max-width: 50%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1023px) { .accessContainer .storyPreview .byline { width: 100%; } } /* New newsletter widget */ .nl-signup-container-v2 .ad-story-inline { width: 100%; margin: 0; } .nl-signup-block { overflow: hidden; border-radius: 10px; background-color: #fafafa; box-shadow: 0px 2px 6px #0000002b; margin-bottom: 28px; } .nl-signup-inner { display: flex; flex-direction: row; position: relative; } .nl-signup-img { max-width: 300px; height: auto; object-fit: cover; } .nl-signup-block[data-nl-id=EDUChemEdWeekly] .nl-signup-img { object-position: left; } .nl-signup-content { display: flex; flex-direction: column; padding: 20px; } .nl-signup-content h2 { font-size: 1.266rem; line-height: 1.802rem; margin-bottom: 4px; color: inherit; } .nl-signup-teaser p { font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.5rem; margin-bottom: 18px; } .nl-signup-content > p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } .nl-signup-tag { display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center; margin-bottom: 6px; } .nl-signup-tag svg { margin-right: 6px; } .nl-signup-tag p { font-size: .89rem; line-height: 1rem; margin-bottom: 0; text-transform: uppercase; color: #54585A; } .nl-signup-tag a { color: inherit; } #rightcolumn .nl-signup-block { border-radius: 0; box-shadow: none; } #rightcolumn .nl-signup-inner { flex-direction: column; } #rightcolumn .nl-signup-inner a.button { width: 100%; } @media only screen and (max-width: 619px) { .nl-signup-inner { flex-direction: column; } .nl-signup-img { max-width: 100%; width: 100%; max-height: 300px; min-height: 200px; } .nl-signup-content { padding-bottom: 28px; text-align: center; } .nl-signup-content > p:last-child a.button { width: 100%; } .nl-signup-tag { justify-content: center; } } /* Force caption visibility on full-width tables */ .table-wrapper .datatable caption.show-caption { display: table-caption; } /* EME-AB3 test styles */ .media-container.mc-fixed { position: fixed; width: 100vw; height: 100px; max-height: 100px; left: 50%; right: 50%; margin-left: -50vw; margin-right: -50vw; z-index: 500; margin-bottom: 0; bottom: 0; padding: 10px 0; box-shadow: 0px -2px 7px 0px #0000003d; border-top: 1px solid #ffffff63; background: rgb(0, 73, 118); background: -moz-linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 73, 118, 1) 0%, rgb(72 169 197 / 80%) 100%); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 73, 118, 1) 0%, rgb(72 169 197 / 80%) 100%); background: linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 73, 118, 1) 0%, rgb(72 169 197 / 80%) 100%); filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr="#004976",endColorstr="#48a9c5",GradientType=1); backdrop-filter: blur(5px); -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(5px); transform: translateY(0); transition: transform 1s; } .media-container.mc-fixed.mc-hidden { transform: translateY(160px); } .media-container.mc-fixed li>div { flex-direction: row; align-items: center; width: 60%; text-align: right; margin-bottom: 10px; right: 0; position: absolute; bottom: 0; } .media-container.mc-fixed li p { display: none; } .media-container.mc-fixed li img { width: 200px; box-shadow: 0 -4px 10px #00000038; padding-right: 0; bottom: 0; position: absolute; border: 2px solid #ffffff; border-radius: 5px; margin-bottom: 0; } .media-container.mc-fixed li { align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; position: absolute; bottom: 0; max-height: 100%; width: 65.8%; } .media-container.mc-fixed li h2 { margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 20px; color: white; } .media-container.mc-fixed li .button { margin-top: 0; padding: 16px 39px 16px 16px; width: 100%; } .media-container.mc-fixed ul { max-width: 1180px; margin: auto; height: 100%; position: relative; } .media-container.mc-fixed .close-btn { position: absolute; right: 10px; top: -36px; height: 26px; width: 26px; display: block; z-index: 300; overflow: visible; border-radius: 50%; background: #00000078; transform: rotate(0deg); transition: transform 0.5s ease-in-out; } .media-container.mc-fixed .close-btn:hover { transform: rotate(180deg); cursor: pointer; } .media-container.mc-fixed .close-btn-inner { background-repeat: no-repeat; background-image: url(/magazine/dest/graphics/output/sprite.css-03b34d89.svg); display: inline-block; width: 100%; height: 100%; background-position: -12px -358.2px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 1130px) and (max-width: 1279px) { .media-container.mc-fixed {padding-left: 26px;} .media-container.mc-fixed ul { width: 64.3%; margin-left: 0; } .media-container.mc-fixed li { width: 100%; } .media-container.mc-fixed li>div { width: 460px; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) { .media-container.mc-fixed .close-btn { right: 40px; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1129px) { .media-container.mc-fixed { padding-left: 38px; padding-right: 38px; } .media-container.mc-fixed ul { width: 100%; } .media-container.mc-fixed li { width: 100%; } .media-container.mc-fixed li>div { width: 460px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { .media-container.mc-fixed { padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; } .media-container.mc-fixed li { width: 100%; } .media-container.mc-fixed li img { max-width: 200px; width: 50%; min-width: 160px; } .media-container.mc-fixed li>div { width: 100%; justify-content: end; } .media-container.mc-fixed li h2 { display: none; } } /* Newsletter widget styling */ .grecaptcha-badge { visibility: hidden !important; } .newsletterSignup-widget { border-radius: 10px; overflow: hidden; box-shadow: 0px 2px 6px #0000002b; } .story-rhccontent-placeholder-inner .newsletterSignup { margin-bottom: 0; } .story-inlinecontent-placeholder-inner .newsletterSignup { margin-bottom: 2rem; } .newsletterSignup-widget .newsletterSignup-widget-content .newsletterSignup-widget-details .newsletterSignup-widget-tag { text-transform: uppercase; display: flex; align-items: center; } .newsletterSignup-widget .newsletterSignup-widget-content .newsletterSignup-widget-details .newsletterSignup-widget-form-content form .newsletterSignup-widget-form .field .innerSleeve input { padding: 10px 12px; } .newsletterSignup-widget .newsletterSignup-widget-content .newsletterSignup-widget-details .newsletterSignup-widget-form-content form button { padding: 12px 16px; margin-bottom: 6px; } .newsletterSignup-widget .newsletterSignup-widget-content .newsletterSignup-widget-details .newsletterSignup-widget-form-content .newsletterSignup-widget-form-response { margin-bottom: 14px; } .newsletterSignup-widget .newsletterSignup-widget-content .newsletterSignup-widget-details .newsletterSignup-widget-form-content form button:after { background-image: url(https://edu.rsc.org/magazine/dest/graphics/output/sprite.css-03b34d89.svg); background-position: -689px -186.5px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 619px) { .newsletterSignup-widget-details { text-align: center; } .newsletterSignup-widget .newsletterSignup-widget-content .newsletterSignup-widget-details .newsletterSignup-widget-tag { justify-content: center; } } .newsletterSignup .newsletterSignupHead { padding-top: 14px; padding-bottom: 10px; background-image: url(https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/P/web/a/p/v/widgetheaderemailminigradient_626759.png); background-size: cover; background-position: center; box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px #0000002b; } .newsletterSignup { border-top: 0; } .newsletterSignup .newsletterSignupHead .email { display: none; float: right; } .newsletterSignup .newsletterSignupHead .headInfo { margin-left: 10px; margin-bottom: 0; max-width: 60%; } .newsletterSignup .newsletterSignupHead h2 { font-size: 1.3rem; line-height: 1.3rem; font-weight: bold; color: #ffffff; } .newsletterSignup .newsletterSignupHead p { display: none; } .newsletterSignup { background: #fafafa; border-radius: 0 0 10px 10px; overflow: hidden; } .newsletterSignup .newsletterSignupFoot { background: #ededed; padding: 14px 10px 18px; } .newsletterSignup .form ul li .newsletter-item-description { color: #6c6c6c; } .nl-ed-freq { opacity: 0.9; vertical-align: middle; } .nl-ed-freq::before { background-repeat: no-repeat; background-image: url(/css/dest/graphics/output/sprite.css-37538255.svg); display: inline-block; background-position: -162px -106px; width: 16px; height: 12px; content: ""; margin-right: 8px; opacity: 0.5; margin-bottom: -1px; } .newsletterSignup .form ul li.newsletter:not(:last-of-type) { border-bottom: 1px solid #d3d3d3; padding-bottom: 12px; } .newsletterSignup.hidden, .newsletterSignup .hidden { display: none !important; } .newsletterSignup .form { position: relative; overflow: auto; } .nl-sub-msg { position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); background-color: #4848484d; z-index: 1; padding: 10px 12px; height: 100%; width: 100%; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; } .nl-sub-msg div { color: white; text-align: center; width: 80%; background-color: #262626cf; padding: 20px 14px; } .newsletterSignup .form.msgShown .spinner { display: none !important; } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { .story-inlinecontent-placeholder-inner .newsletterSignup .newsletterSignupHead { padding-top: 20px; padding-bottom: 16px; background-image: url(https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780xAny/P/web/a/p/v/widgetheaderemailminigradient_626759.png); background-size: cover; background-position: 0 -70px; } } /* Strip banner styling */ #htsBannerBoxTop, #htsBannerBoxBottom { background: linear-gradient(124deg, rgba(0,143,128,1) 0%, rgb(142 193 22) 100%); padding: 5px 5px; } .htsBanner { max-width: 1220px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 5px 20px; display: flex; align-items: center; } .htsBanner p { margin-bottom: 0px; color: #fff; } .htsBanner a:link, .htsBanner a:visited { color: #fff; } #htsBannerBoxTop { /* border-bottom: 5px solid #fff; */ } #htsBannerBoxBottom { margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { .htsBanner { justify-content: center; } .htsBannerColOne, .htsBannerColTwo p { font-size: 1rem; } .htsBannerColOne { width: 4%; } } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) { .htsBannerColTwo { padding-left: 5px; } .htsBannerColTwo p { font-size: 0.9rem; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1024px) { .only-mobile-hts { display: none; } } @media screen and (max-width: 767px) { .htsBannerColOne { flex: 20%; } } </style> <!-- End RSC overrides --> <style> .curriculum-explorer header ol { min-height: 40px; } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { .curriculum-explorer header .button { color: #48a9c5; } } </style> <!-- Print overrides --> <style> @media print { .newsletterSignup, .newsletterSignup-widget { display: none; } } </style> <!-- Print overrides end --> <!-- IE11 specific fixes start --> <style> @media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: active), (-ms-high-contrast: none), screen and (min-width: 1024px) { /* IE10+ specific styles go here */ .curriculum-explorer { min-height: 345px; } } </style> <!-- IE11 specific fixes end --> <!-- PATCH START: RSC-949 --> <style> #my-lcp-section .column2 { float: none; width: auto; margin-top: 24px; } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { #my-lcp-section .column2 { float: left; width: 380px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1024px) { #my-lcp-section .column2 { margin-top: 0; } } </style> <!-- PATCH END: RSC-949 --> <!-- PATCH START: RSC-1093 --> <style> @media screen and (min-width: 1024px) { #curriculum-and-resources .twoColumns .column2 .container, #curriculum-and-resources .twoColumns .column2 .container .inner-sleeve { display: block; } } </style> <!-- PATCH END: RSC-1093 --> <!-- START TEMP FIX : RSCCS-636 --> <style> @media screen and (min-width: 768px){ .storyAuthorComponent .storyAuthor .storyAuthorDetails .socialMediaLinks ul { margin-bottom: 31px; } } </style> <!-- END TEMP FIX : RSCCS-636 --> <!-- End Global_CSS Head pagetext --><style type="text/css">.inline_image img[width][height]:not(.zoomable-image) {contain: unset;}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' href='/Uploads/CSS/3/eicmicrosite.css' type='text/css' /> <link rel='stylesheet' href='/Uploads/CSS/3/eicrscoverrides.css' type='text/css' /> <!-- Microsite home page CSS Head asset --> <!--DS GSC verification for eic domain --> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="HM2HHLevaszSuedN_LE3UpjFoHxc1Uufu7S_eKzkghI" /> <!-- logo padding --> <style> @media screen and (min-width: 1024px){ .microsite.eic-microsite .masthead .micrositeMastLogo { padding-bottom: 43px!important; } } .eduPBExtra { background-color: #bb4779 !important; background-image: url("https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1080xAny/P/web/u/d/l/educationprizeslargewebbanner_403276.jpg"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; background-position: top; width:100%; margin: auto; } .eduPBExtra h2 { text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px #444; } .eduPBExtra p { text-shadow: 1px 1px 5px #444; font-weight: bold; } .eduPBEText { width: 100%; } .eduPBEText a:link { font-weight: bold; color: #fff; text-decoration: underline; } .eduPBEText a:visited { font-weight: bold; color: #fff; } </style> <!-- Education Prize nominations banner --> <style> .eduPBNom { background-color: #2a232a !important; background-image: url("https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1200xAny/P/web/u/a/l/educationprizesnominationsbannerlong_479582.jpg"); background-position: right; width: 100%; margin: auto; min-height: 200px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; } .eduPBNom h2 { text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px #444; } .eduPBNom p { text-shadow: 1px 1px 5px #444; font-weight: bold; } .eduPBText { width: 65%; } .eduPBNom .button { width: fit-content; } @media only screen and (max-device-width: 767px) { .eduPBNom { background-position: left; } .eduPBText { width: 100%; } } </style> <!--Teaching survey banner--> <style> .eduTSBanner { width: 100%; margin: auto; min-height: 200px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; } .eduTSBanner { background-color: #0b7062 !important; } .eduTSBanner h2 { text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px #444; } .eduTSBanner p { text-shadow: 1px 1px 5px #444; font-weight: bold; } .eduTSBanner .button { width: fit-content; padding: 16px 16px; } @media only screen and (min-device-width: 1024px) { .eduTSBanner { background: url(https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1280xAny/P/web/r/s/t/rsctstsbanner1920x1080px_773450.jpg); background-size: cover; padding-left: 25%; } } @media only screen and (max-device-width: 1023px) { .eduTSBanner { background: linear-gradient(45deg, rgb(0 50 34 / 61%) 0%, rgb(0 88 60 / 17%) 100%), url(https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1280xAny/P/web/r/s/t/rsctstsbanner1920x1080px_773450.jpg); } } @media only screen and (max-device-width: 767px) { .eduTSBText { width: 100%; } } </style> <!-- End Microsite home page CSS Head asset --> <!-- Global_JavaScript Head pagetext --> <!-- Set global variables --> <script> /* Get dataLayer values */ function getDataLayerVal(keyVal) { if(window.dataLayer!=undefined && window.dataLayer!=null){ for (var i = 0; i < window.dataLayer.length; i++) { if (dataLayer[i][keyVal] !== undefined) { return dataLayer[i][keyVal]; } } } } /* Now work out the user state */ var userSubscriber = getDataLayerVal('Products') !== undefined; var userLoggedIn = getDataLayerVal('LoggedIn') == 'True'; var userMember = getDataLayerVal('IMIS_Active') == "|true|"; var userIP = IPState.useripstate === true; var userIPName = IPState.useripname; var userSubState = ((!userLoggedIn && userIP) ? 'IP signed out' : (!userLoggedIn) ? 'Casual' : (userMember) ? 'Member' : (userSubscriber) ? 'Subscriber' : (userLoggedIn && userIP) ? 'IP signed in' : 'Registered'); var userState = getDataLayerVal('LoggedIn') == 'True' ? 'Signed in' : 'Signed out'; window.dataLayer.push({'UserState':userState}); window.dataLayer.push({'UserSubState':userSubState}); </script> <!-- End Set global variables --> <!-- OneTrust scripts --> <script> function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(";"); for(var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0) == " ") { c = c.substring(1); } if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) { return c.substring(name.length, c.length); } } return ""; } function otGetCodes(names) { const categoryCodes = { "Essential": "C0001", "Analytical": "C0002", "Functional": "C0003", "Targeting": "C0004", "Social": "C0005" }; let codes; if (names === "All") { codes = Object.values(categoryCodes); } else { if (!Array.isArray(names)) { names = [names]; } codes = names.map(name => categoryCodes[name]); } return codes; } function otCookieCheck(categories) { const codes = otGetCodes(categories); const otCookie = decodeURIComponent(getCookie("OptanonConsent")); for (code of codes) { if (otCookie.indexOf(code+":1") === -1) { return false; } } return true; } function otHideOverlays() { var overlayedDivs = document.querySelectorAll(".ot-embed-overlay"); for (let overlay of overlayedDivs) { overlay.remove(); } } function otTagEmbeds() { var networkList = {"youtube": "YouTube", "eventbrite": "Eventbrite", "twitter": "Twitter", "padlet": "Padlet", "tiktok": "TikTok", "vimeo": "Vimeo"}; var frames = document.querySelectorAll(".storytext iframe, .videoTop .videoblock iframe, #wrapper_sleeve .grid .htmlContent iframe") for (var key in networkList) { if (networkList.hasOwnProperty(key)) { frames.forEach(function(element) { var src = element.getAttribute("src") || element.getAttribute("data-src") || ""; if (src.indexOf(key) > -1) { if (element.getAttribute("title") === "Twitter settings iframe") { return; } element.parentNode.classList.add("ot-embed-content"); element.parentNode.setAttribute("data-provider", networkList[key]); if (!otCookieCheck("All") && (element.parentNode.tagName.toLowerCase() != "body")) { element.parentNode.classList.add("ot-embed-overlayed"); var cookieMessage = document.createElement("div"); cookieMessage.classList.add("ot-embed-overlay"); if (networkList[key] === "Eventbrite") { var eventRx = /.+\-(\d+)$/; var eventUrl = "https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/" + eventRx.exec(element.parentNode.id)[1]; cookieMessage.innerHTML = "<div class='ot-embed-container'><div><p>We use Eventbrite to manage event bookings. If you view or interact with this content, Eventbrite may store cookies on your device for functional, analytical or targeting purposes. Please accept cookies to book your place, or visit the event listing at Eventbrite.</p><p><button class='ot-embed-button eb-cookie-btn' onclick='otHideOverlays(); OneTrust.AllowAll();'>Accept cookies</button><a href='" + eventUrl + "'><button class='eb-booking-btn'>Book via Eventbrite</button></a></p><p onclick='OneTrust.ToggleInfoDisplay()'>Cookie settings</p></div></div>" } else { cookieMessage.innerHTML = "<div class='ot-embed-container'><div><p>This content is provided by " + networkList[key] + ". If you view or interact with this content " + networkList[key] + " may store cookies on your device for functional, analytical or targeting purposes. Please accept cookies to use this content.</p><p><button class='ot-embed-button' onclick='otHideOverlays(); OneTrust.AllowAll();'>Accept cookies</button></p><p onclick='OneTrust.ToggleInfoDisplay()'>Cookie settings</p></div></div>"; } element.parentNode.appendChild(cookieMessage); } } }); } } } function otAllAccepted() { if (document.getElementById("accept-recommended-btn-handler").style.display == "none") { return true; } else { return false; } } function otCookieAcceptance(event) { var element = event.target; if (element.id === "onetrust-accept-btn-handler" || element.id === "accept-recommended-btn-handler") { otHideOverlays(); } else if (element.classList.contains("save-preference-btn-handler") && element.classList.contains("onetrust-close-btn-handler")) { var allAccepted = otAllAccepted(); if (allAccepted === true) { otHideOverlays(); } } } $(window).on("load", function() { otTagEmbeds(); document.addEventListener("click", otCookieAcceptance); }); </script> <!-- End OneTrust scripts --> <!-- Header for DFP --> <script> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script> var gptLimitedAds = !(otCookieCheck("Targeting")); console.log("Limited ads is " + gptLimitedAds); googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot("/97414310/EIC_MPU_Middle", [300, 250], "div-gpt-ad-1478612564129-1").addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot("/97414310/EIC_MPU_Spotlight", [300, 250], "div-gpt-ad-1478612564129-2").addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot("/97414310/EIC_MPU_Top", [300, 250], "div-gpt-ad-1478612564129-3").addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.pubads().setPrivacySettings({"limitedAds": gptLimitedAds}); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 5, // Fetch slots within 5 viewports. renderMarginPercent: 5, // Render slots within 2 viewports. mobileScaling: 0 // Double the above values on mobile. }); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <!-- Header for DFP - End --> <!-- AdSense --> <script data-ad-client="ca-pub-7021279776415627" async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <!-- End AdSense --> <!-- Session duration timer --> <script> function sessionDurationConverter(threshold, id) { var startName = "gtm_session_start_" + id; var thresholdName = "gtm_session_threshold_" + id; var startCookie = decodeURIComponent(getCookie(startName)); var thresholdCookie = decodeURIComponent(getCookie(thresholdName)); var d1 = new Date(); var now = d1.getTime(); var durationThreshold = threshold * 1000 - 1; var cookieExpiry = new Date(); cookieExpiry.setTime(cookieExpiry.getTime() + 30 * 60 * 1000); var expires = "expires=" + cookieExpiry.toUTCString(); if (!startCookie) { document.cookie = startName + "=" + now + ";" + expires + ";path=/"; } else if (!thresholdCookie){ var startTime = startCookie; var elapsedTime = now - startTime; if (elapsedTime > durationThreshold) { window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; dataLayer.push({ "event": "session_duration_conv", "sessionTargetHit": { "targetDuration": threshold, "campaignId": id } }); document.cookie = thresholdName + "=true;" + expires + ";path=/"; }; }; } </script> <!-- End session duration timer --> <!-- Accordion JS --> <script> jQuery(function($) { $('.accordion').each(function(i, el) { $(el).on('click', function() { $(this).toggleClass('active') }); }); }); </script> <!-- Accordion JS End --> <!-- EU search results snippets permission, --> <meta name="robots" content="max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"/> <!-- End EU search results snippets permission --> <!-- EME AB testing --> <script> function pushEMEImpression(testName, testVal) { localStorage.setItem(testName, testVal); } function fetchEMEImpression(testName) { return localStorage.getItem(testName); } function isObject(obj) { return obj !== null && typeof obj === 'object' && !Array.isArray(obj); } function pushToDataLayer(key, value) { window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (isObject(key)) { window.dataLayer.push(key); } else { let object = {}; object[key] = value; window.dataLayer.push(object); } } function flagExperienceImpression(expId, expVar) { const expStr = `${expId}-${expVar}`; const expObj = { "event": "experienceImpression", "experience": expStr, "experienceID": expId, "experienceVariant": expVar }; pushToDataLayer(expObj); console.log("Experience impression recorded as: " + expStr); } function populateTestParam(testId, numVars, checkIfFound, overrideGen) { let testVar = fetchEMEImpression(testId); testVar = testVar ? decodeURIComponent(testVar) : testVar; let isFound = testVar ? true : false; if (!testVar && !overrideGen) { testVar = Math.floor(Math.random() * (numVars - 1 + 1)) + 1; console.log("New testVar generated."); pushEMEImpression(testId, testVar); pushToDataLayer(testId, testVar); } else if (testVar) { console.log("testVar accessed from localStorage."); pushToDataLayer(testId, testVar); } if (testVar) { flagExperienceImpression(testId, testVar); } if (checkIfFound) { return isFound; } } function createTestHandler(selector, testId, callback) { return function() { const testContainer = document.querySelector(selector); const testEl = testContainer.querySelector(".edu_ab_test[data-variant]"); const testVar = testEl.getAttribute("data-variant"); pushEMEImpression(testId, testVar); flagExperienceImpression(testId, testVar); if (callback) { callback(); } }; } function recordExperienceDeployment() { pushToDataLayer("EME_Experience_Deployed", true); } function handleEMEInit(selector, testId, numVars, callback = null) { window.addEventListener("eme:itemapplied", recordExperienceDeployment); if (populateTestParam(testId, numVars, true, true)) { if (callback) { callback(); } return; }; const testHandler = createTestHandler(selector, testId, callback); window.addEventListener("eme:itemapplied", testHandler); } </script> <!-- End EME AB testing --> <!-- Hotjar Tracking Code --> <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0002"> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:963557,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script> <!-- End Hotjar Tracking Code --> <!-- Snap Pixel Code --> <script type='text/javascript'> (function(e,t,n){if(e.snaptr)return;var a=e.snaptr=function() {a.handleRequest?a.handleRequest.apply(a,arguments):a.queue.push(arguments)}; a.queue=[];var s='script';r=t.createElement(s);r.async=!0; r.src=n;var u=t.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; u.parentNode.insertBefore(r,u);})(window,document, 'https://sc-static.net/scevent.min.js'); snaptr('init', '7335e2fb-47aa-441c-aaf9-e7c2837ad3f4', { }); snaptr('track', 'PAGE_VIEW'); </script> <!-- End Snap Pixel Code --> <!-- Newsletter widget tracking --> <script> const newsletterWidgetHandling = (function() { let logging = { "ajax": false, "subState": false } let listenersAdded = false; let widgetTimeoutID; let subStateLookup = { "EDUChemEdWeekly": { "start": null, "current": null, "lastSource": null }, "EDUEducation": { "start": null, "current": null, "lastSource": null }, "EDUTeachChemistry": { "start": null, "current": null, "lastSource": null } } const rxLookup = { "legacy": { "wid": /\/newslettersignup\?.*wid\=210(7|8)($|&.+)/i, "sub": /.+\/adnewsletterwidget\.ashx.*/i }, "oneclick": { "wid": /\/newslettersingleclick\?.*wid\=210(4|5|6)($|&.+)/i, "sub": /\/newslettersingleclick$/i } } function updateSubState(subCode, subStatus, source = null) { if (!subStateLookup.hasOwnProperty(subCode)) { return } if (!source || source === "init") { subStateLookup[subCode]["start"] = subStatus; } else if (subStateLookup[subCode]["lastSource"] === null || subStateLookup[subCode]["current"] !== subStatus) { subStateLookup[subCode]["lastSource"] = source; } subStateLookup[subCode]["current"] = subStatus; if (logging.subState) { console.log(subStateLookup); } } function sendSubEventGTM(subCode, subStatus, source) { if (!subCode || typeof subStatus !== "boolean" || !source) { return; } const eventName = `newsletter${subStatus ? "Subscription" : "Cancellation"}`; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ "event": eventName, "nl_widget_version": `nl-wid-${source}`, "nl_code": subCode }); } function handleVisibilityChange() { const visibility = document.visibilityState; if (visibility === "hidden") { for (const [subCode, subState] of Object.entries(subStateLookup)) { if (subState["current"] !== subState["start"]) { sendSubEventGTM(subCode, subState["current"], subState["lastSource"]); } } } else { for (const [subCode, subState] of Object.entries(subStateLookup)) { subState["start"] = subState["current"]; subState["lastSource"] = null; } } } function createMsg() { const container = document.createElement("div"); container.classList.add("nl-sub-msg"); container.classList.add("hidden"); const msg = document.createElement("div"); msg.innerHTML = "<span></span>"; container.appendChild(msg); const form = document.querySelector(".newsletterSignup .form"); form.appendChild(container); return container; } function handleSubMsg(subName, subStatus) { if (!subName || typeof subStatus !== "boolean") { return; } let msgContainer = document.querySelector(".newsletterSignup .nl-sub-msg"); if (!msgContainer) { msgContainer = createMsg(); } const msg = msgContainer.querySelector("span"); msg.innerHTML = `${subStatus ? "Subscribed to" : "Unsubscribed from"}:<br><strong>${subName}</strong>`; msgContainer.classList.remove("hidden"); const form = document.querySelector(".newsletterSignup .form"); form.classList.add("msgShown"); widgetTimeoutID = window.setTimeout(() => { msgContainer.classList.add("hidden"); form.classList.remove("msgShown"); }, 1000); } function handleSubChange(e) { const widVersion = e.detail.version; const subCode = e.detail.code; const subStatus = e.detail.status; if (!subStateLookup.hasOwnProperty(subCode)) { return; } updateSubState(subCode, subStatus, widVersion); if (widVersion === "legacy") { const subName = document.querySelector(`.newsletterSignup label[for=${subCode}] span.switch-label`).textContent; if (widgetTimeoutID) { clearTimeout(widgetTimeoutID); widgetTimeoutID = null; } handleSubMsg(subName, subStatus); } } function getURLType(url) { for (const [wid, actions] of Object.entries(rxLookup)) { for (const [action, rx] of Object.entries(actions)) { if (rx.test(url)) { return [wid, action]; } } } return null; } function flagSubChange(widVersion, paramStr) { const params = extractParams(paramStr); if (!params || !params.has("nlcode")) { return; } const subCode = params.get("nlcode"); const subStatus = widVersion === "legacy" ? !(params.has("mode") && params.get("mode") === "0") : true; const eventName = `nl_subchange`; const subEvent = new CustomEvent(eventName, { "detail": { "code": subCode, "status": subStatus, "version": widVersion } }); window.dispatchEvent(subEvent); } function pushAvailableSubs(wid) { const availableSubs = Object.entries(subStateLookup) .filter(([key, val]) => val["start"] === false) .map(([key, val]) => key); const subString = availableSubs.join("|"); window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ "nlAvailableSubs": subString }); if (wid) { wid.setAttribute("data-init-available", subString); } } function recordInitState(wid, widVersion) { if (widVersion === "legacy") { const options = wid.querySelectorAll(".newsletter > input"); for (const o of options) { const subCode = o.getAttribute("data-id"); const subStatus = o.checked; updateSubState(subCode, subStatus); } pushAvailableSubs(wid); } else { const container = wid.querySelector("div[data-single-click-newslettercode]"); const subCode = container.getAttribute("data-single-click-newslettercode"); const subStatus = !wid.querySelector("form.validation button[type='submit']"); updateSubState(subCode, subStatus); } } function extractParams(str) { const queryStr = str.indexOf("?") > -1 ? str.split("?")[1] : str; if (queryStr) { const params = new URLSearchParams(queryStr); return params; } else { return null; } } function addGlobalListeners() { if (!listenersAdded) { window.addEventListener("nl_subchange", handleSubChange); window.addEventListener("visibilitychange", handleVisibilityChange); listenersAdded = true; } } function correctArchiveLink(wid) { const link = wid.querySelector(".editableEmail a.edit"); if (!link) { return; } link.href = "https://edu.rsc.org/email-alerts"; } function handleWidgetLoad(widVersion, url) { const params = extractParams(url); if (!params || !params.has("wid")) { return; } const widCode = params.get("wid"); const wid = document.querySelector(`.newsletterSignup${widVersion === "oneclick" ? "-widget" : ""}[data-url*='wid=${widCode}']`); if (!wid) { return; } recordInitState(wid, widVersion); let trackable = true; if (widVersion !== "legacy") { const submitBtn = wid ? wid.querySelector("form.validation button[type='submit']") : null; if (!submitBtn) { trackable = false; } } else { correctArchiveLink(wid); } if (trackable) { wid.classList.add("trackedWidget"); addGlobalListeners(); } } function handleAjaxComplete(e, xhr, settings) { if (logging.ajax) { console.log(e, xhr, settings); } const url = settings.url; const statusCode = xhr.status; if (!url || (url && statusCode !== 200)) { return; } const urlProfile = getURLType(url); if (!urlProfile) { return; } const [widVersion, action] = urlProfile; if (action === "sub") { const paramStr = widVersion === "legacy" ? url : settings.data; flagSubChange(widVersion, paramStr); } else if (action === "wid") { handleWidgetLoad(widVersion, url); } } function toggleLog(name, value) { if (logging.hasOwnProperty(name)) { if (typeof value === "boolean") { logging[name] = value; } else { logging[name] = !logging[name]; } } } function toggleLogs(request, value) { if (typeof request === "boolean" || !request) { for (const l of Object.keys(logging)) { if (typeof request === "boolean") { toggleLog(l, request); } else { toggleLog(l); } } } else if (typeof request === "string") { if (typeof value === "boolean") { toggleLog(request, value); } else { toggleLog(request); } } else { try { for (const [r, v] of Object.entries(request)) { toggleLog(r, v); } } catch (e) { return; } } } function getSubState() { console.log(subStateLookup); } return { "init": function() { $(document).on("ajaxSuccess", handleAjaxComplete); }, "debug": { "toggleLogs": toggleLogs, "getSubState": getSubState }, } })(); newsletterWidgetHandling.init(); </script> <!-- End newsletter widget tracking --> <!-- EME-AB4 script --> <div id="_B2960B93-0D11-44D2-915E-A8BBD669D69B"></div> <script> const testCategoryLookup = { "EME-AB4": [ "115181", // EiC "115180" // Resources ] } function abCategoryChecker(id, test = "any") { let categoryCodes = getDataLayerVal("CategoriesCodes"); if (!categoryCodes) { return null; } else { categoryCodes = categoryCodes.split("|"); } categoryCodes.shift(); categoryCodes.pop(); const categoryLookup = testCategoryLookup[id]; for (const c of categoryLookup) { if (test === "all") { if (!categoryCodes.includes(c)) { return false; } } else { if (categoryCodes.includes(c)) { return true; } } } return test === "all" ? true : false; } function labelDefaultMC() { const mc = document.querySelector(".media-container"); if (!mc) { return; } mc.classList.add("eme-target-div"); mc.classList.add("mc-refresh"); } function handleMCTargeting() { const currentURL = window.location.href; if (currentURL.indexOf(".article") < 0 || !abCategoryChecker("EME-AB4")) { return; } const mc = document.querySelector(".media-container"); if (!mc) { document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", labelDefaultMC); } else { labelDefaultMC(); } } (function(w,d,t,u,c,b,m,s,n,i,e,p){(w[n]=w[n]||[]).push(arguments);e=d.createElement(t);p=d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0];e.async=1;e.src=u+'/scripts/eme.js';p.parentNode.insertBefore(e,p);handleEMEInit(s,'EME-AB4',2,handleMCTargeting);})(window,document,'script','https://emeapi-staging.abacusemedia.com','RSCEDU','TAL','EMEAB4_styles','#_B2960B93-0D11-44D2-915E-A8BBD669D69B','EMEObject','EME-AB4'); </script> <!-- End EME-AB4 script --> <!-- End Global_JavaScript Head pagetext --> <script> const promoTracking = { lastKnownScrollPosition: 0, ticking: false } function generateScrollBounds([max, inc, n]) { let bounds = []; for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { bounds.unshift(max - inc * i); } return bounds; } function rotateCovers(scrollPosition) { const containers = document.querySelectorAll(".eic-print-block:not(.eic-pop-up)"); const startRotation = 0; const endRotation = -30; const margins = [ [100, -60], [-90, -230], [-90, -230] ]; for (const container of containers) { const covers = container.querySelectorAll("img"); const rect = container.getBoundingClientRect(); const top = rect.top + window.scrollY; const bottom = rect.bottom + window.scrollY; const startBounds = generateScrollBounds([100, 50, 3]); const endBounds = generateScrollBounds([150, -200, 3]); for (let i = 0; i < covers.length; i++) { const startScroll = top - window.innerHeight + startBounds[i]; const endScroll = top - endBounds[i]; const scrollProgress = Math.min(Math.max((scrollPosition - startScroll) / (endScroll - startScroll), 0), 1); const currentRotation = startRotation + (endRotation - startRotation) * scrollProgress; const staggerRotation = false; const num = i + 1; const adjustedRotation = staggerRotation ? currentRotation + (10 * (num - 2)) : currentRotation; const currentMargin = margins[i][0] + (margins[i][1] - margins[i][0]) * scrollProgress; covers[i].style.transform = `rotate(${adjustedRotation}deg)`; covers[i].style.marginLeft = `${currentMargin}px`; } } } function onScrollToRotate() { promoTracking.lastKnownScrollPosition = window.scrollY; if (!promoTracking.ticking) { window.requestAnimationFrame(() => { rotateCovers(promoTracking.lastKnownScrollPosition); promoTracking.ticking = false; }); promoTracking.ticking = true; } } function throttle(func, timeout = 300) { let timer; return (...args) => { if (!timer) { func(...args); timer = setTimeout(() => { timer = null; }, timeout); } }; } const throttledScrollRotate = throttle(onScrollToRotate, 10); function initEiCBlocks(e) { if (Array.from(e.detail.itemconfig).includes("eicPrintPromo")) { onScrollToRotate(); document.addEventListener("scroll", throttledScrollRotate); } } window.addEventListener("eme:itemapplied", initEiCBlocks); </script> <!-- RSC Google Tag Manager SST --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://analytics.rsc.org/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K4SD5X9');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- RSC Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K4SD5X9');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!--Abacus Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MG794W9');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> </head> <body id="spin2" class="SPIN2-master microsite js-disabled eic-microsite enhanced-advertising enhanced-advertising-rhc-empty"> <!-- RSC Google Tag Manager SST (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://analytics.rsc.org/ns.html?id=GTM-K4SD5X9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- RSC Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K4SD5X9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- Abacus Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MG794W9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!--[if lte IE 10]> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/CSS/dest/notsupported.css"> <div class="notSupported"> <div class="sleeve"> <span id="logo" class="vector-icon i-brand-logo i-brand-logo-dims"></span> <h2> Your browser is not supported </h2> <p> Sorry but it looks as if your browser is out of date. To get the best experience using our site we recommend that you upgrade or switch browsers. </p> <p class="buttonContainer"> <a class="button" href="https://www.google.co.uk/webhp?ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=update+my+browser" target="_blank">Find a solution</a> </p> </div> </div> <![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript">document.body.className = document.body.className.replace('js-disabled', ''); document.cookie="_js=1; path=/";</script> <div id="wrapper"> <ul id="skiplinks"><li><a href="#wrapper_sleeve">Skip to main content</a></li><li><a href="#mainnav">Skip to navigation</a></li></ul> <header id="masthead" class="masthead"> <div class="htmlContent"> </div> <div class="only-desktop" id="htsBannerBoxTop"><div class="htsBanner"><div class="htsBannerColOne"><p>📣</p></div><div class="htsBannerColTwo"><p><a href="https://schoolzone.questionpro.com/a/TakeSurvey?tt=Z2s81oH4QeUECHrPeIW9eQ%3D%3D&&custom1=edusite"><strong>Take our Science Teaching Survey and shape the future of education!</strong> Your insights matter.</a></p></div></div></div> <div class="mast container full" data-multi-toggle-menu> <div class="inner-sleeve" data-menu-open-pushed> <!-- Microsite back home asset --> <div class="msc-logo-container"> <!-- Mobile/print RSC logo --> <a href="https://www.rsc.org"> <svg id="rsc-logo-marke" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 29.88 34.54"><g id="rsc-marke"><path id="Path_1863" data-name="Path 1863" d="M29.78,6.91a18.53,18.53,0,0,0-2.42-2A12.16,12.16,0,0,0,24.6,3.45a17.58,17.58,0,0,0-3-.95,13.65,13.65,0,0,0-3.28-.35V8.55a14.17,14.17,0,0,1,2,.17,6.4,6.4,0,0,1,1.81.6,6.25,6.25,0,0,1,1.64.95,9.94,9.94,0,0,1,1.47,1.21Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1864" data-name="Path 1864" d="M25.3,25.29a9.94,9.94,0,0,1-1.47,1.21,16,16,0,0,1-1.64,1,14.88,14.88,0,0,1-1.81.6,7.41,7.41,0,0,1-2,.17,14.17,14.17,0,0,1-2-.17,6.41,6.41,0,0,1-1.81-.6,6.25,6.25,0,0,1-1.64-1,9.94,9.94,0,0,1-1.47-1.21L6.91,29.78a18.53,18.53,0,0,0,2.42,2,12.17,12.17,0,0,0,2.76,1.47,17.58,17.58,0,0,0,3,1,13.65,13.65,0,0,0,3.28.35,13.65,13.65,0,0,0,3.28-.35,17.58,17.58,0,0,0,3-1,28,28,0,0,0,2.76-1.47,12.84,12.84,0,0,0,2.42-2Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1865" data-name="Path 1865" d="M11.4,25.29a9.94,9.94,0,0,1-1.21-1.47,16,16,0,0,1-1-1.64,11.16,11.16,0,0,1-.6-1.81,7.41,7.41,0,0,1-.17-2H2.07a13.65,13.65,0,0,0,.35,3.28,17.58,17.58,0,0,0,.95,3,28,28,0,0,0,1.47,2.76,17.36,17.36,0,0,0,2,2.42Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#eedc00"/><path id="Path_1866" data-name="Path 1866" d="M8.46,18.39a14.17,14.17,0,0,1,.17-2,11.16,11.16,0,0,1,.6-1.81,8,8,0,0,1,1-1.64c.43-.52.78-1,1.21-1.47L6.91,6.91a10.59,10.59,0,0,0-2,2.42,12.17,12.17,0,0,0-1.47,2.76,17.58,17.58,0,0,0-.95,3,13.65,13.65,0,0,0-.35,3.28Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#97d700"/><path id="Path_1867" data-name="Path 1867" d="M11.4,11.4a9.94,9.94,0,0,1,1.47-1.21,16,16,0,0,1,1.64-.95,14.88,14.88,0,0,1,1.81-.6,7.41,7.41,0,0,1,2-.18V2.16A13.65,13.65,0,0,0,15,2.5a17.58,17.58,0,0,0-3,.95A28,28,0,0,0,9.24,4.92a12.84,12.84,0,0,0-2.42,2Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#48a9c5"/><path id="Path_1868" data-name="Path 1868" d="M21.84.35A15.89,15.89,0,0,0,18.3,0a17.47,17.47,0,0,0-3.71.35,22.82,22.82,0,0,0-3.45,1A13.64,13.64,0,0,0,8,3.11,16.77,16.77,0,0,0,5.35,5.35,33.46,33.46,0,0,0,3.11,8l8.81,6a5.94,5.94,0,0,1,1-1.12A5.94,5.94,0,0,1,14,11.91a9.44,9.44,0,0,1,1.3-.69,7.29,7.29,0,0,1,1.47-.43,9.51,9.51,0,0,1,1.55-.17,7.6,7.6,0,0,1,1.47.17Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#48a9c5" opacity="0.5" style="isolation:isolate"/><path id="Path_1869" data-name="Path 1869" d="M12.86,23.83a5.94,5.94,0,0,1-1-1.12,9.44,9.44,0,0,1-.69-1.3,7.29,7.29,0,0,1-.43-1.47,9.51,9.51,0,0,1-.17-1.55,7.6,7.6,0,0,1,.17-1.47L.35,14.85A15.89,15.89,0,0,0,0,18.39,17.47,17.47,0,0,0,.35,22.1a22.82,22.82,0,0,0,1,3.45,13.64,13.64,0,0,0,1.73,3.11,16.76,16.76,0,0,0,2.24,2.68A21.69,21.69,0,0,0,8,33.58l6-8.81C13.64,24.43,13.21,24.17,12.86,23.83Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#eedc00" opacity="0.5" style="isolation:isolate"/></g></svg></a> <!-- Mobile/print RSC divider --> <svg id="rsc-logo-divider" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1" height="34" viewBox="0 0 1 34"><title>ms-logo-divider</title><line id="rsc-logo-divider" x1="0.5" x2="0.5" y2="34" fill="none" stroke="#ccc"/></svg> <!-- Print EiC logo --> <svg id="microsite-logo-desktop-print" aria-hidden="true" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 479.94 42.67" style="enable-background:new 0 0 479.94 42.67;" xml:space="preserve" width="480" height="42.8"> <style type="text/css"> .st3{fill:#A80B7A;} .st4{fill:#D485BC;} </style> <g id="eic-logo-desktop"> <g> <path class="st3" d="M397.51,10.3c-1.2,0.76-2.23,1.95-3.08,3.56h-0.19l-0.47-4.13h-5.7v23.54h6.98V19.6 c0.63-1.61,1.43-2.74,2.4-3.37c0.96-0.63,1.89-0.95,2.78-0.95c0.51,0,0.95,0.03,1.33,0.1c0.37,0.06,0.78,0.16,1.22,0.28 l-2.34-5.94C399.45,9.7,398.48,9.69,397.51,10.3"/> <path class="st3" d="M379.94,24.63v-9.44h5.65V9.73h-5.65V3.47h-5.79l-0.81,6.26l-3.61,0.28v5.17h3.23v9.54 c0,1.36,0.15,2.6,0.45,3.73c0.3,1.12,0.77,2.08,1.42,2.87c0.65,0.79,1.49,1.41,2.52,1.85c1.03,0.44,2.27,0.66,3.73,0.66 c1.14,0,2.14-0.09,2.99-0.28c0.85-0.19,1.6-0.38,2.23-0.57l-1.09-5.08c-0.32,0.13-0.67,0.24-1.07,0.33 c-0.4,0.1-0.78,0.14-1.16,0.14c-0.92,0-1.65-0.29-2.21-0.88C380.22,26.92,379.94,25.96,379.94,24.63"/> <path class="st3" d="M358.21,17.16c-0.25-0.27-0.38-0.59-0.38-0.97c0-1.23,0.89-1.85,2.66-1.85c0.82,0,1.64,0.17,2.47,0.52 c0.82,0.35,1.66,0.84,2.52,1.47l3.13-4.18c-1.01-0.76-2.2-1.45-3.56-2.06c-1.36-0.62-2.94-0.93-4.75-0.93 c-1.36,0-2.59,0.18-3.7,0.55c-1.11,0.36-2.06,0.86-2.85,1.5c-0.79,0.63-1.4,1.41-1.83,2.33c-0.43,0.92-0.64,1.91-0.64,2.99 c0,0.98,0.19,1.84,0.57,2.59c0.38,0.74,0.87,1.39,1.47,1.95c0.6,0.55,1.27,1.02,1.99,1.4c0.73,0.38,1.46,0.71,2.18,1 c0.6,0.25,1.19,0.48,1.76,0.69c0.57,0.21,1.08,0.44,1.54,0.69c0.46,0.25,0.82,0.53,1.09,0.83c0.27,0.3,0.4,0.64,0.4,1.02 c0,0.63-0.24,1.12-0.71,1.47c-0.47,0.35-1.23,0.52-2.28,0.52c-1.01,0-2.01-0.21-2.99-0.62c-0.98-0.41-2.01-1.03-3.08-1.85 l-3.13,4.37c1.2,0.98,2.62,1.77,4.25,2.37c1.63,0.6,3.22,0.9,4.77,0.9c1.58,0,2.97-0.2,4.18-0.59c1.2-0.4,2.21-0.93,3.04-1.61 c0.82-0.68,1.44-1.48,1.85-2.4c0.41-0.92,0.62-1.91,0.62-2.99c0-1.08-0.19-2-0.57-2.78c-0.38-0.77-0.88-1.43-1.49-1.97 c-0.62-0.54-1.3-0.99-2.04-1.35c-0.74-0.36-1.49-0.69-2.25-0.97c-0.6-0.22-1.18-0.43-1.73-0.64c-0.55-0.21-1.04-0.42-1.47-0.64 C358.81,17.67,358.47,17.43,358.21,17.16"/> </g> <rect x="341.66" y="9.67" class="st3" width="6.98" height="23.6"/> <g> <path class="st3" d="M330.25,33.27h6.98V18.65c0-2.94-0.59-5.26-1.78-6.95c-1.19-1.69-3.05-2.54-5.58-2.54 c-1.58,0-2.95,0.39-4.11,1.16c-1.16,0.78-2.25,1.7-3.3,2.78c-0.6-1.26-1.42-2.24-2.44-2.92c-1.03-0.68-2.38-1.02-4.06-1.02 c-1.55,0-2.88,0.36-3.99,1.07c-1.11,0.71-2.15,1.56-3.13,2.54h-0.19l-0.47-3.04h-5.69v23.54h6.98v-15.9 c1.45-1.52,2.78-2.28,3.99-2.28c1.01,0,1.75,0.32,2.21,0.95c0.46,0.63,0.69,1.8,0.69,3.51v13.72h6.98v-15.9 c1.52-1.52,2.86-2.28,4.03-2.28c1.01,0,1.75,0.32,2.21,0.95c0.46,0.63,0.69,1.8,0.69,3.51V33.27z"/> <path class="st3" d="M294.66,18.94h-8.49c0.25-1.52,0.8-2.64,1.64-3.37c0.84-0.73,1.81-1.09,2.92-1.09c1.42,0,2.44,0.41,3.04,1.23 C294.36,16.53,294.66,17.61,294.66,18.94 M300.59,20.45c0-1.61-0.21-3.11-0.62-4.48c-0.41-1.38-1.04-2.57-1.87-3.58 c-0.84-1.01-1.88-1.8-3.13-2.37c-1.25-0.57-2.71-0.85-4.39-0.85c-1.42,0-2.8,0.28-4.13,0.85c-1.33,0.57-2.51,1.38-3.54,2.44 c-1.03,1.06-1.86,2.36-2.49,3.89c-0.63,1.53-0.95,3.25-0.95,5.15c0,1.96,0.3,3.7,0.9,5.22c0.6,1.52,1.44,2.81,2.52,3.87 c1.08,1.06,2.34,1.87,3.8,2.42c1.46,0.55,3.02,0.83,4.7,0.83c1.42,0,2.87-0.24,4.34-0.71c1.47-0.47,2.81-1.12,4.01-1.95 l-2.33-4.22c-1.71,1.04-3.4,1.57-5.08,1.57c-1.58,0-2.92-0.4-4.01-1.21c-1.09-0.81-1.8-2.06-2.11-3.77h14.09 c0.06-0.28,0.13-0.71,0.19-1.28C300.56,21.69,300.59,21.09,300.59,20.45"/> <path class="st3" d="M270.65,33.27h6.98V18.65c0-2.97-0.58-5.3-1.73-6.98c-1.16-1.68-3.01-2.52-5.58-2.52 c-1.61,0-3.01,0.34-4.18,1.02c-1.17,0.68-2.2,1.42-3.08,2.21l0.33-4.22V0l-6.98,0v33.27h6.98v-15.9c0.76-0.73,1.46-1.29,2.09-1.69 c0.63-0.4,1.39-0.59,2.28-0.59c1.01,0,1.75,0.32,2.21,0.95c0.46,0.63,0.69,1.8,0.69,3.51V33.27z"/> <path class="st3" d="M243.75,26.39c-1-1.2-1.5-2.83-1.5-4.89c0-2.06,0.49-3.69,1.47-4.89c0.98-1.2,2.33-1.8,4.03-1.8 c1.01,0,2.07,0.46,3.18,1.38l3.27-4.51c-0.89-0.73-1.89-1.33-3.01-1.8c-1.12-0.47-2.41-0.71-3.87-0.71 c-1.61,0-3.16,0.28-4.65,0.83c-1.49,0.55-2.79,1.35-3.92,2.4c-1.12,1.04-2.02,2.33-2.68,3.87c-0.66,1.53-1,3.28-1,5.24 c0,1.96,0.3,3.71,0.9,5.24c0.6,1.53,1.42,2.82,2.47,3.87c1.04,1.04,2.27,1.84,3.68,2.4c1.41,0.55,2.93,0.83,4.58,0.83 c1.3,0,2.63-0.21,3.99-0.64c1.36-0.43,2.63-1.15,3.8-2.16l-2.75-4.56c-0.63,0.47-1.31,0.88-2.02,1.21 c-0.71,0.33-1.45,0.5-2.21,0.5C246,28.19,244.75,27.59,243.75,26.39"/> <path class="st3" d="M426.27,9.73h-6.69l-2.85,10.11c-0.28,1.11-0.56,2.22-0.83,3.35c-0.27,1.12-0.53,2.24-0.78,3.35h-0.19 c-0.32-1.17-0.62-2.31-0.9-3.42c-0.28-1.11-0.6-2.2-0.95-3.27l-3.37-10.11h-7.02l9.06,22.92l-0.33,1.23 c-0.32,0.92-0.79,1.66-1.42,2.23c-0.63,0.57-1.54,0.85-2.71,0.85c-0.25,0-1.15-0.03-1.38-0.05l-0.01,5.42 c0.02,0,0.04,0.01,0.06,0.01c0.51,0.08,1.12,0.12,1.85,0.12c1.39,0,2.6-0.19,3.63-0.57c1.03-0.38,1.95-0.94,2.75-1.68 c0.81-0.74,1.52-1.68,2.14-2.8c0.62-1.12,1.21-2.43,1.78-3.92L426.27,9.73z"/> <path class="st3" d="M190.1,33.37V18.71c0-2.98-0.58-5.32-1.74-7c-1.16-1.68-3.02-2.52-5.59-2.52c-1.62,0-3.03,0.36-4.24,1.07 c-1.21,0.71-2.32,1.55-3.33,2.5H175l-0.48-3h-5.71v23.61h7V17.43c0.76-0.73,1.46-1.29,2.09-1.69c0.63-0.4,1.4-0.6,2.29-0.6 c1.02,0,1.75,0.32,2.21,0.95c0.46,0.63,0.69,1.81,0.69,3.52v13.76H190.1"/> <path class="st3" d="M159.17,21.57c0,2.06-0.37,3.7-1.1,4.9c-0.73,1.21-1.81,1.81-3.24,1.81c-1.46,0-2.55-0.6-3.26-1.81 c-0.71-1.21-1.07-2.84-1.07-4.9c0-2.06,0.36-3.7,1.07-4.9c0.71-1.21,1.8-1.81,3.26-1.81c1.43,0,2.51,0.6,3.24,1.81 C158.8,17.87,159.17,19.5,159.17,21.57 M166.31,21.57c0-1.97-0.32-3.72-0.95-5.26c-0.64-1.54-1.48-2.83-2.55-3.88 c-1.06-1.05-2.29-1.85-3.67-2.4c-1.38-0.55-2.82-0.83-4.31-0.83c-1.49,0-2.94,0.28-4.33,0.83c-1.4,0.56-2.63,1.36-3.69,2.4 c-1.06,1.05-1.91,2.34-2.55,3.88c-0.64,1.54-0.95,3.29-0.95,5.26c0,1.97,0.32,3.72,0.95,5.26c0.63,1.54,1.48,2.83,2.55,3.88 c1.06,1.05,2.29,1.85,3.69,2.4c1.4,0.55,2.84,0.83,4.33,0.83c1.49,0,2.93-0.28,4.31-0.83c1.38-0.56,2.6-1.36,3.67-2.4 c1.06-1.05,1.91-2.34,2.55-3.88C165.99,25.29,166.31,23.54,166.31,21.57"/> <path class="st3" d="M125.12,15.24h5.67V9.76h-5.67V3.54l-5.83,0l-0.79,6.22l-3.62,0.29v5.19h3.24v9.57 c0,1.36,0.15,2.61,0.45,3.74c0.3,1.13,0.78,2.09,1.43,2.88c0.65,0.79,1.49,1.41,2.52,1.86c1.03,0.44,2.28,0.67,3.74,0.67 c1.14,0,2.14-0.09,3-0.29c0.86-0.19,1.6-0.38,2.24-0.57l-1.09-5.09c-0.32,0.13-0.68,0.24-1.07,0.33c-0.4,0.09-0.78,0.14-1.17,0.14 c-0.92,0-1.66-0.29-2.21-0.88c-0.56-0.59-0.83-1.55-0.83-2.88V15.24z"/> <path class="st3" d="M106.86,26.52c-0.63,0.64-1.24,1.13-1.81,1.48c-0.57,0.35-1.25,0.52-2.05,0.52c-0.83,0-1.48-0.18-1.98-0.55 c-0.49-0.36-0.74-0.93-0.74-1.69c0-0.92,0.48-1.71,1.43-2.38c0.95-0.67,2.67-1.17,5.14-1.52V26.52z M113.86,33.37V19.85 c0-3.65-0.8-6.34-2.4-8.07c-1.6-1.73-3.93-2.6-6.97-2.6c-1.87,0-3.64,0.29-5.31,0.86c-1.67,0.57-3.26,1.32-4.78,2.24l2.52,4.62 c1.14-0.67,2.21-1.19,3.21-1.57c1-0.38,2.01-0.57,3.02-0.57c1.3,0,2.23,0.31,2.78,0.93c0.55,0.62,0.86,1.45,0.93,2.5 c-4.67,0.48-8.05,1.41-10.14,2.81c-2.09,1.4-3.14,3.33-3.14,5.81c0,1.02,0.17,1.95,0.5,2.81c0.33,0.86,0.8,1.61,1.4,2.26 c0.6,0.65,1.34,1.16,2.21,1.52c0.87,0.36,1.85,0.55,2.93,0.55c1.33,0,2.55-0.28,3.67-0.83c1.11-0.55,2.17-1.28,3.19-2.17h0.19 l0.48,2.43H113.86z"/> <path class="st3" d="M81.84,26.47c-1-1.21-1.5-2.84-1.5-4.9c0-2.06,0.49-3.7,1.48-4.9c0.98-1.21,2.33-1.81,4.05-1.81 c1.02,0,2.08,0.46,3.19,1.38l3.29-4.52c-0.89-0.73-1.9-1.33-3.02-1.81c-1.13-0.48-2.42-0.71-3.88-0.71 c-1.62,0-3.17,0.28-4.67,0.83c-1.49,0.56-2.8,1.36-3.93,2.4c-1.13,1.05-2.02,2.34-2.69,3.88c-0.67,1.54-1,3.29-1,5.26 c0,1.97,0.3,3.72,0.9,5.26c0.6,1.54,1.43,2.83,2.48,3.88c1.05,1.05,2.28,1.85,3.69,2.4c1.41,0.55,2.94,0.83,4.59,0.83 c1.3,0,2.63-0.21,4-0.64c1.36-0.43,2.63-1.15,3.81-2.17l-2.76-4.57c-0.64,0.48-1.31,0.88-2.02,1.21c-0.71,0.33-1.45,0.5-2.21,0.5 C84.1,28.28,82.84,27.68,81.84,26.47"/> <path class="st3" d="M65.35,33.37h5.71V9.76h-7v15.62c-0.7,0.92-1.35,1.59-1.95,2c-0.6,0.41-1.35,0.62-2.24,0.62 c-1.02,0-1.76-0.32-2.24-0.95c-0.48-0.63-0.71-1.81-0.71-3.52V9.76h-7v14.66c0,2.98,0.58,5.32,1.74,7 c1.16,1.68,3.02,2.52,5.59,2.52c1.62,0,3.01-0.34,4.17-1.02c1.16-0.68,2.24-1.63,3.26-2.83h0.14L65.35,33.37z"/> <path class="st3" d="M40.01,26.09c-0.57,0.79-1.17,1.35-1.79,1.67c-0.62,0.32-1.31,0.48-2.07,0.48c-1.37,0-2.42-0.54-3.17-1.62 c-0.75-1.08-1.12-2.79-1.12-5.14c0-2.25,0.43-3.91,1.29-4.97c0.86-1.06,1.84-1.59,2.95-1.59c0.63,0,1.29,0.11,1.95,0.33 c0.67,0.22,1.32,0.62,1.95,1.19V26.09z M47.01,33.37V0l-7,0v8.04l0.29,3.62c-0.83-0.76-1.67-1.36-2.52-1.81 c-0.86-0.44-1.95-0.67-3.29-0.67c-1.24,0-2.45,0.29-3.64,0.86c-1.19,0.57-2.24,1.39-3.14,2.45c-0.9,1.06-1.64,2.36-2.19,3.88 c-0.56,1.52-0.83,3.25-0.83,5.19c0,1.94,0.23,3.67,0.69,5.19c0.46,1.52,1.11,2.82,1.95,3.88c0.84,1.06,1.86,1.88,3.05,2.45 c1.19,0.57,2.51,0.86,3.98,0.86c1.14,0,2.27-0.28,3.38-0.83c1.11-0.55,2.08-1.24,2.9-2.07h0.19l0.48,2.33H47.01z"/> <path class="st3" d="M16.62,19H8.09c0.25-1.52,0.8-2.65,1.64-3.38c0.84-0.73,1.82-1.1,2.93-1.1c1.43,0,2.44,0.41,3.05,1.24 C16.31,16.58,16.62,17.66,16.62,19 M22.57,20.52c0-1.62-0.21-3.12-0.62-4.5c-0.41-1.38-1.04-2.58-1.88-3.59 c-0.84-1.02-1.89-1.81-3.14-2.38c-1.25-0.57-2.72-0.86-4.4-0.86c-1.43,0-2.81,0.29-4.14,0.86c-1.33,0.57-2.52,1.39-3.55,2.45 c-1.03,1.06-1.86,2.36-2.5,3.9c-0.64,1.54-0.95,3.26-0.95,5.17c0,1.97,0.3,3.71,0.9,5.24c0.6,1.52,1.44,2.82,2.52,3.88 c1.08,1.06,2.35,1.87,3.81,2.43c1.46,0.55,3.03,0.83,4.71,0.83c1.43,0,2.88-0.24,4.36-0.71c1.48-0.48,2.82-1.13,4.02-1.95 l-2.33-4.24c-1.71,1.05-3.41,1.57-5.09,1.57c-1.59,0-2.93-0.4-4.02-1.21c-1.09-0.81-1.8-2.07-2.12-3.79h14.14 c0.06-0.29,0.13-0.71,0.19-1.29C22.53,21.76,22.57,21.16,22.57,20.52"/> </g> <rect x="134.01" y="9.78" class="st3" width="7" height="23.6"/> <rect x="197.94" y="9.78" class="st4" width="7" height="23.6"/> <path class="st4" d="M229.38,33.37V18.71c0-2.98-0.58-5.32-1.74-7c-1.16-1.68-3.02-2.52-5.59-2.52c-1.62,0-3.03,0.36-4.24,1.07 c-1.21,0.71-2.32,1.55-3.33,2.5h-0.19l-0.48-3h-5.71v23.61h7V17.43c0.76-0.73,1.46-1.29,2.09-1.69c0.63-0.4,1.4-0.6,2.29-0.6 c1.02,0,1.75,0.32,2.21,0.95c0.46,0.63,0.69,1.81,0.69,3.52v13.76H229.38"/> <path class="st3" d="M140.36,6.66c0.74-0.66,1.11-1.5,1.11-2.54c0-1.04-0.37-1.89-1.11-2.54c-0.74-0.66-1.68-0.98-2.83-0.98 s-2.09,0.33-2.83,0.98c-0.74,0.66-1.11,1.5-1.11,2.54c0,1.04,0.37,1.89,1.11,2.54c0.74,0.66,1.68,0.98,2.83,0.98 S139.62,7.31,140.36,6.66"/> <path class="st3" d="M347.61,6.66c0.74-0.66,1.11-1.5,1.11-2.54c0-1.04-0.37-1.89-1.11-2.54s-1.68-0.98-2.83-0.98 c-1.15,0-2.09,0.33-2.83,0.98c-0.74,0.66-1.11,1.5-1.11,2.54c0,1.04,0.37,1.89,1.11,2.54c0.74,0.66,1.68,0.98,2.83,0.98 C345.93,7.64,346.87,7.31,347.61,6.66"/> <path class="st4" d="M204.23,6.66c0.74-0.66,1.11-1.5,1.11-2.54c0-1.04-0.37-1.89-1.11-2.54c-0.74-0.66-1.68-0.98-2.83-0.98 s-2.09,0.33-2.83,0.98c-0.74,0.66-1.11,1.5-1.11,2.54c0,1.04,0.37,1.89,1.11,2.54c0.74,0.66,1.68,0.98,2.83,0.98 S203.49,7.31,204.23,6.66"/> </g> </svg> <!-- Mobile EiC logo --> <a href="/eic"> <svg id="microsite-logo" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="500.444" height="329.453" viewBox="0 0 500.444 329.453"> <g id="Group_10" data-name="Group 10" transform="translate(-134 -608)"> <g id="Group_9" data-name="Group 9"> <g id="Group_8" data-name="Group 8" transform="translate(128.601 542.036)"> <path id="Path_41" data-name="Path 41" d="M399.688,320.769q-14.762-17.8-14.765-48.271t14.532-48.276q14.52-17.8,39.835-17.808,15,0,31.4,13.59l32.34-44.523a120.57,120.57,0,0,0-29.762-17.812q-16.643-7.032-38.2-7.029a130.688,130.688,0,0,0-45.93,8.2,115.118,115.118,0,0,0-38.664,23.671A112.175,112.175,0,0,0,324,220.709q-9.84,22.737-9.84,51.789t8.9,51.788q8.9,22.735,24.372,38.195a105.112,105.112,0,0,0,36.322,23.67,122.578,122.578,0,0,0,45.228,8.2,131.047,131.047,0,0,0,39.37-6.328A105.248,105.248,0,0,0,505.843,366.7L478.66,321.708a112.369,112.369,0,0,1-19.918,11.949,50.939,50.939,0,0,1-21.794,4.924q-22.5,0-37.26-17.812" fill="#a80b7a"></path> <path id="Path_42" data-name="Path 42" d="M155.858,247.785H71.7Q75.454,225.21,87.915,214.4a42.78,42.78,0,0,1,28.916-10.817q21.158,0,30.092,12.231t8.935,31.974m58.77,15.042a155.006,155.006,0,0,0-6.107-44.435A99.767,99.767,0,0,0,189.944,182.9a85.925,85.925,0,0,0-31.028-23.508q-18.59-8.471-43.5-8.466a102.707,102.707,0,0,0-40.9,8.466A107.32,107.32,0,0,0,39.485,183.6Q24.2,199.364,14.8,222.157t-9.4,51.01q0,29.168,8.934,51.726a109.59,109.59,0,0,0,24.922,38.32,107.131,107.131,0,0,0,37.613,23.976,129.948,129.948,0,0,0,46.547,8.228,139.592,139.592,0,0,0,43.021-7.053,153.148,153.148,0,0,0,39.725-19.274l-23.039-41.846q-25.386,15.51-50.3,15.51-23.52,0-39.733-11.984T72.166,293.387H211.808q.933-4.229,1.883-12.691a163.175,163.175,0,0,0,.937-17.869" fill="#a80b7a"></path> <rect id="Rectangle_7" data-name="Rectangle 7" width="69.11" height="233.035" transform="translate(229.837 156.735)" fill="#d485bc"></rect> <path id="Path_43" data-name="Path 43" d="M291.918,125.917q10.937-9.722,10.937-25.117T291.918,75.682q-10.936-9.723-27.954-9.718T236.01,75.682Q225.073,85.4,225.074,100.8t10.936,25.117q10.95,9.723,27.954,9.719t27.954-9.719" fill="#d485bc"></path> </g> </g> </g> </svg> </a> <!-- Desktop RSC logo --> <a href="https://www.rsc.org/"><svg id="rsc-logo-desktop" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="144.1" height="40" viewBox="0 0 144.1 40"><g id="rsc-logo-text"><path id="Path_1840" data-name="Path 1840" d="M39.5,10.2h3.9a3.57,3.57,0,0,1,2.6.9,2.67,2.67,0,0,1,.7,1.8h0a2.71,2.71,0,0,1-2.5,2.7L47,19.3H45.7l-2.6-3.5H40.5v3.5h-1Zm3.8,4.6c1.4,0,2.3-.7,2.3-1.9h0c0-1.1-.9-1.8-2.3-1.8H40.5v3.7Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1841" data-name="Path 1841" d="M48.3,14.8h0a4.63,4.63,0,0,1,4.56-4.7H53a4.55,4.55,0,0,1,4.6,4.49q0,.1,0,.21h0A4.63,4.63,0,0,1,53,19.5H52.9A4.55,4.55,0,0,1,48.3,15Q48.3,14.9,48.3,14.8Zm8.2,0h0a3.6,3.6,0,1,0-7.2-.1h0a3.6,3.6,0,0,0,7.2.1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1842" data-name="Path 1842" d="M61.6,15.7l-3.8-5.5H59l3.1,4.6,3.1-4.6h1.2l-3.8,5.5v3.6h-1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1843" data-name="Path 1843" d="M69.7,10.1h1l4.2,9.2H73.8l-1.1-2.4h-5l-1.1,2.4H65.5ZM72.3,16l-2.1-4.7L68.1,16Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1844" data-name="Path 1844" d="M76.4,10.2h1v8.2h5.1v1H76.3V10.2Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1845" data-name="Path 1845" d="M87.2,18l.6-.8a4.32,4.32,0,0,0,3.1,1.3c1.2,0,2-.7,2-1.6h0c0-.8-.5-1.3-2.4-1.7-2.1-.5-3.1-1.1-3.1-2.6h0a2.74,2.74,0,0,1,3-2.5h0a5,5,0,0,1,3.2,1.1L93,12a3.88,3.88,0,0,0-2.6-1c-1.2,0-1.9.7-1.9,1.5h0c0,.9.5,1.3,2.5,1.8s3,1.2,3,2.6h0c0,1.6-1.3,2.6-3.1,2.6A6.38,6.38,0,0,1,87.2,18Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1846" data-name="Path 1846" d="M95.5,14.8h0a4.63,4.63,0,0,1,4.56-4.7h.14a4.55,4.55,0,0,1,4.6,4.49q0,.1,0,.21h0a4.65,4.65,0,1,1-9.3,0Zm8.3,0h0a3.6,3.6,0,1,0-7.2-.1h0a3.6,3.6,0,0,0,7.2.1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1847" data-name="Path 1847" d="M106.4,14.8h0a4.55,4.55,0,0,1,4.4-4.7h.2a5.14,5.14,0,0,1,3.6,1.4l-.7.8A4.15,4.15,0,0,0,111,11a3.53,3.53,0,0,0-3.5,3.55s0,.1,0,.15h0a3.62,3.62,0,0,0,3.42,3.8H111a3.77,3.77,0,0,0,2.9-1.3l.7.7a4.75,4.75,0,0,1-3.7,1.6,4.53,4.53,0,0,1-4.5-4.55S106.4,14.85,106.4,14.8Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1848" data-name="Path 1848" d="M116.2,10.2h1v9.1h-1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1849" data-name="Path 1849" d="M119.6,10.2h6.6v.9h-5.6v3.1h5v.9h-5v3.2h5.6v.9h-6.7v-9Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1850" data-name="Path 1850" d="M130.5,11.1h-3.1v-1h7.2v1h-3.1v8.2h-1V11.1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1851" data-name="Path 1851" d="M139.2,15.7l-3.8-5.5h1.3l3.1,4.6,3.1-4.6h1.2l-3.8,5.5v3.6h-1V15.7Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1852" data-name="Path 1852" d="M39.1,27.8h0a4.63,4.63,0,0,1,4.56-4.7h.14a4.55,4.55,0,0,1,4.6,4.49q0,.1,0,.21h0a4.65,4.65,0,0,1-9.3,0Zm8.2,0h0a3.6,3.6,0,0,0-7.2-.1h0a3.63,3.63,0,0,0,3.46,3.8h.14A3.55,3.55,0,0,0,47.3,28Q47.3,27.9,47.3,27.8Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1853" data-name="Path 1853" d="M50.8,23.2h6.6v1H51.9v3.3h4.9v.9H51.9v4h-1V23.2Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1854" data-name="Path 1854" d="M67.4,32.5a4.63,4.63,0,0,1-4.7-4.56s0-.09,0-.14h0a4.66,4.66,0,0,1,4.61-4.7h.19a4.79,4.79,0,0,1,3.6,1.4L69.8,26a3.45,3.45,0,0,0-2.3-1,2.69,2.69,0,0,0-2.6,2.78v0h0a2.72,2.72,0,0,0,2.54,2.9h.06a3.19,3.19,0,0,0,2.4-1.1l1.3,1.3A4.81,4.81,0,0,1,67.4,32.5Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1855" data-name="Path 1855" d="M78.8,32.3V28.6H75.1v3.7h-2V23.2h2v3.6h3.7V23.2h2v9.1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1856" data-name="Path 1856" d="M83.4,32.3V23.2h6.9V25H85.4v1.8h4.3v1.8H85.4v1.9h5v1.8Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1857" data-name="Path 1857" d="M99.7,32.3v-6l-2.6,3.9H97l-2.5-3.9v5.9h-2V23.1h2.2L97.1,27l2.4-3.9h2.2v9.1h-2Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1858" data-name="Path 1858" d="M104.4,32.3V23.2h2v9.1Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1859" data-name="Path 1859" d="M112.3,32.5a5.79,5.79,0,0,1-3.9-1.5l1.2-1.4a4,4,0,0,0,2.7,1.1c.8,0,1.3-.3,1.3-.9h0c0-.5-.3-.8-1.8-1.2-1.8-.5-3-1-3-2.8h0c0-1.7,1.3-2.8,3.2-2.8a5,5,0,0,1,3.4,1.2l-1,1.5a4,4,0,0,0-2.4-.9c-.8,0-1.2.4-1.2.8h0c0,.6.4.8,2,1.2,1.9.5,2.9,1.1,2.9,2.7h0a3.06,3.06,0,0,1-3.09,3Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1860" data-name="Path 1860" d="M121.7,25.1v7.3h-2V25.1h-2.8V23.2h7.6v1.9Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1861" data-name="Path 1861" d="M132,32.3l-2-2.9h-1.6v2.9h-2V23.2h4.2c2.2,0,3.4,1.1,3.4,3h0a2.74,2.74,0,0,1-2,2.8l2.2,3.3Zm0-6c0-.9-.6-1.3-1.6-1.3h-2v2.6h2C131.4,27.6,132,27.1,132,26.3Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1862" data-name="Path 1862" d="M140.5,28.7v3.6h-2V28.7L135,23.2h2.3l2.2,3.7,2.2-3.7H144Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/></g><g id="rsc-logo-marke"><path id="Path_1863" data-name="Path 1863" d="M34.5,8a21.46,21.46,0,0,0-2.8-2.3A14.09,14.09,0,0,0,28.5,4,20.36,20.36,0,0,0,25,2.9a15.81,15.81,0,0,0-3.8-.4V9.9a16.41,16.41,0,0,1,2.3.2,7.42,7.42,0,0,1,2.1.7,7.24,7.24,0,0,1,1.9,1.1,11.51,11.51,0,0,1,1.7,1.4Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1864" data-name="Path 1864" d="M29.3,29.3a11.51,11.51,0,0,1-1.7,1.4,18.58,18.58,0,0,1-1.9,1.1,17.23,17.23,0,0,1-2.1.7,8.58,8.58,0,0,1-2.3.2,16.41,16.41,0,0,1-2.3-.2,7.42,7.42,0,0,1-2.1-.7A7.24,7.24,0,0,1,15,30.7a11.51,11.51,0,0,1-1.7-1.4L8,34.5a21.46,21.46,0,0,0,2.8,2.3A14.09,14.09,0,0,0,14,38.5a20.36,20.36,0,0,0,3.5,1.1,15.81,15.81,0,0,0,3.8.4,15.81,15.81,0,0,0,3.8-.4,20.36,20.36,0,0,0,3.5-1.1,32.39,32.39,0,0,0,3.2-1.7,14.87,14.87,0,0,0,2.8-2.3Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#004976"/><path id="Path_1865" data-name="Path 1865" d="M13.2,29.3a11.51,11.51,0,0,1-1.4-1.7,18.58,18.58,0,0,1-1.1-1.9,12.93,12.93,0,0,1-.7-2.1,8.58,8.58,0,0,1-.2-2.3H2.4a15.81,15.81,0,0,0,.4,3.8,20.36,20.36,0,0,0,1.1,3.5,32.39,32.39,0,0,0,1.7,3.2,20.11,20.11,0,0,0,2.3,2.8Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#eedc00"/><path id="Path_1866" data-name="Path 1866" d="M9.8,21.3A16.41,16.41,0,0,1,10,19a12.93,12.93,0,0,1,.7-2.1A9.3,9.3,0,0,1,11.8,15c.5-.6.9-1.2,1.4-1.7L8,8a12.27,12.27,0,0,0-2.3,2.8A14.09,14.09,0,0,0,4,14a20.36,20.36,0,0,0-1.1,3.5,15.81,15.81,0,0,0-.4,3.8Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#97d700"/><path id="Path_1867" data-name="Path 1867" d="M13.2,13.2a11.51,11.51,0,0,1,1.7-1.4,18.58,18.58,0,0,1,1.9-1.1,17.23,17.23,0,0,1,2.1-.7,8.58,8.58,0,0,1,2.3-.2V2.5a15.81,15.81,0,0,0-3.8.4A20.36,20.36,0,0,0,13.9,4a32.39,32.39,0,0,0-3.2,1.7A14.87,14.87,0,0,0,7.9,8Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#48a9c5"/><path id="Path_1868" data-name="Path 1868" d="M25.3.4A18.4,18.4,0,0,0,21.2,0a20.24,20.24,0,0,0-4.3.4,26.43,26.43,0,0,0-4,1.2,15.8,15.8,0,0,0-3.6,2A19.42,19.42,0,0,0,6.2,6.2,38.76,38.76,0,0,0,3.6,9.3l10.2,6.9a6.88,6.88,0,0,1,1.1-1.3,6.88,6.88,0,0,1,1.3-1.1,10.93,10.93,0,0,1,1.5-.8,8.45,8.45,0,0,1,1.7-.5,11,11,0,0,1,1.8-.2,8.81,8.81,0,0,1,1.7.2Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#48a9c5" opacity="0.5" style="isolation:isolate"/><path id="Path_1869" data-name="Path 1869" d="M14.9,27.6a6.88,6.88,0,0,1-1.1-1.3,10.93,10.93,0,0,1-.8-1.5,8.45,8.45,0,0,1-.5-1.7,11,11,0,0,1-.2-1.8,8.81,8.81,0,0,1,.2-1.7L.4,17.2A18.4,18.4,0,0,0,0,21.3a20.24,20.24,0,0,0,.4,4.3,26.43,26.43,0,0,0,1.2,4,15.8,15.8,0,0,0,2,3.6,19.42,19.42,0,0,0,2.6,3.1,25.13,25.13,0,0,0,3.1,2.6l6.9-10.2C15.8,28.3,15.3,28,14.9,27.6Z" transform="translate(0 0)" fill="#eedc00" opacity="0.5" style="isolation:isolate"/></g></svg></a> </div> <!-- End microsite back home asset --> <div class="mastControls"> <nav data-multi-toggle-item="" class="mastNav loggedout hide"><span class="toggleIcon"><a href="#mastnav" data-toggle-button=""><span class="assistive">Mast navigation</span></a></span><ul id="mastnav" data-toggle-element=""><li><a class="mastreglink" href="https://edu.rsc.org/register">Register</a></li><li><a class="popup" href="https://edu.rsc.org/sign-in">Sign In</a></li></ul></nav> <div class="menuToggle"> <span class="toggleIcon"><a href="#mobilemenu" data-menu-toggle-button=""><span class="assistive">Menu</span></a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="micrositeMastLogo container"> <div class="inner-sleeve" data-menu-open-pushed> <!-- Microsite Masthead asset --> <!-- Desktop EiC logo --> <div class="mastheadLogo"> <a href="/eic"> <svg id="microsite-logo-desktop" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="477.294" height="47.743" viewBox="0 0 477.294 47.743"> <g id="Layer_2" data-name="Layer 2" transform="translate(0.004)"> <g id="Layer_2-2" data-name="Layer 2"> <path id="Path_1" data-name="Path 1" d="M445,11.57a10.16,10.16,0,0,0-3.46,4h-.21l-.54-4.64H434.4V37.37h7.83V22a7.76,7.76,0,0,1,2.69-3.79A5.75,5.75,0,0,1,448,17.17a9.49,9.49,0,0,1,1.5.1,12.466,12.466,0,0,1,1.36.32l-2.62-6.67a5.4,5.4,0,0,0-3.28.65" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_2" data-name="Path 2" d="M425.25,27.67V17.06h6.34V10.93h-6.34v-7h-6.51l-.9,7-4.06.32v5.81h3.63V27.78a16.059,16.059,0,0,0,.51,4.18,8.5,8.5,0,0,0,1.59,3.23,7.38,7.38,0,0,0,2.83,2.07,10.5,10.5,0,0,0,4.19.75,15.81,15.81,0,0,0,3.35-.32c1-.21,1.8-.43,2.51-.64l-1.23-5.7a9,9,0,0,1-1.2.37,5.38,5.38,0,0,1-1.3.16,3.25,3.25,0,0,1-2.48-1,4.59,4.59,0,0,1-.93-3.22" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_3" data-name="Path 3" d="M400.84,19.27a1.5,1.5,0,0,1-.43-1.09c0-1.39,1-2.08,3-2.08a7.08,7.08,0,0,1,2.77.59A13.651,13.651,0,0,1,409,18.34l3.52-4.69a21.261,21.261,0,0,0-4-2.32,12.88,12.88,0,0,0-5.34-1,13.2,13.2,0,0,0-4.15.61,10.12,10.12,0,0,0-3.2,1.68,7.05,7.05,0,0,0-2.05,2.61,7.89,7.89,0,0,0-.72,3.36,6.421,6.421,0,0,0,.63,2.91,7.74,7.74,0,0,0,1.66,2.18,10.07,10.07,0,0,0,2.24,1.58A25.45,25.45,0,0,0,400,26.34c.67.28,1.33.54,2,.77a12.131,12.131,0,0,1,1.73.77,4.821,4.821,0,0,1,1.23.93,1.69,1.69,0,0,1,.45,1.15,1.91,1.91,0,0,1-.8,1.65,4.3,4.3,0,0,1-2.56.59,8.62,8.62,0,0,1-3.35-.69,15.91,15.91,0,0,1-3.47-2.08l-3.52,4.9A16.67,16.67,0,0,0,396.49,37a15.56,15.56,0,0,0,5.36,1,14.82,14.82,0,0,0,4.69-.67,10.15,10.15,0,0,0,3.46-1.8,7.28,7.28,0,0,0,2-2.69,8,8,0,0,0,.7-3.36,7.11,7.11,0,0,0-.64-3.12,7,7,0,0,0-1.68-2.21,11,11,0,0,0-2.29-1.52c-.84-.41-1.68-.77-2.54-1.09l-1.94-.72A14.71,14.71,0,0,1,402,20.1a4.2,4.2,0,0,1-1.14-.83" fill="#a80b7a"/> <rect id="Rectangle_1" data-name="Rectangle 1" width="7.84" height="26.51" transform="translate(382.24 10.87)" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_4" data-name="Path 4" d="M369.43,37.37h7.84V21a13.44,13.44,0,0,0-2-7.81c-1.34-1.9-3.42-2.85-6.27-2.85a8.08,8.08,0,0,0-4.61,1.31,23.21,23.21,0,0,0-3.7,3.11,7.89,7.89,0,0,0-2.75-3.27,9.28,9.28,0,0,0-9,.05,21.28,21.28,0,0,0-3.51,2.85h-.22l-.53-3.41h-6.4V37.37h7.84V19.51c1.63-1.7,3.13-2.56,4.48-2.56A2.87,2.87,0,0,1,353,18a7.2,7.2,0,0,1,.77,3.94V37.37h7.84V19.51c1.7-1.7,3.21-2.56,4.53-2.56A2.87,2.87,0,0,1,368.66,18a7.2,7.2,0,0,1,.77,3.94Z" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_5" data-name="Path 5" d="M329.45,21.27h-9.54a6.08,6.08,0,0,1,1.84-3.78A4.82,4.82,0,0,1,325,16.26a4,4,0,0,1,3.42,1.39,6,6,0,0,1,1,3.62M336.11,23a17.6,17.6,0,0,0-.69-5,11.32,11.32,0,0,0-2.11-4,9.8,9.8,0,0,0-3.51-2.66,11.83,11.83,0,0,0-4.94-1,11.61,11.61,0,0,0-4.63,1,12.17,12.17,0,0,0-4,2.74,13.82,13.82,0,0,0-2.79,4.38,14.85,14.85,0,0,0-1.07,5.78,15.92,15.92,0,0,0,1,5.86,12.47,12.47,0,0,0,2.83,4.35,12.189,12.189,0,0,0,4.26,2.72,14.81,14.81,0,0,0,5.28.93,15.92,15.92,0,0,0,4.88-.8,17.39,17.39,0,0,0,4.5-2.18l-2.61-4.75a10.91,10.91,0,0,1-5.7,1.76,7.36,7.36,0,0,1-4.51-1.36,6.49,6.49,0,0,1-2.3-4.33h15.83c.07-.32.14-.8.22-1.44a18.581,18.581,0,0,0,.1-2" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_6" data-name="Path 6" d="M302.47,37.37h7.84V21q0-5-1.94-7.83t-6.27-2.83a9.11,9.11,0,0,0-4.69,1.15A21.269,21.269,0,0,0,294,13.91l.37-4.74V0h-7.84V37.37h7.84V19.51a15,15,0,0,1,2.34-1.89,4.78,4.78,0,0,1,2.56-.67A2.85,2.85,0,0,1,301.7,18a7.11,7.11,0,0,1,.77,3.94Z" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_7" data-name="Path 7" d="M272.26,29.64a8.34,8.34,0,0,1-1.68-5.49,8.44,8.44,0,0,1,1.65-5.49,5.53,5.53,0,0,1,4.53-2,5.7,5.7,0,0,1,3.57,1.55L284,13.12a13.44,13.44,0,0,0-3.38-2,11.14,11.14,0,0,0-4.35-.8,14.88,14.88,0,0,0-5.22.93,13.1,13.1,0,0,0-4.4,2.69,12.82,12.82,0,0,0-3,4.35,14.63,14.63,0,0,0-1.12,5.89,16.16,16.16,0,0,0,1,5.89,12.63,12.63,0,0,0,2.77,4.35,12,12,0,0,0,4.14,2.69,13.94,13.94,0,0,0,5.14.93,14.91,14.91,0,0,0,4.48-.72,12,12,0,0,0,4.26-2.42l-3.09-5.12A13.29,13.29,0,0,1,279,31.11a5.86,5.86,0,0,1-2.48.56,5.28,5.28,0,0,1-4.24-2" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_8" data-name="Path 8" d="M477.29,10.93h-7.52l-3.2,11.35c-.32,1.25-.63,2.5-.93,3.76s-.59,2.52-.88,3.76h-.21c-.36-1.31-.69-2.59-1-3.84s-.67-2.47-1.06-3.68L458.7,10.93h-7.89L461,36.68l-.38,1.38a5.84,5.84,0,0,1-1.6,2.51,4.38,4.38,0,0,1-3,1,12.962,12.962,0,0,1-1.54-.06v6.1h.07a13.649,13.649,0,0,0,2.08.13,11.73,11.73,0,0,0,4.08-.64,9,9,0,0,0,3.09-1.89,12,12,0,0,0,2.4-3.14,36.839,36.839,0,0,0,2-4.4Z" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_9" data-name="Path 9" d="M212,37.49V21q0-5-2-7.86t-6.29-2.84A9.13,9.13,0,0,0,199,11.53a21.34,21.34,0,0,0-3.74,2.8H195L194.5,11h-6.42V37.49h7.86V19.57a15,15,0,0,1,2.36-1.89,4.71,4.71,0,0,1,2.57-.67,2.83,2.83,0,0,1,2.48,1.07,7.11,7.11,0,0,1,.78,4V37.49H212" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_10" data-name="Path 10" d="M177.24,24.23A10.61,10.61,0,0,1,176,29.74a4.3,4.3,0,0,1-7.3,0,10.83,10.83,0,0,1-1.2-5.51,10.8,10.8,0,0,1,1.2-5.51,4.3,4.3,0,0,1,7.3,0,10.59,10.59,0,0,1,1.23,5.51m8,0a15.45,15.45,0,0,0-1.07-5.91A13.17,13.17,0,0,0,181.34,14a12.37,12.37,0,0,0-4.12-2.7,12.76,12.76,0,0,0-4.84-.94,12.94,12.94,0,0,0-4.87.94,12.16,12.16,0,0,0-4.14,2.7,12.86,12.86,0,0,0-2.86,4.36,15.27,15.27,0,0,0-1.07,5.91,15.27,15.27,0,0,0,1.07,5.91,12.86,12.86,0,0,0,2.86,4.36,12.46,12.46,0,0,0,4.14,2.7,13.13,13.13,0,0,0,4.87.93,12.94,12.94,0,0,0,4.84-.93,12.69,12.69,0,0,0,4.12-2.7,13.17,13.17,0,0,0,2.86-4.36,15.45,15.45,0,0,0,1.07-5.91" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_11" data-name="Path 11" d="M139,17.11h6.36V11H139V4h-6.55l-.88,7-4.07.32v5.83h3.64V27.86a16.11,16.11,0,0,0,.51,4.2,8.35,8.35,0,0,0,1.6,3.24,7.37,7.37,0,0,0,2.84,2.08,10.5,10.5,0,0,0,4.19.75,15.87,15.87,0,0,0,3.37-.32c1-.21,1.8-.43,2.52-.64l-1.23-5.72a9.691,9.691,0,0,1-1.21.37,5.4,5.4,0,0,1-1.31.16,3.25,3.25,0,0,1-2.48-1,4.58,4.58,0,0,1-.94-3.23Z" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_12" data-name="Path 12" d="M118.49,29.79a11.28,11.28,0,0,1-2,1.66,4.34,4.34,0,0,1-2.3.58,3.67,3.67,0,0,1-2.22-.61,2.21,2.21,0,0,1-.82-1.9,3.23,3.23,0,0,1,1.6-2.67q1.61-1.12,5.78-1.71Zm7.86,7.7V22.3q0-6.15-2.7-9.06c-1.8-2-4.42-2.92-7.84-2.92a18.29,18.29,0,0,0-6,1,28.93,28.93,0,0,0-5.38,2.52L107.31,19a24.819,24.819,0,0,1,3.61-1.77,9.39,9.39,0,0,1,3.39-.64,4,4,0,0,1,3.13,1,4.5,4.5,0,0,1,1,2.81c-5.24.53-9,1.59-11.4,3.15a7.45,7.45,0,0,0-3.53,6.53,8.58,8.58,0,0,0,.57,3.16,8.08,8.08,0,0,0,1.57,2.54,7.09,7.09,0,0,0,2.49,1.71,8.46,8.46,0,0,0,3.29.61,9.13,9.13,0,0,0,4.12-.93,17.08,17.08,0,0,0,3.58-2.44h.22l.53,2.73Z" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_13" data-name="Path 13" d="M90.38,29.74a8.39,8.39,0,0,1-1.68-5.51,8.48,8.48,0,0,1,1.65-5.51,5.54,5.54,0,0,1,4.55-2,5.69,5.69,0,0,1,3.58,1.55l3.69-5.08a14,14,0,0,0-3.39-2,11.23,11.23,0,0,0-4.36-.8,14.73,14.73,0,0,0-5.24.94,12.75,12.75,0,0,0-7.44,7.06,14.9,14.9,0,0,0-1.12,5.91,16.06,16.06,0,0,0,1,5.91,12.41,12.41,0,0,0,2.78,4.36,12.17,12.17,0,0,0,4.14,2.7,14.08,14.08,0,0,0,5.16.93,15,15,0,0,0,4.5-.72A12,12,0,0,0,102.49,35l-3.1-5.14a12.8,12.8,0,0,1-2.27,1.37,5.87,5.87,0,0,1-2.49.56,5.3,5.3,0,0,1-4.25-2" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_14" data-name="Path 14" d="M71.85,37.49h6.42V11H70.41V28.51a10.15,10.15,0,0,1-2.19,2.24,4.32,4.32,0,0,1-2.52.7,2.93,2.93,0,0,1-2.51-1.07,7,7,0,0,1-.8-4V11H54.53V27.44a13.791,13.791,0,0,0,1.95,7.86q1.95,2.86,6.28,2.83A9,9,0,0,0,67.44,37a14.13,14.13,0,0,0,3.66-3.2h.17Z" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_15" data-name="Path 15" d="M43.39,29.31a6,6,0,0,1-2,1.87,5,5,0,0,1-2.33.53A4.08,4.08,0,0,1,35.5,29.9c-.83-1.22-1.25-3.14-1.25-5.78s.48-4.39,1.44-5.59A4.21,4.21,0,0,1,39,16.74a7.19,7.19,0,0,1,2.19.37,6.27,6.27,0,0,1,2.19,1.34Zm7.86,8.18V0H43.39V9l.32,4.06a13.43,13.43,0,0,0-2.83-2,8,8,0,0,0-3.69-.75,9.36,9.36,0,0,0-4.09,1A10.63,10.63,0,0,0,29.57,14a13.93,13.93,0,0,0-2.46,4.36,16.78,16.78,0,0,0-.94,5.83A20.12,20.12,0,0,0,27,30.06a12.85,12.85,0,0,0,2.19,4.36,9.58,9.58,0,0,0,3.42,2.75,10.24,10.24,0,0,0,4.47,1,8.41,8.41,0,0,0,3.79-.93,12.57,12.57,0,0,0,3.27-2.33h.21l.54,2.62Z" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_16" data-name="Path 16" d="M17.11,21.34H7.54a6.19,6.19,0,0,1,1.85-3.8,4.85,4.85,0,0,1,3.28-1.23A4,4,0,0,1,16.1,17.7a6,6,0,0,1,1,3.64m6.69,1.71A17.32,17.32,0,0,0,23.1,18,11.21,11.21,0,0,0,21,14a9.7,9.7,0,0,0-3.53-2.67,11.72,11.72,0,0,0-5-1,11.58,11.58,0,0,0-4.65,1,12.2,12.2,0,0,0-4,2.75,13.69,13.69,0,0,0-2.81,4.38A15.19,15.19,0,0,0,0,24.23a15.82,15.82,0,0,0,1,5.88,12.46,12.46,0,0,0,2.83,4.36,12.34,12.34,0,0,0,4.3,2.73,14.82,14.82,0,0,0,5.29.93,16,16,0,0,0,4.9-.8,17.7,17.7,0,0,0,4.52-2.19l-2.62-4.76a11,11,0,0,1-5.73,1.76A7.39,7.39,0,0,1,10,30.78a6.52,6.52,0,0,1-2.38-4.25H23.48c.07-.32.14-.81.21-1.45a18.7,18.7,0,0,0,.11-2" fill="#a80b7a"/> <rect id="Rectangle_2" data-name="Rectangle 2" width="7.86" height="26.51" transform="translate(148.99 10.98)" fill="#a80b7a"/> <rect id="Rectangle_3" data-name="Rectangle 3" width="7.86" height="26.51" transform="translate(220.8 10.98)" fill="#d485bc"/> <path id="Path_17" data-name="Path 17" d="M256.12,37.49V21q0-5-2-7.86t-6.29-2.84a9.11,9.11,0,0,0-4.76,1.21,21.34,21.34,0,0,0-3.74,2.8h-.21L238.63,11h-6.42V37.49h7.86V19.57a14.51,14.51,0,0,1,2.36-1.89A4.71,4.71,0,0,1,245,17a2.84,2.84,0,0,1,2.48,1.07,7.11,7.11,0,0,1,.78,4V37.49h7.86" fill="#d485bc"/> <path id="Path_18" data-name="Path 18" d="M156.12,7.48a3.66,3.66,0,0,0,1.25-2.86,3.66,3.66,0,0,0-1.25-2.86,5.15,5.15,0,0,0-6.36,0,3.65,3.65,0,0,0-1.24,2.86,3.65,3.65,0,0,0,1.24,2.86,5.15,5.15,0,0,0,6.36,0" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_19" data-name="Path 19" d="M388.93,7.48a3.65,3.65,0,0,0,1.24-2.86,3.65,3.65,0,0,0-1.24-2.86,5.15,5.15,0,0,0-6.36,0,3.65,3.65,0,0,0-1.24,2.86,3.65,3.65,0,0,0,1.24,2.86,5.15,5.15,0,0,0,6.36,0" fill="#a80b7a"/> <path id="Path_20" data-name="Path 20" d="M227.86,7.48a3.66,3.66,0,0,0,1.25-2.86,3.66,3.66,0,0,0-1.25-2.86,5.15,5.15,0,0,0-6.36,0,3.65,3.65,0,0,0-1.24,2.86,3.65,3.65,0,0,0,1.24,2.86,5.15,5.15,0,0,0,6.36,0" fill="#d485bc"/> </g> </g> </svg> </a> </div> <!-- <div id="print_logo"> <img src="/magazine/dest/graphics/logo/print_logo.png" alt="" /> <svg id="microsite-logo-desktop" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="480" height="42.8" viewBox="0 0 480 42.8"><g id="eic-logo-desktop"><path id="Path_2110" data-name="Path 2110" d="M0,22.5H0C0,15.2,5.1,9.2,12.4,9.2c8.1,0,12.1,6.3,12.1,13.6a8.6,8.6,0,0,1-.1,1.6H5.8a7,7,0,0,0,7.3,6.4c2.8,0,4.8-1.1,6.9-3l3.4,3A12.73,12.73,0,0,1,13,35.5C5.7,35.7,0,30.3,0,22.5Zm18.8-1.8C18.4,17,16.2,14,12.4,14c-3.5,0-6,2.7-6.6,6.7Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2111" data-name="Path 2111" d="M27.4,22.5h0c0-8.5,5.7-13.2,11.8-13.2a10.25,10.25,0,0,1,8.6,4.5V.1h5.8v35H47.8V30.9c-1.9,2.6-4.5,4.7-8.6,4.7C33.2,35.6,27.4,30.9,27.4,22.5Zm20.5,0h0c0-5-3.5-8.2-7.3-8.2-4,0-7.3,3.1-7.3,8.1v.1c0,4.9,3.4,8.1,7.3,8.1S47.9,27.3,47.9,22.5Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2112" data-name="Path 2112" d="M57.9,25.9V9.8h5.8V24.2c0,3.9,2,6.1,5.4,6.1s5.7-2.3,5.7-6.2V9.8h5.9V35.1H74.8V31.2a9.12,9.12,0,0,1-7.9,4.5C61.2,35.6,57.9,31.8,57.9,25.9Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2113" data-name="Path 2113" d="M84.4,22.6h0A13.08,13.08,0,0,1,97.26,9.3h.34a12.81,12.81,0,0,1,10.1,4.4l-3.6,3.9c-1.8-1.8-3.6-3.2-6.5-3.2-4.2,0-7.3,3.6-7.3,8.1v.1c0,4.5,3.1,8.1,7.6,8.1a9,9,0,0,0,6.6-3.1l3.5,3.5a12.74,12.74,0,0,1-10.4,4.7,13.12,13.12,0,0,1-13.2-13Q84.4,22.68,84.4,22.6Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2114" data-name="Path 2114" d="M110.3,27.8h0c0-5.6,4.3-8.2,10.5-8.2a19.37,19.37,0,0,1,6.8,1.1V20c0-3.6-2.2-5.5-6.3-5.5a16.91,16.91,0,0,0-7.2,1.6l-1.6-4.6a22.69,22.69,0,0,1,9.6-2.1c3.8,0,6.6,1,8.4,2.8s2.7,4.5,2.7,7.8V35h-5.7V31.8a10.17,10.17,0,0,1-8.2,3.7C114.5,35.6,110.3,32.9,110.3,27.8ZM127.7,26V24.3a15.9,15.9,0,0,0-5.8-1c-3.7,0-5.9,1.6-5.9,4.2v.1c0,2.4,2.2,3.8,4.9,3.8C124.7,31.4,127.7,29.2,127.7,26Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2115" data-name="Path 2115" d="M139.4,28.1V14.8h-3.2v-5h3.2v-7h5.8v7H152v5h-6.8V27.2c0,2.3,1.2,3.2,3.1,3.2a7.68,7.68,0,0,0,3.6-.9v4.7a10,10,0,0,1-5.2,1.3C142.4,35.5,139.4,33.7,139.4,28.1Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2116" data-name="Path 2116" d="M156.6.4h6.2V5.9h-6.2Zm.2,9.4h5.9V35.1h-5.9Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2117" data-name="Path 2117" d="M166.4,22.6h0a13.5,13.5,0,1,1,27-.2v.1A13.28,13.28,0,0,1,180,35.7h-.24a13.09,13.09,0,0,1-13.4-12.77Q166.4,22.76,166.4,22.6Zm21.2,0h0c0-4.6-3.2-8.3-7.8-8.3s-7.6,3.6-7.6,8.1v.1a7.8,7.8,0,0,0,7.49,8.09h.21c4.7,0,7.7-3.7,7.7-8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2118" data-name="Path 2118" d="M196.9,9.8h5.9v3.9a9,9,0,0,1,7.9-4.4c5.7,0,9,3.8,9,9.7V35.2h-5.8V20.7c0-3.9-2-6.2-5.4-6.2s-5.7,2.3-5.7,6.3V35.1h-5.9Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2119" data-name="Path 2119" d="M224.1.4h6.2V5.9h-6.2Zm.2,9.4h5.9V35.1h-5.9Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#ed8cc2"/><path id="Path_2120" data-name="Path 2120" d="M235,9.8h5.9v3.9a9,9,0,0,1,7.9-4.4c5.7,0,9,3.8,9,9.7V35.2H252V20.7c0-3.9-2-6.2-5.4-6.2s-5.7,2.3-5.7,6.3V35.1H235Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#ed8cc2"/><path id="Path_2121" data-name="Path 2121" d="M261.7,22.6h0A13.08,13.08,0,0,1,274.56,9.3h.34A12.81,12.81,0,0,1,285,13.7l-3.6,3.9c-1.8-1.8-3.6-3.2-6.5-3.2-4.2,0-7.3,3.6-7.3,8.1v.1c0,4.5,3.1,8.1,7.6,8.1a9,9,0,0,0,6.6-3.1l3.5,3.5a12.74,12.74,0,0,1-10.4,4.7,13.12,13.12,0,0,1-13.2-13Q261.7,22.68,261.7,22.6Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2122" data-name="Path 2122" d="M288.3.1h5.9V13.7a9,9,0,0,1,7.9-4.4c5.7,0,9,3.8,9,9.7V35.2h-5.8V20.7c0-3.9-2-6.2-5.4-6.2s-5.7,2.3-5.7,6.3V35.1h-5.9Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2123" data-name="Path 2123" d="M314.3,22.5h0c0-7.3,5.1-13.3,12.4-13.3,8.1,0,12.1,6.3,12.1,13.6a8.6,8.6,0,0,1-.1,1.6H320.1a7,7,0,0,0,7.3,6.4c2.8,0,4.8-1.1,6.9-3l3.4,3a12.73,12.73,0,0,1-10.4,4.7C320,35.7,314.3,30.3,314.3,22.5Zm18.8-1.8c-.4-3.7-2.6-6.7-6.4-6.7-3.5,0-6,2.7-6.6,6.7Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2124" data-name="Path 2124" d="M342.9,9.8h5.9v3.8c1.6-2.3,3.8-4.4,7.7-4.4a8.18,8.18,0,0,1,7.6,4.5,10.15,10.15,0,0,1,8.5-4.5c5.5,0,8.9,3.5,8.9,9.7V35.1h-5.8V20.7c0-4-1.9-6.2-5.1-6.2s-5.4,2.2-5.4,6.3V35.1h-5.8V20.7c0-3.9-1.9-6.1-5.1-6.1s-5.4,2.4-5.4,6.3V35.2H343V9.8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2125" data-name="Path 2125" d="M386,.4h6.2V5.9H386Zm.1,9.4H392V35.1h-5.9Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2126" data-name="Path 2126" d="M395.1,31.8l2.6-3.9A14.07,14.07,0,0,0,406,31c2.5,0,3.9-1.1,3.9-2.7v-.1c0-2-2.7-2.6-5.7-3.5-3.7-1.1-7.9-2.6-7.9-7.4v-.1c0-4.8,4-7.8,9-7.8a17.29,17.29,0,0,1,9.3,2.9l-2.3,4.1a14.3,14.3,0,0,0-7.1-2.4c-2.3,0-3.5,1.1-3.5,2.5v.1c0,1.9,2.7,2.6,5.7,3.6,3.7,1.2,7.9,2.8,7.9,7.4v.1c0,5.3-4.1,8-9.4,8A18.8,18.8,0,0,1,395.1,31.8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2127" data-name="Path 2127" d="M420.5,28.1V14.8h-3.2v-5h3.2v-7h5.8v7h6.8v5h-6.8V27.2c0,2.3,1.2,3.2,3.1,3.2a7.68,7.68,0,0,0,3.6-.9v4.7a10,10,0,0,1-5.2,1.3C423.5,35.5,420.5,33.7,420.5,28.1Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2128" data-name="Path 2128" d="M436.8,9.8h5.9v5.7c1.6-3.8,4.5-6.4,9-6.2v6.1h-.3c-5.1,0-8.6,3.3-8.6,10V35h-5.9V9.8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/><path id="Path_2129" data-name="Path 2129" d="M474,9.8h6l-10.1,26c-2,5.2-4.3,7.1-8.3,7.1a11.66,11.66,0,0,1-6-1.6l2-4.3a7,7,0,0,0,3.4,1c1.6,0,2.6-.7,3.6-2.9L454,9.8h6.2l7.1,18.8Z" transform="translate(0 -0.1)" fill="#991e66"/></g></svg> </div> --> <div class="mastheadMobileSearch" data-multi-toggle-menu=""> <div class="mastheadSearch hide" data-multi-toggle-item=""> <span class="toggleIcon"> <a href="#search" data-toggle-button=""> <span class="assistive">Search</span> </a> </span> <form action="/searchresults" method="get" id="mastsearch" data-toggle-element=""> <fieldset> <div> <label for="search">Search</label> <input type="text" id="search" value="" name="qkeyword" class="text autocomplete" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Search" data-minlength="0" data-autoselect="false" data-autoselectonblur="true" /> <input type="hidden" name="forcemicrositenavcode" value="124"/> <input type="hidden" name="parametrics" id="parametrics" value="WVMICROSITEROOTNAVCODE|124,WVFACET5|115501"> <button class="mastSearch" type="submit">Search</button> </div> </fieldset> </form> </div> </div> <!-- End Microsite Masthead asset --> </div> </div> <div class="menuContainer"> <div class="mobileMenu" id="mobilemenu"> <div class="sleeve"> <a class="menuClose" href="#wrapper"> <span>Close<span class="assistive"> menu</span></span> </a> <ul class="main"> <li class="home-icon"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic"> <span>Home</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/classroom"> <span>Classroom</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/staffroom"> <span>Staffroom</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/science"> <span>Science</span> </a> </li> <li class="hasChildren "> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/collections" aria-expanded="false"> <span>Collections</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/collections"> <span>Collections</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/collections/sustainability-in-chemistry"> <span>Sustainability in chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/collections/simple-rules"> <span>Simple rules</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/collections/revision"> <span>Revision</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/collections/teacher-well-being-hub"> <span>Teacher well-being hub</span> </a> </li> <li class="highlightpridenav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/collections/lgbt"> <span>LGBT</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/collections/women-in-chemistry"> <span>Women in chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/collections/global-science"> <span>Global science</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/ideas/escape-the-classroom/4012053.article"> <span>Escape room activities</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/feature/decolonising-chemistry-teaching-and-learning/4014988.article"> <span>Decolonising chemistry teaching</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/collections/teaching-science-skills"> <span>Teaching science skills</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/collections/ai-in-the-chemistry-classroom"> <span>AI in the chemistry classroom</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="highlightnav"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teach-chemistry"> <span>Get the print issue</span> </a> </li> <li class="highlight right"> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org"> <span>RSC Education</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mobileMenuClose"></div> <div id="mainnav" class="desktopNavigation container" data-menu-open-pushed=""><div class="dropdown vanityPanel"><div class="inner-sleeve"></div></div><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul class="main preJS"><li data-navcode="100361" data-rootnavcode="100361" class="home-icon"><a href="/eic"><span>Home</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101689" data-rootnavcode="101689"><a href="/eic/classroom"><span>Classroom</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101708" data-rootnavcode="101708"><a href="/eic/staffroom"><span>Staffroom</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101692" data-rootnavcode="101692"><a href="/eic/science"><span>Science</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100836" data-rootnavcode="100836" class="hasChildren oneSubNav"><a href="/eic/collections"><span>Collections</span></a><div class="dropdown"><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul><li class="subnav"><ul><li data-navcode="101347" data-rootnavcode="100836" class=""><a href="/eic/collections/sustainability-in-chemistry"><span>Sustainability in chemistry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="298" data-rootnavcode="100836" class=""><a href="/eic/collections/simple-rules"><span>Simple rules</span></a></li><li data-navcode="300" data-rootnavcode="100836" class=""><a href="/eic/collections/revision"><span>Revision</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101247" data-rootnavcode="100836" class=""><a href="/eic/collections/teacher-well-being-hub"><span>Teacher well-being hub</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100929" data-rootnavcode="100836" class="highlightpridenav"><a href="/eic/collections/lgbt"><span>LGBT</span></a></li><li data-navcode="230" data-rootnavcode="100836" class=""><a href="/eic/collections/women-in-chemistry"><span>Women in chemistry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="241" data-rootnavcode="100836" class=""><a href="/eic/collections/global-science"><span>Global science</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101080" data-rootnavcode="100836" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/ideas/escape-the-classroom/4012053.article"><span>Escape room activities</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101150" data-rootnavcode="100836" class=""><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/feature/decolonising-chemistry-teaching-and-learning/4014988.article"><span>Decolonising chemistry teaching</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101468" data-rootnavcode="100836" class=""><a href="/eic/collections/teaching-science-skills"><span>Teaching science skills</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101786" data-rootnavcode="100836" class=""><a href="/eic/collections/ai-in-the-chemistry-classroom"><span>AI in the chemistry classroom</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="promotedStory"><a class="image" href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/collections/teaching-science-skills" data-story="4017031"><div class="image"><img src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/274x183/7/3/8/524738_mashup_623521.jpg" loading="lazy" class="lazyloaded" alt="Three cartoons: a female student thinking about concentration, a male student in a wheelchair reading Frankenstein and a female student wearing a headscarf and safety goggles heating a test tube on a bunsen burner. All are wearing school uniform."></div><div class="captionBlock"><span class="title">Teaching science skills</span></div></a></li><li class="promotedStory"><a href="/feature/behaviour-management-in-the-chemistry-classroom/4016486.article" class="image"><div class="image"><img src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/274x183/6/0/8/522608_overviewpage_470584.jpg" loading="lazy" class="lazyloaded" alt="Cartoons of students and teachers"></div><div class="captionBlock"><span class="title">Behaviour management in the chemistry classroom</span></div></a></li><li class="promotedStory"><a class="image" href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/collections/sustainability-in-chemistry" data-story="4014314"><div class="image"><img src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/274x183/5/2/5/515525_sustainability3dchart_gettyimages_1284279767_860656.jpg" loading="lazy" class="lazyloaded" alt="A 3D illustration of a pie chart, with segments as cross-sections of earth, featuring rock, vegetation, water, solar panels and wind turbines"></div><div class="captionBlock"><span class="title">14 ways to teach sustainability in chemistry</span></div></a></li></ul></div></div></li><li data-navcode="100946" data-rootnavcode="100946" class="highlightnav"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teach-chemistry"><span>Get the print issue</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100487" data-rootnavcode="100487" class="highlight right"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org"><span>RSC Education</span></a></li><li class="more hide"><a href="#mobilemenu" data-menu-toggle-button="" aria-expanded="false"><span> More<span class="assistive"> navigation items</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="desktopNavigationSpace"></div> </div> </header> <div class="only-mobile-hts not-desktop" id="htsBannerBoxBottom"><div class="htsBanner"><div class="htsBannerColOne"><p>📣</p></div><div class="htsBannerColTwo"><p><a href="https://schoolzone.questionpro.com/a/TakeSurvey?tt=Z2s81oH4QeUECHrPeIW9eQ%3D%3D&&custom1=edusite"><strong>Take our Science Teaching Survey and shape the future of education!</strong> Your insights matter.</a></p></div></div></div> <div id="wrapper_sleeve" role="main" data-menu-open-pushed> <div class="container"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <div id="top" class="area"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="columns" class="container"> <div id="colwrapper" class="inner-sleeve"> <div id="colmain"> <div id="content"> <div id="content_sleeve"> <div id="main" class="area"> <div class="grid"> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="fake-hero-block_103029" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/endpoint/why-teachers-matter-more-than-ai/4021064.article" class="image"><img alt="A cartoon of people wearing large foam hands with number 1 teacher written on them" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 50vw, (max-width: 1024px) 65vw, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/7/0/539670_eicendpointeducatingnotteachingtotheexamshutterstock_2405805117_index_546764.png" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/7/0/539670_eicendpointeducatingnotteachingtotheexamshutterstock_2405805117_index_546764.png 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/6/7/0/539670_eicendpointeducatingnotteachingtotheexamshutterstock_2405805117_index_546764.png 780w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/endpoint/why-teachers-matter-more-than-ai/4021064.article">Why teachers matter more than AI</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{"publishdate": "2025-04-04T06:00:00"}">2025-04-04T06:00:00+01:00</span><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/duncan-short/500267.bio">Duncan Short</a></span></p><p class="intro">Teachers turn students into learners and help young people improve their metacognitive functions</p></div></div></div></div></div><div id="hidden-h1-tag_103472" class="htmlContent"> <h1 style="display:none;">Education in Chemistry</h1> </div><div id="eic-tc-promo_104872" class="htmlContent"><div class="sleeve"> <div class="inline_image" data-asset="2023563"> <p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/teach-chemistry"><img alt="Photograph of Education in Chemistry magazine. Image text: receive a free bimonthly copy of EiC when you register for Teach Chemistry" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/asset/Pictures/460xany/5/6/3/2023563_m20_eic_teachchemsocial4000pxx2093px_web__97805.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 50vw, (max-width: 1024px) 65vw, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 100vw" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/asset/Pictures/460xany/5/6/3/2023563_m20_eic_teachchemsocial4000pxx2093px_web__97805.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/asset/Pictures/780xany/5/6/3/2023563_m20_eic_teachchemsocial4000pxx2093px_web__97805.jpg 780w" loading="lazy" class="lazyloaded" width="4000" height="2093"></a></p> </div> </div></div><div id="ideas_100923" class="spinBlock colour1 hastitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/section/ideas">Ideas</a></h2></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/ideas/make-revision-active/4021087.article" class="image"><img alt="Two students revising" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1179px) 100px, 220px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/6/5/7/539657_activerevisionshutterstock_2075814232_index_589759.png" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/6/5/7/539657_activerevisionshutterstock_2075814232_index_589759.png 100w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/220x147/6/5/7/539657_activerevisionshutterstock_2075814232_index_589759.png 220w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/ideas/make-revision-active/4021087.article">Make revision active</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/helen-scally/500594.bio">Helen Scally</a></span></p><p class="intro">Consolidate knowledge, encourage independent learning and help students self-assess with this activity</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/ideas/5-ways-to-teach-excess-and-limiting-reagents-to-14-16s/4020662.article" class="image"><img alt="Two toy cars with some spare wheels" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1179px) 100px, 220px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/1/9/3/538193_shutterstock_2494030609index_473090.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/1/9/3/538193_shutterstock_2494030609index_473090.jpg 100w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/220x147/1/9/3/538193_shutterstock_2494030609index_473090.jpg 220w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/ideas/5-ways-to-teach-excess-and-limiting-reagents-to-14-16s/4020662.article">5 ways to teach excess and limiting reagents to 14–16s</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/kristy-turner/4863.bio">Kristy Turner</a></span></p><p class="intro">Tips for helping learners get to grips with this tricky part of quantitative chemistry</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/ideas/success-with-guess-for-solving-equation-based-problems/4020659.article" class="image"><img alt="A cartoon of a student wearing a lab coat using an artist's paintbrush and easel to solve a mathematical equation on a black board" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1179px) 100px, 220px" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/1/7/9/538179_00028003_218082.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/1/7/9/538179_00028003_218082.jpg 100w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/220x147/1/7/9/538179_00028003_218082.jpg 220w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/ideas/success-with-guess-for-solving-equation-based-problems/4020659.article">Success with GUESS for solving equation-based problems</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/dan-beech/5634.bio">Dan Beech</a> and <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/paul-hesford/500624.bio">Paul Hesford</a></span></p><p class="intro">Help your 11–16 students calculate answers independently and effectively with this acronym</p></div></div></div></div></div><div id="exciting-demos_103235" class="picCarousel colour1"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/section/exhibition-chemistry">Exciting demos</a></h2></div><div class="swiper-container galleryItems"><div class="swiper-wrapper"><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/demonstrate-electrochemistry-with-a-gravity-cell/4020795.article" tabindex="-1" class="image layoutIcon videoLayout"><img alt="A beaker with liquid and metal wires is hooked up via clips to drive a spinning fan on a motor" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 10vw, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, (max-width: 1024px) 30vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/1/4/0/539140_img_7541_950399.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/1/4/0/539140_img_7541_950399.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/1/4/0/539140_img_7541_950399.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/660x440/1/4/0/539140_img_7541_950399.jpg 660w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/1/4/0/539140_img_7541_950399.jpg 780w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/demonstrate-electrochemistry-with-a-gravity-cell/4020795.article">Demonstrate electrochemistry with a gravity cell</a></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/experiment-with-surface-tension-and-convection-currents/4020324.article" tabindex="-1" class="image layoutIcon videoLayout"><img alt="A dish with a mottled pattern of a milky cream liquid in a clear brown liquid" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 10vw, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, (max-width: 1024px) 30vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/2/3/538023_img_6656_335071.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/2/3/538023_img_6656_335071.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/0/2/3/538023_img_6656_335071.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/660x440/0/2/3/538023_img_6656_335071.jpg 660w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/0/2/3/538023_img_6656_335071.jpg 780w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/experiment-with-surface-tension-and-convection-currents/4020324.article">Experiment with surface tension and convection currents</a></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/dissolve-coloured-sweets-to-create-a-rainbow/4020145.article" tabindex="-1" class="image layoutIcon videoLayout"><img alt="A glass dish with sweets around the edge whose colours have bled into the middle" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 10vw, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, (max-width: 1024px) 30vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/1/1/8/537118_img_5042_115568.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/1/1/8/537118_img_5042_115568.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/1/1/8/537118_img_5042_115568.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/660x440/1/1/8/537118_img_5042_115568.jpg 660w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/1/1/8/537118_img_5042_115568.jpg 780w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/dissolve-coloured-sweets-to-create-a-rainbow/4020145.article">Dissolve coloured sweets to create a rainbow</a></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/demonstrations-with-dry-ice/4019795.article" tabindex="-1" class="image layoutIcon videoLayout"><img alt="A conical flask of yellow liquid bubbles with a heavy white smoke" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 10vw, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, (max-width: 1024px) 30vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/9/1/535691_img_4306_93896.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/9/1/535691_img_4306_93896.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/6/9/1/535691_img_4306_93896.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/660x440/6/9/1/535691_img_4306_93896.jpg 660w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/6/9/1/535691_img_4306_93896.jpg 780w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/demonstrations-with-dry-ice/4019795.article">Demonstrations with dry ice</a></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/non-burning-paper-investigate-the-fire-triangle-and-conditions-for-combustion/4019522.article" tabindex="-1" class="image layoutIcon videoLayout"><img alt="A hand using scissor-handle tweezers to hold a piece of paper that is on fire but not burning" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 10vw, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, (max-width: 1024px) 30vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/9/5/534395_img_2645_554935.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/9/5/534395_img_2645_554935.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/3/9/5/534395_img_2645_554935.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/660x440/3/9/5/534395_img_2645_554935.jpg 660w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/3/9/5/534395_img_2645_554935.jpg 780w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/exhibition-chemistry/non-burning-paper-investigate-the-fire-triangle-and-conditions-for-combustion/4019522.article">Non-burning paper: investigate the fire triangle and conditions for combustion</a></h2></div></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbs"><ul><li tabindex="0" class="first selected"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">Demonstrate electrochemistry with a gravity cell</h2></div></li><li tabindex="0"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">Experiment with surface tension and convection currents</h2></div></li><li tabindex="0"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">Dissolve coloured sweets to create a rainbow</h2></div></li><li tabindex="0"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">Demonstrations with dry ice</h2></div></li><li tabindex="0" class="last"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">Non-burning paper: investigate the fire triangle and conditions for combustion</h2></div></li></ul></div><div class="carouselPaging"><ul><li class="previous">Previous</li><li class="next">Next</li></ul></div></div></div></div><div id="edu-prizes-nominations-banner_112236" class="htmlContent"> <div class="spinPromo spinPromoStyleTwo eduTSBanner"> <h2>The Science Teaching Survey 2025</h2> <div class="eduTSBText"> <p> Help to inspire change in the education sector </p> </div> <a class="button" href="https://schoolzone.questionpro.com/a/TakeSurvey?tt=Z2s81oH4QeUECHrPeIW9eQ%3D%3D&&custom1=edusite"> Complete the survey </a> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="twoColumns"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="evidence-based-teaching_100927" class="spinBlock colour1 hastitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/section/news/education-research">Evidence-based teaching</a></h2></div><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/education-research/gain-insight-into-students-understanding-through-drawings/4020990.article" class="image"><img alt="A cartoon of a teacher showing a researcher a chemistry drawing" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/4/0/4/539404_ebtfsdrawings_index_876779.png" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/4/0/4/539404_ebtfsdrawings_index_876779.png 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/education-research/gain-insight-into-students-understanding-through-drawings/4020990.article">Gain insight into students’ understanding through drawings</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/fraser-scott/4842.bio">Fraser Scott</a></span></p><p class="intro">How to develop your recognition and interpretation skills to better evaluate learners’ chemical representations</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/education-research/how-metacognition-improves-student-engagement-and-outcomes/4020885.article" class="image"><img alt="A close up of someone turning down a dial of a bear's face" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/0/6/0/539060_00020105_644594.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/0/6/0/539060_00020105_644594.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/education-research/how-metacognition-improves-student-engagement-and-outcomes/4020885.article">How metacognition improves student engagement and outcomes</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/jane-essex/5031.bio">Jane Essex</a></span></p><p class="intro">Two strategies to improve learners’ thinking about thinking when solving chemistry problems</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/education-research/how-phet-simulations-help-students-with-abstract-concepts/4020709.article" class="image"><img alt="A teacher in a computer lab with some students looking at a acid-base simulation on the computer screens" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/3/5/3/538353_gettyimages637909478index_493415.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/3/5/3/538353_gettyimages637909478index_493415.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/education-research/how-phet-simulations-help-students-with-abstract-concepts/4020709.article">How PhET simulations help students with abstract concepts</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/fraser-scott/4842.bio">Fraser Scott</a></span></p><p class="intro">Use digital resources to improve students’ chemistry learning outcomes</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnTwo"> <div id="opinion_100925" class="spinBlock colour1 hastitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/section/opinion">Opinion</a></h2></div><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/endpoint/why-teachers-matter-more-than-ai/4021064.article" class="image"><img alt="A cartoon of people wearing large foam hands with number 1 teacher written on them" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/7/0/539670_eicendpointeducatingnotteachingtotheexamshutterstock_2405805117_index_546764.png" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/6/7/0/539670_eicendpointeducatingnotteachingtotheexamshutterstock_2405805117_index_546764.png 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/endpoint/why-teachers-matter-more-than-ai/4021064.article">Why teachers matter more than AI</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/duncan-short/500267.bio">Duncan Short</a></span></p><p class="intro">Teachers turn students into learners and help young people improve their metacognitive functions</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/endpoint/why-detentions-dont-work/4020831.article" class="image"><img alt="A disruptive student is told off by a teacher at the end of class" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/5/0/538950_against_detention_1_972831.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/5/0/538950_against_detention_1_972831.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/endpoint/why-detentions-dont-work/4020831.article">Why detentions don’t work</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/helen-scally/500594.bio">Helen Scally</a></span></p><p class="intro">Attention rather than detention is the way to foster positive behaviour in students</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/opinion/and-the-survey-says-/4020804.article" class="image"><img alt="Cartoons representing different challenges of teaching" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/2/6/538726_editorialsurveyv301_885338.png" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/2/6/538726_editorialsurveyv301_885338.png 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/opinion/and-the-survey-says-/4020804.article">And the survey says …</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/eliza-blair/500606.bio">Eliza Blair</a> and <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/delwen-mccallum/500019.bio">Delwen McCallum</a></span></p><p class="intro">The Science Teaching Survey tells us what it’s like to be an educator today, and helps the RSC Education team provide effective support to you and influence policymakers</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="rightcolumn" class="fluidrightcolumn rightcolumn"> <div id="rightcolumn_sleeve"> <div id="mainright" class="area"> <div class="grid"> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div data-ajax-load-content="" data-cache-bust="true" data-url="/ajax/most?micrositetoken=1&wid=15"> </div><div id="how-to-teach-_100919" class="picCarousel colour1"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/section/cpd">How to teach ...</a></h2></div><div class="swiper-container galleryItems"><div class="swiper-wrapper"><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/cpd/how-to-teach-solubility-at-14-16/4021197.article" tabindex="-1" class="image"><img alt="A diagram of three beakers showing different and the same concentrations" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 40vw, (min-width: 1024px) 20vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/0/4/540004_eicteach1416solubility02_376807.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/0/4/540004_eicteach1416solubility02_376807.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/0/0/4/540004_eicteach1416solubility02_376807.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/0/0/4/540004_eicteach1416solubility02_376807.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/cpd/how-to-teach-solubility-at-14-16/4021197.article">How to teach solubility at 14–16</a></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/cpd/teaching-atom-economy-percentage-yield-and-green-chemistry-post-16/4020508.article" tabindex="-1" class="image"><img alt="Baking cookies - some of the chocolate chips and flour have been spilled" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 40vw, (min-width: 1024px) 20vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/2/9/537729_gettyimages1252359900_810965.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/2/9/537729_gettyimages1252359900_810965.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/7/2/9/537729_gettyimages1252359900_810965.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/7/2/9/537729_gettyimages1252359900_810965.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/cpd/teaching-atom-economy-percentage-yield-and-green-chemistry-post-16/4020508.article">Teaching atom economy, percentage yield and green chemistry post-16</a></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/cpd/how-to-teach-atomic-structure-at-14-16/4020896.article" tabindex="-1" class="image"><img alt="The electron shell diagrams for the elements from hydrogen to calcium" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 40vw, (min-width: 1024px) 20vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/8/4/539084_teach1416atomicstructure_index_977595.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/8/4/539084_teach1416atomicstructure_index_977595.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/0/8/4/539084_teach1416atomicstructure_index_977595.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/0/8/4/539084_teach1416atomicstructure_index_977595.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/cpd/how-to-teach-atomic-structure-at-14-16/4020896.article">How to teach atomic structure at 14–16</a></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/cpd/teaching-isomerism-at-post-16/4020424.article" tabindex="-1" class="image"><img alt="Two people unable to shake hands because they are offering mirror image hands" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 40vw, (min-width: 1024px) 20vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/4/7/1/537471_shutterstock_2414796331_721828.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/4/7/1/537471_shutterstock_2414796331_721828.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/4/7/1/537471_shutterstock_2414796331_721828.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/4/7/1/537471_shutterstock_2414796331_721828.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/cpd/teaching-isomerism-at-post-16/4020424.article">Teaching isomerism at post-16</a></h2></div></div></div></div><div class="swiper-slide"><div class="sleeve"><div class="display"><div class="picture haspicture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/cpd/teaching-conservation-of-mass-at-14-16/4020546.article" tabindex="-1" class="image"><img alt="A series of diagrams showing how a balloon traps gas from a chemical reaction and the weight of the reactants is the same as the weight of the products" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 40vw, (min-width: 1024px) 20vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/4/6/537946_conservationofmass_index_365851.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/4/6/537946_conservationofmass_index_365851.jpg 460w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/780x520/9/4/6/537946_conservationofmass_index_365851.jpg 780w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/9/4/6/537946_conservationofmass_index_365851.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></div><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/cpd/teaching-conservation-of-mass-at-14-16/4020546.article">Teaching conservation of mass at 14–16</a></h2></div></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbs"><ul><li tabindex="0" class="first selected"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">How to teach solubility at 14–16</h2></div></li><li tabindex="0"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">Teaching atom economy, percentage yield and green chemistry post-16</h2></div></li><li tabindex="0"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">How to teach atomic structure at 14–16</h2></div></li><li tabindex="0"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">Teaching isomerism at post-16</h2></div></li><li tabindex="0" class="last"><div class="caption"><h2 class="heading">Teaching conservation of mass at 14–16</h2></div></li></ul></div><div class="carouselPaging"><ul><li class="previous">Previous</li><li class="next">Next</li></ul></div></div></div></div><!-- Advert - MPU top widget --> <div class="ad mpu-fix-size"> <!-- DFP /97414310/EIC_MPU_Top --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1478612564129-3' class="ad-mpu ad-250"> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1478612564129-3'); }); </script> </div> <!-- DFP - end --> </div><div id="news-and-analysis_100932" class="spinBlock colour1 hastitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/news-and-analysis/100932.more?navcode=124">News & analysis</a></h2></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/staffroom/exam-board-issues-unprecedented-statement-about-the-inductive-effect/4021182.article" class="image"><img alt="A megaphone and molymod models of methylamine, dimethylamine and trimethylamine" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/1/8/539918_eicalkylannouncementshutterstock_spl_375999.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/1/8/539918_eicalkylannouncementshutterstock_spl_375999.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/staffroom/exam-board-issues-unprecedented-statement-about-the-inductive-effect/4021182.article">Exam board issues unprecedented statement about the inductive effect</a></h2><p class="intro">What implications will this have for the curriculum and for teachers?</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/science-research/seawater-system-slashes-methane-emissions/4021143.article" class="image"><img alt="A coal mining facility next to the sea" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/9/2/539792_eicsciresnewsmethaneshutterstock_2233221433index_275068.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/9/2/539792_eicsciresnewsmethaneshutterstock_2233221433index_275068.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/science-research/seawater-system-slashes-methane-emissions/4021143.article">Seawater system slashes methane emissions</a></h2><p class="intro">Breakthrough reactor system aims to reduce methane emissions from waste</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/science-research/breakthrough-method-produces-flexible-diamond-films/4020966.article" class="image"><img alt="A diamond" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/3/2/8/539328_maingettyimages1607218915index_393723.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/3/2/8/539328_maingettyimages1607218915index_393723.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/science-research/breakthrough-method-produces-flexible-diamond-films/4020966.article">Breakthrough method produces flexible diamond films</a></h2><p class="intro">New method shows promise for mass producing ultrathin diamond films for use in the electronic industry</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-fourth item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/analysis/the-changing-post-16-landscape/4020873.article" class="image"><img alt="A planner explains a new chemistry curriculum in the form of a blueprint" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/1/1/9/539119_00022808index_39295.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/1/1/9/539119_00022808index_39295.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/analysis/the-changing-post-16-landscape/4020873.article">The changing post-16 landscape</a></h2><p class="intro">Following a review of post-16 qualifications in England, the options are changing and AAQs loom on the horizon for science teachers and learners </p></div></div></div></div></div><div class="factfile" id="eiclatestissuewidget"> <h3>Latest issue</h3> <div style="display: table;"> <div style="display: table-row;"> <div style="display: table-cell; width: 170px; padding-right: 20px; padding-top: 5px; vertical-align: top;"> <!-- Issue link --> <a href="https://edu.rsc.org/education-in-chemistry-march-2025/3310.issue"> <!-- Image --> <div class="image"><img loading="lazy" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/150xAny/P/web/h/u/l/0225eiccovera_824035.jpg" alt="A preview of the EiC March 2025 issue cover, with a male student looking at a large scientific calculator."> </div> </a> </div> <div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: top;"> <!-- Text --> <p><b>March 2025</b><br/>Step into spring with maths, isomerism, electrochemistry and more …</p> <!-- Issue link --> <a class="button" href="https://edu.rsc.org/education-in-chemistry-march-2025/3310.issue" id="eiclatestissuewidgetbutton">Read it now</a> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- Advert - MPU Spotlight widget --> <div class="ad"> <!-- DFP /97414310/EIC_MPU_Spotlight --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1478612564129-2' class="ad-mpu ad-250"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1478612564129-2'); }); </script> </div> <!-- DFP - end --> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <div id="foot" class="area"> <div class="grid"> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="features_103236" class="gridLayout colour1 hastitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/eic/section/feature">Features</a></h2></div><ul><li class="first"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/feature/research-informed-tips-for-using-dialogic-teaching/4020663.article" class="image"><img alt="Hexagonal speech bubbles" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 50vw, (max-width: 768px) 10vw, (max-width: 1024px) 15vw, (max-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1281px) 21vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/415x277/6/7/2/539672_eicdialogueshutterstock_2520716345_index_929193.png" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/415x277/6/7/2/539672_eicdialogueshutterstock_2520716345_index_929193.png 415w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/230x153/6/7/2/539672_eicdialogueshutterstock_2520716345_index_929193.png 230w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/320x213/6/7/2/539672_eicdialogueshutterstock_2520716345_index_929193.png 320w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/375x250/6/7/2/539672_eicdialogueshutterstock_2520716345_index_929193.png 375w" width="415" height="277" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/feature/research-informed-tips-for-using-dialogic-teaching/4020663.article">Research-informed tips for using dialogic teaching</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{"publishdate": "2025-03-10T05:17:00"}">2025-03-10T05:17:00+00:00</span><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/nicklas-lindström/500632.bio">Nicklas Lindström</a></span></p><p class="intro">Use extended periods of talk between students to improve the quality of their responses in chemistry</p></div></li><li><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/infographics/how-to-teach-earths-atmospheric-pollution/4021012.article" class="image"><img alt="Sources and effects of air pollution" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 50vw, (max-width: 768px) 10vw, (max-width: 1024px) 15vw, (max-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1281px) 21vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/415x277/4/6/9/539469_eicinfographicairpollutionindex_885070.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/415x277/4/6/9/539469_eicinfographicairpollutionindex_885070.jpg 415w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/230x153/4/6/9/539469_eicinfographicairpollutionindex_885070.jpg 230w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/320x213/4/6/9/539469_eicinfographicairpollutionindex_885070.jpg 320w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/375x250/4/6/9/539469_eicinfographicairpollutionindex_885070.jpg 375w" width="415" height="277" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/infographics/how-to-teach-earths-atmospheric-pollution/4021012.article">How to teach Earth’s atmospheric pollution</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{"publishdate": "2025-03-03T08:21:00"}">2025-03-03T08:21:00+00:00</span><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/helen-scally/500594.bio">Helen Scally</a></span></p><p class="intro">Get to the burning issues of climate change, acid rain and smog with this poster, fact sheet and activity for 11–14 learners</p></div></li><li class="last"><p class="picture"><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/feature/the-fast-guide-to-curriculum-reviews/4020907.article" class="image"><img alt="A map of the UK and Ireland in chalk on a blackboard" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 50vw, (max-width: 768px) 10vw, (max-width: 1024px) 15vw, (max-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1281px) 21vw, 100vw" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/415x277/1/1/8/539118_gettyimages1411818137_255522.jpg" srcset="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/415x277/1/1/8/539118_gettyimages1411818137_255522.jpg 415w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/230x153/1/1/8/539118_gettyimages1411818137_255522.jpg 230w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/320x213/1/1/8/539118_gettyimages1411818137_255522.jpg 320w,https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/375x250/1/1/8/539118_gettyimages1411818137_255522.jpg 375w" width="415" height="277" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/feature/the-fast-guide-to-curriculum-reviews/4020907.article">The fast guide to curriculum reviews</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{"publishdate": "2025-02-25T06:13:00"}">2025-02-25T06:13:00+00:00</span><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://edu.rsc.org/maria-burke/5687.bio">Maria Burke</a></span></p><p class="intro">What outcomes to expect from reviews across the UK and Ireland</p></div></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" class="footer"> <!-- Microsite footer--> <div class="container bottomNav"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <ul> <li class="first"><a href="/contact-us">Contact us</a></li> <li><a href="/topics">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/issues">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/contributors">Contributors</a></li> <li><a href="/eic/about-us/2500063.article">About us</a></li> <li><a href="/eic/print-issue/2500064.article">Print issue</a></li> <li><a href="/email-alerts">Email alerts</a></li> <li class="last"><a href="/eic/education-in-chemistry-rss-feeds">RSS</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <style> /* CSS Document */ /**** OVERRIDES AND REQUIRED STYLES FROM OLD OXYGEN ****/ .rsc-ui hr { clear: both; } .rsc-ui hr.clear { box-shadow: none; border-color: transparent; -webkit-margin-before: 0px; height: 0px; margin-bottom: -1px; } /**** END OVERRIDES AND REQUIRED STYLES FROM OLD OXYGEN ****/ .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer { background-color: #252729; clear: both; width: 100%; margin-top: 0px; /* font-family: 'museo-sans', museo_sans_500regular; */ font-weight: 500; position: relative; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs { background-color: #383B3D; border-bottom: 1px solid #54585A; border-top: 1px solid #54585A; height: 40px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs ul { margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 8px; -webkit-margin-before: 8px; -webkit-margin-after: 8px; -webkit-padding-start: 8px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li { display: inline-block; list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li a { color: #ADADAD; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li a:hover, .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li a:focus .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li a.selected { color: #FFFFFF; -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -o-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li.extra { display: none; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .rsc-logo { box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; width: 50%; float: left; text-align: center; padding: 32px 0 0 16px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .rsc-logo img { width: 100%; max-width: 320px; height: auto; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links { box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; padding: 32px 0; width: 100%; float: right; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul { margin: 0 8px; padding: 0; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li { box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; width: 100%; float: left; list-style-type: none; line-height: 24px; padding: 0 0 0 16px; margin: 0; border-left: 1px solid #383B3D; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li a { color: #ADADAD; display: block; /* font-family: 'museo-sans', museo_sans300; */ font-size: 13px; font-weight: 300; text-decoration: none; -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -o-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li a:hover, .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li a:focus { color: #FFFFFF; -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -o-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .baseline { border-top: 1px solid #383B3D; box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; width: auto; min-height: 96px; height: 100%; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .baseline .copyright { box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; color: #ADADAD; font-size: 13px; padding: 8px; width: 100%; float: left; text-align: center; /* font-family: 'museo-sans', museo_sans300; */ font-weight: 300; line-height: 24px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons { display: block; height: 64px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px; text-align: center; box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons a { display:inline-block; height:48px; width:48px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons a img { box-sizing: content-box; -moz-box-sizing: content-box; -webkit-box-sizing: content-box; padding: 8px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .facebook { background-color:#346da6 } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .facebook:hover { background-color:transparent; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .twitter { background-color:#429ecc; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .twitter:hover { background-color:transparent; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .linkedin { background-color:#346da6; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .linkedin:hover { background-color:transparent; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .youtube { background-color:#ca4638; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .youtube:hover { background-color:transparent; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons span { display: none; } /* Responsive classes */ /* Small viewports */ @media only screen and (min-width: 480px) { .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li { width: 50%; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons { margin-right: 8px; } } /* Mid viewports */ @media only screen and (min-width: 640px) { .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons { float: right; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .baseline .copyright { width: auto; text-align: left; padding: 8px; } } /* iPad specific viewports */ @media only screen and (min-width: 768px) { .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li { width: 33.33%; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .rsc-logo { padding: 64px 0; width: 320px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .breadcrumbs li.extra { display: inline-block; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .social-icons { margin-right: 16px; } } /* Full viewports */ @media only screen and (min-width: 960px) { } /* Wide viewports */ @media only screen and (min-width: 1168px) { .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .rsc-logo { width: 35%; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links { width: 65%; margin-top: 20px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li { width: 33.333%; } } /* Super wide viewports */ @media only screen and (min-width: 1460px) { .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .rsc-logo { width: 35%; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links { width: 65%; margin-top: 40px; } .rsc-ui footer.rsc-footer .links ul li { width: 33.333%; } } </style> <div data-id="pnlGlobalFooter" class="container"> <div class="rsc-ui"> <!-- Start oxygen footer --> <footer class="rsc-footer"> <div class="nav" id="pnlSiteMap"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <div class="rsc-logo"> <img alt="Royal Society of Chemistry homepage" src="https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/pictures/web/o/k/l/rsc_logo_rev_rgb_961695.svg"/> </div> <div class="links"> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.rsc.org/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rsc.org/about-us/">About us</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rsc.org/membership-and-community/">Membership & professional community</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rsc.org/campaigning-outreach/">Campaigning & outreach</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rsc.org/journals-books-databases/">Journals, books & databases</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rsc.org/news-events/">News & events</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rsc.org/locations-contacts/">Locations & contacts</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rsc.org/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/teaching-and-learning/">Teaching & learning</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rsc.org/awards-funding/">Awards & funding</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rsc.org/advertise/">Advertise</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rsc.org/help-legal/">Help & legal</a></li> <li><a href="https://rsc.li/privacy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.rsc.org/help-legal/">Terms & conditions</a></li> </ul> </div> <hr class="clear"> </div> </div> <div class="baseline"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <div class="social-icons"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/RoyalSocietyofChemistry" class="facebook"><span>Facebook</span><img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/v2/images/icons/facebook.png" height="32" width="32" alt=""></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/RoySocChem" class="twitter"><span>Twitter</span><img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/v2/images/icons/twitter.png" height="32" width="32" alt=""></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/23105" class="linkedin"><span>LinkedIn</span><img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/v2/images/icons/linkedin.png" height="32" width="32" alt=""></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/wwwRSCorg" class="youtube"><span>Youtube</span><img src="https://www.rsc-cdn.org/oxygen/v2/images/icons/youtube.png" height="32" width="32" alt=""></a> </div> <div class="copyright"> © Royal Society of Chemistry <script type="text/javascript"> document.write(new Date().getFullYear()); </script><br>Registered charity number: 207890 </div> </div> </div> <hr class="clear"> <div class="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer"> <div id="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-non-br">This website collects cookies to deliver a better user experience. <span id="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-global"> See how this site uses <a href="/cookies">cookies</a>. </span> <span id="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-ca" style="display: none;"> <a href="/cookies">Do not sell my personal data</a>. </span> </div> <div id="rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-br" style="display: none;"> Este site coleta cookies para oferecer uma melhor experiência ao usuário. <span> Veja como este site usa <a href="/cookies">cookies</a>. </span> </div> </div> </footer> <!-- End oxygen footer --> </div> </div> <!-- End Microsite footer--> <div class="bottom"> <div class="container footerBottomNavPageText"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <p class="webvision">Site powered by <a href="https://www.abacusemedia.com/webvisioncloud">Webvision Cloud</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="/Magazine/core.js?p=7605401671944776" defer></script> <!-- Ajax logging --> <!-- <script> $(document).ajaxSuccess(function(event, xhr, settings) { var ajaxURL = settings.url; console.log(settings); console.log(xhr); }); </script> --> <!-- Social sharing --> <script> $(document).on("click", ".social-share", socialShare); function socialShare() { var shareTitle = $(this).closest(".videoPreview-details").length > 0 ? $(this).closest(".videoPreview-details").find("h2").find("a")[0].innerText : document.querySelector("meta[property='og:title']") ? document.querySelector("meta[property='og:title']").content : document.title; var shareDesc = $(this).closest(".videoPreview-details").length > 0 ? $(this).closest(".videoPreview-details").find(".intro")[0].innerText : document.querySelector("meta[name=description]") ? document.querySelector("meta[name=description]").content : ""; var shareUrl = $(this).closest(".videoPreview-details").length > 0 ? $(this).closest(".videoPreview-details").find("h2").find("a")[0].href : document.querySelector("link[rel=canonical]") ? document.querySelector("link[rel=canonical]").href : document.location.href; var medium = this.getAttribute("data-medium"); var source = this.getAttribute("data-source"); var utm = "?utm_campaign=share_btn&utm_medium=" + medium + "&utm_source=" + source; switch (source) { case "facebook": window.open( "https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=" + shareUrl + utm ); break; case "bluesky": window.open( "https://bsky.app/intent/compose?text=" + encodeURIComponent(shareTitle) + "%0A" + encodeURIComponent(shareUrl + utm) ); break; case "twitter": window.open( "https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=" + encodeURIComponent(shareTitle) + ":%20" + encodeURIComponent(shareUrl + utm) ); break; case "linkedin": window.open( "https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=" + shareUrl + utm ); break; case "reddit": window.open( "http://www.reddit.com/r/chemistry/submit?title=" + encodeURIComponent(shareTitle) + "&text=" + encodeURIComponent(shareDesc) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(shareUrl + utm) ); break; case "whatsapp": window.open( "https://wa.me?text=" + encodeURIComponent(shareTitle) + "%0D%0A" + encodeURIComponent(shareUrl + utm) ); break; case "website": window.open( "mailto:?subject=" + encodeURIComponent(shareTitle) + "&body=" + shareDesc + "%0D%0A" + encodeURIComponent(shareUrl + utm) ); break; case "navigator": navigator.share({ title: shareTitle, text: shareDesc, url: shareUrl + utm }); }; } </script> <!-- End social sharing --> <!-- OneTrust footer toggle script --> <script> function otShowCookieFooter() { var geo = OneTrust.getGeolocationData(); if (geo.state == "ca") { document.getElementById("rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-global").style.display = "none"; document.getElementById("rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-ca").style.display = "block"; } else if (geo.country == "br") { document.getElementById("rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-non-br").style.display = "none"; document.getElementById("rsc-onetrust-cookie-footer-br").style.display = "block"; } } </script> <!-- End OneTrust footer toggle script --> <!-- Start JavaScript footer page asset --> <!-- Switch tab order in most block. Code by Adam Brownsell. --> <script> function mostBlock() { var blockLate = $(".mostThis .block:contains('Latest')"); var blockPop = $(".mostThis .block:contains('Popular')"); $(blockPop).insertAfter(blockLate); } $(document).ajaxSuccess(function(event, xhr, settings) { var ajaxURL = settings.url; if (ajaxURL.indexOf("/ajax/most") > -1) { mostBlock(); } }); </script> <!-- End JavaScript footer page asset --> </body> </html>