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class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.3</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.4</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.2</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1181" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1181"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1181</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1181-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.2</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.2</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1182" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1182"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1182</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1182-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.2</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.4</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1183" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1183"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1183</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1183-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>By area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-=Japan=" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#=Japan="> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.4</span> <span>=Japan=</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-=Japan=-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-=Near_East=" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#=Near_East="> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.5</span> <span>=Near East=</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-=Near_East=-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1184" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1184"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1184</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1184-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.4</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1185" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1185"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1185</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1185-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.2</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.3</span> <span>British Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.5</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.6</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2.1</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2.2</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1186" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1186"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1186</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1186-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1187" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1187"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1187</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1187-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.2</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.4</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.5</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.6</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1188" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1188"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>1188</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1188-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.2</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.3</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1189" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1189"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>1189</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1189-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continental_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.1</span> <span>Continental Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.2</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Significant people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1180s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1180" title="عقد 1180 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1180" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1180" title="Anyos 1180 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1180" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1180" title="Década del 1180 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1180" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-an" title="1180-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1180-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="১১৮০-এর দশক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১১৮০-এর দশক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1180 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1180 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-%D1%8F" title="1180-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1180-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-%D1%8F" title="1180-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1180-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-e" title="1180-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1180-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1180" title="Bloavezhioù 1180 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1180" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1180" title="Dècada del 1180 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1180" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180au" title="1180au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1180au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180%27erne" title="1180'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1180'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1180" title="عوام 1180 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1180" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180er" title="1180er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1180er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180._aastad" title="1180. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1180. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1180" title="An 1180 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1180" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1180 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1180 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1180" title="Años 1180 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1180" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-aj_jaroj" title="1180-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1180-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180ko_hamarkada" title="1180ko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1180ko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۱۸۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۱۸۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-%C3%A1rini" title="1180-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1180-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1180" title="Années 1180 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1180" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180id%C3%AD" title="1180idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1180idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180an" title="1180an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1180an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1180" title="Década de 1180 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1180" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1180年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1180年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1180년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1180년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1180a" title="Yari 1180a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1180a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-an" title="1180-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1180-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1181-1190" title="1181-1190 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1181-1190" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1180" title="Anni 1180 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1180" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-80_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-12" title="שנות ה-80 של המאה ה-12 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-80 של המאה ה-12" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-an" title="1180-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1180-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1180-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1180-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1180" title="Miaka ya 1180 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1180" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1180-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1180-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_am%C5%BEiaus_9-as_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XII amžiaus 9-as dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XII amžiaus 9-as dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1180" title="Anni 1180 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1180" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-as_%C3%A9vek" title="1180-as évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1180-as évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1180-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1180-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे ११८० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे ११८० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1180-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1180-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1180" title="عقد 1180 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1180" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-an" title="1180-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1180-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1180 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1180 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180_xihuitl" title="1180 xihuitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1180 xihuitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-1189" title="1180-1189 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1180-1189" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1180年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1180年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-%C3%A5rene" title="1180-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1180-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1180" title="Annaées 1180 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1180" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="1180 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1180 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-lar" title="1180-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1180-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1180" title="Década de 1180 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1180" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1180" title="Anii 1180 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1180" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180_watakuna" title="1180 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1180 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1180-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1180-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-%D1%81" title="1180-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1180-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180s" title="1180s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1180s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1180" title="Vitet 1180 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1180" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180ini" title="1180ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1180ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180s" title="1180s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1180s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/80._roky_12._storo%C4%8Dia" title="80. roky 12. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="80. roky 12. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180." title="1180. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1180." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-%D0%B5" title="1180-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1180-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-e" title="1180-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1180-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-an" title="1180-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1180-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-luku" title="1180-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1180-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-talet" title="1180-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1180-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1180-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1180-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1180" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1180 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1180" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1180_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1180 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1180 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180%27ler" title="1180'ler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1180'ler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1180ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1180ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1180-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1180-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1180ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1180ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1180" title="Thập niên 1180 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1180" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1180" title="Anêyes 1180 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1180" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180_nga_dekada" title="1180 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1180 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1180年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1180年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1180年代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1180年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1180%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1180年代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1180年代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1160s" title="1160s">1160s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1170s" title="1170s">1170s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1180s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1190s" title="1190s">1190s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1200s_(decade)" title="1200s (decade)">1200s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1180" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1180">1180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1181" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1181">1181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1182" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1182">1182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1183" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1183">1183</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1184" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1184">1184</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1185" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1185">1185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1186" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1186">1186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1187" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1187">1187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1188" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1188">1188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1189" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1189">1189</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1180s_births" title="Category:1180s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1180s_deaths" title="Category:1180s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1180s_by_country" title="Category:1180s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1180s_establishments" title="Category:1180s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1180s_disestablishments" title="Category:1180s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1180s</b> was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1180, and ended on December 31, 1189. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1180">1180</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1180" title="1180">1180</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1180&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1180&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1180&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1180&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I</a> (<b>Komnenos</b>) dies after a 37-year reign at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. He is succeeded by his 11-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II</a> – who will reign briefly as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> with his mother, <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch" title="Maria of Antioch">Maria of Antioch</a> as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1183" title="1183">1183</a>). Maria takes as her advisor and lover, <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(protosebastos)" title="Alexios Komnenos (protosebastos)">Alexios Komnenos</a>, a nephew of Manuel, causing a scandal among the Byzantine population.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1180&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_13" title="January 13">January 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a>, loses his Saxon and Bavarian duchies and all his imperial fiefs at an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> for having breached the king's peace. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> (<b>Barbarossa</b>) issues the <a href="/wiki/Gelnhausen" title="Gelnhausen">Gelnhausen Charter</a> on <a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a>. He breaks up Henry's former domain; one part of Saxony is renamed the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Westphalia" title="Duchy of Westphalia">Duchy of Westphalia</a>, and other parts are given to his ally <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Otto I, Duke of Bavaria">Otto I</a> (<b>the Redhead</b>), duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a> (<b>the Younger</b>) dies after a 43-year reign at <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. He is succeeded by his 15-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a>, who becomes sole ruler of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>).</li> <li>The Portuguese admiral D. Fuas Roupinho wins a second victory in two years, against the Almohad fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-Picard1997_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picard1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The assembly traditionally regarded as the first <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland">Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland</a> convenes at <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Łęczyca">Łęczyca</a> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1180&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> is founded by the Norman merchant <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Gisors" title="Jean de Gisors">Jean de Gisors</a>, establishing a trade route between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and France (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1180&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Summer – King <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin IV of Jerusalem">Baldwin IV</a> (<b>the Leper</b>) sends messengers to <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> with proposals of a peace treaty. Because of a terrible drought, the whole of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> is faced with <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>. Saladin agrees to a two-year truce. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli" title="Raymond III, Count of Tripoli">Raymond of Tripoli</a> denounces the truce, but is compelled to accept it after an Ayyubid fleet raids the port of <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Saladin intervenes in a quarrel between the <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zangids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Artuqids" title="Artuqids">Artuqids</a>. He convinces the Seljuks of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> not to interfere and raids <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Baldwin IV marries his sister <a href="/wiki/Sibylla,_Queen_of_Jerusalem" title="Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem">Sibylla</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a>, brother of the constable <a href="/wiki/Aimery_of_Cyprus" title="Aimery of Cyprus">Amalric of Lusignan</a>, and enfeoffed him with the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Jaffa_and_Ascalon" title="County of Jaffa and Ascalon">County of Jaffa and Ascalon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1180&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Takakura" title="Emperor Takakura">Takakura</a> is forced to abdicate by <a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Kiyomori" title="Taira no Kiyomori">Taira no Kiyomori</a> after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his 2-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Antoku" title="Emperor Antoku">Antoku</a> as emperor of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>). Kiyomori rules in his name as regent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a>: Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Mochihito" title="Prince Mochihito">Mochihito</a> begins a revolt against the <a href="/wiki/Taira_clan" title="Taira clan">Taira clan</a>. In support, <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yorimasa" title="Minamoto no Yorimasa">Minamoto no Yorimasa</a> sends out a call for aid, and to the monasteries (<a href="/wiki/Enryaku-ji" title="Enryaku-ji">Enryaku-ji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mii-dera" title="Mii-dera">Mii-dera</a> and others) that Kiyomori has offended.<sup id="cite_ref-Sansom_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sansom-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uji_(1180)" title="Battle of Uji (1180)">Battle of Uji</a>: Mochihito and Minamoto no Yorimasa go into hiding in the <a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dd%C5%8D-in" title="Byōdō-in">Byōdō-in Temple</a>. There, they seek help from the warrior monks to join the battle but are defeated and killed by the Taira forces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_14" title="September 14">September 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ishibashiyama" title="Battle of Ishibashiyama">Battle of Ishibashiyama</a>: Taira forces (3,000 men) under <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cba_Kagechika" title="Ōba Kagechika">Ōba Kagechika</a> defeat <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a> during a night attack near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Odawara" title="Odawara">Odawara</a>) but he flees by sea to <a href="/wiki/Awa_District,_Chiba" title="Awa District, Chiba">Chiba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fujigawa" title="Battle of Fujigawa">Battle of Fujigawa</a>: Minamoto forces (30,000 men) under Minamoto no Yoritomo defeat <a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Koremori" title="Taira no Koremori">Taira no Koremori</a> during a night attack near the <a href="/wiki/Fuji_River" title="Fuji River">Fuji River</a> but he escapes safely with the routed army.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1180&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Culture"> Culture</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1180&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Neckam" title="Alexander Neckam">Alexander Neckam</a> becomes a <a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">lecturer</a> in Paris, and writes <i>De Natura Rerum</i>, an early mention of <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Demography"> Demography</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1180&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1181">1181</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1181" title="1181">1181</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1181&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1181&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_2"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1181&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe_2"> Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1181&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> (<b>Augustus</b>) annuls all loans made by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> to Christians, and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates all Jewish property and expels the Jews from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baldwin2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baldwin2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Philip II begins a war against <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Philip I, Count of Flanders">Philip of Alsace</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, over the <a href="/wiki/Vermandois" title="Vermandois">Vermandois</a>. He claims the territory for his wife <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Hainault" title="Isabella of Hainault">Isabella of Hainault</a> as her dowry. Philip is unwilling to give it up.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a>, submits to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> (<b>Barbarossa</b>) at an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>. He is banished to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and retains only <a href="/wiki/County_of_Brunswick" title="County of Brunswick">Brunswick</a> among his former lands.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_union_with_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatia in union with Hungary">Croatia</a> goes to war with <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> in an effort to recover <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a> (located on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>) <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1180%E2%80%931185)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1180–1185)">accepts</a> Béla's suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After a series of defeats, the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> fleet under the admiral Ahmad al-Siqilli, crushes the Portuguese navy and reasserts its control over the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Picard1997_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picard1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The word <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Albigensians</a> is first used by <a href="/wiki/Geoffroy_du_Breuil" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffroy du Breuil">Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and chronicler, to describe the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Albi" title="Albi">Albi</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1181&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> removes <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Lacy,_Lord_of_Meath" title="Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath">Hugh de Lacy</a>, lord of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Meath" title="Kingdom of Meath">Meath</a>, from his position as procurator of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, possibly because of his having married the daughter of High King <a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_2"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1181&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Summer – <a href="/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Raynald of Châtillon">Raynald of Châtillon</a>, lord of <a href="/wiki/Oultrejordain" class="mw-redirect" title="Oultrejordain">Oultrejordain</a>, raids <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>'s territory, reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabuk</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>) on the route between <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. In November, Saladin sends an expedition under his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Shah" title="Farrukh Shah">Farrukh Shah</a>, who invades Oultrejordain. Raynald of Châtillon is forced to withdraw home. Saladin complains to King <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin IV of Jerusalem">Baldwin IV of Jerusalem</a> (<b>the Leper</b>) for breaking the treaty (see <a href="/wiki/1180" title="1180">1180</a>) and demands compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_2"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1181&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Kiyomori" title="Taira no Kiyomori">Taira no Kiyomori</a>, Japanese military leader and dictator, dies at <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>. He established the first <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>-dominated administrative government in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a> defeats the <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> and assumes control over the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dwa" title="Yōwa">Yōwa</a> era is marked by <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> in Japan, during the period from July 1181 through May <a href="/wiki/1182" title="1182">1182</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_2"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1181&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1181&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a> dies after a 22-year <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. He is succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a> as the 171st pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Science"> Science</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1181&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January – <a href="/wiki/William_VIII_of_Montpellier" title="William VIII of Montpellier">William VIII of Montpellier</a> frees the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> from any monopoly in France,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an origin of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a>.</li> <li>Chinese and Japanese astronomers observe what has come to be understood as <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> <a href="/wiki/SN_1181" title="SN 1181">SN 1181</a>. One of only eight supernovae in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> observed in recorded history. It appears in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(constellation)" title="Cassiopeia (constellation)">Cassiopeia</a> and is visible in the night sky for about 185 days. The radio source <a href="/wiki/3C58" class="mw-redirect" title="3C58">3C58</a> was thought to be the remnant from this event, but opinion is shifting towards the recently discovered nebula Pa 30 (ref : Arxiv 2105.12384).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1182">1182</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1182" title="1182">1182</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1182&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1182&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_3"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1182&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_2"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1182&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a> – <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">Massacre of the Latins</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> massacre the Venetian, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoan</a>, and other Latin officials and traders who rule as agents of Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch" title="Maria of Antioch">Maria of Antioch</a>. She is the mother and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of 12-year-old Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos Komnenos</a>, a cousin of Maria's late husband, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I</a> (<b>Komnenos</b>), raises an army and enters the city, representing himself as the 'protector' of Alexios. He is proclaimed as co-emperor under the name Andronikos I, and has Maria imprisoned and later condemned to be strangled – forcing a signature from Alexios to put his mother to death.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_3"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1182&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> leads an Egyptian expeditionary force from <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. In June, he arrives in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and learns that his nephew <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Shah" title="Farrukh Shah">Farrukh Shah</a> has raided <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and sacked the villages near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a>. On his way back, Farrukh Shah attacks the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Cave_de_Sueth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave de Sueth">Habis Jaldak</a>, carved out of the rock above the <a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmouk River">River Yarmuk</a>. The garrison, Christian Syrians with no great wish to die for the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a>, promptly surrenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._352_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._352-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July" title="July">July</a> – <a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belvoir_Castle" title="Battle of Belvoir Castle">Battle of Belvoir Castle</a>: Saladin crosses into <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> round the south of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin IV of Jerusalem">Baldwin IV</a> (<b>the Leper</b>) of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> marches with his army back from <a href="/wiki/Oultrejordain" class="mw-redirect" title="Oultrejordain">Oultrejordain</a> and attacks Saladin's forces near <a href="/wiki/Belvoir_Castle_(Israel)" title="Belvoir Castle (Israel)">Belvoir Castle</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>). In a fierce battle, the Crusaders successfully repel Saladin's invasion. At the end of the day, each side retires, claiming the victory.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August – Saladin sends an Egyptian fleet to blockade <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> and leads his forces in the <a href="/wiki/Bekaa_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa Valley">Bekaa Valley</a>. The city is strongly fortified and Baldwin IV rushes with his army up from Galilee – only pausing to collect the ships that lay in the harbors of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>. Failing to take Beirut by assault before the Crusaders arrived, Saladin breaks off the siege and withdraws.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._352_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._352-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>September – Saladin invades the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Jazira Region</a>, ending the truce between him and the <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zangids</a>. After a feint attack on <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, he crosses the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. The towns of the Jazira fall before him; the cities of <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%A7" title="Suruç">Saruj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nisibin</a> are captured in October. Saladin presses on to <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, and begins the siege of the city on <a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._353_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._353-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November – <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">Al-Nasir</a>, caliph of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, is shocked by the war between fellow-Muslims and tries to negotiate a peace. Saladin, thwarted by the strong fortifications of Mosul, retreats to <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>. He marches to conquer <a href="/wiki/Diyarbakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir">Diarbekir</a>, the richest and the greatest fortress of the Jazira Region (with the finest library in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._353_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._353-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December – Baldwin IV raids through the <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a> and reaches <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Bosra</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli" title="Raymond III, Count of Tripoli">Raymond of Tripoli</a> recaptures Habis Jaldak. A few days later, Baldwin sets out with a Crusader force to Damascus and encamps at <a href="/wiki/Darayya" title="Darayya">Dareiya</a> in the suburbs. He decides not to attack the city and retires laden with booty, to spend <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> at Tyre.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Winter – <a href="/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Raynald of Châtillon">Raynald of Châtillon</a>, lord of <a href="/wiki/Oultrejordain" class="mw-redirect" title="Oultrejordain">Oultrejordain</a>, orders the building of five ships which are carried to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> at the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Part of his fleet makes a raid along the coast, threatening the security of the holy cities on <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_Island" title="Pharaoh's Island">Pharaoh's Island</a> (or <b>Île de Graye</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_3"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1182&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> (<b>Augustus</b>) confiscates all the lands and buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and expels them from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. The measures are profitable in the short-term – the ransoms alone bringing in 15,000 marks and enriching Christians at the expense of Jews. Ninety-nine Jews are burned alive in <a href="/wiki/Brie-Comte-Robert" title="Brie-Comte-Robert">Brie-Comte-Robert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar I of Denmark">Valdemar I</a> (<b>the Great</b>) dies after a 28-year reign in which he has gained independence from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. He is succeeded by his 19-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Canute_VI_of_Denmark" title="Canute VI of Denmark">Canute VI</a>, who becomes ruler of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_III_the_Old" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko III the Old">Mieszko III</a> (<b>the Old</b>), duke of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>, agrees with his son <a href="/wiki/Odon_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Odon of Poznań">Odon of Poznań</a> to divide the territories between them: Mieszko hold his western lands and Odon receives the eastern lands south of the <a href="/wiki/Obra_(river)" title="Obra (river)">River Obra</a>.</li> <li>May – June – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1180%E2%80%931185)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1180–1185)">ravages</a> the region of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brani%C4%8Devo_District" title="Braničevo District">Barancs</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Brani%C4%8Devo_District" title="Braničevo District">Braničevo</a>). Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a> allies itself with Hungary to gain independence.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_14" title="September 14">September 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Nazar%C3%A9" title="Legend of Nazaré">Legend of Nazaré</a>: Dom Fuas Roupinho, alcalde of <a href="/wiki/Porto_de_M%C3%B3s" title="Porto de Mós">Porto de Mós</a>, is inspired by a Marian miracle to erect the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Nazar%C3%A9" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Nazaré">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Nazaré</a> overlooking <a href="/wiki/Nazar%C3%A9,_Portugal" title="Nazaré, Portugal">Nazaré, Portugal</a>. Later this year while trying to enter the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> by surprise to sink Muslim ships he is spotted and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Picard1997_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picard1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Siculo-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Siculo-Norman">Sicilian</a> attempt to dislodge the Moorish fleet from <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a> fails.<sup id="cite_ref-norman_adversaries1182_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norman_adversaries1182-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_2"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1182&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William Marshal</a>, Norman knight and head of the household of <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a>, is accused of having an affair with Henry's wife, Queen <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary">Margaret of France</a>. Although contemporary chroniclers doubt the truth of these accusations. Henry starts the process to have his marriage annulled, William leaves the royal retinue, undergoing a period of self-imposed exile, and goes on a pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_3"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1182&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>May – The <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dwa" title="Yōwa">Yōwa</a> era, marked by <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, ends during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Antoku" title="Emperor Antoku">Antoku</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_3"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1182&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_2"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1182&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a> reestablishes its affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1183">1183</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1183" title="1183">1183</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1183&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1183&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_area">By area</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1183&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_3">Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1183&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_I_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronicus I Comnenus">Andronicus I Comnenus</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a> is murdered, after a 3-year reign at Constantinople. Andronikos I, 64, is proclaimed emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> before the crowd on the terrace of the <a href="/wiki/Arslan_Hane,_Istanbul" title="Arslan Hane, Istanbul">Church of Christ of the Chalke</a>. He marries Alexios' widow, the 11-year-old <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_France,_Byzantine_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes of France, Byzantine Empress">Agnes of France</a>, and makes a treaty with <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> in November in which he promised a yearly indemnity as compensation for Venetian losses during the Massacre of the Latins.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_4">Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1183&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Constance" title="Peace of Constance">Peace of Constance</a> is signed, between <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a>, forming the legal basis for the autonomy of the Italian city republics.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Exeter" title="Joseph of Exeter">Joseph of Exeter</a> writes the first account of a sport resembling <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_4">Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1183&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="=Japan="><span id=".3DJapan.3D"></span>=Japan=</h6></div> <ul><li>Three-year-old <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Emperor Go-Toba</a> ascends to the throne of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, after the forced abdication of his brother <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Antoku" title="Emperor Antoku">Emperor Antoku</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Munemori" title="Taira no Munemori">Taira no Munemori</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taira" class="mw-redirect" title="Taira">Taira</a> clan take the young <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Antoku" title="Emperor Antoku">Emperor Antoku</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Regalia_of_Japan" title="Imperial Regalia of Japan">three sacred treasures</a>, and flee to western Japan to escape pursuit by the <a href="/wiki/Minamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Minamoto">Minamoto</a> clan (traditional <a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese date</a>: Twenty-fifth Day of the Seventh Month of the Second Year of <a href="/wiki/Juei" title="Juei">Juei</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mizushima" title="Battle of Mizushima">Battle of Mizushima</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Taira" class="mw-redirect" title="Taira">Taira</a> Clan defeats the <a href="/wiki/Minamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Minamoto">Minamoto</a> Clan.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="=Near_East="><span id=".3DNear_East.3D"></span>=Near East=</h6></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> – <a href="/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Raynald of Châtillon">Raynald of Châtillon</a> has at least five ships freighted over the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Suez" title="Isthmus of Suez">Isthmus of Suez</a>, which he then uses to <a href="/wiki/Crusader_Red_Sea_raids" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader Red Sea raids">pillage the shores</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> around <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a> is excommunicated by the newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Heraclius_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem">Heraclius of Jerusalem</a>, firmly ending their struggle for power.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kerak" title="Siege of Kerak">Siege of Kerak</a> is waged between the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubids">Ayyubids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a> refuses to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> conquers <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and becomes <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1184">1184</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1184" title="1184">1184</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1184&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1184&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_4"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1184&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_5"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1184&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Tamar of Georgia</a> becomes queen regnant on the death of her father and coregent <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Georgia" title="George III of Georgia">George III</a>. She remains sole ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> (the first woman to hold this office) until her death in <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Pentecost" title="Diet of Pentecost">Diet of Pentecost</a>: Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a>, Holy Roman Emperor, organises a conference in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>. During the diet Frederick negotiates with <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a> about an anti-French alliance with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fimreite" title="Battle of Fimreite">Battle of Fimreite</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Sverre_of_Norway" title="Sverre of Norway">Sverre of Norway</a> defeats and kills his rival, <a href="/wiki/Magnus_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus V of Norway">Magnus V</a> (Erlingsson) near <a href="/wiki/Fimreite" title="Fimreite">Fimreite</a>. Sverre takes the throne and becomes sole ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1202" title="1202">1202</a>).</li> <li>Summer – Almohad forces reconquer the <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a> (except for <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>), and besiege <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> on land and blockade the port with their navy. A Portuguese soldier manages to swim to the largest ship of the fleet and to sink it. This ship was so tall, it would have allowed the Muslims easily to reach the walls of the city. The next day, the Almohads have to retreat, taking with them a number of civilian captives.<sup id="cite_ref-Picard1997_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picard1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santar%C3%A9m_(1184)" title="Siege of Santarém (1184)">Siege of Santarém</a>: Almohad forces under Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Yaqub Yusuf</a> march towards <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a> and besiege <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a>, which is defended by King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">Afonso I of Portugal</a> ("the Conqueror"). Upon hearing of Abu Yusuf's attack, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand II of León">Ferdinand II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> marches his army to Santarém to support his father-in-law, Afonso. Abu Yusuf, in an attempt to break the siege, is wounded by a crossbow bolt and dies on <a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a> – The 18-year-old Prince <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry</a>, eldest surviving son of Frederick I, is engaged to Princess <a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance</a>, heiress to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> in the episcopal palace.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Abbeville" title="Abbeville">Abbeville</a> receives its commercial charter by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_3"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1184&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The first royal ordinance demanding that the Knights <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitaller</a> assist in the collection of taxes is promulgated.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> encourages his youngest (and favorite) son <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a> to seize <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> from his brother <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – A serious fire damages <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Glastonbury Abbey</a> and destroys several buildings.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1184&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – Berber forces under <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ghaniya" title="Banu Ghaniya">Ali Banu Ghaniya</a> seize the Almohad cities of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> by surprise. While he is away from his base in <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>, one of his brothers, Muhammad, takes control of the island and calls in the Almohads, who intend to capture Mallorca for themselves. Banu Ghaniya arrives just in time to defeat the Almohads and recapture the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Picard1997_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picard1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur</a> is proclaimed the new caliph of the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a>, after his father Abu Yaqub Yusuf is killed in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_4"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1184&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> sends his nephew <a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_Usama" title="Izz al-Din Usama">Izz al-Din Usama</a>, governor (<i><a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a></i>) of the iron-rich mountains near <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, to build <a href="/wiki/Ajloun_Castle" title="Ajloun Castle">Ajloun Castle</a>, which controls the trade along the road between <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_5"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1184&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> – Second <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uji_(1184)" title="Battle of Uji (1184)">Battle of Uji</a>: Japanese forces under <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshinaka" title="Minamoto no Yoshinaka">Minamoto no Yoshinaka</a> are defeated by his cousins, <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune" title="Minamoto no Yoshitsune">Minamoto no Yoshitsune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a>, for the control of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Awazu" title="Battle of Awazu">Battle of Awazu</a>: Minamoto no Yoshinaka is killed during a pursuit by his cousin's armies. He is joined by his foster brother <a href="/wiki/Imai_Kanehira" title="Imai Kanehira">Imai Kanehira</a>, who commits suicide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ichi-no-Tani" title="Battle of Ichi-no-Tani">Battle of Ichi-no-Tani</a>: Japanese forces under <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Noriyori" title="Minamoto no Noriyori">Minamoto no Noriyori</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Taira_clan" title="Taira clan">Taira clan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ikuta_Shrine" title="Ikuta Shrine">Ikuta Shrine</a> in the woods of <a href="/wiki/Settsu_Province" title="Settsu Province">Settsu Province</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_4"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1184&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_3"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1184&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The papal bull <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Abolendam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Abolendam">Ad Abolendam</a></i> is issued against several European heretical groups: the <a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Cathars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cathars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathars">Patarines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a>. It is created after a landmark meeting in <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> under Frederick I and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> under Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1185">1185</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1185&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1185&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_5"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1185&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_4"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1185&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> – King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II of Sicily</a> ("the Good") lands in <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> with a Siculo-Norman expeditionary force of 200 ships and 80,000 men (including 5,000 knights) and marches as far as the Byzantine city of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, which he <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thessalonica_(1185)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (1185)">takes and pillages</a>, massacring some 7,000 Greek citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-norman_adversaries_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norman_adversaries-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a>–<a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a> leads a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and deposes Emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a>. Andronikos tries in vain to flee across <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> but is captured and killed by an angry mob. Isaac is proclaimed emperor, ending the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Demetritzes" title="Battle of Demetritzes">Battle of Demetritzes</a>: A reinforced Byzantine army under <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Branas" title="Alexios Branas">Alexios Branas</a> decisively defeats William II, ending his invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Thessaloniki is recaptured, and the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> are pushed back to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a>. Many Norman ships are lost to storms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">Uprising of Asen and Peter</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Bulgaria" title="Peter II of Bulgaria">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen</a> lead a revolt of the <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgars</a> against the Byzantine Empire, eventually establishing the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_5"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1185&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – The 23-year-old <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin IV of Jerusalem">Baldwin IV of Jerusalem</a> ("the Leper King") dies of <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a> after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old nephew, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_V_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin V of Jerusalem">Baldwin V</a>, as the sole ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> under the regency of Count <a href="/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli" title="Raymond III, Count of Tripoli">Raymond of Tripoli</a>. The child-king becomes a pawn in the politics of the kingdom, between his mother <a href="/wiki/Sibylla,_Queen_of_Jerusalem" title="Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem">Sibylla of Jerusalem</a> (sister of Baldwin IV) and her younger half-sister <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Isabella I of Jerusalem">Isabella I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> agrees to a 4-year truce due to severe drought and <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> which has struck <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>. The treaty is signed by Count <a href="/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli" title="Raymond III, Count of Tripoli">Raymond of Tripoli</a> and important nobles from Jerusalem. Commerce is renewed between the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader States</a> and their Muslim neighbors. A flow of corn from the east saves the Crusaders and the population from starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="British_Isles"> British Isles</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1185&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/John%27s_first_expedition_to_Ireland" title="John's first expedition to Ireland">John's first expedition to Ireland</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> knights his son and heir, the 18-year-old <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">Prince John</a>, newly created Lord of Ireland, and sends him to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators to enforce English control. Landing at Waterford, he treats the local Irish rulers with contempt, making fun of their unfashionable long beards. Also failing to make allies amongst the Anglo-Norman settlers, the English army is unable to subdue the Irish fighters in unfamiliar conditions and the expedition soon becomes a complete disaster. In December, John returns to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> in defeat. Nonetheless, Henry gets him named 'King of Ireland' by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Pope Urban III</a> and procures a golden crown with peacock feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/1185_East_Midlands_earthquake" title="1185 East Midlands earthquake">1185 East Midlands earthquake</a> occurs. It is the first <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> in England for which there are reliable reports indicating the damage, which includes destruction of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Musson1994_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musson1994-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_6"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1185&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>July – <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France#Wars_with_his_vassals" title="Philip II of France">Treaty of Boves</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> signs a treaty to ensure his authority over his vassals, with <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiénois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a> and other places in northern <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> passing to him. Philip is given the nickname "Augustus" by the monk <a href="/wiki/Rigord" title="Rigord">Rigord</a> for augmenting French lands.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – The cave monastery of <a href="/wiki/Vardzia" title="Vardzia">Vardzia</a> is consecrated by Queen <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Tamar of Georgia</a>. She marries <a href="/wiki/Yury_Bogolyubsky" title="Yury Bogolyubsky">Yury Bogolyubsky</a>, Grand Prince of <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>.</li> <li>September – <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a>, returns to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> after being banished for three years by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a>, Holy Roman Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">Afonso I of Portugal</a> ("the Great") dies after a 36-year reign. He is succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal" title="Sancho I of Portugal">Sancho I</a> ("the Populator") as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Svyatoslavich" title="Igor Svyatoslavich">Igor Svyatoslavich</a>'s failed campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>, later immortalized in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Igor%27s_Campaign" title="The Tale of Igor's Campaign">The Tale of Igor's Campaign</a></i>, takes place this year.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa_2"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1185&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Almohad forces under Caliph <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_al-Mansur" title="Yaqub al-Mansur">Yaqub al-Mansur</a> reconquer <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, that have been taken by the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ghaniya" title="Banu Ghaniya">Banu Ghaniya</a>, descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Picard1997_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picard1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_6"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1185&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yashima" title="Battle of Yashima">Battle of Yashima</a>: Japanese forces (with some 140 ships, 1,000 cavalry and 30,000 horses) under <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune" title="Minamoto no Yoshitsune">Minamoto no Yoshitsune</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/Taira_clan" title="Taira clan">Taira clan</a> just off <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dan-no-ura" title="Battle of Dan-no-ura">Battle of Dan-no-Ura</a>: The Japanese fleet (some 300 ships) led by Minamoto no Yoshitsune defeats the fleet of the Taira clan in the <a href="/wiki/Kanmon_Straits" title="Kanmon Straits">Shimonoseki Strait</a>.</li> <li>December – Retired <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa" title="Emperor Go-Shirakawa">Emperor Go-Shirakawa</a> grants <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoritomo" title="Minamoto no Yoritomo">Minamoto no Yoritomo</a> the authority to form the first <i><a href="/wiki/Shogun#Shogunate" title="Shogun">bakufu</a></i> (shogunate) in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_5"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1185&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Astronomy"> Astronomy</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1185&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_1_May_1185" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185">Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185</a>, visible across <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, Northern and Eastern Europe and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, occurs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Markets"> Markets</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1185&action=edit&section=T-10" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Evidence is first uncovered that Henry II of England is using the safes of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Church" title="Temple Church">Temple Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (consecrated February 10), under the guard of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>, to store part of his treasure.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_4"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1185&action=edit&section=T-11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Pope Lucius III</a> dies after a 4-year <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a> in exile at <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>. He is succeeded by Urban III as the 172nd pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1187" title="1187">1187</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1186">1186</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1186" title="1186">1186</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1186&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1186&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_27" title="January 27">January 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance of Sicily</a> marries Henry (the future <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Chanter" title="John the Chanter">John the Chanter</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter" title="Bishop of Exeter">Bishop of Exeter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> recognizes the independence of <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joscius,_Archbishop_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre">Joscius</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tyre" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tyre">Archbishop of Tyre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, founds the temple of <a href="/wiki/Ta_Prohm" title="Ta Prohm">Ta Prohm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After the death of the child-king <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin V">Baldwin V</a>, his mother succeeds him as <a href="/wiki/Sibylla_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibylla of Jerusalem">Sibylla of Jerusalem</a>, and appoints her disfavoured husband <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Lusignan" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy de Lusignan">Guy de Lusignan</a> king consort. This comes as a shock to Jerusalem's court, who had earlier forced the possible future Queen into promising that should she become so, she would not appoint him the title.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first nunnery is inaugurated in Iceland, the <a href="/wiki/Kirkjub%C3%A6jar_Abbey" title="Kirkjubæjar Abbey">Kirkjubæjar Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1187">1187</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1187" title="1187">1187</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1187&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1187&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_6"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1187&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire_5"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1187&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II</a> (<b>Angelos</b>) sends a Byzantine expeditionary force under <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Branas" title="Alexios Branas">Alexios Branas</a> to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">Vlach-Bulgarian Rebellion</a> – but Alexios revolts against Isaac and is proclaimed emperor in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Andrianople</a>. He musters troops and advances on <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in an attempt to seize it. However, Alexios is unable to bypass the city defenses and is defeated by the imperial forces led by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad of Montferrat</a>, the emperor's brother-in-law. On the battlefield, Alexios is beheaded by Conrad's supporting footsoldiers and the rebel army flees the field.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lovech" title="Siege of Lovech">Siege of Lovech</a>: Byzantine forces under Isaac II besiege the fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Lovech" title="Lovech">Lovech</a> in north-central <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. After a three-month siege, Isaac is forced to accept a truce by recognizing the joint-rule of <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Bulgaria" title="Peter II of Bulgaria">Peter II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen I</a> as emperor's (or <i><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a></i>) over the territory, leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1396" title="1396">1396</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_6"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1187&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – The Crusaders under <a href="/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Raynald of Châtillon">Raynald of Châtillon</a> attack a large Muslim caravan, including members of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>'s family, journeying from <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Raynald takes the merchants, and their families with all their possessions to his castle of <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">Kerak</a>. Saladin demands the release of the prisoners and compensation for their losses. This is refused by Raynald, who pays no attention to his order.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – Saladin leaves <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> with his Muslim forces, and sends letters to neighboring countries, asking for volunteers for a forthcoming <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i> ("Holy War"). A week later his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">Al-Adil</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a>, leads his forces out of Cairo towards <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. Meanwhile, Saladin leaves an army under his 18-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_ibn_Salah_ad-Din" title="Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din">Al-Afdal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bosra" title="Bosra">Busra</a>, to keep watch on the 'Pilgrim road'.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a> summons his vassals and marches north to <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, to reduce <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Galilee" title="Principality of Galilee">Galilee</a> to submission.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> – A delegation under <a href="/wiki/Balian_of_Ibelin" title="Balian of Ibelin">Balian of Ibelin</a> is sent to <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>, to reconcile with <a href="/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli" title="Raymond III, Count of Tripoli">Raymond III</a>, prince of Galilee. After <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, a second delegation (supported by the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>) is sent to <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>, but the situation remains unchanged.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cresson" title="Battle of Cresson">Battle of Cresson</a>: A Muslim reconnaissance force (some 7,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) under <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kb%C3%B6ri" title="Gökböri">Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri</a>, defeats a small Crusader army near Nazareth. Only <a href="/wiki/Gerard_de_Ridefort" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard de Ridefort">Gerard de Ridefort</a>, commander of the Crusaders, and a handful of knights escape death or capture. The Muslims scatter and kill the Christian foot-soldiers (some 400 men) before pillaging the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – Saladin regroups his Muslim forces and marches towards the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. His army numbers around 30,000 men and is divided into three columns. The following day Saladin encamps on the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, in a marshy area near <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Lake Tiberias</a>. Raiding parties are sent across the Jordan to ravage Christian territory between Nazareth, Tiberias, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a> – Saladin sends a contingent to block Tiberias and challenges the Crusaders by moving his main camp closer to <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Saffuriya</a> – some 10 km west of Lake Tiberias. On <a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a>, he sends scouts to monitor an alternative road on his northern flank that connects Saffuriya and Tiberias. The following day he attacks Tiberias with a part of his forces, including siege equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a>–<a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">3</a> – Saladin besieges Tiberias. The defenders, and Countess <a href="/wiki/Eschiva_of_Bures" title="Eschiva of Bures">Eschiva II</a> (wife of Raymond III) retreat to the citadel and sends messengers urging Guy of Lusignan to send help. Meanwhile, Guy and Raymond hold a war council to debate what should be done. Persuaded by Gerard de Ridefort and Raynald of Châtillon, Guy orders to march to the rescue of Tiberias.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a>: Saladin defeats the Crusader army (some 20,000 men) under Guy of Lusignan at the <a href="/wiki/Horns_of_Hattin" title="Horns of Hattin">Horns of Hattin</a>. Guy is captured along with many nobles and knights, among them, Raynald of Châtillon. The latter is executed by Saladin himself.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader States</a> have no reserves to defend the castles and fortified settlements against Saladin's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad of Montferrat</a>, an Italian nobleman, arrives in <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> which ends the surrender negotiations with Saladin. He finds the remnants of the Crusader army (after the battle of Hattin) and makes the Tyrians swear loyalty to him. <a href="/wiki/Reginald_of_Sidon" title="Reginald of Sidon">Reginald of Sidon</a> and several other nobles give their support, Reginald goes to refortify his own castle of <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Castle,_Lebanon" title="Beaufort Castle, Lebanon">Beaufort</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Litani_River" title="Litani River">Litani River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Summer – Saladin begins a campaign that paves the way for further Muslim inroads into Christian territory. Al-Adil invades <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> with the Egyptian army, and captures the strategic castle of <a href="/wiki/Majdal_Yaba#Crusader,_Ayyubid_and_Mamluk_rule" title="Majdal Yaba">Mirabel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Majdal_Yaba" title="Majdal Yaba">Majdal Yaba</a>). By mid-September, Saladin has captured the cities of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a> (blockaded by the Egyptian fleet), along with some 50 Crusader castles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a>–<a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">Siege of Jerusalem</a>: Saladin captures <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, after the Crusaders led by Balian of Ibelin surrender the 'Holy City'. The take-over of the city is relatively peaceful; Saladin agrees to let the Muslims and Christians leave the city, taking with them their goods. Balian joins his wife <a href="/wiki/Maria_Komnene,_Queen_of_Jerusalem" title="Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem">Maria Komnene</a> and family, in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_7"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1187&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Summer – <a href="/wiki/Pillage_of_Sigtuna" title="Pillage of Sigtuna">Pillage of Sigtuna</a>: A fleet of <a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a> enters <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4laren" title="Mälaren">Lake Malar</a> and ravages the coast. The marauders burn <a href="/wiki/Sigtuna" title="Sigtuna">Sigtuna</a> and kill Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Johannes_(Archbishop_of_Uppsala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes (Archbishop of Uppsala)">Johannes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Almarest%C3%A4ket" title="Almarestäket">Almarestäket</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> takes <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio,_Corse-du-Sud" title="Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud">Bonifacio</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a>. Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a> reconciles the differences between the states so that both may be used to expedite shipments to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain_2"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1187&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>November – <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard of Poitou</a>, son of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, take the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Cross</a> to help capture Jerusalem from the Muslims. He empties his coffers for the mission and makes a deal with King <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, giving him full feudal autonomy in return for cash.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa_3"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1187&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Almohad forces under Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_al-Mansur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur">Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur</a> reconquer the city of <a href="/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s" title="Gabès">Gabès</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a> pretender, <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ghaniya" title="Banu Ghaniya">Ali Banu Ghaniya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Picard1997_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picard1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_7"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1187&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a> – Retired-Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Song" title="Emperor Gaozong of Song">Gao Zong</a> dies at the age of 80, having abdicated 58 years ago (see <a href="/wiki/1129" title="1129">1129</a>) after a reign in which he reestablished the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song dynasty</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_6"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1187&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Economy"> Economy</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1187&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orio_Mastropiero" title="Orio Mastropiero">Orio Mastropiero</a>, doge of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, secures loans from the Venetian nobility to finance the siege of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>. Pledging the income from the Salt Office becomes a staple of the city's finance.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_5"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1187&action=edit&section=T-10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a> dies after a 2½-year <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>. He is succeeded by Gregory VIII as the 173rd pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li>October – <a href="/wiki/Joscius,_Archbishop_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre">Josias</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tyre" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tyre">Tyre</a>, arrives in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and informs the Papal Court of the disaster of the Christian slaughter at Hattin by Saladin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a> – Gregory VIII issues the bull <i><a href="/wiki/Audita_tremendi" title="Audita tremendi">Audita tremendi</a></i>, proposing the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> and negotiates with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> (<b>Barbarossa</b>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – Gregory VIII dies after holding the papacy for only 57 days. He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a> as the 174th pope of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1188">1188</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1188" title="1188">1188</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1188&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1188&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_7"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1188&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_8"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1188&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand II of León">Ferdinand II</a> dies after returning from a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>. He is succeeded by his 16-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso IX of León">Alfonso IX</a>, who becomes ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a>. He convenes representatives of the nobility, clergy and towns at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Isidoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Isidoro">Basilica of San Isidoro</a> the Cortes of León. These Corteses are considered to be the first parliament in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.</li> <li>Spring – King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> (<b>Augustus</b>) meet at <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a>, with Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Joscius,_Archbishop_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre">Josias</a> (or <b>Joscius</b>) in attendance. Both kings agree to peace terms, and to contribute to a joint Crusade. It is decided to raise a new tax to pay for the expedition. This tax, known as the <a href="/wiki/Saladin_tithe" title="Saladin tithe">Saladin Tithe</a>, is imposed on the people of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> to raise funds for the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> (<b>Barbarossa</b>) holds a <a href="/wiki/Curia_Christi" title="Curia Christi">Diet at Mainz</a> and takes the Cross, followed by his 21-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia">Frederick IV</a>, and other German nobles. He sends a delegation to present an ultimatum to <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> on <a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a>. With demands to withdraw his Muslim forces from <a href="/wiki/Palestina_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestina (region)">Palestina</a> and to return the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard of Poitou</a>, son of Henry II, allies himself with Philip II and pays him homage. He promises to concede his rights to both <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Anjou" title="County of Anjou">Anjou</a>. Henry is overpowered by Richard's supporters, who chase him from Le Mans to <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>. They force him to accept peace by conceding to all demands, including the recognition of Richard as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cutting_of_the_elm" title="Cutting of the elm">Cutting of the Elm</a>: A meeting of Henry II and Philip II in the field at <a href="/wiki/Gisors" title="Gisors">Gisors</a>, in Normandy. It marks the Franco-Norman peace negotiations, following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">Fall of Jerusalem</a> (see <a href="/wiki/1187" title="1187">1187</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_7"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1188&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(1187)" title="Siege of Tyre (1187)">Siege of Tyre</a>: Muslim forces under Saladin withdraw from <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> after a 1½-month siege. For the Crusaders, the city-port becomes a strategic rallying point for the Christian revival during the Third Crusade.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> – Saladin begins a campaign and marches north but finds <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> too strong to be besieged. He decides to take other Crusader fortifications and signs an 8-month truce with Prince <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_III_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond III of Antioch">Bohemond III of Antioch</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – Saladin besieges the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitaller</a> fortress of <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a>, in Syria. Seeing that the castle is too well defended, instead he decides to march on the Castle of <a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">Margat</a>, which he also fails to capture.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July" title="July">July</a> – Saladin marches through the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Buqaia</a>, and occupies <a href="/wiki/Jableh" title="Jableh">Jabala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Lattakieh</a>. From Lattakieh he turns inland and, after a few days of fierce fighting, takes <a href="/wiki/Sahyun_Castle" title="Sahyun Castle">Sahyun Castle</a> (called <b>Castle of Saladin</b>) on <a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a> is released by Saladin after <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a> is forced to surrender. Guy and his wife, Queen <a href="/wiki/Sibylla,_Queen_of_Jerusalem" title="Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem">Sibylla of Jerusalem</a>, seek refuge in Tyre, which is defended by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad of Montferrat</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_4"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1188&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – Henry II institutes legal reforms that give the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown</a> more control over the administration of justice. He orders <a href="/wiki/Newgate_Prison" title="Newgate Prison">Newgate Prison</a> be built in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Archdeacon <a href="/wiki/Giraldus_Cambrensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giraldus Cambrensis">Giraldus Cambrensis</a> and Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Forde" title="Baldwin of Forde">Baldwin of Forde</a> travel through <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, attempting to recruit men for the Third Crusade.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1189">1189</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1189" title="1189">1189</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1189&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1189&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_8"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1189&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Continental_Europe"> Continental Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1189&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Continental Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I</a> (Barbarossa) sets out from <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, at the head of a German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men, including 4,000 knights). He has ensured that his lands are safe while he is away on crusade and leaves his son <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> in charge of the country. After leaving <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a>, Frederick's army is increased by a contingent of 2,000 men led by Prince <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za,_son_of_G%C3%A9za_II_of_Hungary" title="Géza, son of Géza II of Hungary">Géza</a>, younger brother of King <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III of Hungary</a>. On <a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a>, he arrives at <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a> and is welcomed by <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja" title="Stefan Nemanja">Stefan Nemanja</a>, Grand Prince of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a>. In order to ease his passage, Frederick makes diplomatic contacts with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the Seljuk <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> ("Curtmantle") dies at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon" title="Château de Chinon">Château de Chinon</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, after doing homage to <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a> (Augustus), and surrendering the territories around <a href="/wiki/Issoudun" title="Issoudun">Issoudun</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a>. He ends the hostilities against Philip, by agreeing to the peace terms and pays him 20,000 marks in <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a>. Henry is succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a> ("the Lionheart"), as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and his remaining territories in France.<sup id="cite_ref-King_John'_1961._p._38_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_John'_1961._p._38-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August – Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a> denies any crusader access and begins to hinder the German forces who try to cross his frontier. Frederick I progresses with force, by capturing <a href="/wiki/Philippopolis_(Thrace)" title="Philippopolis (Thrace)">Philippopolis</a> and defeats a Byzantine army (some 3,000 men) that attempts to recapture the city. The Germans are delayed for six months in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ban_Kulin" title="Ban Kulin">Ban Kulin</a>, Bosnian ruler, writes the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Ban_Kulin" title="Charter of Ban Kulin">Charter of Ban Kulin</a>, which becomes a symbolic "birth certificate" of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a> language and statehood.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal" title="Sancho I of Portugal">Sancho I of Portugal</a> ("the Populator") turns his attention towards the Moorish small kingdoms (called <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">taifas</a>) and begins a campaign in the south of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">his kingdom</a>. With the help of crusader forces he conquers the town of <a href="/wiki/Silves,_Portugal" title="Silves, Portugal">Silves</a>. He orders the fortification of the city, builds a castle and styles himself "King of Silves".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II of Sicily</a> ("the Good"), having made peace with Emperor Isaac II and abandoned <a href="/wiki/Thessalonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonika">Thessalonika</a> and other conquests, dies childless at <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. The Sicilian nobles elect <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Tancred, King of Sicily">Tancred of Lecce</a> (illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II</a>) as the new ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, instead of Princess <a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance</a> and her husband Henry VI, to avoid German rule.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Frederick I grants <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> the status of a <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial city</a> and tax-free access (or <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">free-trade zone</a>) up the <a href="/wiki/Unterelbe" title="Unterelbe">Lower Elbe</a> into the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. He also grants the right to fish, to cut trees and the freedom of military service.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain_3"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1189&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>August – <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William Marshal</a> marries the 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Isabel_de_Clare,_4th_Countess_of_Pembroke" title="Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke">Isabel de Clare</a> (daughter of <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">Richard de Clare</a>). Through this marriage, he becomes 1st <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a>, acquiring huge estates in England, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – Richard I is crowned king of England in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. During the coronation, a number of notable Jews are expelled from the banquet and rumours spread that Richard has ordered a massacre of the Jews. This causes an actual <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)#Massacres_at_London_and_York_(1189–1190)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">massacre of the Jews in London</a>; among those killed is <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Jacob of Orléans">Jacob of Orléans</a>, a respected French Jewish scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-King_John'_1961._p._38_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_John'_1961._p._38-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a> – King <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a> ("the Lion") of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> gives Richard I 10,000 marks to buy his kingdom's independence. This overturns the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Falaise" title="Treaty of Falaise">Treaty of Falaise</a> which William had to sign when he was captured in <a href="/wiki/1174" title="1174">1174</a>.</li> <li>December – Richard I sets sail with a crusader army from <a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a> to <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a>. To ensure he has the allegiance of his brother <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a>, Richard approves of his marriage to their cousin <a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Gloucester" title="Isabella, Countess of Gloucester">Isabella of Gloucester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-King_John'_1961._p._38_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_John'_1961._p._38-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Winter – John awards land to <a href="/wiki/Bertram_de_Verdun#Bertram_III_de_Verdun" title="Bertram de Verdun">Bertram de Verdun</a>, a Norman nobleman, and grants <a href="/wiki/Dundalk" title="Dundalk">Dundalk</a> its charter with town privileges; it becomes a strategic Anglo-Norman stronghold in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_8"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1189&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>May – <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> has reconquered the Crusader <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> except for <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>. The castles of <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al_(castle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal (castle)">Montréal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Kerak</a> are captured by Muslim forces. In the north, Saladin has regained the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a> except for <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and the castle of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr,_Syria" title="Al-Qusayr, Syria">Al-Qusayr</a> in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">August 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">Siege of Acre</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a> moves from Tyre, where <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad of Montferrat</a> refuses to hand over the city. Guy and his crusader army (some 7,000 men, including 400 knights) besiege <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. He makes camp outside, to wait for more reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>September – Guy of Lusignan receives reinforcements of some 12,000 men from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, Germany, England, France, and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>. He encircles Acre with a double line of fortified positions. On <a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a>, Saladin launches a failed attack on Guy's camp.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – Guy of Lusignan leads the crusader forces to launch a full-on assault on Saladin's camp. With heavy casualties on both sides, neither force gains the upperhand. On <a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a>, Saladin moves his camp from Acre to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – An Egyptian fleet (some 50 ships) breaks through the crusader blockade at Acre and reinforces the port-city with some 10,000 men, as well as food and weapons.</li> <li>December – An Egyptian fleet reopens communications with Acre. The rest of the winter passes without major incidents, but the supply situation is poor in the besieged city.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_8"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1189&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xiaozong_of_Song" title="Emperor Xiaozong of Song">Xiaozong</a> abdicates in favour of his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Guangzong_of_Song" title="Emperor Guangzong of Song">Guangzong</a> as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. Xiaozong becomes a <i><a href="/wiki/Taishang_Huang" title="Taishang Huang">Taishang Huang</a></i> ("Retired Emperor") and remains as the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> ruler of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_people">Significant people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1180s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significant people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1180s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1180" title="1180">1180</a>, <a href="/wiki/1181" title="1181">1181</a>, <a href="/wiki/1182" title="1182">1182</a>, <a href="/wiki/1183" title="1183">1183</a>, <a href="/wiki/1184" title="1184">1184</a>, <a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>, <a href="/wiki/1186" title="1186">1186</a>, <a href="/wiki/1187" title="1187">1187</a>, <a href="/wiki/1188" title="1188">1188</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1189" title="1189">1189</a></div> <p><b>1180</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Toba" title="Emperor Go-Toba">Go-Toba</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1239" title="1239">1239</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II,_Count_of_Provence" title="Alfonso II, Count of Provence">Alfonso II</a> (<b>Berenguer</b>), count of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile" title="Berengaria of Castile">Berengaria</a> (<b>the Great</b>), queen of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_X_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric X of Sweden">Eric X</a> (<b>Knutsson</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A1n_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_Castro" title="Fernán Gutiérrez de Castro">Fernán Gutiérrez de Castro</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_5th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester">Gilbert de Clare</a>, English nobleman (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guala_de_Roniis" title="Guala de Roniis">Guala de Roniis</a>, Italian priest and bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawise_of_Chester,_1st_Countess_of_Lincoln" title="Hawise of Chester, 1st Countess of Lincoln">Hawise of Chester</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Tayyi" title="Ibn Abi Tayyi">Ibn Abi Tayyi</a>, Syrian historian and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1228" title="1228">1228</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambar_(poet)" title="Kambar (poet)">Kambar</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulus_Hungarus" title="Paulus Hungarus">Paulus Hungarus</a>, Hungarian theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Ibelin_(1180%E2%80%931227)" title="Philip of Ibelin (1180–1227)">Philip of Ibelin</a>, Cypriot nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1227" title="1227">1227</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras" title="Raimbaut de Vaqueiras">Raimbaut de Vaqueiras</a>, French troubadour (d. <a href="/wiki/1207" title="1207">1207</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Bingham" title="Robert de Bingham">Robert de Bingham</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Salisbury" title="Diocese of Salisbury">Salisbury</a> (d. 1246)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Burgate" title="Robert of Burgate">Robert of Burgate</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_Count_of_Ponthieu" title="Simon, Count of Ponthieu">Simon of Dammartin</a>, French nobleman (d. 1239)</li></ul> <p><b>1181</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Farid" title="Ibn al-Farid">Ibn al-Farid</a>, Arab poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Huijong_of_Goryeo" title="Huijong of Goryeo">Huijong</a>, Korean ruler of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1237" title="1237">1237</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Angelina" title="Irene Angelina">Irene Angelina</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1208" title="1208">1208</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_Morosini" title="Marino Morosini">Marino Morosini</a>, doge of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morosini_family" title="Morosini family">House of Morosini</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1253" title="1253">1253</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathilde_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Mathilde of Angoulême">Mathilde of Angoulême</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noblewoman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1233" title="1233">1233</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xianzong_of_Western_Xia" title="Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia">Xian Zong</a>, Chinese emperor of <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1182</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoriie" title="Minamoto no Yoriie">Minamoto no Yoriie</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shogun</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reginald_de_Braose" title="Reginald de Braose">Reginald de Braose</a>, Norman <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1228" title="1228">1228</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios I</a> (<b>Megas Komnenos</b>), emperor of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1222" title="1222">1222</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV</a> (<b>Angelos</b>), Byzantine emperor (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_of_Vergy" title="Alice of Vergy">Alice of Vergy</a>, duchess and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1251" title="1251">1251</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouchard_IV_of_Avesnes" title="Bouchard IV of Avesnes">Bouchard IV</a>, French nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Avesnes_family" title="Avesnes family">House of Avesnes</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aragon,_Countess_of_Toulouse" title="Eleanor of Aragon, Countess of Toulouse">Eleanor of Aragon</a>, Spanish princess and countess (d. <a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enguerrand_III,_Lord_of_Coucy" title="Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy">Enguerrand III</a>, French nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Coucy" title="Lords of Coucy">House of Coucy</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan Order</a> (d. 1226)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Tomoie" title="Fujiwara no Tomoie">Fujiwara no Tomoie</a>, Japanese nobleman and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a>, Mongol general and son of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutgardis" title="Lutgardis">Lutgardis</a> (or <b>Lutgarde</b>), Flemish nun and saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Montpellier" title="Maria of Montpellier">Maria of Montpellier</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a>, Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Buddhist</a> leader (d. 1251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdiana" title="Verdiana">Verdiana</a>, Italian noblewoman and saint (d. 1242)</li></ul> <p><b>1183</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a>, second son of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a> or <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Armenia" title="Philippa of Armenia">Philippa of Armenia</a>, empress consort of Nicaea</li></ul> <p><b>1184</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_of_Winchester,_Lord_of_Luneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="William of Winchester, Lord of Luneburg">William Longsword</a>, lord of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tifashi" title="Ahmad al-Tifashi">Ahmad al-Tifashi</a>, Almohad poet and anthologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1253" title="1253">1253</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor,_Fair_Maid_of_Brittany" title="Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany">Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany</a>, English countess (d. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Hideyoshi" title="Fujiwara no Hideyoshi">Fujiwara no Hideyoshi</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guigues_VI_of_Viennois" title="Guigues VI of Viennois">Guigues VI</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Albon,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Albon, Drôme">Albon</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgundy" title="House of Burgundy">House of Burgundy</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1237" title="1237">1237</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutta_of_Thuringia" title="Jutta of Thuringia">Jutta of Thuringia</a>, margravine of <a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Meissen" title="Margravate of Meissen">Meissen</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1235" title="1235">1235</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Modena" title="William of Modena">William of Modena</a>, Italian bishop and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1251" title="1251">1251</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1185</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal" title="Afonso II of Portugal">Afonso II</a> ("the Fat"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a>, English philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelus_of_Jerusalem" title="Angelus of Jerusalem">Angelus of Jerusalem</a>, Israeli priest and <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_V,_Count_of_Cleves" title="Dietrich V, Count of Cleves">Dietrich V</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_II_of_Berg" title="Engelbert II of Berg">Engelbert II</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cologne" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne">Cologne</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Reishi" title="Fujiwara no Reishi">Fujiwara no Reishi</a>, Japanese empress consort (d. <a href="/wiki/1243" title="1243">1243</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_III,_Count_of_Guelders" title="Gerard III, Count of Guelders">Gerard III</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Zutphen" title="County of Zutphen">Zutphen</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1229" title="1229">1229</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Merania" title="Gertrude of Merania">Gertrude of Merania</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inge_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Inge II of Norway">Inge II</a> (Bårdsson), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Chernigov" title="Michael of Chernigov">Michael of Chernigov</a>, Kievan Grand Prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_II,_Earl_of_Dunbar" title="Patrick II, Earl of Dunbar">Patrick II, Earl of Dunbar</a>, Anglo-Scottish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Roger_Trencavel" title="Raymond Roger Trencavel">Raymond Roger Trencavel</a>, French nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III,_Count_of_Dreux" title="Robert III, Count of Dreux">Robert III</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Dreux" title="Dreux">Dreux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Braine,_Aisne" title="Braine, Aisne">Braine</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a>, Persian poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancred_Tancredi" title="Tancred Tancredi">Tancred of Siena</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1186</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_of_Rostov" title="Konstantin of Rostov">Konstantin of Rostov</a>, Prince of <a href="/wiki/Velikiy_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Velikiy Novgorod">Novgorod</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a>, third son and successor of Genghis Khan (d. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>date unknown or approximate</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checheyigen" title="Checheyigen">Checheyigen</a>, second daughter of Genghis Khan (d. after 1253)</li> <li>Queen <a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Urraca of Castile, Queen of Portugal">Urraca of Portugal</a>, wife of King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal" title="Afonso II of Portugal">Afonso II of Portugal</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Ci" title="Song Ci">Song Ci</a>, Chinese physician and judge (d. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_Sicily" title="William III of Sicily">William III of Sicily</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1187</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_I,_Count_of_Urgell" title="Peter I, Count of Urgell">Peter I</a> (<b>Pedro</b>), count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Urgell" title="County of Urgell">Urgell</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Arthur I, Duke of Brittany">Arthur I</a> (or <b>Arzhur</b>), duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1203" title="1203">1203</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Abi'l-Dam">Ibn Abi'l-Dam</a>, Syrian historian and judge (d. <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">September 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII</a> (<b>the Lion</b>), French king (d. <a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_of_Salisbury,_3rd_Countess_of_Salisbury" title="Ela of Salisbury, 3rd Countess of Salisbury">Ela of Salisbury</a>, 3rd countess of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Earl of Salisbury">Salisbury</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1261" title="1261">1261</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundisalvus_of_Amarante" title="Gundisalvus of Amarante">Gundisalvus of Amarante</a>, Portuguese priest (d. <a href="/wiki/1259" title="1259">1259</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_III_of_Alamut" title="Hassan III of Alamut">Hassan III</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismaili State</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1221" title="1221">1221</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Adlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Adlan">Ibn 'Adlan</a>, Ayyubid <a href="/wiki/History_of_cryptography#Medieval_cryptography" title="History of cryptography">cryptologist</a> and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1268" title="1268">1268</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koga_Michiteru" title="Koga Michiteru">Koga Michiteru</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Kezhuang" title="Liu Kezhuang">Liu Kezhuang</a>, Chinese poet and literary critic (d. <a href="/wiki/1269" title="1269">1269</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Peter I, Duke of Brittany">Peter I</a> (<b>Mauclerc</b>), duke and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of Brittany (d. <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_IV_Rurikovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir IV Rurikovich">Vladimir IV</a> (<b>Rurikovich</b>), Kievan Grand Prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1239" title="1239">1239</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1188</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a>, queen and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Ferdinand, Count of Flanders">Ferdinand</a> (or <b>Ferrand</b>), count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1233" title="1233">1233</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">November 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a>, Kievan Grand Prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1238" title="1238">1238</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_IV,_Count_of_Habsburg" title="Albert IV, Count of Habsburg">Albert IV</a> (<b>the Wise</b>), German <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1239" title="1239">1239</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_I,_Countess_of_Nevers" title="Matilda I, Countess of Nevers">Matilda I</a>, countess of <a href="/wiki/County_and_Duchy_of_Nevers" class="mw-redirect" title="County and Duchy of Nevers">Nevers</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Auxerre" title="County of Auxerre">Auxerre</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tonnerre" title="County of Tonnerre">Tonnerre</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1257" title="1257">1257</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si_Inthrathit" title="Si Inthrathit">Si Inthrathit</a>, Thai founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1189</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Nasir_al-Din_Muhammad" title="Al-Mansur Nasir al-Din Muhammad">Al-Mansur Nasir al-Din Muhammad</a>, Ayyubid sultan (d. <a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archambaud_VIII_of_Bourbon" title="Archambaud VIII of Bourbon">Archambaud VIII</a> ("the Great"), Bourbon <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Castile_(died_1211)" title="Ferdinand of Castile (died 1211)">Ferdinand of Castile</a>, Spanish prince (<i><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">infante</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Pettinaio" title="Pietro Pettinaio">Pietro Pettinaio</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Comb" title="Comb">comb</a>-maker and saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1289" title="1289">1289</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nolasco" title="Peter Nolasco">Peter Nolasco</a>, French religious leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1256" title="1256">1256</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skule_B%C3%A5rdsson" title="Skule Bårdsson">Skule Bårdsson</a>, Norwegian nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukaphaa" title="Sukaphaa">Sukaphaa</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a> in Assam (d. <a href="/wiki/1268" title="1268">1268</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1180" title="1180">1180</a>, <a href="/wiki/1181" title="1181">1181</a>, <a href="/wiki/1182" title="1182">1182</a>, <a href="/wiki/1183" title="1183">1183</a>, <a href="/wiki/1184" title="1184">1184</a>, <a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a>, <a href="/wiki/1186" title="1186">1186</a>, <a href="/wiki/1187" title="1187">1187</a>, <a href="/wiki/1188" title="1188">1188</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1189" title="1189">1189</a></div> <p><b>1180</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_I,_Count_of_Berg-Altena" title="Eberhard I, Count of Berg-Altena">Eberhard I</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Berg_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg (state)">Berg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Altena" title="Altena">Altena</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1140" title="1140">1140</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Soběslav II, Duke of Bohemia">Soběslav II</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1128" title="1128">1128</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Traba" title="Teresa Fernández de Traba">Teresa Fernández de Traba</a>, queen of León</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadi" title="Al-Mustadi">Al-Mustadi</a>, caliph of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1142" title="1142">1142</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yorimasa" title="Minamoto no Yorimasa">Minamoto no Yorimasa</a>, Japanese military leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1106" title="1106">1106</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Mochihito" title="Prince Mochihito">Mochihito</a>, Japanese prince and son of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Shirakawa" title="Emperor Go-Shirakawa">Go-Shirakawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Turan-Shah" title="Turan-Shah">Turan-Shah</a>, Ayyubid emir (prince) of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Alfonso_of_Castile" title="Stephanie Alfonso of Castile">Stephanie</a> (<b>the Unfortunate</b>), Spanish noblewoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_of_Sens" title="William of Sens">William of Sens</a> (or <b>Guillaume</b>), French <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a> (<b>the Younger</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1120" title="1120">1120</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I</a> (<b>Komnenos</b>), Byzantine emperor (b. <a href="/wiki/1118" title="1118">1118</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amalric_of_Nesle" title="Amalric of Nesle">Amalric of Nesle</a>, French prelate and Latin patriarch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a>, English philosopher and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lorc%C3%A1n_Ua_Tuathail" title="Lorcán Ua Tuathail">Lorcán Ua Tuathail</a>, Irish archbishop (b. 1128)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a>, Spanish-Jewish philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1110" title="1110">1110</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_%E1%B9%AC%C4%81hir_al-Silaf%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Ṭāhir al-Silafī">Abū Ṭāhir al-Silafī</a>, Fatimid scholar and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1079" title="1079">1079</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">John Tzetzes</a>, Byzantine poet and <a href="/wiki/Modistae" title="Modistae">grammarian</a> (b. 1110)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joscelin_of_Louvain" title="Joscelin of Louvain">Joscelin of Louvain</a>, Flemish nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1121" title="1121">1121</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raynerius_of_Split" title="Raynerius of Split">Raynerius of Split</a>, Italian monk and archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Shuzhen" title="Zhu Shuzhen">Zhu Shuzhen</a>, Chinese poet and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1135" title="1135">1135</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1181</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">January 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Takakura" title="Emperor Takakura">Takakura</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1161" title="1161">1161</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Count_of_Champagne" title="Henry I, Count of Champagne">Henry I</a> (<b>the Liberal</b>), French nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1127" title="1127">1127</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Kiyomori" title="Taira no Kiyomori">Taira no Kiyomori</a>, Japanese military leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1118" title="1118">1118</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_III_de_Montfort" title="Simon III de Montfort">Simon III de Montfort</a>, French nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1117" title="1117">1117</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_II_of_Aquileia" title="Ulrich II of Aquileia">Ulrich II von Treven</a>, patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_III,_Count_of_Provence" title="Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence">Ramon Berenguer III</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Cyfeiliog,_5th_Earl_of_Chester" title="Hugh of Cyfeiliog, 5th Earl of Chester">Hugh de Kevelioc</a>, English politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1147" title="1147">1147</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guichard_of_Pontigny" title="Guichard of Pontigny">Guichard of Pontigny</a>, French archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herman,_Duke_of_Carinthia" title="Herman, Duke of Carinthia">Herman II</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Sponheim_family" title="Sponheim family">House of Sponheim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Meissen" title="Adela of Meissen">Adela of Meissen</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">November 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Pont_L%27%C3%89v%C3%AAque" title="Roger de Pont L'Évêque">Roger de Pont L'Évêque</a>, Norman archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galgano_Guidotti" title="Galgano Guidotti">Galgano Guidotti</a>, Italian nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1148" title="1148">1148</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_the_Welshman" title="Adam the Welshman">Adam the Welshman</a>, Welsh theologian and bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail_al-Malik" title="As-Salih Ismail al-Malik">As-Salih Ismail al-Malik</a>, Zangid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1163" title="1163">1163</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas,_Archbishop_of_Esztergom" title="Lucas, Archbishop of Esztergom">Lucas</a> (or <b>Luke</b>), archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Esztergom%E2%80%93Budapest" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom–Budapest">Esztergom</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1120" title="1120">1120</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serlo_of_Wilton" title="Serlo of Wilton">Serlo of Wilton</a>, English poet and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1105" title="1105">1105</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shi_(scholar)" title="Zhang Shi (scholar)">Zhang Shi</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1133" title="1133">1133</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1182</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_13" title="January 13">January 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Austria_(1150s%E2%80%931182)" title="Agnes of Austria (1150s–1182)">Agnes of Austria</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar I of Denmark">Valdemar I</a> (<b>the Great</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1131" title="1131">1131</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_16" title="May 16">May 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_Vatatzes" title="John Komnenos Vatatzes">John Komnenos Vatatzes</a>, Byzantine general</li> <li>July – <a href="/wiki/Maria_Komnene_(daughter_of_Manuel_I)" title="Maria Komnene (daughter of Manuel I)">Maria Komnene</a>, Byzantine princess (poisoned) (b. <a href="/wiki/1152" title="1152">1152</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July – <a href="/wiki/Renier_of_Montferrat" title="Renier of Montferrat">Renier of Montferrat</a> (the <i>Caesar</i> John), Italian husband of Maria Komnene (poisoned) (b. <a href="/wiki/1162" title="1162">1162</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marie_I,_Countess_of_Boulogne" title="Marie I, Countess of Boulogne">Maria I</a>, countess of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Boulogne" title="County of Boulogne">Boulogne</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1136" title="1136">1136</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pietro_da_Pavia" title="Pietro da Pavia">Pietro da Pavia</a>, Italian cardinal-bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Loritello" title="Robert III of Loritello">Robert III</a>, Italo-Norman nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Peche" title="Richard Peche">Richard Peche</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Lichfield" title="Diocese of Lichfield">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed-Al-Kabeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed-Al-Kabeer">Ahmed-Al-Kabeer</a>, Arab preacher and teacher (b. <a href="/wiki/1119" title="1119">1119</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Shah" title="Farrukh Shah">Farrukh Shah</a>, Ayyubid ruler and nephew of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kiyoko" title="Fujiwara no Kiyoko">Fujiwara no Kiyoko</a>, Japanese empress (b. <a href="/wiki/1122" title="1122">1122</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Count_of_Guelders" title="Henry I, Count of Guelders">Henry I</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Zutphen" title="County of Zutphen">Zutphen</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1117" title="1117">1117</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Etherianus" title="Hugo Etherianus">Hugo Etherianus</a>, Italian cardinal and adviser (b. <a href="/wiki/1115" title="1115">1115</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_of_Turov" title="Kirill of Turov">Cyril of Turov</a> (or <b>Kirill</b>), Russian bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Antioch" title="Maria of Antioch">Maria of Antioch</a>, Byzantine empress (b. <a href="/wiki/1145" title="1145">1145</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Tsemo" title="Sonam Tsemo">Sonam Tsemo</a>, Tibetan Buddhist leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1142" title="1142">1142</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Boju" title="Zhao Boju">Zhao Boju</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painter</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1120" title="1120">1120</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1183</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1167" title="1167">1167</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Fitz_Robert,_2nd_Earl_of_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester">William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1116" title="1116">1116</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Gongye" title="Queen Gongye">Queen Gongye</a>, Korean queen consort (b. <a href="/wiki/1109" title="1109">1109</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1184</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theodora_Komnene,_Duchess_of_Austria" title="Theodora Komnene, Duchess of Austria">Theodora Komnene</a>, duchess of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_13" title="January 13">January 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gerard_la_Pucelle" title="Gerard la Pucelle">Gerard la Pucelle</a>, English bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1117" title="1117">1117</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Dover" title="Richard of Dover">Richard of Dover</a>, English archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imai_Kanehira" title="Imai Kanehira">Imai Kanehira</a>, Japanese military leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1152" title="1152">1152</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshinaka" title="Minamoto no Yoshinaka">Minamoto no Yoshinaka</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shogun</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Georgia" title="George III of Georgia">George III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">House of Bagrationi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eckbert_of_Sch%C3%B6nau" title="Eckbert of Schönau">Eckbert of Schönau</a> (or Egbert), German <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> abbot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magnus_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus V of Norway">Magnus V</a> (Erlingsson), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1156" title="1156">1156</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf">Abu Yaqub Yusuf</a>, Almohad caliph (<a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1135" title="1135">1135</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Torroja" title="Arnold of Torroja">Arnold of Torroja</a>, Catalan Grand Master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siegfried,_Prince-Archbishop_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Siegfried, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen">Siegfried</a>, prince-archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Bremen" title="Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen">Bremen</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1132" title="1132">1132</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_I,_Countess_of_Burgundy" title="Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy">Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy</a>, Holy Roman Empress consortr (b. <a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Beaumont,_3rd_Earl_of_Warwick" title="William de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Warwick">William de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Warwick</a>, English nobleman</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Josceline_de_Bohon" title="Josceline de Bohon">Josceline de Bohon</a>, English bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1111" title="1111">1111</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Tosny" title="Simon de Tosny">Simon de Tosny</a>, Norman-Scottish bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aindr%C3%A9as_of_Caithness" title="Aindréas of Caithness">Aindréas of Caithness</a>, Gaelic-Scottish monk and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Bayan_ibn_al-Mudawwar" title="Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar">Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar</a>, Jewish physician (b. <a href="/wiki/1101" title="1101">1101</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Antioch" title="Agnes of Antioch">Agnes of Antioch</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimaldo_Canella" title="Grimaldo Canella">Grimaldo Canella</a>, Italian nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Grimaldi" title="House of Grimaldi">House of Grimaldi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Tao_(historian)" title="Li Tao (historian)">Li Tao</a> (or Renfu), Chinese historian and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1115" title="1115">1115</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Castro_(Grand_Master_of_the_Order_of_Santiago)" title="Pedro Fernández de Castro (Grand Master of the Order of Santiago)">Pedro Fernández de Castro (Grand Master of the Order of Santiago)</a>, Spanish nobleman (b. 1115)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasaki_Hideyoshi" title="Sasaki Hideyoshi">Sasaki Hideyoshi</a>, Japanese nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1112" title="1112">1112</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Atsumori" title="Taira no Atsumori">Taira no Atsumori</a>, Japanese warrior and samurai (b. <a href="/wiki/1169" title="1169">1169</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Koremori" title="Taira no Koremori">Taira no Koremori</a>, Japanese nobleman (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Tadanori" title="Taira no Tadanori">Taira no Tadanori</a>, Japanese warrior and general (b. <a href="/wiki/1144" title="1144">1144</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Vesci" title="William de Vesci">William de Vesci</a>, High Sheriff of <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1125" title="1125">1125</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1185</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_I,_Margrave_of_Lusatia" title="Theodoric I, Margrave of Lusatia">Theodoric I</a>, margrave of <a href="/wiki/March_of_Lusatia" title="March of Lusatia">Lusatia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin IV of Jerusalem">Baldwin IV</a> ("the Leper King"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1161" title="1161">1161</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sat%C5%8D_Tsugunobu" title="Satō Tsugunobu">Satō Tsugunobu</a>, Japanese warrior (b. <a href="/wiki/1158" title="1158">1158</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dan-no-ura" title="Battle of Dan-no-ura">Battle of Dan-no-Ura</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Antoku" title="Emperor Antoku">Antoku</a>, child-emperor of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1178" title="1178">1178</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Tokiko" title="Taira no Tokiko">Taira no Tokiko</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhist</a> nun (b. <a href="/wiki/1126" title="1126">1126</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Norimori" title="Taira no Norimori">Taira no Norimori</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1128" title="1128">1128</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Noritsune" title="Taira no Noritsune">Taira no Noritsune</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Tomomori" title="Taira no Tomomori">Taira no Tomomori</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1152" title="1152">1152</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Tsunemori" title="Taira no Tsunemori">Taira no Tsunemori</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1124" title="1124">1124</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richeza_of_Poland,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Richeza of Poland, Queen of Castile">Richeza of Poland</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1140" title="1140">1140</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">May 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Makrodoukas" title="Constantine Makrodoukas">Constantine Makrodoukas</a>, Byzantine nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Munemori" title="Taira no Munemori">Taira no Munemori</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1147" title="1147">1147</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stefan_(archbishop_of_Uppsala)" title="Stefan (archbishop of Uppsala)">Stefan</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Uppsala" title="Archdiocese of Uppsala">Uppsala</a> (b. before <a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hagiochristophorites" title="Stephen Hagiochristophorites">Stephen Hagiochristophorites</a>, Byzantine official</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a>, Byzantine emperor, assassinated (b. <a href="/wiki/1118" title="1118">1118</a>)</li> <li>September – <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)</a>, Byzantine co-emperor, assassinated (b. <a href="/wiki/1159" title="1159">1159</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1097" title="1097">1097</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">Afonso I</a> ("the Great"), king of Portugal (b. <a href="/wiki/1109" title="1109">1109</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suhayli" title="Al-Suhayli">Abd Allah al-Suhayli</a>, Moorish scholar and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1114" title="1114">1114</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_II" title="Bhāskara II">Bhāskara</a> ("the Teacher"), Indian mathematician (b. 1114)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Castro" title="Fernando Rodríguez de Castro">Fernando Rodríguez de Castro</a>, Spanish nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1125" title="1125">1125</a>) (after August 16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a>, Arab-Andalusian <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1105" title="1105">1105</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1el_%C3%8Dosa_Ua_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Máel Íosa Ua Dálaigh">Máel Íosa Ua Dálaigh</a>, Irish <a href="/wiki/Ollamh_%C3%89renn" title="Ollamh Érenn">Ollamh Érenn</a> (chief bard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Shigehira" title="Taira no Shigehira">Taira no Shigehira</a>, Japanese general, executed (b. 1158)</li></ul> <p><b>1186</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ismat_ad-Din_Khatun" title="Ismat ad-Din Khatun">Ismat ad-Din Khatun</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> or <a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> or <a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Torigni" title="Robert of Torigni">Robert of Torigni</a><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yukiie" title="Minamoto no Yukiie">Minamoto no Yukiie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> warlord<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1158" title="1158">1158</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_V_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin V of Jerusalem">Baldwin V of Jerusalem</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1177" title="1177">1177</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Tyre">Archbishop of Tyre</a> (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Berthold_IV,_Duke_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="Berthold IV, Duke of Zähringen">Berthold IV, Duke of Zähringen</a> (b.c <a href="/wiki/1125" title="1125">1125</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1187</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Foliot" title="Gilbert Foliot">Gilbert Foliot</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_London" title="Diocese of London">London</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1110" title="1110">1110</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bogus%C5%82aw_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Bogusław I, Duke of Pomerania">Bogusław I</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomerania</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Moulins" title="Roger de Moulins">Roger de Moulins</a>, French Grand Master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ruben_III,_Prince_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruben III, Prince of Armenia">Ruben III</a> (or <b>Roupen</b>), Armenian ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1145" title="1145">1145</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Raynald of Châtillon">Raynald of Châtillon</a>, prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Antioch</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1125" title="1125">1125</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Osmomysl" title="Yaroslav Osmomysl">Yaroslav Osmomysl</a>, Galician prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1135" title="1135">1135</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1120" title="1120">1120</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Song" title="Emperor Gaozong of Song">Gao Zong</a>, Chinese emperor (b. <a href="/wiki/1107" title="1107">1107</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%B8%C3%B0r_%C3%93l%C3%A1fsson" title="Guðrøðr Óláfsson">Guðrøðr Óláfsson</a>, Norse king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Hidehira" title="Fujiwara no Hidehira">Fujiwara no Hidehira</a>, Japanese nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a>, pope of the Catholic Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-l-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Ruburtayr" title="Abu-l-Hasan Ali ibn Ruburtayr">Abu-l-Hasan Ali ibn Ruburtayr</a>, Catalan mercenary general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Branas" title="Alexios Branas">Alexios Branas</a>, Byzantine nobleman and usurper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarembald_of_Arras" title="Clarembald of Arras">Clarembald of Arras</a>, French theologian and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona" title="Gerard of Cremona">Gerard of Cremona</a>, Italian translator and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1114" title="1114">1114</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guecellone_II_da_Camino" title="Guecellone II da Camino">Guecellone II</a>, Italian nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Da_Camino" title="Da Camino">House of Da Camino</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli" title="Raymond III, Count of Tripoli">Raymond III</a>, crusader and count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">Tripoli</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1140" title="1140">1140</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_of_St._Albans" title="Robert of St. Albans">Robert of St. Albans</a>, English nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_%C3%81lvarez" title="Rodrigo Álvarez">Rodrigo Álvarez</a>, Galician nobleman and crusader</li></ul> <p><b>1188</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Ferdinand II of León">Ferdinand II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1137" title="1137">1137</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eysteinn_Erlendsson" title="Eysteinn Erlendsson">Eysteinn Erlendsson</a>, Norwegian archbishop<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1188 – Death of <a href="/wiki/Seljuki_Khatun" title="Seljuki Khatun">Seljuki Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_11" title="October 11">October 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Count_of_Dreux" title="Robert I, Count of Dreux">Robert I</a> (<b>the Great</b>), count of <a href="/wiki/Dreux" title="Dreux">Dreux</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1123" title="1123">1123</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theobald_of_Ostia" title="Theobald of Ostia">Theobald of Ostia</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Usama_ibn_Munqidh" title="Usama ibn Munqidh">Usama ibn Munqidh</a>, Arabian poet and <a href="/wiki/Furusiyya" title="Furusiyya">knight</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1095" title="1095">1095</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Berthold_I_of_Istria" title="Berthold I of Istria">Berthold I</a>, margrave of <a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Ilchester" title="Richard of Ilchester">Richard of Ilchester</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Winchester" title="Diocese of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoife_MacMurrough" title="Aoife MacMurrough">Aoife MacMurrough</a> (or <b>Eva</b>), princess of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1145" title="1145">1145</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guigo_II" title="Guigo II">Guigo II</a>, prior of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Chartreuse" title="Grande Chartreuse">Grande Chatreuse</a><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_the_Chaplain" title="Hugh the Chaplain">Hugh the Chaplain</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_St_Andrews" title="Archdiocese of St Andrews">Cell Rigmonaid (St. Andrews)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Mowbray_(died_1188)" title="Roger de Mowbray (died 1188)">Roger de Mowbray</a>, English nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1120" title="1120">1120</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1189</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Marcy" title="Henry of Marcy">Henry of Marcy</a>, French cardinal-bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1136" title="1136">1136</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Jin" title="Emperor Shizong of Jin">Shizong</a> (or Wulu), Chinese emperor (b. <a href="/wiki/1123" title="1123">1123</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_of_Sempringham" title="Gilbert of Sempringham">Gilbert of Sempringham</a>, English priest (b. <a href="/wiki/1085" title="1085">1085</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Humbert_III,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Humbert III, Count of Savoy">Humbert III</a> ("the Blessed"), count of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> (b. 1136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Frederick, Duke of Bohemia">Frederick</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (<a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">House of Přemyslid</a>)</li> <li>c. April – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Cressy" title="Hugh de Cressy">Hugh de Cressy</a>, Norman nobleman and constable</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune" title="Minamoto no Yoshitsune">Minamoto no Yoshitsune</a>, Japanese general (b. <a href="/wiki/1159" title="1159">1159</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Folmar_of_Karden" title="Folmar of Karden">Folmar of Karden</a>, German archbishop (b. 1135)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_England,_Duchess_of_Saxony" title="Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony">Matilda of England</a>, duchess of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1156" title="1156">1156</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1133" title="1133">1133</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Princess_Muneko" title="Princess Muneko">Muneko</a>, Japanese princess and empress (b. <a href="/wiki/1126" title="1126">1126</a>)</li> <li>August 20 or 21 – <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ridel_(bishop_of_Ely)" title="Geoffrey Ridel (bishop of Ely)">Geoffrey Ridel</a>, English bishop and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Jacob of Orléans">Jacob of Orléans</a>, French Jewish scholar</li> <li>c. September – <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_York" title="Benedict of York">Benedict of York</a>, English banker and <a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">moneylender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_of_Brienne" title="André of Brienne">André of Brienne</a>, French nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1135" title="1135">1135</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_de_Ridefort" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard de Ridefort">Gerard de Ridefort</a>, Flemish <a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="List of grand masters of the Knights Templar">Grand Master</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1140" title="1140">1140</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yasuhira" title="Fujiwara no Yasuhira">Fujiwara no Yasuhira</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II</a> ("the Good"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1153" title="1153">1153</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_de_Mandeville,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex" title="William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex">William de Mandeville</a>, English nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a>, Persian astronomer, poet and writer (b. 1126)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benkei" title="Benkei">Benkei</a>, Japanese warrior monk (<i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">sōhei</a></i>) (b. 1155)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conchobar_Maenmaige_Ua_Conchobair" title="Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair">Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair</a>, Irish king (assassinated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon,_Count_of_Montaigu_and_Duras" title="Conon, Count of Montaigu and Duras">Conon II</a> (or Cono), count of <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Montaigu" title="Counts of Montaigu">Montaigu</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Duras" title="County of Duras">Duras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Hungary,_Duchess_of_Bohemia" title="Elizabeth of Hungary, Duchess of Bohemia">Elizabeth of Hungary</a>, German duchess (b. <a href="/wiki/1145" title="1145">1145</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Paduinan" title="Hugh de Paduinan">Hugh de Paduinan</a>, Scoto-Norman nobleman and Crusader (b. 1140)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Morville" title="Richard de Morville">Richard de Morville</a>, Scottish <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Constable_of_Scotland" title="Lord High Constable of Scotland">Lord High Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Bobone_(12th_century)" title="Romano Bobone (12th century)">Romano Bobone</a>, Italian cardinal and papal legate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Tracy" title="William de Tracy">William de Tracy</a>, English nobleman and knight</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1180s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, pp. 347–348. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Picard1997-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Picard1997_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picard1997_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picard1997_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picard1997_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picard1997_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picard1997_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picard1997_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPicard1997" class="citation book cs1">Picard, Christophe (1997). <i>La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle</i>. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+mer+et+les+musulmans+d%27Occident+VIIIe-XIIIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 343. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (2011). Osprey: Command 12 - Saladin, p. 24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-317-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-317-1">978-1-84908-317-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 346. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sansom-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sansom_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSansom1958" class="citation book cs1">Sansom, George (1958). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjapanto00sans"><i>A History of Japan to 1334</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjapanto00sans/page/277">277</a>–281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804705232" title="Special:BookSources/0804705232"><bdi>0804705232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Japan+to+1334&rft.pages=277-281&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0804705232&rft.aulast=Sansom&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofjapanto00sans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnbull2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull1998" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (1998). <i>The Samurai Sourcebook</i>. Cassell & Co. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1854095234" title="Special:BookSources/1854095234"><bdi>1854095234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samurai+Sourcebook&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1854095234&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnbull3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull3_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull1977" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (1977). <i>The Samurai, A Military History</i>. MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0026205408" title="Special:BookSources/0026205408"><bdi>0026205408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samurai%2C+A+Military+History&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=MacMillan+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0026205408&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818124242/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">"Geography at about.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm">the original</a> on August 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+at+about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeography.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fweekly%2Faa011201a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baldwin2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baldwin2006_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2006" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, John (2006). <i>Paris 1200</i>. Paris: Aubier. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+1200&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Aubier&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradbury, Jim. (1997). <i>Philip Augustus: King of France 1180–1223</i>, p. 245. The Medieval World (1st ed.). Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-06059-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-06059-3">978-0-582-06059-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Hywel (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 128. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephenson, Paul (2000). <i>Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204</i>, p. 281. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02756-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02756-4">978-0-521-02756-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 351. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0241-29876-3">978-0241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SVm_Ycxj6p0C&pg=PA103"><i>Mélanges d'histoire de la médecine hébraïque</i>, by Gad Freudenthal, Samuel S. Kottek, Paul Fenton compiled by Gad Freudenthal, Samuel S. Kottek published by Brill, 2002</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12522-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12522-1">90-04-12522-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12522-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12522-3">978-90-04-12522-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, pp. 348–349. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._352-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._352_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._352_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 352. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beeler, John (1971). <i>Warfare in Feudal Europe, 730–1200</i>, p. 138. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9120-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9120-7">0-8014-9120-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._353-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._353_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_Runciman_1952_p._353_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 353. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 354. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber, Malcolm (2012). <i>The Crusader States</i>, p. 284. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11312-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11312-9">978-0-300-11312-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradbury, Jim (1997). <i>Philip Augustus: King of France 1180–1223</i>, p. 53. The Medieval World (1st ed.). Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-06059-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-06059-3">978-0-582-06059-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makk, Ferenc (1989). <i>The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century</i>, p. 116. (Translated by György Novák). Akadémiai Kiadó. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-05-5268-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-05-5268-4">978-963-05-5268-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norman_adversaries1182-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-norman_adversaries1182_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbelsBachrach,_Bernard_S.2001" class="citation book cs1">Abels, Richard Philip; Bachrach, Bernard S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jOic9EEo3PIC&q=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italy"><i>The Normans and their adversaries at war</i></a>. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-847-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-847-1"><bdi>0-85115-847-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Normans+and+their+adversaries+at+war&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-85115-847-1&rft.aulast=Abels&rft.aufirst=Richard+Philip&rft.au=Bachrach%2C+Bernard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjOic9EEo3PIC%26q%3DThe%2Boccasion%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bcoming%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNormans%2Bto%2Bsouthern%2BItaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asbridge, Thomas (2015). <i>The Greatest Knight: The Remarkable Life of William Marshal, Power Behind Five English Thrones</i>, pp. 140–146. London: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEastmond2016" class="citation book cs1">Eastmond, Antony (2016) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swVBDgAAQBAJ&q=1183+Andronikos+I+Komnenos&pg=PA111"><i>Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond</i></a>. Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Monographs. Vol. 10. London and New York: Routledge. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351957229" title="Special:BookSources/9781351957229"><bdi>9781351957229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Identity+in+Thirteenth-Century+Byzantium%3A+Hagia+Sophia+and+the+Empire+of+Trebizond&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Birmingham+Byzantine+and+Ottoman+Monographs&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781351957229&rft.aulast=Eastmond&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswVBDgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1183%2BAndronikos%2BI%2BKomnenos%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregory2010" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Timothy E. (2010) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KIFJiOCSYc8C&q=1183+Andronikos+I+Komnenos&pg=PA309"><i>A History of Byzantium</i></a> (Second ed.). Malden, MA, Oxford and Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444359978" title="Special:BookSources/9781444359978"><bdi>9781444359978</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA%2C+Oxford+and+Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=309&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781444359978&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Timothy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKIFJiOCSYc8C%26q%3D1183%2BAndronikos%2BI%2BKomnenos%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 349. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaccagni2016" class="citation journal cs1">Raccagni, Gianluca (2016-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/22081965/Raccagni_When_the_emperor.pdf">"When the Emperor Submitted to his Rebellious Subjects: A Neglected and Innovative Legal Account of the Peace of Constance, 1183"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>131</b> (550): <span class="nowrap">519–</span>539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcew173">10.1093/ehr/cew173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/22081965/Raccagni_When_the_emperor.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=When+the+Emperor+Submitted+to+his+Rebellious+Subjects%3A+A+Neglected+and+Innovative+Legal+Account+of+the+Peace+of+Constance%2C+1183&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=550&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E519-%3C%2Fspan%3E539&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcew173&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft.aulast=Raccagni&rft.aufirst=Gianluca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pure.ed.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F22081965%2FRaccagni_When_the_emperor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSismondi1832" class="citation book cs1">Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gJ4LAAAAYAAJ&q=1183+Peace+of+Constance&pg=PA61"><i>A History of the Italian Republics: Being a View of the Rise, Progress, and Fall of Italian Freedom</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: Carey & Lea. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Italian+Republics%3A+Being+a+View+of+the+Rise%2C+Progress%2C+and+Fall+of+Italian+Freedom&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Carey+%26+Lea&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Sismondi&rft.aufirst=Jean-Charles-L%C3%A9onard+Simonde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgJ4LAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D1183%2BPeace%2Bof%2BConstance%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gillespie, Alexander (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xY5RDQAAQBAJ&q=1183+Peace+of+Constance&pg=PA65"><i>The Causes of War</i></a>. Vol. II: 1000 CE to 1400 CE. Oxford and Portland, OR: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782259541" title="Special:BookSources/9781782259541"><bdi>9781782259541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Causes+of+War&rft.place=Oxford+and+Portland%2C+OR&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781782259541&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxY5RDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D1183%2BPeace%2Bof%2BConstance%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDas2000" class="citation web cs1">Das, Deb K. (22 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/NATIONAL/ICC_MEMBERS/USA/HISTORYX.html">"1300 YEARS of Cricket: 700 to 2000 AD"</a>. <i>ESPNcricinfo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Joseph of Exeter, in 1183, gives the first complete description of this co-ed community activity. A ball is thrown at (and hit by) a batter wielding a staff which looks like today's baseball bat...the batter protects a piece of wood, perhaps a log or tree-stump, resting on a gate-like stand(could this be the origin of the term "stumps" in modern cricket?)...fielders are positioned all around, squires in front of the "wicket" and serfs behind...... This sport has clearly been going on for some time, and Joseph of Exeter calls it a "merrye" weekend recreation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPNcricinfo&rft.atitle=1300+YEARS+of+Cricket%3A+700+to+2000+AD&rft.date=2000-11-22&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Deb+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.espncricinfo.com%2Fdb%2FNATIONAL%2FICC_MEMBERS%2FUSA%2FHISTORYX.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGöttlerMochizuki2017" class="citation book cs1">Göttler, Christine; Mochizuki, Mia (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyk_DwAAQBAJ&q=1183+Emperor+Go-Toba&pg=PA443"><i>The Nomadic Object: The Challenge of World for Early Modern Religious Art</i></a>. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004354500" title="Special:BookSources/9789004354500"><bdi>9789004354500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nomadic+Object%3A+The+Challenge+of+World+for+Early+Modern+Religious+Art&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004354500&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ttler&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Mochizuki%2C+Mia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duyk_DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1183%2BEmperor%2BGo-Toba%26pg%3DPA443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownIshida1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Delmer Myers; Ishida, Ichirō, eds. (1998) [1979]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8rKCOSmKEMC&q=1183+Emperor+Go-Toba&pg=PA31"><i>The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333)</i></a>. Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles & London: Stanford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804763882" title="Special:BookSources/9780804763882"><bdi>9780804763882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clear+Mirror%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+Japanese+Court+During+the+Kamakura+Period+%281185-1333%29&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA%2C+Los+Angeles+%26+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780804763882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8rKCOSmKEMC%26q%3D1183%2BEmperor%2BGo-Toba%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrower1972" class="citation journal cs1">Brower, Robert H. (1972). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ex-Emperor Go-Toba's Secret Teachings": Go-Toba no in Gokuden". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>32</b>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718867">10.2307/2718867</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0073-0548">0073-0548</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718867">2718867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=%22Ex-Emperor+Go-Toba%27s+Secret+Teachings%22%3A+Go-Toba+no+in+Gokuden&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1972&rft.issn=0073-0548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718867%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718867&rft.aulast=Brower&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenshall2014" class="citation book cs1">Henshall, Kenneth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmYYAgAAQBAJ&q=1183+Emperor+Antoku&pg=PA96"><i>Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945</i></a>. Lanham, MA, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810878723" title="Special:BookSources/9780810878723"><bdi>9780810878723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Japan+to+1945&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MA%2C+Toronto%2C+Plymouth%2C+UK&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780810878723&rft.aulast=Henshall&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmYYAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1183%2BEmperor%2BAntoku%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkiyama2018" class="citation journal cs1">Akiyama, Akira (2018-12-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004354500/BP000028.xml">"Relic or Icon? The Place and Function of Imperial Regalia*"</a>. <i>The Nomadic Object</i>: <span class="nowrap">430–</span>447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004354500_016">10.1163/9789004354500_016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004354500" title="Special:BookSources/9789004354500"><bdi>9789004354500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nomadic+Object&rft.atitle=Relic+or+Icon%3F+The+Place+and+Function+of+Imperial+Regalia%2A&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E447&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004354500_016&rft.isbn=9789004354500&rft.aulast=Akiyama&rft.aufirst=Akira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004354500%2FBP000028.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Turnbull, Stephen (2012) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztYbDAAAQBAJ&q=1183+Battle+of+Mizushima&pg=PA44"><i>Fighting Ships of the Far East</i></a>. Vol. 2: Japan and Korea AD 612–1639. Oxford and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782000433" title="Special:BookSources/9781782000433"><bdi>9781782000433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Ships+of+the+Far+East&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781782000433&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztYbDAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1183%2BBattle%2Bof%2BMizushima%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2008" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOV7BAAAQBAJ&q=1183&pg=PP1"><i>The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War</i></a>. Barnsley, UK: Frontline Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473817937" title="Special:BookSources/9781473817937"><bdi>9781473817937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samurai+Swordsman%3A+Master+of+War&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+UK&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781473817937&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOV7BAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1183%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdburyRowe1991" class="citation book cs1">Edbury, Peter W.; Rowe, John Gordon (1991) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=44g6AAAAIAAJ&q=1183+William+of+Tyre&pg=PA76"><i>William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East</i></a>. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press Archive. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521407281" title="Special:BookSources/9780521407281"><bdi>9780521407281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+of+Tyre%3A+Historian+of+the+Latin+East&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+Archive&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780521407281&rft.aulast=Edbury&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft.au=Rowe%2C+John+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D44g6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D1183%2BWilliam%2Bof%2BTyre%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMallettThomas2011" class="citation book cs1">Mallett, A.; Thomas, D. (2011). "William Of Tyre". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004216167/Bej.9789004195158.i-804_129.xml"><i>Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. 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"The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown". <i>American Historical Review</i>. <b>8</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1832571">10.2307/1832571</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832571">1832571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Financial+Relations+of+the+Knights+Templars+to+the+English+Crown&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1832571&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1832571%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Hywell (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 128. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid1993" class="citation book cs1">David, Chandler G. 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Osprey. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-284-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-284-6"><bdi>1-85532-284-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hattin+1187&rft.series=Campaign%2C+19&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85532-284-6&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Chandler+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sansom, George (1958). <i>A History of Japan to 1334</i>, pp. 296–297. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804705232" title="Special:BookSources/0804705232">0804705232</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sansom, George (1958). <i>A History of Japan to 1334</i>, pp. 298–299. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804705232" title="Special:BookSources/0804705232">0804705232</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norman_adversaries-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-norman_adversaries_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbelsBernard_S._Bachrach2001" class="citation book cs1">Abels, Richard Philip; Bernard S. 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"The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1832571">10.2307/1832571</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832571">1832571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Financial+Relations+of+the+Knights+Templars+to+the+English+Crown&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1832571&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1832571%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuffman2009" class="citation book cs1">Huffman, Joseph Patrick (2009) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTaw3wmnlo8C&q=1186+Constance+of+Sicily&pg=PA121"><i>The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066-1307)</i></a>. Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Civilization. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472024186" title="Special:BookSources/9780472024186"><bdi>9780472024186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Politics+of+Medieval+Diplomacy%3A+Anglo-German+Relations+%281066-1307%29&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI&rft.series=Studies+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Civilization&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780472024186&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTaw3wmnlo8C%26q%3D1186%2BConstance%2Bof%2BSicily%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacksonJackson-Laufer1999" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Guida M.; Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x3BzmTdQLioC&q=1186+Constance+of+Sicily&pg=PA106"><i>Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576070918" title="Special:BookSources/9781576070918"><bdi>9781576070918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Rulers+Throughout+the+Ages%3A+An+Illustrated+Guide&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA%2C+Denver%2C+CO+and+Oxford&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781576070918&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Guida+M.&rft.au=Jackson-Laufer%2C+Guida+Myrl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx3BzmTdQLioC%26q%3D1186%2BConstance%2Bof%2BSicily%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeng2014" class="citation book cs1">Heng, Geraldine (2014). "An African Saint in Medieval Europe: The Black St Maurice and the Enigma of Racial Sanctity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5633688"><i>Saints and Race: Marked Flesh, Holy Flesh, ed. Vincent William Lloyd and Molly Harbour Bassett. Routledge</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/890090517">890090517</a> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+African+Saint+in+Medieval+Europe%3A+The+Black+St+Maurice+and+the+Enigma+of+Racial+Sanctity&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Race%3A+Marked+Flesh%2C+Holy+Flesh%2C+ed.+Vincent+William+Lloyd+and+Molly+Harbour+Bassett.+Routledge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F890090517&rft.aulast=Heng&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5633688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevonshire_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science,_Literature_and_Art1877" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZN05AQAAMAAJ&q=1186+John+the+Chanter&pg=PA107"><i>Report and Transactions - The Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art</i></a>. Vol. IX: Kingsbridge, July 1877. Plymouth, UK: W. Brendon & Son. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+and+Transactions+-+The+Devonshire+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science%2C+Literature+and+Art&rft.place=Plymouth%2C+UK&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=W.+Brendon+%26+Son&rft.date=1877&rft.au=Devonshire+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science%2C+Literature+and+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZN05AQAAMAAJ%26q%3D1186%2BJohn%2Bthe%2BChanter%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStubbs2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stubbs, William (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wyk250eKP_wC&q=1186+John+the+Chanter&pg=PA352"><i>Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis. The Chronicle of the Reigns of Henry II and Richard I, AD 1169-1192: Known Commonly Under the Name of Benedict of Peterborough</i></a>. Cambridge Library Collection (in Latin). Vol. I. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108048750" title="Special:BookSources/9781108048750"><bdi>9781108048750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesta+Regis+Henrici+Secundi+Benedicti+Abbatis.+The+Chronicle+of+the+Reigns+of+Henry+II+and+Richard+I%2C+AD+1169-1192%3A+Known+Commonly+Under+the+Name+of+Benedict+of+Peterborough&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.series=Cambridge+Library+Collection&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781108048750&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWyk250eKP_wC%26q%3D1186%2BJohn%2Bthe%2BChanter%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerald1933" class="citation book cs1">Gerald, Hannibal Gerald Duncan (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xXwAgAAQBAJ&q=1186+Bulgaria+and+Serbia&pg=PA322"><i>Immigration and Assimilation</i></a>. Boston, New York: D. C. Heath and Company. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781171863298" title="Special:BookSources/9781171863298"><bdi>9781171863298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+Assimilation&rft.place=Boston%2C+New+York&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=D.+C.+Heath+and+Company&rft.date=1933&rft.isbn=9781171863298&rft.aulast=Gerald&rft.aufirst=Hannibal+Gerald+Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xXwAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1186%2BBulgaria%2Band%2BSerbia%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLipson1960" class="citation book cs1">Lipson, Ephraim (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulvwfAG2kWcC&q=1186+Bulgaria+and+Serbia&pg=PA199"><i>Europe in the 19th & 20th Centuries</i></a> (Eighth ed.). New Delhi, Mumbai: Allied Publishers. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170231448" title="Special:BookSources/9788170231448"><bdi>9788170231448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+the+19th+%26+20th+Centuries&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+Mumbai&rft.pages=200&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=9788170231448&rft.aulast=Lipson&rft.aufirst=Ephraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DulvwfAG2kWcC%26q%3D1186%2BBulgaria%2Band%2BSerbia%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrewerKane2019" class="citation book cs1">Brewer, Keagan; Kane, James (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UyGVDwAAQBAJ&q=1186+Joscius+Tyre&pg=PT183"><i>The Conquest of the Holy Land by Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn: A critical edition and translation of the anonymous Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum</i></a>. Crusader Texts in Translation. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351390699" title="Special:BookSources/9781351390699"><bdi>9781351390699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+the+Holy+Land+by+%E1%B9%A2al%C4%81%E1%B8%A5+al-D%C4%ABn%3A+A+critical+edition+and+translation+of+the+anonymous+Libellus+de+expugnatione+Terrae+Sanctae+per+Saladinum&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Crusader+Texts+in+Translation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781351390699&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Keagan&rft.au=Kane%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUyGVDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1186%2BJoscius%2BTyre%26pg%3DPT183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdbury1978" class="citation journal cs1">Edbury, Peter W. (1978). "The 'Cartulaire de Manosque': a Grant to the Templars in Latin Syria and a Charter of King Hugh I of Cyprus1". <i>Historical Research</i>. <b>51</b> (124): <span class="nowrap">174–</span>181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.1978.tb01877.x">10.1111/j.1468-2281.1978.tb01877.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2281">1468-2281</a>. <q>Joscius was already arch-bishop of Tyre in October 1186, and he died at an unknown date between October 1200 and May 1202</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Research&rft.atitle=The+%27Cartulaire+de+Manosque%27%3A+a+Grant+to+the+Templars+in+Latin+Syria+and+a+Charter+of+King+Hugh+I+of+Cyprus1&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=124&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.1978.tb01877.x&rft.issn=1468-2281&rft.aulast=Edbury&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLakshmipriya2008" class="citation book cs1">Lakshmipriya, T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TVnRBQAAQBAJ&q=1186+Ta+Prohm&pg=PA1491">"Conservation and Restoration of the Ta Prohm Temple"</a>. In D'Ayala, Dina; Fodde, Enrico (eds.). <i>Structural Analysis of Historic Construction: Preserving Safety and Significance, Two Volume Set: Proceedings of the VI International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historic Construction, SAHC08, 2-4 July 2008, Bath, United Kingdom</i>. Boa Raton, London, New York, Leiden: CRC Press. p. 1491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439828229" title="Special:BookSources/9781439828229"><bdi>9781439828229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conservation+and+Restoration+of+the+Ta+Prohm+Temple&rft.btitle=Structural+Analysis+of+Historic+Construction%3A+Preserving+Safety+and+Significance%2C+Two+Volume+Set%3A+Proceedings+of+the+VI+International+Conference+on+Structural+Analysis+of+Historic+Construction%2C+SAHC08%2C+2-4+July+2008%2C+Bath%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.place=Boa+Raton%2C+London%2C+New+York%2C+Leiden&rft.pages=1491&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781439828229&rft.aulast=Lakshmipriya&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTVnRBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D1186%2BTa%2BProhm%26pg%3DPA1491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchissler2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schissler, Eric J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/123456789/193559">"An examination of Khmer prayer inside the Ta Prohm complex and its implications for Angkor management policy"</a>. <i>CardinalScholar 1.0</i>: 4. <q>Khmer King Jayavarman VII ordered the construction of Ta Prohm, which was originally named Rajavihara. According to the temple stele, in C.E. 1186 Jayavarman VII dedicated Ta Prohm in his mother's honor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CardinalScholar+1.0&rft.atitle=An+examination+of+Khmer+prayer+inside+the+Ta+Prohm+complex+and+its+implications+for+Angkor+management+policy&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Schissler&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcardinalscholar.bsu.edu%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F193559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelch1989" class="citation journal cs1">Welch, David J. (March 1989). "Late Prehistoric and Early Historic Exchange Patterns in the Phimai Region, Thailand". <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463400019810">10.1017/S0022463400019810</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0680">1474-0680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162693851">162693851</a>. <q>The foundation stela at Ta Prohm (AD 1186) recorded the assignment of 3,140 settlements with nearly 80,000 persons to this shrine,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Late+Prehistoric+and+Early+Historic+Exchange+Patterns+in+the+Phimai+Region%2C+Thailand&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1989-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162693851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1474-0680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463400019810&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdbury2017" class="citation book cs1">Edbury, Peter W. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkdBDgAAQBAJ&q=1186+Sibylla+Jerusalem"><i>The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351892421" title="Special:BookSources/9781351892421"><bdi>9781351892421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+Jerusalem+and+the+Third+Crusade%3A+Sources+in+Translation&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351892421&rft.aulast=Edbury&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdkdBDgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1186%2BSibylla%2BJerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBauer2013" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, S. Wise (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GajVAAAAQBAJ&q=1186+Sibylla+Jerusalem&pg=PA165"><i>The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople</i></a>. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393059762" title="Special:BookSources/9780393059762"><bdi>9780393059762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Renaissance+World%3A+From+the+Rediscovery+of+Aristotle+to+the+Conquest+of+Constantinople&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780393059762&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=S.+Wise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGajVAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1186%2BSibylla%2BJerusalem%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanley1898" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley, Lane-Poole (July 1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/cd55c7f845ac2fe7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=432">"The Fight That Lost Jerusalem"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cornhill_Magazine" title="The Cornhill Magazine">The Cornhill Magazine</a></i>. <b>5</b> (25): 64. <q>The child-king, Baldwin V., was dead, and an intrigue had enthroned Sibylla, a daughter of the royal house of Jerusalem, and she had shared her crown with her husband, Guy of Lusignan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cornhill+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Fight+That+Lost+Jerusalem&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=64&rft.date=1898-07&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Lane-Poole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Fcd55c7f845ac2fe7%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiddellErlendssonEddudóttirGísladóttir2018" class="citation journal cs1">Riddell, Scott J.; Erlendsson, Egill; Eddudóttir, Sigrún D.; Gísladóttir, Guðrún; Kristjánsdóttir, Steinunn (2018-10-10). "Pollen, Plague & Protestants: The Medieval Monastery of Þingeyrar (Þingeyraklaustur) in Northern Iceland". <i>Environmental Archaeology</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">193–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14614103.2018.1531191">10.1080/14614103.2018.1531191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1461-4103">1461-4103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134309892">134309892</a>. <q>Kirkjubæjarklaustur (AD 1186–1542)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Pollen%2C+Plague+%26+Protestants%3A+The+Medieval+Monastery+of+%C3%9Eingeyrar+%28%C3%9Eingeyraklaustur%29+in+Northern+Iceland&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134309892%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1461-4103&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14614103.2018.1531191&rft.aulast=Riddell&rft.aufirst=Scott+J.&rft.au=Erlendsson%2C+Egill&rft.au=Eddud%C3%B3ttir%2C+Sigr%C3%BAn+D.&rft.au=G%C3%ADslad%C3%B3ttir%2C+Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAn&rft.au=Kristj%C3%A1nsd%C3%B3ttir%2C+Steinunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJúlíussonLárusdottirLucasPálsson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Júlíusson, Árni Daníel; Lárusdottir, Birna; Lucas, Gavin; Pálsson, Gísli (2020). "Episcopal Economics". <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i>. <b>45</b>: <span class="nowrap">95–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03468755.2019.1625436">10.1080/03468755.2019.1625436</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0346-8755">0346-8755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214087718">214087718</a>. <q>The nunnery of Kirkjubæjarklaustur in Southeast Iceland was, according to received scholarship, one of the oldest monasteries in Iceland, established in 1186</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Episcopal+Economics&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214087718%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0346-8755&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03468755.2019.1625436&rft.aulast=J%C3%BAl%C3%ADusson&rft.aufirst=%C3%81rni+Dan%C3%ADel&rft.au=L%C3%A1rusdottir%2C+Birna&rft.au=Lucas%2C+Gavin&rft.au=P%C3%A1lsson%2C+G%C3%ADsli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choniates, Nicetas (1984). <i>O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniatēs</i>, pp. 212–213. Translated by Harry J. Magoulias. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-1764-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-1764-2">0-8143-1764-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 367. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">David Nicolle</a> (1993). Osprey: Campaign series – 19. <i>Hattin 1187, Saladin's Greatest Victory</i>, p. 56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-284-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-284-6">1-85532-284-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (1993). Osprey: Campaign series – 19. <i>Hattin 1187, Saladin's Greatest Victory</i>, p. 57. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-284-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-284-6">1-85532-284-6</a>. According to David Nicolle, Gökböri's force was said to consist of 7,000 men though this is a huge exaggeration, 700 seeming more likely.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, pp. 369–370. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (1993). Osprey: Campaign series – 19. <i>Hattin 1187, Saladin's Greatest Victory</i>, p. 61. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-284-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-284-6">1-85532-284-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 371. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (1993). Osprey: Campaign series – 19. <i>Hattin 1187, Saladin's Greatest Victory</i>, pp. 61–62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-284-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-284-6">1-85532-284-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 375. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smail, R. C. (1995). <i>Crusading Warfare, 1097–1193</i>, p. 33 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45838-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45838-2">978-0-521-45838-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: Campaign series – 161. <i>The Third Crusade 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the struggle for Jerusalem</i>, p. 16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-868-7">978-1-84176-868-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Enn_Tarvel" title="Enn Tarvel">Enn Tarvel</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/7_82007/38-41.pdf"><i>Sigtuna hukkumine</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011191449/http://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/7_82007/38-41.pdf">Archived</a> October 11, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Haridus, 2007 (7-8), p 38–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColombani2010" class="citation book cs1">Colombani, Philippe (2010). <i>Héros corses du Moyen Age</i>. Ajaccio: Albiana. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84698-338-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84698-338-9"><bdi>978-2-84698-338-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%A9ros+corses+du+Moyen+Age&rft.place=Ajaccio&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Albiana&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-84698-338-9&rft.aulast=Colombani&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMunro2003" class="citation journal cs1">Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">506–</span>562.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Medieval+Origins+of+the+Financial+Revolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E506-%3C%2Fspan%3E562&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, W. L. (2000). <i>Henry II</i> (Yale ed.), pp. 621–622. New Haven, U.S.: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08474-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08474-0">978-0-300-08474-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, Hugh (1994). <i>Crusader Castles</i>, p. 147. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42068-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42068-7">0-521-42068-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>, p. 383. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29876-3">978-0-241-29876-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halliday, Stephen (2007). <i>Newgate: London's Prototype of Hell</i>. The History Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3896-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3896-9">978-0-7509-3896-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freed, John (2016). <i>Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth</i>, pp. 491–492. 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Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190690786" title="Special:BookSources/9780190690786"><bdi>9780190690786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reincarnation+in+Tibetan+Buddhism%3A+The+Third+Karmapa+and+the+Invention+of+a+Tradition&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780190690786&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfCRjDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1183%2BChagatai%2BKhan%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFabian2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fabian, Bernhard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mvlEWdKdV0IC&q=1186+Konstantin+of+Rostov&pg=PA24"><i>Handbuch deutscher historischen Buchbestände. 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Cambridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843842743" title="Special:BookSources/9781843842743"><bdi>9781843842743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partonopeus+de+Blois%3A+Romance+in+the+Making&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781843842743&rft.aulast=Eley&rft.aufirst=Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhvKDq2j0ulAC%26q%3D1186%2BUrraca%2Bof%2BPortugal%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanner2019" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Heather J. 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"Song Ci (1186–1249), "Father of World Legal Medicine": History, Science, and Forensic Culture in Contemporary China". <i>East Asian Science, Technology and Society</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">185–</span>207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F18752160-3812294">10.1215/18752160-3812294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-2160">1875-2160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152121141">152121141</a>. <q>Song Ci (1186–1249) was an official of the Southern Song Dynasty best known for authoring the Collected Writings on the Washing Away of Wrongs (Xiyuan jilu), a work often hailed as the world's first systematic treatise on forensic medicine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asian+Science%2C+Technology+and+Society&rft.atitle=Song+Ci+%281186%E2%80%931249%29%2C+%22Father+of+World+Legal+Medicine%22%3A+History%2C+Science%2C+and+Forensic+Culture+in+Contemporary+China&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152121141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1875-2160&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F18752160-3812294&rft.aulast=Asen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangChenXie1999" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Zhen'guo; Chen, Ping; Xie, Peiping (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F5qDqKBsrLwC&q=1186+Song+Ci&pg=PA186"><i>History and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine</i></a>. 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Beijing, Amsterdam, Tokyo: IOS Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787030065674" title="Special:BookSources/9787030065674"><bdi>9787030065674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Development+of+Traditional+Chinese+Medicine&rft.place=Beijing%2C+Amsterdam%2C+Tokyo&rft.series=Advanced+TCM+Serie&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9787030065674&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Zhen%27guo&rft.au=Chen%2C+Ping&rft.au=Xie%2C+Peiping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF5qDqKBsrLwC%26q%3D1186%2BSong%2BCi%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDutelle2017" class="citation book cs1">Dutelle, Aric W. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nUSJCwAAQBAJ&q=1186+Song+Ci&pg=PA6"><i>An Introduction to Crime Scene Investigation</i></a>. Burlington. MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781284108149" title="Special:BookSources/9781284108149"><bdi>9781284108149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Crime+Scene+Investigation&rft.place=Burlington.+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781284108149&rft.aulast=Dutelle&rft.aufirst=Aric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnUSJCwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1186%2BSong%2BCi%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoud2009" class="citation journal cs1">Loud, G. A. (2009-08-01). "The Chancery and Charters of the Kings of Sicily (1130–1212)". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>CXXIV</b> (509): <span class="nowrap">779–</span>810. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcep182">10.1093/ehr/cep182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Chancery+and+Charters+of+the+Kings+of+Sicily+%281130%E2%80%931212%29&rft.volume=CXXIV&rft.issue=509&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E779-%3C%2Fspan%3E810&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcep182&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft.aulast=Loud&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleinhenz2004" class="citation book cs1">Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&q=1186+William+III+of+Sicily&pg=PT1197"><i>Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. New York and London: Routledge. p. 1167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135948801" title="Special:BookSources/9781135948801"><bdi>9781135948801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Italy%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=1167&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781135948801&rft.aulast=Kleinhenz&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2CTAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1186%2BWilliam%2BIII%2Bof%2BSicily%26pg%3DPT1197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakk1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Makk, Ferenc (1994). "Lukács". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). <i>Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) </i>[Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)]<i><span></span></i> (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. <span class="nowrap">417–</span>420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-6722-9" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-6722-9"><bdi>963-05-6722-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luk%C3%A1cs&rft.btitle=Korai+magyar+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti+lexikon+%289%E2%80%9314.+sz%C3%A1zad%29+%5BEncyclopedia+of+the+Early+Hungarian+History+%289th%E2%80%9314th+centuries%29%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E420&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=963-05-6722-9&rft.aulast=Makk&rft.aufirst=Ferenc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellinger1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bellinger, Alfred Raymond (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NN1xNdYH6n0C&q=1183+Renier+of+Montferrat&pg=PA340"><i>Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection</i></a>. Vol. 4. Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081 - 1261 : Part 1. Alexius I to Alexius V : (1081 - 1204). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884022336" title="Special:BookSources/9780884022336"><bdi>9780884022336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Byzantine+coins+in+the+Dumbarton+Oaks+Collection+and+in+the+Whittemore+Collection&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780884022336&rft.aulast=Bellinger&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNN1xNdYH6n0C%26q%3D1183%2BRenier%2Bof%2BMontferrat%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellomo2008" class="citation book cs1">Bellomo, Elena (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQ3OquwzRvYC&q=1183+Renier+of+Montferrat&pg=PA144"><i>The Templar Order in North-west Italy: (1142 - C. 1330)</i></a>. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004163645" title="Special:BookSources/9789004163645"><bdi>9789004163645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Templar+Order+in+North-west+Italy%3A+%281142+-+C.+1330%29&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004163645&rft.aulast=Bellomo&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQ3OquwzRvYC%26q%3D1183%2BRenier%2Bof%2BMontferrat%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuscroft2016" class="citation book cs1">Huscroft, Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sBd8CwAAQBAJ&q=1183+Henry+the+Young+King"><i>Tales From the Long Twelfth Century: The Rise and Fall of the Angevin Empire</i></a>. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300187281" title="Special:BookSources/9780300187281"><bdi>9780300187281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+From+the+Long+Twelfth+Century%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Angevin+Empire&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT+and+London&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780300187281&rft.aulast=Huscroft&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsBd8CwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1183%2BHenry%2Bthe%2BYoung%2BKing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrickland2016" class="citation book cs1">Strickland, Matthew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B3nsDAAAQBAJ&q=1183+Henry+the+Young+King"><i>Henry the Young King, 1155-1183</i></a>. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">308–</span>309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300219555" title="Special:BookSources/9780300219555"><bdi>9780300219555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+the+Young+King%2C+1155-1183&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E308-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780300219555&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB3nsDAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1183%2BHenry%2Bthe%2BYoung%2BKing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1961" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson, George (1961). "Giraldus Cambrensis". <i>Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>118</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00665983.1961.10854192">10.1080/00665983.1961.10854192</a>. <q>In June 1183 the young king died, and Henry no longer had four sons</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Giraldus+Cambrensis&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00665983.1961.10854192&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBauer2013" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, S. Wise (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GajVAAAAQBAJ&q=1183+Alexios+II+Komnenos&pg=PA232"><i>The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393059762" title="Special:BookSources/9780393059762"><bdi>9780393059762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Renaissance+World%3A+From+the+Rediscovery+of+Aristotle+to+the+Conquest+of+Constantinople&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780393059762&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=S.+Wise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGajVAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1183%2BAlexios%2BII%2BKomnenos%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEastmond1994" class="citation journal cs1">Eastmond, Antony (1994-09-01). "An Intentional Error? Imperial Art and "Mis"-Interpretation under Andronikos I Komnenos". <i>The Art Bulletin</i>. <b>76</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">502–</span>510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.1994.10786600">10.1080/00043079.1994.10786600</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3079">0004-3079</a>. <q>In 1183 Andronikos Komnenos became emperor of the Byzantine Empire by strangling his young predecessor, Alexios II.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=An+Intentional+Error%3F+Imperial+Art+and+%22Mis%22-Interpretation+under+Andronikos+I+Komnenos&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E502-%3C%2Fspan%3E510&rft.date=1994-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00043079.1994.10786600&rft.issn=0004-3079&rft.aulast=Eastmond&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBucossiSuarez2016" class="citation book cs1">Bucossi, Alessandra; Suarez, Alex Rodriguez (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=scJJDAAAQBAJ&q=1183+Alexios+II+Komnenos&pg=PA230"><i>John II Komnenos, Emperor of Byzantium: In the Shadow of Father and Son</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317110712" title="Special:BookSources/9781317110712"><bdi>9781317110712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+II+Komnenos%2C+Emperor+of+Byzantium%3A+In+the+Shadow+of+Father+and+Son&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317110712&rft.aulast=Bucossi&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft.au=Suarez%2C+Alex+Rodriguez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DscJJDAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1183%2BAlexios%2BII%2BKomnenos%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeisSheppardBeallBeall2004" class="citation book cs1">Weis, Frederick Lewis; Sheppard, Walter Lee; Beall, William Ryland; Beall, Kaleen E. (2004) [1950]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3F9nG8aFJ7MC&q=1183+William+Fitz+Robert+Gloucester&pg=PA123"><i>Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists who Came to America Before 1700: Lineages from Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Other Historical Individuals</i></a> (Eighth ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806317526" title="Special:BookSources/9780806317526"><bdi>9780806317526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancestral+Roots+of+Certain+American+Colonists+who+Came+to+America+Before+1700%3A+Lineages+from+Alfred+the+Great%2C+Charlemagne%2C+Malcolm+of+Scotland%2C+Robert+the+Strong%2C+and+Other+Historical+Individuals&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=123&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780806317526&rft.aulast=Weis&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Lewis&rft.au=Sheppard%2C+Walter+Lee&rft.au=Beall%2C+William+Ryland&rft.au=Beall%2C+Kaleen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3F9nG8aFJ7MC%26q%3D1183%2BWilliam%2BFitz%2BRobert%2BGloucester%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0004400"><bdi lang="ko">공예태후</bdi></a> [Queen Gongye]. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%EA%B3%B5%EC%98%88%ED%83%9C%ED%9B%84&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.pub=Academy+of+Korean+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FContents%2FIndex%3Fcontents_id%3DE0004400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doopedia.co.kr/doopedia/master/master.do?_method=view&MAS_IDX=101013000827656"><bdi lang="ko">공예태후</bdi></a> [Queen Gongye]. <i><a href="/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia" title="Doosan Encyclopedia">Doosan Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Group" title="Doosan Group">Doosan Group</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%EA%B3%B5%EC%98%88%ED%83%9C%ED%9B%84&rft.btitle=Doosan+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Doosan+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doopedia.co.kr%2Fdoopedia%2Fmaster%2Fmaster.do%3F_method%3Dview%26MAS_IDX%3D101013000827656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antoku">"Antoku | emperor of Japan"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York and London: Routledge. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134488506" title="Special:BookSources/9781134488506"><bdi>9781134488506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damascus%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781134488506&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYqCAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1186%2BIsmat%2Bad-Din%2BKhatun%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowlett2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Howlett, Richard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t4rxT1gKvNYC&q=1186+Robert+of+Torigni&pg=PR15"><i>Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I</i></a>. 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Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">xiv–</span>xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108052290" title="Special:BookSources/9781108052290"><bdi>9781108052290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicles+of+the+Reigns+of+Stephen%2C+Henry+II%2C+and+Richard+I&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.series=Cambridge+Library+Collection&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exiv-%3C%2Fspan%3Exv&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781108052290&rft.aulast=Howlett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt4rxT1gKvNYC%26q%3D1186%2BRobert%2Bof%2BTorigni%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPohl2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pohl, Benjamin (2014). 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"Le manuscrit 162 d' Avranches ou Robert de Torigni et Robert Guiscard". <i>Sacris Erudiri</i>. <b>17</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">66–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.SE.2.304799">10.1484/J.SE.2.304799</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0771-7776">0771-7776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacris+Erudiri&rft.atitle=Le+manuscrit+162+d%27+Avranches+ou+Robert+de+Torigni+et+Robert+Guiscard&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1966-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.SE.2.304799&rft.issn=0771-7776&rft.aulast=Mathieu&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayoRimerKerkham2001" class="citation book cs1">Mayo, Marlene J.; Rimer, J. Thomas; Kerkham, H. Eleanor (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GuK7G-1F-MC&q=1186+Minamoto+no+Yukiie&pg=PA203"><i>War, Occupation, and Creativity: Japan and East Asia, 1920-1960</i></a>. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824824334" title="Special:BookSources/9780824824334"><bdi>9780824824334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Occupation%2C+and+Creativity%3A+Japan+and+East+Asia%2C+1920-1960&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HI&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780824824334&rft.aulast=Mayo&rft.aufirst=Marlene+J.&rft.au=Rimer%2C+J.+Thomas&rft.au=Kerkham%2C+H.+Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5GuK7G-1F-MC%26q%3D1186%2BMinamoto%2Bno%2BYukiie%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrédéric2002" class="citation book cs1">Frédéric, Louis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&q=1186+Minamoto+no+Yukiie&pg=PA636"><i>Japan Encyclopedia</i></a>. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press. p. 636. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674017535" title="Special:BookSources/9780674017535"><bdi>9780674017535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA+and+London&rft.pages=636&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780674017535&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2QnPijAEmEC%26q%3D1186%2BMinamoto%2Bno%2BYukiie%26pg%3DPA636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEverardJones1999" class="citation book cs1">Everard, Judith; Jones, Michael C. E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZS9rOweF8TIC&q=1186+Geoffrey+II+Brittany&pg=PR9">"Charters of Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, Earl of Richmond, 1181 - 1186"</a>. <i>The Charters of Duchess Constance of Brittany and Her Family, 1171-1221</i>. 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Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139426558" title="Special:BookSources/9781139426558"><bdi>9781139426558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brittany+and+the+Angevins%3A+Province+and+Empire+1158%E2%80%931203&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+and+New+York&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781139426558&rft.aulast=Everard&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrgQl7wOifdgC%26q%3D1186%2BGeoffrey%2BII%2BBrittany%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBauer2013" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, S. Wise (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GajVAAAAQBAJ&q=1186+Baldwin+V+of+Jerusalem&pg=PA160"><i>The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393059762" title="Special:BookSources/9780393059762"><bdi>9780393059762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Renaissance+World%3A+From+the+Rediscovery+of+Aristotle+to+the+Conquest+of+Constantinople&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780393059762&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=S.+Wise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGajVAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1186%2BBaldwin%2BV%2Bof%2BJerusalem%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacoby1979" class="citation journal cs1">Jacoby, Zehava (1979-01-01). "The Tomb of Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem (1185-1186), and the Workshop of the Temple Area". <i>Gesta</i>. <b>18</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F766804">10.2307/766804</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-920X">0016-920X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/766804">766804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192568024">192568024</a>. <q>Baldwin V, the seventh of the Latin kings of Jerusalem, died in the autumn of 1186 at the age of eight after a rule of about eighteen months</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gesta&rft.atitle=The+Tomb+of+Baldwin+V%2C+King+of+Jerusalem+%281185-1186%29%2C+and+the+Workshop+of+the+Temple+Area&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=1979-01-01&rft.issn=0016-920X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192568024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F766804%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F766804&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=Zehava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2005" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Bernard (2005) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IySQoHdviNkC&q=1186+William+of+Tyre&pg=PA6">"The Sources for Baldwin IV's Reign"</a>. <i>The Leper King and His Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem</i>. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521017473" title="Special:BookSources/9780521017473"><bdi>9780521017473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sources+for+Baldwin+IV%27s+Reign&rft.btitle=The+Leper+King+and+His+Heirs%3A+Baldwin+IV+and+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+and+New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521017473&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIySQoHdviNkC%26q%3D1186%2BWilliam%2Bof%2BTyre%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdburyRowe1990" class="citation book cs1">Edbury, Peter W.; Rowe, John Gordon (1990) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=44g6AAAAIAAJ&q=1186+William+of+Tyre&pg=PA22"><i>William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East</i></a>. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521407281" title="Special:BookSources/9780521407281"><bdi>9780521407281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+of+Tyre%3A+Historian+of+the+Latin+East&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+and+New+York&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+Archive&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780521407281&rft.aulast=Edbury&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft.au=Rowe%2C+John+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D44g6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D1186%2BWilliam%2Bof%2BTyre%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jackson, W. H. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zACqIw3ozxcC&q=1186+Berthold+IV&pg=PA30"><i>Chivalry in Twelfth-century Germany: The Works of Hartmann Von Aue</i></a>. Arthurian Studies. Vol. xxxiv. Cambridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859914314" title="Special:BookSources/9780859914314"><bdi>9780859914314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chivalry+in+Twelfth-century+Germany%3A+The+Works+of+Hartmann+Von+Aue&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=Arthurian+Studies&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780859914314&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzACqIw3ozxcC%26q%3D1186%2BBerthold%2BIV%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoudSchenk2017" class="citation book cs1">Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VkYrDwAAQBAJ&q=1186+Berthold+IV&pg=PT450"><i>The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians</i></a>. New York and London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317021995" title="Special:BookSources/9781317021995"><bdi>9781317021995</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+German+Principalities%2C+1100-1350%3A+Essays+by+German+Historians&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317021995&rft.aulast=Loud&rft.aufirst=Graham+A.&rft.au=Schenk%2C+Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVkYrDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1186%2BBerthold%2BIV%26pg%3DPT450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDybdahl" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dybdahl, Audun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbl.snl.no/%C3%98ystein_Erlendsson">"Øystein Erlendsson"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Knut_Helle" title="Knut Helle">Helle, Knut</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon" title="Norsk biografisk leksikon">Norsk biografisk leksikon</a></i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%98ystein+Erlendsson&rft.btitle=Norsk+biografisk+leksikon&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Kunnskapsforlaget&rft.aulast=Dybdahl&rft.aufirst=Audun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnbl.snl.no%2F%25C3%2598ystein_Erlendsson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColledge,_O.S.A.Walsh,_S.J.1981" class="citation book cs1">Colledge, O.S.A., Edmund; Walsh, S.J., James (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ladderofmonkslet0000guig/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>The ladder of monks: A letter on the contemplative life and Twelve Meditations</i></a>. Kalamazoo, Mich. : Cistercian Publications. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-848-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-848-5"><bdi>978-0-87907-848-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ladder+of+monks%3A+A+letter+on+the+contemplative+life+and+Twelve+Meditations&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Kalamazoo%2C+Mich.+%3A+Cistercian+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87907-848-5&rft.aulast=Colledge%2C+O.S.A.&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.au=Walsh%2C+S.J.%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fladderofmonkslet0000guig%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-II-king-of-England">"Henry II | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Henry+II+%7C+Biography%2C+Accomplishments%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHenry-II-king-of-England&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1180s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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