CINXE.COM

Licensing Working Group - OpenStreetMap Foundation

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Licensing Working Group - OpenStreetMap Foundation</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1e3685ec41acf4eacd487a7f","wgCSPNonce":false,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Licensing_Working_Group","wgTitle":"Licensing Working Group","wgCurRevisionId":12386,"wgRevisionId":12386,"wgArticleId":96,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Working Groups"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Licensing_Working_Group","wgRelevantArticleId":96,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{ "search":false,"nearby":false,"watchlist":false,"tagline":false},"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgULSAcceptLanguageList":[],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":false,"wgULSPosition":"personal","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":true};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.osmfoundation":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.pt":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.osmfoundation.js","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.uls.compactlinks","ext.uls.interface"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.uls.pt%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cskins.osmfoundation&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=osmfoundation"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=osmfoundation"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=osmfoundation"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.39.11"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"/> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="OpenStreetMap Foundation (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//osmfoundation.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="/wiki/Wiki_content_license"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="OpenStreetMap Foundation Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom"/> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Licensing_Working_Group rootpage-Licensing_Working_Group skin-osmfoundation action-view skin--responsive"> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#firstHeading">content</a>, <a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <header id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-panel"> <button type="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation" class="nav-toggle" aria-controls="mainnav"> <div class="hamburger"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </div> <div class="cross"> <span></span> <span></span> </div> </button> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"><a class="logo mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a></div> <ul class="mainnav"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-About" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/About"><span>About</span></a></li><li id="n-Contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Contact"><span>Contact</span></a></li><li id="n-FAQ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/FAQ"><span>FAQ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="main-wrapper"> <main id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Licensing Working Group</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From OpenStreetMap Foundation</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:1px #ffffcc; padding:15px ; background-color:#ebf4eb; text-align:center;"><span style="color: black;"> <br /><div class="floatleft"><a href="/wiki/File:LWG_proposed_image_02_2017.svg" class="image"><img alt="LWG proposed image 02 2017.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/4/48/LWG_proposed_image_02_2017.svg/300px-LWG_proposed_image_02_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/48/LWG_proposed_image_02_2017.svg/450px-LWG_proposed_image_02_2017.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/48/LWG_proposed_image_02_2017.svg/600px-LWG_proposed_image_02_2017.svg.png 2x" /></a></div> <p><br /> <b>Licensing Working Group</b><br /> </p><p>The promotion of open geospatial data through practical, coherent and clear licensing is our number one priority. </p> </span></td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px #ffffcc; text-align: right; background-color:#ebf4eb;"><span style="color: black;"> <b>Status: Active</b></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Useful_links">Useful links</span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/summary/">Open Database License</a> is used for our map data.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">Creative Commons License</a> is used for all our other website material.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence/Licence_and_Legal_FAQ" title="Licence/Licence and Legal FAQ">Licence and Legal FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence/Community_Guidelines" title="Licence/Community Guidelines">Community Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence/Contributor_Terms" title="Licence/Contributor Terms">Contributor Terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence/Waiver_and_Permission_Templates" title="Licence/Waiver and Permission Templates"> Waiver and Permission Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_procedure" title="Takedown procedure">Takedown Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence/About_The_Licence_Change" title="Licence/About The Licence Change">About The 2012 Licence Change</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Get_in_touch">Get in touch</span></h2> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="color:black; colspan=">Contact us </th></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:middle; color:black; background:white">legal-questions <p>@osmfoundation.org </p> </th> <td>Please send questions with respect to licensing, business models and similar subjects that you are asking the OSMF as licensor of the OSM data. <p><br /> We will try and respond to such queries as soon as possible, however we cannot provide legal advice or extensive business plan analysis. </p><p>If you have noticed a potential licence violation by a consumer of OpenStreetMap data and have been unable to resolve the matter bilaterally, please feel free to contact us. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background: white"><span style="color: black;"> legal@osmfoundation.org </span></th> <td>Get in touch with the whole team for general discussion. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="color:black; background: white"><a class="external text" href="https://lists.openstreetmap.org/listinfo/legal-talk">legal-talk mailing list</a> </th> <td>Subscribe to the OSM legal-talk mailing list. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="What_we_do">What we do</span></h2> <p>One of the Foundation <a href="/wiki/Working_Groups" title="Working Groups">Working Groups</a>, the <b>Licensing Working Group</b> is charged with looking at </p> <ul><li>Licensing matters relating to <i>using</i> our geodata, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/summary/">our end user license</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Open_Data_License/Community_Guidelines">community guidelines</a>, <a href="/wiki/License" class="mw-redirect" title="License">License FAQ</a>).</li> <li>Licensing matters relating to <i>creating</i> our geodata, (<a href="/wiki/License/Contributor_Terms" class="mw-redirect" title="License/Contributor Terms">contributor terms</a>, [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Import/Catalogue">imports</a>], using aerial imagery ...)</li> <li>Legal matters relating to responsibility and risk, (trademarks, <a href="/wiki/License/Takedown_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="License/Takedown procedure">safe harbour</a>, privacy, child protection, ...)</li></ul> <p>The promotion of open geospatial data through practical, coherent and clear licensing is our number one priority. </p><p>Moving forward from the licence change in 2012, we expect to play a license maintenance role and to be “educational” in helping people in and outside the OSM community to understand our license and working to clarify issues raised. In addition, we want to explore taking OSMF to be a more outward-looking organisation within the arena of promoting free and open geospatial data licensing. </p><p>Our formal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gZa8mlB7vdOeB_BhlC4mB58ZWo0MaotAUhn29h0658U/edit?usp=sharing">remit</a> frames our responsibilities and the areas we concentrate on, our plans for this year can found here: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FW1QGY-A02Ny5n1s2sRO0wIOTkoX_zoc3c0qZ3YE84o/edit?usp=sharing">2017 action plan</a>. </p><p>If you have noticed a potential licence violation by a consumer of OpenStreetMap data and have been unable to resolve the matter bilaterally, please feel free to contact the LWG via e-mail. </p><p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Who_we_are">Who we are</span></h2> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="220px" style="text-align: middle; background: light-grey;"><span style="color: black;"> Regular <p>attending members </p> </span></th> <th width="220px" style="text-align: middle; background: light-grey;"><span style="color: black;"> Infrequent participating members (on our mailing list)</span> </th> <th width="220px" style="text-align: middle; background: white;"><span style="color: black;"> Former <p>members </p> </span></th></tr> <tr> <td width="220px" style="text-align: middle; background: white;"> <ul><li>Kathleen Lu</li> <li>Guillaume Rischard (<a href="/wiki/Officers_%26_Board" title="Officers &amp; Board">OSMF Board</a>)</li> <li>Dermot McNally</li> <li>Tom Hummel</li> <li>Simon Hughes</li> <li>Tom Lee</li></ul> </td> <td width="240px" style="text-align: middle; background: white;"> <ul><li>Michael Cheng</li> <li>Luis Villa</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><font color="grey">Nuno Caldeira</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Paul Norman</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Satoshi IIDA</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Dr. Marlena Jankowska</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Michael Steffen</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Ken Miller</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Martijn van Exel</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Lily Toy</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Christina Luu</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Alyssa Wright</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Michael Collinson</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Richard Weait</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Ulf Möller</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Simon Poole</font></li> <li><font color="grey">Jim Vidano</font></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Join_Us">Join Us</span></h2> <p>We are a group with diverse views who listen to the range of views across the OpenStreetMap community and work to create a practical and clearly communicatable consensus. We are friendly and courteous. We are always open to new members, whether to take part regularly or to work on a particular issue that frustrates you. </p><p>Our core members are expected to join regularly join our voice conference meetings in English and take on an average of one action item per meeting, generally to do some kind of research. Regulars members are expected to sign a NDA with the OSMF as we now and then handle confidential 3rd party information. We will typically discuss or track an issue over several months. </p><p>If you want to help from time to time or want to work on a particular issue and then stop, you are still welcome to join our meetings. </p><p>We understand that can be very difficult for non-native English speakers. So if you just want to use email, that is fine. Working with many countries is becoming increasingly important to us. </p><p>Roughly half of us are lawyers, however it is no way a requirement to participating. All we ask is genuine concern to protect the ideals and interests of OpenStreetMap and open data and to make life easier for contributors and end users. Do contact us (best by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="mailto:legal@osmfoundation.org">e-mail</a>)! </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Process">Process</span></h3> <ul><li>Sign <a class="external text" href="https://wiki.osmfoundation.org/wiki/File:OSMF_Non_Disclosure_Agreement_20180911.pdf">non-disclosure agreement</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="mailto:legal@osmfoundation.org">Submit</a> short statement of interest - who you are, why you want to join, what you can help with, and any relevant experience or expertise.</li> <li>Current members vote on acceptance.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Minutes">Minutes</span></h2> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Working_Group_Minutes#Licensing_Working_Group" title="Working Group Minutes">Licensing Working Group Minutes</a> </p><p>The group now meets every month on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osmvideo.cloud68.co/user/gui-ztm-dqh">BigBlueButton</a>, unless rescheduled. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></span></h2> <!-- NewPP limit report Cached time: 20250312021307 Cache expiry: 86400 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.022 seconds Real time usage: 0.023 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 63/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 0/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 2/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 0/5000000 bytes --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 0.000 1 -total --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key osmf?hwiki:pcache:idhash:96-0!canonical and timestamp 20250312021307 and revision id 12386. --> </div></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://osmfoundation.org/w/index.php?title=Licensing_Working_Group&amp;oldid=12386">https://osmfoundation.org/w/index.php?title=Licensing_Working_Group&amp;oldid=12386</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Working_Groups" title="Category:Working Groups">Working Groups</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </main> </div> <footer id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="first-row"> <div id="mw-personal"> <div id="p-personal" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label"> <h3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</h3> <ul> <li id="pt-uls" class="mw-list-item active"><a class="uls-trigger" href="#">English</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Licensing+Working+Group" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li>&nbsp; </ul> </div> </div> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer--lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 April 2024, at 17:00.</li> <li id="footer--copyright">Content is available under <a href="/wiki/Wiki_content_license" title="Wiki content license">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="second-row"> <div class="page-nav"> <div id="left-navigation"> <div id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label"> <h3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Licensing_Working_Group" attributes=" id=&quot;ca-nstab-main&quot; class=&quot;selected&quot;" key=" title=&quot;View the content page [c]&quot; accesskey=&quot;c&quot;" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Page</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Licensing_Working_Group&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" attributes=" id=&quot;ca-talk&quot; class=&quot;new&quot;" key=" title=&quot;Discussion about the content page [t]&quot; accesskey=&quot;t&quot;" title="Discussion about the content page (page does not exist) [t]" accesskey="t">Discussion</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label"> <input type="checkbox" class="vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" /> <h3 id="p-variants-label"> <span>Variants</span> </h3> <ul class="menu"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <div id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label"> <h3 id="p-views-label">Views</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-view" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Licensing_Working_Group" attributes=" id=&quot;ca-view&quot; class=&quot;selected&quot;" key="">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licensing_Working_Group&amp;action=edit" attributes=" id=&quot;ca-viewsource&quot;" key=" title=&quot;This page is protected.&amp;#10;You can view its source [e]&quot; accesskey=&quot;e&quot;" title="This page is protected.&#10;You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licensing_Working_Group&amp;action=history" attributes=" id=&quot;ca-history&quot;" key=" title=&quot;Past revisions of this page [h]&quot; accesskey=&quot;h&quot;" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label"> <input type="checkbox" class="vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" /> <h3 id="p-cactions-label"><span>More</span></h3> <ul class="menu"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="search"> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3> <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search OpenStreetMap Foundation" aria-label="Search OpenStreetMap Foundation" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search OpenStreetMap Foundation [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/><input type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title"/><input class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton" type="submit" name="fulltext" title="Search the pages for this text" id="mw-searchButton" value="Search"/><input class="searchButton" type="submit" name="go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" value="Go"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="third-row"> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label"> <h3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-OSMF-Blog" class="mw-list-item"><a href="http://blog.osmfoundation.org" rel="nofollow">OSMF Blog</a></li><li id="n-Donate" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Donate">Donate</a></li><li id="n-Join-OSMF" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Join">Join OSMF</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label"> <h3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Licensing_Working_Group" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Licensing_Working_Group" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licensing_Working_Group&amp;oldid=12386" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Licensing_Working_Group&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Licensing_Working_Group&amp;id=12386&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class=powered-by>Powered by <a href="https://mediawiki.org" target="_blank">MediaWiki</a></div> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.022","walltime":"0.023","ppvisitednodes":{"value":63,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"timestamp":"20250312021307","ttl":86400,"transientcontent":false}}});mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":88});});</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10