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<div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mineraldannelse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineraldannelse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mineraldannelse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineraldannelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifikasjon_etter_egenskaper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifikasjon_etter_egenskaper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Identifikasjon etter egenskaper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifikasjon_etter_egenskaper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klassifikasjon_og_kjemiske_egenskaper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassifikasjon_og_kjemiske_egenskaper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Klassifikasjon og kjemiske egenskaper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassifikasjon_og_kjemiske_egenskaper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mineral_i_bergarter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral_i_bergarter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mineral i bergarter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral_i_bergarter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innholdsfortegnelse" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mineral</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 143 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">143 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="lovende artikkel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steind" title="Steind – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Steind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86" title="معدن – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معدن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralu" title="Mineralu – aromansk" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mineralu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="খনিজ পদাৰ্থ – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="খনিজ পদাৰ্থ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – avadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27ehekove%27%E1%BB%B9va" title="Mba'ehekove'ỹva – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'ehekove'ỹva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – avarisk" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="معدنی ماده – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="معدنی ماده" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C" title="খনিজ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খনিজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B2ng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Khòng-bu̍t – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khòng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мінерал – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мінерал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мінэрал – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мінэрал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – bihari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maenad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C3%A1l" title="Minerál – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minerál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchegwa" title="Muchegwa – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muchegwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwyn" title="Mwyn – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Ορυκτό – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορυκτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralo" title="Mineralo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mineralo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – ekstremaduransk" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="ekstremaduransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کانی – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – fijiansk hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fijiansk hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%C3%A9ral" title="Minéral – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minéral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianra" title="Mianra – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mianra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%AC%BC" title="광물 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Միներալ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միներալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerali" title="Minerali – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Minerali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralo" title="Mineralo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mineralo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerale" title="Minerale – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Minerale" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izimbiwa" title="Izimbiwa – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Izimbiwa" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMbiwa" title="IMbiwa – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMbiwa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerale" title="Minerale – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minerale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%9C" title="מינרל – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינרל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%C9%A9%C9%A3l%C9%A9m_t%C9%9Bt%CA%8A" title="Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ – kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C" title="ಖನಿಜ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖನಿಜ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მინერალები – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინერალები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madini" title="Madini – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Madini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%C3%A9ral" title="Minéral – franskguyansk kreol" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Minéral" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="franskguyansk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AE%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ແຮ່ທາດ – laotisk" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແຮ່ທາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerale" title="Minerale – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Minerale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C4%81ls" title="Minerāls – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minerāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralas" title="Mineralas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mineralas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraj" title="Mineraj – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mineraj" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sv%C3%A1ny_(anyag)" title="Ásvány (anyag) – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ásvány (anyag)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraly" title="Mineraly – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mineraly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81" title="ധാതു – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ധാതു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მინერალი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მინერალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – mirandesisk" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Эрдэс – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрдэс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="တွင်းထွက်ပစ္စည်း – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တွင်းထွက်ပစ္စည်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerale" title="Minerale – fijiansk" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Minerale" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal_(geologie)" title="Mineraal (geologie) – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mineraal (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%B1%E7%89%A9" title="鉱物 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉱物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Minerau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C" title="ਖਣਿਜ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖਣਿਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="معدنیات – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="معدنیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84" title="منرال – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منرال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaral" title="Minaral – jamaicansk kreolengelsk" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Minaral" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaicansk kreolengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minera%C5%82" title="Minerał – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minerał" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiqlla" title="Qiqlla – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qiqlla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Мінералы – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мінералы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/si%27elac" title="si'elac – sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="si'elac" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%83" title="खानिजः – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="खानिजः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeneral" title="Meeneral – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Meeneral" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerali" title="Minerali – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Minerali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minirali" title="Minirali – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Minirali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9B%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2" title="ඛනිජ – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඛනිජ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C3%A1l" title="Minerál – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Minerál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdan" title="Macdan – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Macdan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کانزایی – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانزایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerali" title="Minerali – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Minerali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraali" title="Mineraali – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mineraali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கனிமம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C9%A3uz" title="Amɣuz – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Amɣuz" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bblbaliq" title="bblbaliq – atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bblbaliq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="ఖనిజం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఖనిజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88" title="แร่ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แร่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%99_%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%85" title="ᎦᏙ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ – cherokesisk" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏙ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8A" title="ಕನಿಜೊ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕನಿಜೊ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мінерал – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінерал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86" title="معدن – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معدن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvangvuz" title="Gvangvuz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gvangvuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – vepsisk" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Khoáng vật – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoáng vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal – sørestisk" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="sørestisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="礦物 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="礦物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="מינעראל – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מינעראל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="礦物 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="礦物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals" title="Minerals – samogitisk" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Minerals" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="礦物 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="礦物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7946#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Mineral" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mineral"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" 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Du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å <a class="external text" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mineral&action=edit">forbedre</a> den.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mineraler</b> er <a href="/wiki/Homogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogen">homogene</a>, naturlig forekommende, faste, uorganiske stoffer med en definert <a href="/wiki/Krystallstruktur" title="Krystallstruktur">krystallstruktur</a> av atomer av bestemte <a href="/wiki/Grunnstoff" title="Grunnstoff">grunnstoffer</a> som sitter i bestemte posisjoner.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mineraler har videre en bestemt <a href="/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi">kjemisk</a> sammensetning eller kjemiske forbindelser med konstante kjemiske og fysiske egenskaper, og de ordnede krystall-strukturene ordner atomene i bestemte posisjoner.<sup id="cite_ref-Ivar_B._Ramberg_2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivar_B._Ramberg_2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dette skiller dem fra <a href="/wiki/Bergarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergarter">bergarter</a>, som ikke har en fast kjemisk sammensetning, men snarere utgjør en tilfeldig mineralblanding. Mineralers kjemiske formel kan i visse tilfeller variere mellom kjente endepunkter i et mineralsystem. Det er omstridt hvorvidt mineraler må være anorganiske og ha en ordnet atomstruktur.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mineraler blir dannet gjennom <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologiske</a> og biologiske prosesser. Innenfor <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologien</a> kalles studiet av mineraler for <a href="/wiki/Mineralogi" title="Mineralogi">mineralogi</a>. Mineraler er grunnlagsmaterialet for <a href="/wiki/Bergarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergarter">bergarter</a>. </p><p>Berggrunnen og løsmassene som dekker berggrunnen (de organiske komponentene unntatt) er bygd opp av mineraler. Det er beskrevet mer enn 5 070 ulike mineraler gjennom <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Mineralogical_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Mineralogical Association (ikke skrevet ennå)">International Mineralogical Association</a>, med 10-20 000 undergrupper eller varianter, og det oppdages hvert år flere nye. <a href="/wiki/Silikat" title="Silikat">Silikatmineraler</a> utgjør 90 % av jordskorpa, grunnstoffene <a href="/wiki/Silisium" title="Silisium">silisium</a> og <a href="/wiki/Oksygen" title="Oksygen">oksygen</a> utgjør 75 %. De to vanligste mineralene i jordskorpa er <a href="/wiki/Feltspat" title="Feltspat">feltspat</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts">kvarts</a>. I mantelen er det <a href="/wiki/Pyroksen" title="Pyroksen">pyroksen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin">olivin</a> som er vanligst, og siden mantelen er mye tykkere enn jordskorpa så er det nok disse to som er de vanligste på jorda selv om de er sjeldne på overflaten. Mineraler som er særlig viktige og tallrike i en bergart, kalles bergartsdannende mineraler. De vanligste av de om lag 150 bergartsdannende mineralene er silikatmineralene <a href="/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts">kvarts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feltspat" title="Feltspat">feltspat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glimmer" title="Glimmer">glimmer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amfibol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amfibol (ikke skrevet ennå)">amfibol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroksen" title="Pyroksen">pyroksen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin">olivin</a>, og dessuten <a href="/wiki/Kalsitt" title="Kalsitt">kalsitt</a>. Det finnes også faste, ikke-krystallinske stoffer som dannes ved geologiske prosesser (for eksempel vulkansk <a href="/wiki/Glass_(materiale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass (materiale)">glass</a>), og som pr. definisjon ikke er mineraler. </p><p>Mineraler defineres av sin kjemiske sammensetning ved hjelp av enten Dana-klassifikasjon, eller Strunz-klassifikasjon. Silikatmineralene har et [SiO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>4-</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tetraeder" title="Tetraeder">tetraeder</a>-molekyl som base, som enten opptrer enkelt (ortosilikat) eller danner strukturerte polymerer med to baser (disilikat), ringstruktur (cyclosilikat), kjedestruktur (inosilikat), lagstruktur (fyllosilikat), eller kompliserte tredimensjonale strukturer (tektosilikat). En gruppe mineraler består av bare ett grunnstoff, er <a href="/wiki/Malm" title="Malm">malmer</a> og omfatter blant annet <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8lv" title="Sølv">sølv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber">kobber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jern" title="Jern">jern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bly" title="Bly">bly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">sink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinn_(grunnstoff)" title="Tinn (grunnstoff)">tinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvikks%C3%B8lv" title="Kvikksølv">kvikksølv</a> og <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> (diamant). Andre grupper omfatter <a href="/wiki/Sulfitt" title="Sulfitt">sulfitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oksid" title="Oksid">oksider</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halid (ikke skrevet ennå)">halider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat">karbonater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">sulfater</a>, og <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">fosfater</a>. </p><p>Identifikasjon av mineraler kan gjøres med avanserte instrumenter, men også med feltvurdering av utseende, hardhet, vekt, kløv, strek, glans, spalting, krystallform, lysbryting, magnetisme, lukt, osv. Radioaktivitet og reaksjon med syre er også viktige indikatorer. Mineraler må være stabile ved 25 °C, med noe unntak av mineralene kvikksølv og is. </p><p>Mange mineraler er viktige råstoffer i kjemisk og metallurgisk industri, og kalles da <a href="/wiki/Industrimineral" title="Industrimineral">industrimineraler</a>. Malmene er viktige, men også sammensatte mineraler slik som glimmer-mineralet <a href="/wiki/Muskovitt" title="Muskovitt">muskovitt</a> som brukes i glassproduksjon og isolasjon. Mineraler som inneholder <a href="/wiki/Tungmetall" title="Tungmetall">tungmetaller</a> – dvs. metaller med tetthet høyere enn 5,0 – kalles <a href="/wiki/Ertsmineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ertsmineral">ertsmineraler</a>. Mange mineraler er verdifulle <a href="/wiki/Smykkestein" class="mw-redirect" title="Smykkestein">smykkesteiner</a>, eller populære samleobjekter. Av de om lag 35 smykkesteinene er om lag 20 enkeltstående mineraler, resten er sammensatte bergarter.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mineralenes navn er oftest hentet fra person, fulgt av funnsted, kjemisk innhold, og egenskaper. Navneendelsen <i>-itt</i> kommer av det greske [-ites], som betyr «forbundet med» eller «tilhørende». </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mineraldannelse">Mineraldannelse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Mineraldannelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Mineraldannelse"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mineraler kan dannes når bergartssmelter (<a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>) størkner på eller under jordoverflaten (<i>magmatiske prosesser</i>). Dette skjer ved temperaturer på mellom 600 og 1200 °C, avhengig av trykk og kjemisk sammensetning. Etter hvert som temperaturen i smelten synker, utfelles ulike mineraler ved <a href="/wiki/Krystallisering" title="Krystallisering">krystallisering</a>. Ved magmatiske prosesser og metamorfose er det også svært vanlig at det frigjøres varme vannløsninger – såkalte <a href="/wiki/Hydrotermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrotermal">hydrotermale</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8sning_(kjemi)" title="Løsning (kjemi)">løsninger</a>. Ved slike hydrotermale prosesser kan løsningene bevege seg gjennom omkringliggende bergarter og reagere med mineralene i dem (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metasomatose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metasomatose (ikke skrevet ennå)">metasomatose</a>). Løsningene kan også bli <a href="/wiki/Overmetning" title="Overmetning">overmettet</a> med oppløste stoffer, slik at mineraler felles ut direkte («utfelling»). Ofte finnes slike mineraler som årer eller ganger i berget. Ved forvitring reagerer bergarter kjemisk med vann eller med stoffer i lufta, som karbondioksid eller <a href="/wiki/Svoveldioksid" title="Svoveldioksid">svoveldioksid</a>. De mineralene som da dannes er særlig leirmineraler, hydroksider, karbonater og sulfater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifikasjon_etter_egenskaper">Identifikasjon etter egenskaper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Identifikasjon etter egenskaper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Identifikasjon etter egenskaper"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Apatite_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apatite_Canada.jpg/250px-Apatite_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apatite_Canada.jpg/375px-Apatite_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apatite_Canada.jpg/500px-Apatite_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4808" data-file-height="6112" /></a><figcaption>Apatitt</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Topaz_transparent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Topaz_transparent.jpg/250px-Topaz_transparent.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Topaz_transparent.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Topas</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:DiamanteEZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DiamanteEZ.jpg/250px-DiamanteEZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DiamanteEZ.jpg/375px-DiamanteEZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/DiamanteEZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Diamant</figcaption></figure> <p>Mineraler kjennetegnes blant annet av sin farge, strek, kløv, glans, hardhet, tetthet, ytre og indre krystallstruktur. De kan være kubiske, pyramideformede, sekskanter, eller ha andre former. </p><p>Følgende begrep brukes til å bestemme et mineral: </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi">Kjemisk</a> sammensetning</b> er viktig for klassifikasjonen, Selv grunnstoffmineraler har som regel en blandingsstuktur på grunn av «forurensing» under dannelsen. Et enkelt mineral som <a href="/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin">olivin</a> består av (Mg, Fe)<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> - en blanding av magnesiumrik forsteritt og jern-rik fayalitt. Mineraler kan også etter moderne definisjon ha organisk opphav, slik som <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rav" title="Rav">rav</a>, en rekke <a href="/wiki/Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt">salter</a>, og mineraler av <a href="/wiki/Hydrokarbon" title="Hydrokarbon">hydrokarbon</a>-struktur. Det er klart at organismer kan danne en del mineraler som ikke kan oppstå anorganisk.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enkelte organismer danner også mineralisert vev gjennom utfelling av kalsium, fosfat, silikat (alger, diatomer) eller karbonat (virveldyr).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Krystallstruktur" title="Krystallstruktur">Krystallstruktur</a></b>. Den regelbundne oppbygginga av mineralene gjør at de danner <a href="/wiki/Krystall" title="Krystall">krystaller</a> som er avgrensa av plane flater. Antall flater og vinkelen mellom dem kan brukes til å bestemme et krystall. For eksempel danner kvarts (bergkrystall) sekskanta prismer med en sekskanta pyramide i den ene enden. Under spesielle betingelser – for eksempel når mineraler får vokse uhindra i hulrom i en bergart (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Druse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druse (ikke skrevet ennå)">druser</a>) – kan de utvikle perfekte krystaller. Vanligvis vil imidlertid krystallene være skjeve og fortrukne fordi noen flater har hatt anledning til å utvikle seg bedre enn andre, og i en <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B8rkningsbergart" class="mw-redirect" title="Størkningsbergart">størkningsbergart</a> vil krystallformen til de mineralene som inngår i bergarten ikke være gjenkjennelig. Vinklene mellom krystallflatene vil likevel overalt være de samme for samme mineral. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hardhet_(materialvitenskap)" title="Hardhet (materialvitenskap)">Hardhet</a></b>, vurderes etter en skala med ti nivåer. Den tidelte hardhetsskalaen ble utarbeidet av østerrikeren <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Mohs" title="Friedrich Mohs">Friedrich Mohs</a> på 1800-tallet, og kalles derfor <a href="/wiki/Mohs_skala" title="Mohs skala">Mohs skala</a>. <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Talk" title="Talk">Talk</a> risses lett med neglen.</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Gips" title="Gips">Gips</a> risses mindre lett med neglen.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Kalkspat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkspat">Kalkspat</a> risses lett med kniv.</li> <li>4 <a href="/wiki/Flusspat" title="Flusspat">Flusspat</a> risses mindre lett med kniv.</li> <li>5 <a href="/wiki/Apatitt" title="Apatitt">Apatitt</a> risses vanskelig med kniv.</li> <li>6 <a href="/wiki/Feltspat" title="Feltspat">Feltspat</a> risser så vidt glass og kan ripes med stålfil.</li> <li>7 <a href="/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts">Kvarts</a> risser glass.</li> <li>8 <a href="/wiki/Topas" title="Topas">Topas</a> risser med letthet glass og riper kvarts.</li> <li>9 <a href="/wiki/Korund" title="Korund">Korund</a> risser med letthet glass og riper topas.</li> <li>10 <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a> risser med letthet glass og kan ikke ripes.</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spaltbarhet_(mineralogi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaltbarhet (mineralogi)">Spaltbarhet</a></b> eller <b><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%B8v_(mineralogi)" title="Kløv (mineralogi)">kløv</a></b> er hvordan et mineral kløver. Noen kløver lett i lengden, men vanskelig på tvers. Overflaten i et kløv eller i spalten kan være karakteristisk. Kløv kan spenne fra meget fullkomment kløv – som hos <a href="/wiki/Glimmer" title="Glimmer">glimmer</a> – til mineraler som slett ikke lar seg spalte – som kvarts.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brudd_(mineralogi)" title="Brudd (mineralogi)">Brudd</a></b> er de uregelmessige flatene som oppstår når prøver av dårlig spaltbare mineraler slås i stykker. <ul><li><i>Muslig brudd</i> med motsvarende forhøyninger og fordypninger på hvert bruddstykke. Muslig brudd er typisk for kvarts.</li> <li><i>Jevnt brudd</i> med glatte bruddflater.</li> <li><i>Ujevnt brudd</i> med ujevne (uregelmessige) bruddflater.</li> <li><i>Splintrig brudd</i> med bruddflater som er splintret, fliset eller knast i stykker.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Farge</b> – noen mineraler har bestemte gjenkjennelige farger (egenfarge). Men mange kan ha ulik farge etter graden av forurensing fra andre mineraler.</li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Strekfarge" title="Strekfarge">Strekfarge</a> </b>er fargen i et riss med en skarp gjenstand (kniv) eller fargen på en finknust prøve av mineralet.</li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Glans" title="Glans">Glans</a> </b>er hvordan bruddflata eller krystalloverflata reflekterer lys. Glansen kan beskrives som <i>metallisk</i>, <i>glassaktig</i>, <i>matt</i> eller <i>fettet</i>. Diamant har en egen glans som kalles <i>adamantinglans</i>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tetthet" title="Tetthet">Tetthet</a></b> regnes i g/cm³. Dette er mineralets egenvekt, som er hvor mange ganger det er tyngre enn vann. Mineraler i bergarter har en egenvekt mellom 2 og 3. Metaller er tyngre. Gull har egenvekt 19,3.</li> <li><b>Elektrisk ledningsevne</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme">Magnetisme</a></b>. Av vanlige mineraler finnes bare et par som er magnetiske – <a href="/wiki/Magnetitt" title="Magnetitt">magnetitt</a> og <a href="/wiki/Magnetkis" title="Magnetkis">magnetkis</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet">Radioaktivitet</a></b>. Noen mineraler er naturlig radioaktive fordi de inneholder radioaktive grunnstoffer som <a href="/wiki/Uran" title="Uran">uran</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>.</li> <li><b>Oppløselighet</b>. Mange mineraler er tungt oppløselige i vann. Men de såkalte <a href="/wiki/Halogenider" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogenider">halogenider</a> er eksempelvis lett løselige i vann, slik som <a href="/wiki/Flusspat" title="Flusspat">flusspat</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klassifikasjon_og_kjemiske_egenskaper">Klassifikasjon og kjemiske egenskaper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Klassifikasjon og kjemiske egenskaper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Klassifikasjon og kjemiske egenskaper"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>Se også: <a href="/wiki/Liste_over_mineraler" title="Liste over mineraler">Liste over mineraler</a>.</i></dd></dl> <p>Mineralogi er nær beslektet med <a href="/wiki/Uorganisk_kjemi" title="Uorganisk kjemi">uorganisk kjemi</a>, som danner basis for den dominerende Dana-klassifikasjonen fra <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a>, som tilordner hver art et firesifret nummer. Strunz-klassifiseringen fra <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a> tar også hensyn til mineralenes strukturelle, kjemiske bindinger. Mineraler tilordnes, i stigende orden, som varianter, arter, serier og grupper. Varianter er ulike utseender av samme art, eksempelvis er <a href="/wiki/Ametyst" title="Ametyst">ametyst</a> en fiolett variant av kvarts. Arten er en sentral tilordning og kjennetegnes av kjemisk sammensetning og struktur (formel), eksempelvis defineres kvarts ved formelen SiO<sub>2</sub> kombinert med en krystallstruktur som atskiller kvarts fra andre mineraler som deler den samme kjemiske formel. En serie er en mengde av ulike strukturer som dannes av de samme mineralene, eksempelvis er <a href="/wiki/Biotitt" title="Biotitt">biotitt</a> en serie av ulike blandinger av mineralene flogopitt, siderofyllitt, annitt og eastonitt. En gruppe er en mengde av ulike mineraler som har de samme kjemiske egenskapene og lik krystallinsk struktur, eksempelvis <a href="/wiki/Pyroksen" title="Pyroksen">pyroksen</a>-gruppen med formel XY(Si, Al)<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>. </p><p>Vi kan ordne mineralene i følgende åtte grupper, i vanlig nummerert rekkefølge:<sup id="cite_ref-Ivar_B._Ramberg_2006_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivar_B._Ramberg_2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Grunnstoffer</b> kan forekomme i mer eller mindre ren (gedigen) form i naturen, og utgjøre malmer. De viktigste er <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gull</a> (Au), <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8lv" title="Sølv">sølv</a> (Ag), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kassiteritt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kassiteritt (ikke skrevet ennå)">kassiteritt</a> (Sn, SnO<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Sfaleritt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sfaleritt">sfaleritt</a> (Zn), <a href="/wiki/Jern" title="Jern">jern</a> (Fe), <a href="/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber">kobber</a> (Cu), <a href="/wiki/Bly" title="Bly">bly</a> (Pb), <a href="/wiki/Sinober" class="mw-disambig" title="Sinober">sinober</a> (Hg, HgS), <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamant</a> (C) og <a href="/wiki/Grafitt" title="Grafitt">grafitt</a> (C). Dette er mineraler som bare består av ett grunnstoff.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Sulfider</b> er <a href="/wiki/Metall" title="Metall">metallatomer</a> bundet til <a href="/wiki/Svovel" title="Svovel">svovel</a>. Silikatene er ugjennomsiktige (<i>opake</i>), har høy tetthet, er forholdsvis bløte og har en metallisk glans. Mange av dem – som <a href="/wiki/Svovelkis" title="Svovelkis">svovelkis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molybdenitt (ikke skrevet ennå)">molybdenitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kopperkis" title="Kopperkis">kopperkis</a> og <a href="/wiki/Sinkblende" title="Sinkblende">sinkblende</a> – er råstoff for metallframstilling, og er derfor økonomisk viktige mineraler.</li> <li><b>Oksider</b> inneholder ulike metaller bundet til oksygen. De fleste av dem er tunge, harde og ugjennomsiktige. Mange oksider er viktige ertsmineraler, f.eks. <a href="/wiki/Hematitt" title="Hematitt">hematitt</a> (jernglans), <a href="/wiki/Ilmenitt" title="Ilmenitt">ilmenitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetitt" title="Magnetitt">magnetitt</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uraninitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uraninitt (ikke skrevet ennå)">uraninitt</a>. En undergruppe av oksidene er <i>hydroksidene</i>, som i stedet for oksygen inneholder ei OH-gruppe (OH<sup>−</sup>).</li> <li><b>Halogenider</b> eller <i><b>halider</b></i> er forbindelser med <a href="/wiki/Halogener" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogener">halogener</a>, nærmere bestemt <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">fluor</a> og <a href="/wiki/Klor" title="Klor">klor</a>. De fleste er lette og bløte. De er lettløselige og derfor lite utbredt i naturen, men <a href="/wiki/Halitt" title="Halitt">halitt</a> og <a href="/wiki/Flusspat" title="Flusspat">flusspat</a> er relativt vanlige mineraler.</li> <li><b>Karbonater</b> er mineraler som inneholder <a href="/wiki/Karbonat" title="Karbonat">karbonationet</a> CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>. De mest kjente er <a href="/wiki/Kalkspat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkspat">kalkspat</a> og <a href="/wiki/Dolomitt" title="Dolomitt">dolomitt</a>, som begge er viktige industrimineraler i Norge.</li> <li><b>Sulfater</b> er mineraler som inneholder <a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">sulfatanionet</a> SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>. De er ofte dannet ved <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrotermale_prosesser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrotermale prosesser (ikke skrevet ennå)">hydrotermale prosesser</a> eller som saltavleiringer (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Evaporitter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evaporitter (ikke skrevet ennå)">evaporitter</a>). Et vanlig sulfatmineral er <a href="/wiki/Gips" title="Gips">gips</a>.</li> <li><b>Fosfater</b> er mineraler som inneholder <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">fosfatanionet</a> PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>. Det vanligste fosfatmineralet er <a href="/wiki/Apatitt" title="Apatitt">apatitt</a>.</li> <li><b>Silikater</b> inneholder en forbindelse med <a href="/wiki/Silisium" title="Silisium">silisium</a> og minst et annet grunnstoff, og er de vanligste bergartsdannende mineralene. Eksempelvis består <a href="/wiki/Molekyl" title="Molekyl">molekylene</a> i bergarten <a href="/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts">kvarts</a> av ett silisiumatom og to oksygenatomer (SiO<sub>2</sub>). Alle silikatmineraler inneholder såkalte <i>SiO<sub>4</sub>-tetraedere</i>, dvs. et silisiumatom omgitt av fire <a href="/wiki/Oksygen" title="Oksygen">oksygenatomer</a>. Under meget stort trykk kan silikatet være seks- eller åttefallig forbundet med oksygen, som i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perovskitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perovskitt (ikke skrevet ennå)">perovskitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutil" title="Rutil">rutil</a>, osv. Avhengig av om SiO<sub>4</sub>-tetraedrene opptrer alene eller er bundet til hverandre på ulike måter, taler vi med stigende kompleksitet om:</li></ol> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkeltsilikater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enkeltsilikater (ikke skrevet ennå)">Enkeltsilikater</a> (ortosilikat, nesosilikat) – f.eks. <a href="/wiki/Granat_(mineral)" title="Granat (mineral)">granat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivin" title="Olivin">olivin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirkon" title="Zirkon">zirkon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topas" title="Topas">topas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andraditt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andraditt (ikke skrevet ennå)">andraditt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tefroitt" title="Tefroitt">tefroitt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spessartin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spessartin (ikke skrevet ennå)">spessartin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dobbeltsilikater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dobbeltsilikater (ikke skrevet ennå)">Dobbeltsilikater</a> (disilikat, sorosilikat) - f.eks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epidott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epidott (ikke skrevet ennå)">epidott</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapelitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapelitt (ikke skrevet ennå)">metapelitt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawsonitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawsonitt (ikke skrevet ennå)">lawsonitt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vesuvianitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vesuvianitt (ikke skrevet ennå)">vesuvianitt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ringsilikater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ringsilikater (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ringsilikater</a> (cyclosilikat) – f.eks. <a href="/wiki/Turmalin" title="Turmalin">turmalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beryll" title="Beryll">beryll</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordieritt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cordieritt (ikke skrevet ennå)">cordieritt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kjedesilikater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kjedesilikater (ikke skrevet ennå)">Kjedesilikater</a> (inoslikater) – f.eks. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amfibol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amfibol (ikke skrevet ennå)">amfibol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroksen" title="Pyroksen">pyroksen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tremolitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tremolitt (ikke skrevet ennå)">tremolitt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinolitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinolitt (ikke skrevet ennå)">actinolitt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjiktsilikater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjiktsilikater (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sjiktsilikater</a> (fyllosilikat) – f.eks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leirmineraler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leirmineraler (ikke skrevet ennå)">leirmineraler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glimmer" title="Glimmer">glimmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskovitt" title="Muskovitt">muskovitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotitt" title="Biotitt">biotitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaolinitt" title="Kaolinitt">kaolinitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serpentin" title="Serpentin">serpentin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nettverkssilikater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nettverkssilikater (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nettverkssilikater</a> (tektosilikat) – f.eks. <a href="/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts">kvarts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feltspat" title="Feltspat">feltspat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feltspatoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feltspatoid (ikke skrevet ennå)">feltspatoider</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nefelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nefelin (ikke skrevet ennå)">nefelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutil" title="Rutil">rutil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeolitt" title="Zeolitt">zeolitt</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mineral_i_bergarter">Mineral i bergarter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Mineral i bergarter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Mineral i bergarter"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mineralinnholdet av bergarter er normalt sammensatt, men en bergart kan også bestå av bare ett mineral, slik som bergartene <a href="/wiki/Kull" title="Kull">kull</a> (karbon), <a href="/wiki/Kalkstein" title="Kalkstein">kalkstein</a> (kalsitt), og <a href="/wiki/Kvartsitt" title="Kvartsitt">kvartsitt</a> (kvarts). De fleste bergarter kjennetegnes ved innholdet av visse mineraler. <a href="/wiki/Granitt" title="Granitt">Granitt</a> inneholder en viss blanding av kvarts, alkalifeltspat og plagioklas-feltspat, og alle andre mineraler enn de definerende mineralene er såkalt aksessoriske mineraler - de er ikke en del av den definerende sammensetningen og de påvirker ikke bergartens egenskaper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_mineraler" title="Liste over mineraler">Liste over mineraler</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Ivar B. Ramberg (red): <i>Landet blir til – Norges geologi</i>, Norges Geologiske Forening 2006, ed 2007, side 31-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ivar_B._Ramberg_2006-2"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Ivar_B._Ramberg_2006_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ivar_B._Ramberg_2006_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Ivar B. Ramberg (red): <i>Landet blir til – Norges geologi</i>, Norges Geologiske Forening 2006, ed 2007, side 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">M D Dyar og M E Gunter, <i>Mineralogy and Optical Mineralogy</i>, Mineralogical Society of America, Virginia 2008, side 2-4.></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">C W Chesterman og K E Lowe, <i>Field guide to North American rocks and minerals</i>, Toronto 2008, side 14-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">H A Lowenstam, «Minerals formed by organisms», i: <i>Science</i>, nummer 211 (4487), 1981, side 1126–1131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">H C W Skinner, «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minmag.geoscienceworld.org/content/69/5/621.abstract">Biominerals</a>», i: <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>, nummer 69 (5), 2005, side 621–641.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Ivar B. Ramberg (red): <i>Landet blir til – Norges geologi</i>, Norges Geologiske Forening 2006, ed 2007, side 31.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Minerals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Minerals">Minerals</a> – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p373"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7946?uselang=nb#P373" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> 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/></a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngu.no/">Noregs geologiske undersøking</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.uib.no">Institutt for geovitenskap på Universitetet i Bergen, instituttet er det største akademiske fagmiljøet i Norge innen geologi.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103192138/http://www.geo.ntnu.no/igb/">Institutt for geologi og bergteknikk på Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelege Universitet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.uio.no">Institutt for geofag på Universitetet i Oslo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/">Mindat.org – The mineral database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/">Webminderal.com – Mineralogy database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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