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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900–1950" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900–1950"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1900–1950</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900–1950-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1950" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1950"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Since 1950</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1950-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edwardian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edwardian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Edwardian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edwardian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post-war period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Recent years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibition_Road_Quarter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibition_Road_Quarter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Exhibition Road Quarter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhibition_Road_Quarter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Collections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Collections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Islamic art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>British galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cast_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cast_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Cast courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cast_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramics_and_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramics_and_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Ceramics and glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramics_and_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prints_and_drawings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prints_and_drawings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Prints and drawings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prints_and_drawings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furniture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furniture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Furniture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furniture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewellery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewellery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Jewellery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewellery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Metalwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Musical instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paintings_(and_miniatures)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings_(and_miniatures)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Paintings (and miniatures)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings_(and_miniatures)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_and_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_and_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Theatre and performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_and_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Departments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Departments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Departments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-V&A_Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#V&A_Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>V&A Publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-V&A_Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_for_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_for_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Activities for children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_for_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_for_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_for_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Activities for adults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_for_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Research and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Art_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Art_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>National Art Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Art_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Partnerships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Galleries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Galleries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Galleries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museum_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Museum galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museum_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_galleries_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_galleries_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>British galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_galleries_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalwork_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalwork_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>Metalwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalwork_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.4</span> <span>Paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.5</span> <span>French paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.6</span> <span>Italian paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sculptures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gothic_Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic_Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Gothic Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothic_Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="متحف فكتوريا وألبرت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متحف فكتوريا وألبرت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9u_de_Victoria_y_Alberto" title="Muséu de Victoria y Alberto – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Muséu de Victoria y Alberto" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoriya_v%C9%99_Albert_Muzeyi" title="Viktoriya və Albert Muzeyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Viktoriya və Albert Muzeyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96_%D1%96_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Музей Вікторыі і Альберта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Музей Вікторыі і Альберта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96_%D1%96_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Музэй Вікторыі і Альбэрта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Музэй Вікторыі і Альбэрта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9)" title="Виктория и Албърт (музей) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виктория и Албърт (музей)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgueddfa_Victoria_ac_Albert" title="Amgueddfa Victoria ac Albert – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amgueddfa Victoria ac Albert" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_ja_Alberti_muuseum" title="Victoria ja Alberti muuseum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Victoria ja Alberti muuseum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Μουσείο Βικτωρίας και Αλβέρτου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουσείο Βικτωρίας και Αλβέρτου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_Victoria_y_Alberto" title="Museo de Victoria y Alberto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Museo de Victoria y Alberto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeo_Viktoria_kaj_Alberto" title="Muzeo Viktoria kaj Alberto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muzeo Viktoria kaj Alberto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="موزه ویکتوریا و آلبرت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موزه ویکتوریا و آلبرت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsaem_Victoria_agus_Albert" title="Músaem Victoria agus Albert – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Músaem Victoria agus Albert" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%85%ED%86%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%95%A8%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B0%95%EB%AC%BC%EA%B4%80" title="빅토리아 앨버트 박물관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빅토리아 앨버트 박물관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%87_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Վիկտորիայի և Ալբերտի թանգարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիկտորիայի և Ալբերտի թանգարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Victoria_dan_Albert" title="Museum Victoria dan Albert – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Museum Victoria dan Albert" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98" title="מוזיאון ויקטוריה ואלברט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיאון ויקטוריה ואלברט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiyum_Victoria_lan_Albert" title="Musiyum Victoria lan Albert – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Musiyum Victoria lan Albert" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვიქტორიასა და ალბერტის მუზეუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიქტორიასა და ალბერტის მუზეუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktorijas_un_Alberta_muzejs" title="Viktorijas un Alberta muzejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viktorijas un Alberta muzejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktorijos_ir_Alberto_muziejus" title="Viktorijos ir Alberto muziejus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viktorijos ir Alberto muziejus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%98)" title="Викторија и Алберт (музеј) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Викторија и Алберт (музеј)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="വിക്ടോറിയ ആൻഡ് ആൽബർട്ട് മ്യൂസിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്ടോറിയ ആൻഡ് ആൽബർട്ട് മ്യൂസിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="متحف فكتوريا والبرت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="متحف فكتوريا والبرت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87" title="ویکتوریا و آلبرت موزه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویکتوریا و آلبرت موزه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဝိတိုရိယနှင့်အဲလ်ဘတ်ပြတိုက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝိတိုရိယနှင့်အဲလ်ဘတ်ပြတိုက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%26%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="ヴィクトリア&アルバート博物館 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィクトリア&アルバート博物館" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85" title="وکٹوریہ ایند ایلبرٹ میوزیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وکٹوریہ ایند ایلبرٹ میوزیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum_Wiktorii_i_Alberta" title="Muzeum Wiktorii i Alberta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzeum Wiktorii i Alberta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu_Vit%C3%B3ria_e_Alberto" title="Museu Vitória e Alberto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Museu Vitória e Alberto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Музей Виктории и Альберта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музей Виктории и Альберта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzej_Viktorije_i_Alberta" title="Muzej Viktorije i Alberta – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Muzej Viktorije i Alberta" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Victoria and Albert Museum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B5" title="Виктория һәм Альберт Музее – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Виктория һәм Альберт Музее" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95" title="พิพิธภัณฑ์วิกตอเรียแอนด์อัลเบิร์ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พิพิธภัณฑ์วิกตอเรียแอนด์อัลเบิร์ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Осорхонаи Виктория ва Алберт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Осорхонаи Виктория ва Алберт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_ve_Albert_M%C3%BCzesi" title="Victoria ve Albert Müzesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Victoria ve Albert Müzesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Музей Вікторії та Альберта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музей Вікторії та Альберта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85" title="وکٹوریہ اور البرٹ میوزیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وکٹوریہ اور البرٹ میوزیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_t%C3%A0ng_Victoria_v%C3%A0_Albert" title="Bảo tàng Victoria và Albert – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảo tàng Victoria và Albert" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%88%87%E4%BA%9E%E5%8E%98%E7%95%A2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="維多利亞與亞厘畢博物館 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維多利亞與亞厘畢博物館" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="维多利亚和阿尔伯特博物馆 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&params=51_29_47_N_00_10_19_W_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°29′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">00°10′19″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.49639°N 0.17194°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.49639; -0.17194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art museum in London, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"V&A" redirects here. For the Canadian television show, see <a href="/wiki/Video_%26_Arcade_Top_10" title="Video & Arcade Top 10">Video & Arcade Top 10</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Victoria and Albert Museum</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_Logo.svg/150px-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_Logo.svg/225px-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_Logo.svg/300px-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo introduced in 1989</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Entrance,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Entrance%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/250px-Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Entrance%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Entrance%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/375px-Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Entrance%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Entrance%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/500px-Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Entrance%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="5128" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The museum's main entrance</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_street_map_central_london.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victoria and Albert Museum is located in Central London"><img alt="Victoria and Albert Museum is located in Central London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Open_street_map_central_london.svg/250px-Open_street_map_central_london.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Open_street_map_central_london.svg/375px-Open_street_map_central_london.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Open_street_map_central_london.svg/500px-Open_street_map_central_london.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="754" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.537%;left:20.994%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Victoria and Albert Museum"><img alt="Victoria and Albert Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Central London</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former name</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Museum of Manufactures, South Kensington Museum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1852<span class="noprint">; 172 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1852</span>)</span></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data locality"><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_Road" title="Cromwell Road">Cromwell Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea" title="Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea">Kensington and Chelsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/SW_postcode_area" title="SW postcode area">SW7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&params=51_29_47_N_00_10_19_W_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°29′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">00°10′19″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.49639°N 0.17194°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.49639; -0.17194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art museum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Collection size</th><td class="infobox-data">2,800,000 objects in 145 galleries</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">3,110,000 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-ALVA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALVA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Director</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Tristram_Hunt" title="Tristram Hunt">Tristram Hunt</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Non-departmental public body of the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public transit access</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground"><img alt="London Underground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Underground_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Underground_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="406" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington_tube_station" title="South Kensington tube station">South Kensington</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/London_Buses" title="London Buses"><img alt="London Buses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Buses_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/10px-Buses_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Buses_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/15px-Buses_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Buses_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg/20px-Buses_roundel_%28no_text%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="520" /></a></span> Kensington Museums <a href="/wiki/London_Buses_route_360" title="London Buses route 360">360</a></li><li>Victoria & Albert Museum <a href="/wiki/London_Buses_route_14" title="London Buses route 14">14</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Buses_route_74" title="London Buses route 74">74</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Buses_route_414" class="mw-redirect" title="London Buses route 414">414</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Buses_route_C1" class="mw-redirect" title="London Buses route C1">C1</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.vam.ac.uk">https://www.vam.ac.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Victoria and Albert Museum</b> (abbreviated <b>V&A</b>) in London is the world's largest museum of <a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, housing a permanent collection of over 2.8 million objects.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded in 1852 and named after <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>. </p><p>The V&A is in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Kensington_and_Chelsea" title="Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea">Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea</a>, in an area known as "<a href="/wiki/Albertopolis" title="Albertopolis">Albertopolis</a>" because of its association with Prince Albert, the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a>, and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated. These include the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Museum (London)">Science Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>. The museum is a <a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">non-departmental public body</a> sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Digital,_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport</a>. As with other national British museums, entrance is free. </p><p>The V&A covers 12.5 acres (5.1 ha)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years of art, from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a> to the present day, from the cultures of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a>, Asia and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Africa" title="Culture of North Africa">North Africa</a>. However, the art of <a href="/wiki/Antiquities" title="Antiquities">antiquity</a> in most areas is not collected. The holdings of <a href="/wiki/Ceramics_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics (art)">ceramics</a>, glass, textiles, <a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">costumes</a>, silver, <a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">ironwork</a>, jewellery, furniture, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> objects, sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">prints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a>, drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FerrenNYT-2024_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FerrenNYT-2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The museum owns the world's largest collection of post-<a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> sculpture, with the holdings of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_sculpture" title="Italian Renaissance sculpture">Italian Renaissance sculpture</a> being the largest outside Italy. The departments of Asia include art from South Asia, China, Japan, Korea and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>. The East Asian collections are among the best in Europe, with particular strengths in ceramics and <a href="/wiki/Metalwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalwork">metalwork</a>, while the Islamic collection is amongst the largest in the Western world. Overall, it is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest</a> museums in the world. </p><p>Since 2001 the museum has embarked on a major £150m renovation programme. The new European galleries for the 17th century and the 18th century were opened on 9 December 2015. These restored the original <a href="/wiki/Aston_Webb" title="Aston Webb">Aston Webb</a> interiors and host the European collections 1600–1815.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Young_V%26A" title="Young V&A">Young V&A</a> in east London is a branch of the museum, and a new branch in London – V&A East – is being planned.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first V&A museum outside London, <a href="/wiki/V%26A_Dundee" title="V&A Dundee">V&A Dundee</a> opened on 15 September 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-moore_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryCole2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HenryCole2.jpg/170px-HenryCole2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/HenryCole2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cole_(inventor)" title="Henry Cole (inventor)">Henry Cole</a>, the museum's first director</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_courtyard_frieze_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_courtyard_frieze_detail.jpg/220px-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_courtyard_frieze_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_courtyard_frieze_detail.jpg/330px-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_courtyard_frieze_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_courtyard_frieze_detail.jpg/440px-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_courtyard_frieze_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3519" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Frieze detail from internal courtyard showing Queen Victoria in front of the 1851 Great Exhibition</figcaption></figure> <p>The Victoria and Albert Museum has its origins in <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">the Great Exhibition</a> of 1851. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cole_(inventor)" title="Henry Cole (inventor)">Henry Cole</a> was the museum's first director, he was also involved in the planning. Initially the V&A was known as the <b>Museum of Manufactures</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Physick_1982_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physick_1982-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first opening to the general public was in May 1852 at <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_House" title="Marlborough House">Marlborough House</a>. By September the collection had been transferred to <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a>. At this stage, the collections covered both applied art and science.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the exhibits from the opening Exhibition were purchased by the museum to form the kernel of the V&A collection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick198219_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick198219-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By February 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick198222_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick198222-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the museum was renamed <b>South Kensington Museum</b>. In 1855 the German architect <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Semper" title="Gottfried Semper">Gottfried Semper</a>, at the request of Cole, produced a design for the museum, but it was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Board of Trade</a> as too expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current site was occupied by Brompton Park House, which was extended in 1857 to include the first refreshment rooms. The V&A was the first museum in the world to provide researchers and guests a <a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">catering</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick198230_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick198230-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FerrenNYT-2024_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FerrenNYT-2024-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official opening by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> was on 20 June 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following year, late-night openings were introduced, made possible by the use of <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a>. In the words of museum director Cole gas lighting was introduced "to ascertain practically what hours are most convenient to the working classes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick198235_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick198235-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To raise interest for the museum among the <a href="/wiki/Target_audience" title="Target audience">target audience</a>, the museum exhibited its collections on both applied art and science. The museum aimed to provide educational resources and thus boost the productive industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheppard1975248_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheppard1975248-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of "<a href="/wiki/High_Art" title="High Art">High Art</a>" at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery (London)">National Gallery</a> and scholarship at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheppard197597_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheppard197597-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Wallis" title="George Wallis">George Wallis</a> (1811–1891), the first Keeper of Fine Art Collection, passionately promoted the idea of wide art education through the museum collections. This led to the transfer to the museum of the School of Design that had been founded in 1837 at Somerset House; after the transfer, it was referred to as the Art School or Art Training School, later to become the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a> which finally achieved full independence in 1949. From the 1860s to the 1880s the scientific collections had been moved from the main museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_Road" title="Exhibition Road">Exhibition Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheppard1975248_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheppard1975248-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893 the "Science Museum" had effectively come into existence when a separate director was appointed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheppard1975252_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheppard1975252-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Houses_on_Site_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum,_1899_by_Philip_Norman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Old_Houses_on_Site_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_1899_by_Philip_Norman.jpg/220px-Old_Houses_on_Site_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_1899_by_Philip_Norman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Old_Houses_on_Site_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_1899_by_Philip_Norman.jpg/330px-Old_Houses_on_Site_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_1899_by_Philip_Norman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Old_Houses_on_Site_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_1899_by_Philip_Norman.jpg/440px-Old_Houses_on_Site_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_1899_by_Philip_Norman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Old Houses on Site of Victoria and Albert Museum, 1899 by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Norman_(artist)" title="Philip Norman (artist)">Philip Norman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Queen Victoria returned to lay the foundation stone of the Aston Webb building (to the left of the main entrance) on 17 May 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982252_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982252-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this ceremony that the change of name from 'South Kensington Museum' to 'Victoria and Albert Museum' was made public. Queen Victoria's address during the ceremony, as recorded in <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>, ended: "I trust that it will remain for ages a Monument of discerning Liberality and a Source of Refinement and Progress."<sup id="cite_ref-London_Gazette_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London_Gazette-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exhibition which the museum organised to celebrate the centennial of the 1899 renaming, <i>A Grand Design</i>, first toured in North America from 1997 (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art" title="Baltimore Museum of Art">Baltimore Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a>, Toronto, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Houston">Museum of Fine Arts, Houston</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts_Museums_of_San_Francisco" title="Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco">Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco</a>), returning to London in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-ArtMag_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArtMag-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To accompany and support the exhibition, the museum published a book, <i>Grand Design</i>, which it has made available for reading online on its website.<sup id="cite_ref-Grand_Design_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grand_Design-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–1950"><span id="1900.E2.80.931950"></span>1900–1950</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1900–1950"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opening ceremony for the Aston Webb building by <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Alexandra">Queen Alexandra</a> took place on 26 June 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982246_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982246-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914 the construction commenced of the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Museum (London)">Science Museum</a>, signaling the final split of the science and art collections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheppard1975254_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheppard1975254-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939 on the outbreak of the Second World War, most of the collection was sent to a <a href="/wiki/Westwood,_Wiltshire" title="Westwood, Wiltshire">quarry in Wiltshire</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Montacute_House" title="Montacute House">Montacute House</a> in Somerset, or to a tunnel near <a href="/wiki/Aldwych_tube_station" title="Aldwych tube station">Aldwych tube station</a>, with larger objects remaining <i>in situ</i>, sand-bagged and bricked in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982269_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982269-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1941 and 1944 some galleries were used as a school for children evacuated from <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982270_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982270-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Court became a canteen, first for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> and later for Bomb Damage Repair Squads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982270_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982270-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the return of the collections after the war, the <i><a href="/wiki/Britain_Can_Make_It" title="Britain Can Make It">Britain Can Make It</a></i> exhibition was held between September and November 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attracting nearly a million-and-a-half visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-tonic_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tonic-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was organised by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Industrial_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Industrial Design">Council of Industrial Design</a>, established by the British government in 1944 "to promote by all practicable means the improvement of design in the products of British industry".<sup id="cite_ref-tonic_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tonic-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of this exhibition led to the planning of the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a> to be held in 1951. By 1948 most of the collections had been returned to the museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1950">Since 1950</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Since 1950"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VandA_Rotunda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/VandA_Rotunda.jpg/190px-VandA_Rotunda.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/VandA_Rotunda.jpg/285px-VandA_Rotunda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/VandA_Rotunda.jpg/380px-VandA_Rotunda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>In 2000, <a href="/wiki/V%26A_Rotunda_Chandelier" title="V&A Rotunda Chandelier">an 11-metre high, blown glass chandelier</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dale_Chihuly" title="Dale Chihuly">Dale Chihuly</a> was installed as a focal point in the rotunda at the V&A's main entrance</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1973 as part of its outreach programme to young people, the V&A became the first museum in Britain to present a rock concert. The V&A presented a combined concert/lecture by the British progressive folk-rock band <a href="/wiki/Gryphon_(band)" title="Gryphon (band)">Gryphon</a>, who explored the lineage of medieval music and instrumentation and related how those contributed to contemporary music 500 years later. This innovative approach to bringing young people to museums was a hallmark of the directorship of Sir <a href="/wiki/Roy_Strong" title="Roy Strong">Roy Strong</a> and was subsequently emulated by some other British museums. </p><p>In the 1980s Strong renamed the museum as "The Victoria and Albert Museum, the National Museum of Art and Design". Strong's successor <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Esteve-Coll" title="Elizabeth Esteve-Coll">Elizabeth Esteve-Coll</a> oversaw a turbulent period for the institution in which the museum's curatorial departments were re-structured, leading to public criticism from some staff. Esteve-Coll's attempts to make the V&A more accessible included a criticised marketing campaign emphasising the café over the collection. </p><p>In 2001 the museum embarked on a major £150m renovation programme, called the "FuturePlan".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan involves redesigning all the galleries and public facilities in the museum that have yet to be remodelled. This is to ensure that the exhibits are better displayed, more information is available, access for visitors is improved, and the museum can meet modern expectations for museum facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A planned <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_Spiral" title="Victoria and Albert Museum Spiral">Spiral building</a> was abandoned; in its place a new Exhibition Road Quarter designed by <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Levete" title="Amanda Levete">Amanda Levete</a>'s <a href="/wiki/AL_A" title="AL A">AL_A</a> was created.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It features a new entrance on <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_Road" title="Exhibition Road">Exhibition Road</a>, a porcelain-tiled courtyard (inaugurated in 2017 as the Sackler Courtyard and renamed the <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_Road_Courtyard" title="Exhibition Road Courtyard">Exhibition Road Courtyard</a> in 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a new 1,100-square-metre underground gallery space (the Sainsbury Gallery) accessed through the Blavatnik Hall. The Exhibition Road Quarter project provided 6,400 square metres of extra space, which is the largest expansion at the museum in over 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-dezeen_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dezeen-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It opened on 29 June 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-quarter_opening_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quarter_opening-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2018, it was announced that the <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Duchess_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge">Duchess of Cambridge</a> would become the first royal patron of the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 September 2018, the first V&A museum outside London, <a href="/wiki/V%26A_Dundee" title="V&A Dundee">V&A Dundee</a>, opened.<sup id="cite_ref-moore_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum, built at a cost of £80.11m, is located on Dundee's waterfront, and is focused on Scottish design, furniture, textiles, fashion, architecture, engineering and digital design.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it uses the V&A name, its operation and funding is independent of the V&A.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The museum also runs the <a href="/wiki/Young_V%26A" title="Young V&A">Young V&A</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bethnal_Green" title="Bethnal Green">Bethnal Green</a>, which reopened on 1 July 2023;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it used to run <a href="/wiki/Apsley_House" title="Apsley House">Apsley House</a>, and also the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Museum" title="Theatre Museum">Theatre Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a>. The Theatre Museum is now closed; the V&A Theatre Collections are now displayed within the South Kensington building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_203.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Picture_203.jpg/220px-Picture_203.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Picture_203.jpg/330px-Picture_203.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Picture_203.jpg/440px-Picture_203.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The Ceramic Staircase, designed by Frank Moody</figcaption></figure> <p>Victorian parts of the building have a complex history, with piecemeal additions by different architects. Founded in May 1852, it was not until 1857 that the museum moved to its present site. This area of London, previously known as <a href="/wiki/Brompton,_London" title="Brompton, London">Brompton</a>, had been renamed 'South Kensington'. The land was occupied by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brompton_Park_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brompton Park House (page does not exist)">Brompton Park House</a>, which was extended, most notably by the "Brompton Boilers",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick198223_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick198223-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were starkly utilitarian iron galleries with a temporary look and were later dismantled and used to build the V&A Museum of Childhood. The first building to be erected that still forms part of the museum was the <a href="/wiki/John_Sheepshanks_(art_collector)" title="John Sheepshanks (art collector)">Sheepshanks</a> Gallery in 1857 on the eastern side of the garden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick198233_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick198233-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its architect was civil engineer Captain <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fowke" title="Francis Fowke">Francis Fowke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a>, who was appointed by Cole.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next major expansions were designed by the same architect, the Turner and Vernon galleries built in 1858–1859<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick198239_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick198239-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to house the eponymous collections (later transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Tate" title="Tate">Tate Gallery</a>) and now used as the picture galleries and tapestry gallery respectively. The North<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick198247_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick198247-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and South Courts<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick198253_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick198253-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were then built, both of which opened by June 1862. They now form the galleries for temporary exhibitions and are directly behind the Sheepshanks Gallery. On the very northern edge of the site is situated the Secretariat Wing;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick198292_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick198292-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also built in 1862, this houses the offices and boardroom, etc. and is not open to the public. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_pediment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_pediment.jpg/220px-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_pediment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_pediment.jpg/330px-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_pediment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_pediment.jpg/440px-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_pediment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>The mosaic in the pediment of the North Façade, designed by Godfrey Sykes</figcaption></figure> <p>An ambitious scheme of decoration was developed for these new areas: a series of <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> figures depicting famous European artists of the Medieval and Renaissance period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick198262_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick198262-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have now been removed to other areas of the museum. Also started were a series of <a href="/wiki/Leighton_Frescoes" title="Leighton Frescoes">frescoes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Leighton,_1st_Baron_Leighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton">Lord Leighton</a>: <i>Industrial Arts as Applied to War</i> 1878–1880 and <i>Industrial Arts Applied to Peace</i>, which was started but never finished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick198271_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick198271-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the east of this were additional galleries, the decoration of which was the work of another designer, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(architect)" title="Owen Jones (architect)">Owen Jones</a>; these were the Oriental Courts (covering India, China and Japan), completed in 1863. None of this decoration survives.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of these galleries became the new galleries covering the 19th century, opened in December 2006. The last work by Fowke was the design for the range of buildings on the north and west sides of the garden. This includes the refreshment rooms, reinstated as the Museum Café in 2006, with the silver gallery above (at the time the ceramics gallery); the top floor has a splendid lecture theatre, although this is seldom open to the general public. The ceramic staircase in the northwest corner of this range of buildings was designed by F. W. Moody<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982124_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982124-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has architectural details of moulded and coloured pottery. All the work on the north range was designed and built in 1864–69. The style adopted for this part of the museum was <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>; much use was made of <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>, brick and mosaic. This north façade was intended as the main entrance to the museum, with its bronze doors, designed by James Gamble and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reuben_Townroe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reuben Townroe (page does not exist)">Reuben Townroe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20048210#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q20048210"><span title=""Reuben Townroe" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span>, having six panels, depicting <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (chemistry); <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (astronomy); <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> (mechanics); <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Bramante</a> (architecture); <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> (sculpture); and <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> (painting); The panels thus represent the range of the museum's collections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982120_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982120-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Sykes" title="Godfrey Sykes">Godfrey Sykes</a> also designed the terracotta embellishments and the mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a> of the North Façade commemorating the Great Exhibition, the profits from which helped to fund the museum. This is flanked by terracotta statue groups by <a href="/wiki/Percival_Ball" title="Percival Ball">Percival Ball</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982118_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982118-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This building replaced Brompton Park House, which could then be demolished to make way for the south range. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorchester_fireplace_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dorchester_fireplace_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/170px-Dorchester_fireplace_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dorchester_fireplace_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/255px-Dorchester_fireplace_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dorchester_fireplace_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/340px-Dorchester_fireplace_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>Dorchester House fireplace, by Alfred Stevens, the Centre Refreshment Room</figcaption></figure> <p>The interiors of the three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers. The Green Dining Room (1866–68) was the work of <a href="/wiki/Philip_Webb" title="Philip Webb">Philip Webb</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982131_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982131-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and displays <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan">Elizabethan</a> influences. The lower part of the walls is paneled in wood with a band of paintings depicting fruit and the occasional figure, with moulded plaster foliage on the main part of the wall and a plaster frieze around the decorated ceiling and stained-glass windows by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982133_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982133-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Centre Refreshment Room (1865–77) was designed in a Renaissance style by James Gamble.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982135_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982135-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walls and even the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a> columns in this room are covered in decorative and moulded ceramic tile, the ceiling consists of elaborate designs on enamelled metal sheets and matching stained-glass windows, and the marble fireplace<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was designed and sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stevens_(sculptor)" title="Alfred Stevens (sculptor)">Alfred Stevens</a> and was removed from Dorchester House prior to that building's demolition in 1929. The Grill Room (1876–81) was designed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Poynter" title="Edward Poynter">Edward Poynter</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982139_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982139-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lower part of its walls consist of blue and white tiles with various figures and foliage enclosed by wood panelling, while above there are large tiled scenes with figures depicting the four seasons and the twelve months, painted by ladies from the Art School then based in the museum. The windows are also stained glass; there is an elaborate cast-iron grill still in place. </p><p>With the death of Captain Francis Fowke of the Royal Engineers, the next architect to work at the museum was Colonel (later Major General) <a href="/wiki/Henry_Young_Darracott_Scott" title="Henry Young Darracott Scott">Henry Young Darracott Scott</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also of the Royal Engineers. He designed to the northwest of the garden the five-storey School for Naval Architects (also known as the science schools),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982146_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982146-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now the Henry Cole Wing, in 1867–72. Scott's assistant <a href="/wiki/James_William_Wild" title="James William Wild">J. W. Wild</a> designed the impressive staircase<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982148_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982148-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that rises the full height of the building. Made from Cadeby stone, the steps are 7 feet (2.1 m) in length, while the balustrades and columns are Portland stone. It is now used to jointly house the prints and <a href="/wiki/Architectural_drawing" title="Architectural drawing">architectural drawings</a> of the V&A (prints, drawings, paintings and photographs) and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" title="Royal Institute of British Architects">Royal Institute of British Architects</a> (RIBA Drawings and Archives Collections), and the Sackler Centre for arts education, which opened in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_entrance_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Main_entrance_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG/220px-Main_entrance_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Main_entrance_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG/330px-Main_entrance_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Main_entrance_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG/440px-Main_entrance_of_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Details of the main entrance</figcaption></figure> <p>Continuing the style of the earlier buildings, various designers were responsible for the decoration. The terracotta embellishments were again the work of Godfrey Sykes, although <a href="/wiki/Sgraffito" title="Sgraffito">sgraffito</a> was used to decorate the east side of the building designed by F. W. Moody.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982151_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982151-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A final embellishment was the wrought iron gates made as late as 1885 designed by Starkie Gardner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982155_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982155-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lead to a passage through the building. Scott also designed the two Cast Courts (1870–73)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982156_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982156-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the southeast of the garden (the site of the "Brompton Boilers"); these vast spaces have ceilings 70 feet (21 m) in height to accommodate the plaster casts of parts of famous buildings, including <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a> (in two separate pieces). The final part of the museum designed by Scott was the Art Library and what is now the sculpture gallery on the south side of the garden, built in 1877–1883.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982172_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982172-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exterior mosaic panels in the parapet were designed by Reuben Townroe, who also designed the plaster work in the library.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982174_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982174-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(architect)" title="John Taylor (architect)">John Taylor</a> designed the bookshelves and cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982174_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982174-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first part of the museum to have electric lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982175_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982175-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This completed the northern half of the site, creating a quadrangle with the garden at its centre, but left the museum without a proper façade. In 1890 the government launched a competition to design new buildings for the museum, with architect <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Waterhouse" title="Alfred Waterhouse">Alfred Waterhouse</a> as one of the judges;<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this would give the museum a new imposing front entrance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edwardian_period">Edwardian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Edwardian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main façade, built from red brick and <a href="/wiki/Portland_stone" title="Portland stone">Portland stone</a>, stretches 720 feet (220 m) along Cromwell Gardens and was designed by <a href="/wiki/Aston_Webb" title="Aston Webb">Aston Webb</a> after winning a competition in 1891 to extend the museum. Construction took place between 1899 and 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stylistically it is a strange hybrid: although much of the detail belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, there are medieval influences at work. The main entrance, consisting of a series of shallow arches supported by slender columns and niches with twin doors separated by the pier, is <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> in form but Classical in detail. Likewise, the tower above the main entrance has an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982228_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982228-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a feature of late <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> and a feature common in Scotland, but the detail is Classical. The main windows to the galleries are also mullioned and transomed, again a Gothic feature; the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum. </p><p>Prince Albert appears within the main arch above the twin entrances, and Queen Victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance, sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Drury" title="Alfred Drury">Alfred Drury</a>. These façades surround four levels of galleries. Other areas designed by Webb include the Entrance Hall and Rotunda, the East and West Halls, the areas occupied by the shop and Asian Galleries, and the Costume Gallery. The interior makes much use of <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> in the entrance hall and flanking staircases, although the galleries as originally designed were white with restrained classical detail and mouldings, very much in contrast to the elaborate decoration of the Victorian galleries, although much of this decoration was removed in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_V%26A_John_Madejski_Garden-8674_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North side of Garden, by Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers, 1864–1869"><img alt="North side of Garden, by Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers, 1864–1869" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_V%26A_John_Madejski_Garden-8674_copy.jpg/316px-The_V%26A_John_Madejski_Garden-8674_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_V%26A_John_Madejski_Garden-8674_copy.jpg/474px-The_V%26A_John_Madejski_Garden-8674_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_V%26A_John_Madejski_Garden-8674_copy.jpg/632px-The_V%26A_John_Madejski_Garden-8674_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5656" data-file-height="3763" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North side of Garden, by Captain Francis Fowke, Royal Engineers, 1864–1869</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western Cast Court, by Henry Young Darracott Scott, 1870–1873"><img alt="Western Cast Court, by Henry Young Darracott Scott, 1870–1873" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-05.jpg/140px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-05.jpg/210px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-05.jpg/280px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Western Cast Court, by Henry Young Darracott Scott, 1870–1873</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Int%C3%A9rieur_du_Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Art Library, by Scott and other designers, 1877–1883"><img alt="The Art Library, by Scott and other designers, 1877–1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Int%C3%A9rieur_du_Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_15.jpg/280px-Int%C3%A9rieur_du_Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Int%C3%A9rieur_du_Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_15.jpg/420px-Int%C3%A9rieur_du_Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Int%C3%A9rieur_du_Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_15.jpg/560px-Int%C3%A9rieur_du_Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Art Library, by Scott and other designers, 1877–1883</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main Entrance, by Aston Webb, 1899–1909"><img alt="Main Entrance, by Aston Webb, 1899–1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/London_-_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/244px-London_-_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/London_-_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/365px-London_-_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/London_-_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/487px-London_-_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main Entrance, by Aston Webb, 1899–1909</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_period">Post-war period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26ABombDamage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/V%26ABombDamage.JPG/220px-V%26ABombDamage.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/V%26ABombDamage.JPG/330px-V%26ABombDamage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/V%26ABombDamage.JPG/440px-V%26ABombDamage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Bomb damage on the exhibition road facade</figcaption></figure> <p>The museum survived the Second World War with only minor bomb damage. The worst loss was the Victorian stained glass on the Ceramics Staircase, which was blown in when bombs fell nearby; pockmarks still visible on the façade of the museum were caused by fragments from the bombs. </p><p>In the immediate post-war years, there was little money available for other than essential repairs. The 1950s and early 1960s saw little in the way of building work; the first major work was the creation of new storage space for books in the Art Library in 1966 and 1967. This involved flooring over Aston Webb's main hall to form the book stacks,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982274_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982274-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a new medieval gallery on the ground floor (now the shop, opened in 2006). Then the lower ground-floor galleries in the south-west part of the museum were redesigned, opening in 1978 to form the new galleries covering Continental art 1600–1800 (late Renaissance, Baroque through Rococo and neo-Classical).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982273_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982273-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974 the museum had acquired what is now the Henry Cole wing from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Science" title="Royal College of Science">Royal College of Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982276_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982276-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To adapt the building as galleries, all the Victorian interiors except for the staircase were recast during the remodelling. To link this to the rest of the museum, a new entrance building was constructed on the site of the former boiler house, the intended site of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_Spiral" title="Victoria and Albert Museum Spiral">the Spiral</a>, between 1978 and 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982277_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982277-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This building is of concrete and very functional, the only embellishment being the iron gates by Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne of the Royal College of Art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982277_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhysick1982277-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are set in the columned screen wall designed by Aston Webb that forms the façade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_years">Recent years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recent years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few galleries were redesigned in the 1990s including the Indian, Japanese, Chinese, ironwork, the main glass galleries, and the main silverware gallery, which was further enhanced in 2002 when some of the Victorian decoration was recreated. This included two of the ten columns having their ceramic decoration replaced and the elaborate painted designs restored on the ceiling. As part of the 2006 renovation the mosaic floors in the sculpture gallery were restored—most of the Victorian floors were covered in <a href="/wiki/Linoleum" title="Linoleum">linoleum</a> after the Second World War. After the success of the British Galleries, opened in 2001, it was decided to embark on a major redesign of all the galleries in the museum; this is known as "FuturePlan", and was created in consultation with the exhibition designers and masterplanners <a href="/wiki/Metaphor_(designers)" title="Metaphor (designers)">Metaphor</a>. The plan is expected to take about ten years and was started in 2002. To date several galleries have been redesigned, notably, in 2002: the main Silver Gallery, Contemporary; in 2003: Photography, the main entrance, The Painting Galleries; in 2004: the tunnel to the subway leading to <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington_tube_station" title="South Kensington tube station">South Kensington tube station</a>, new signage throughout the museum, architecture, V&A and RIBA reading rooms and stores, metalware, Members' Room, contemporary glass, and the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Bayes" title="Gilbert Bayes">Gilbert Bayes</a> sculpture gallery; in 2005: portrait miniatures, prints and drawings, displays in Room 117, the garden, sacred silver and stained glass; in 2006: Central Hall Shop, Islamic Middle East, the new café, and sculpture galleries. Several designers and architects have been involved in this work. <a href="/wiki/Eva_Ji%C5%99i%C4%8Dn%C3%A1" title="Eva Jiřičná">Eva Jiřičná</a> designed the enhancements to the main entrance and rotunda, the new shop, the tunnel and the sculpture galleries. <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Hoskins" title="Gareth Hoskins">Gareth Hoskins</a> was responsible for contemporary and architecture, Softroom, Islamic Middle East and the Members' Room, McInnes Usher McKnight Architects (MUMA) were responsible for the new Cafe and designed the new Medieval and Renaissance galleries which opened in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Garden">Garden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Central_Garden,_London,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Central_Garden%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Central_Garden%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Central_Garden%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Central_Garden%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Central_Garden%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Victoria_%26_Albert_Museum_Central_Garden%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7382" data-file-height="4629" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/John_Madejski" title="John Madejski">John Madejski</a> Garden, opened in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>The central garden was redesigned by Kim Wilkie and opened as the <a href="/wiki/John_Madejski" title="John Madejski">John Madejski</a> Garden on 5 July 2005. The design is a subtle blend of the traditional and modern: the layout is formal; there is an elliptical water feature lined in stone with steps around the edge which may be drained to use the area for receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes. This is in front of the bronze doors leading to the refreshment rooms. A central path flanked by lawns leads to the sculpture gallery. The north, east and west sides have herbaceous borders along the museum walls with paths in front which continues along the south façade. In the two corners by the north façade, there is planted an <a href="/wiki/American_Sweetgum" class="mw-redirect" title="American Sweetgum">American Sweetgum</a> tree. The southern, eastern and western edges of the lawns have glass planters which contain orange and lemon trees in summer, which are replaced by <a href="/wiki/Bay_Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Laurel">bay trees</a> in winter. </p><p>At night both the planters and the water feature may be illuminated, and the surrounding façades lit to reveal details normally in shadow. Especially noticeable are the mosaics in the <a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">loggia</a> of the north façade. In summer a café is set up in the southwest corner. The garden is also used for temporary exhibits of sculpture; for example, a sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Koons" title="Jeff Koons">Jeff Koons</a> was shown in 2006. It has also played host to the museum's annual contemporary design showcase, the <a href="/wiki/V%26A_Village_Fete" class="mw-redirect" title="V&A Village Fete">V&A Village Fete</a>, since 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exhibition_Road_Quarter">Exhibition Road Quarter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Exhibition Road Quarter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_And_Albert_Museum_(K2_Telephone_Kiosk_Outside_The_Victoria_And_Albert_Museum,_bottom_Left).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Victoria_And_Albert_Museum_%28K2_Telephone_Kiosk_Outside_The_Victoria_And_Albert_Museum%2C_bottom_Left%29.jpg/220px-Victoria_And_Albert_Museum_%28K2_Telephone_Kiosk_Outside_The_Victoria_And_Albert_Museum%2C_bottom_Left%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Victoria_And_Albert_Museum_%28K2_Telephone_Kiosk_Outside_The_Victoria_And_Albert_Museum%2C_bottom_Left%29.jpg/330px-Victoria_And_Albert_Museum_%28K2_Telephone_Kiosk_Outside_The_Victoria_And_Albert_Museum%2C_bottom_Left%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Victoria_And_Albert_Museum_%28K2_Telephone_Kiosk_Outside_The_Victoria_And_Albert_Museum%2C_bottom_Left%29.jpg/440px-Victoria_And_Albert_Museum_%28K2_Telephone_Kiosk_Outside_The_Victoria_And_Albert_Museum%2C_bottom_Left%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>New entrance and courtyard on <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_Road" title="Exhibition Road">Exhibition Road</a>, opened 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2011 the V&A announced that London-based practice <a href="/wiki/AL_A" title="AL A">AL A</a> had won an international competition to construct a gallery beneath a new entrance courtyard on Exhibition Road.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planning for the scheme was granted in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It replaced the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum_Spiral" title="Victoria and Albert Museum Spiral">proposed extension</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Libeskind" title="Daniel Libeskind">Daniel Libeskind</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Balmond" title="Cecil Balmond">Cecil Balmond</a> but abandoned in 2004 after failing to receive funding from the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage Lottery Fund">Heritage Lottery Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Exhibition Road Quarter opened in 2017, with a new entrance providing access for visitors from <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_Road" title="Exhibition Road">Exhibition Road</a>. A new courtyard, the Sackler Courtyard, has been created behind the Aston Webb Screen, a colonnade built in 1909 to hide the museum's boilers. The colonnade was kept but the wall in the lower part was removed in the construction to allow public access to the courtyard.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new 1,200-square meter courtyard is the world's first all-porcelain courtyard,<sup id="cite_ref-quarter_opening_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quarter_opening-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is covered with 11,000 handmade porcelain tiles in fifteen different linear patterns glazed in different tone. A pavilion of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modernist</a> design with glass walls and an angular roof covered with 4,300 tiles is located at the corner and contains a cafe.<sup id="cite_ref-dezeen_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dezeen-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skylights on the courtyard provide natural light for the stairwell and the exhibition space located below the courtyard created by digging 15m into the ground. The Sainsbury Gallery's column-less space at 1,100 square metres is one of the largest in the country, providing space for temporary exhibitions. The gallery can be assessed through the existing Western Range building where a new entrance to the Blavatnik Hall and the museum has been created, and visitors can descend into the gallery via stairs with lacquered tulipwood balustrades.<sup id="cite_ref-dezeen_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dezeen-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The collecting areas of the museum are not easy to summarize, having evolved partly through attempts to avoid too much overlap with other national museums in London. Generally, the classical world of the West and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> is left to the British Museum, and Western paintings to the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, though there are all sorts of exceptions—for example, painted <a href="/wiki/Portrait_miniature" title="Portrait miniature">portrait miniatures</a>, where the V&A has the main national collection. </p><p>The Victoria & Albert Museum is split into four curatorial departments: Decorative Art and Sculpture; Performance, Furniture, Textiles and Fashion; Art, Architecture, Photography and Design; and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum curators care for the objects in the collection and provide access to objects that are not currently on display to the public and scholars. </p><p>The collection departments are further divided into sixteen display areas, whose combined collection numbers over 6.5  million objects, not all objects are displayed or stored at the V&A. There is a repository at <a href="/wiki/Blythe_House" title="Blythe House">Blythe House</a>, West Kensington, as well as annex institutions managed by the V&A,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also the museum lends exhibits to other institutions. The following lists each of the collections on display and the number of objects within the collection. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Collection</th> <th>Number of objects </th></tr> <tr> <td>Architecture (annex of the RIBA)</td> <td>2,050,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia</td> <td>160,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>British Galleries (cross department display)</td> <td>... </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ceramics</td> <td>74,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Childhood (annex of the V&A)</td> <td>20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Design, Architecture and Digital</td> <td>800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fashion & Jewellery</td> <td>28,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Furniture</td> <td>14,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Glass</td> <td>6,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Metalwork</td> <td>31,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paintings & Drawings</td> <td>202,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Photography</td> <td>500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prints & Books</td> <td>1,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sculpture</td> <td>17,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Textiles</td> <td>38,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Theatre (includes V&A Theatre Collections Reading Room, an annexe of the former <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Museum" title="Theatre Museum">Theatre Museum</a>)</td> <td>1,905,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The museum has 145 galleries, but given the vast extent of the collections, only a small percentage is ever on display. Many acquisitions have been made possible only with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/National_Art_Collections_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="National Art Collections Fund">National Art Collections Fund</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_2">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, the V&A alongside Royal Institute of British Architects opened the first permanent gallery in the UK<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covering the history of architecture with displays using models, photographs, elements from buildings and original drawings. With the opening of the new gallery, the RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection has been transferred to the museum, joining the already extensive collection held by the V&A. With over 600,000 drawings, over 750,000 papers and paraphernalia, and over 700,000 photographs from around the world, together they form the world's most comprehensive architectural resource. </p><p>Not only are all the major British architects of the last four hundred years represented, but many European (especially Italian) and American architects' drawings are held in the collection. The RIBA's holdings of over 330 drawings by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a> are the largest in the world;<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other Europeans well represented are Jacques Gentilhatre<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Visentini" title="Antonio Visentini">Antonio Visentini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British architects whose drawings, and in some cases models of their buildings, in the collection, include: <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh">John Vanbrugh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor" title="Nicholas Hawksmoor">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Kent" title="William Kent">William Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Gibbs" title="James Gibbs">James Gibbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Chambers_(architect)" title="William Chambers (architect)">William Chambers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Wyatt" title="James Wyatt">James Wyatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland_(architect)" title="Henry Holland (architect)">Henry Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)" title="John Nash (architect)">John Nash</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barry" title="Charles Barry">Charles Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Cockerell" title="Charles Robert Cockerell">Charles Robert Cockerell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Welby_Northmore_Pugin" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin">Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott" title="George Gilbert Scott">George Gilbert Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Loughborough_Pearson" title="John Loughborough Pearson">John Loughborough Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Street" title="George Edmund Street">George Edmund Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Norman_Shaw" title="Richard Norman Shaw">Richard Norman Shaw</a>, Alfred Waterhouse, Sir <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh" title="Charles Rennie Mackintosh">Charles Rennie Mackintosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Holden" title="Charles Holden">Charles Holden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hoar" title="Frank Hoar">Frank Hoar</a>, Lord <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rogers" title="Richard Rogers">Richard Rogers</a>, Lord <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster,_Baron_Foster_of_Thames_Bank" title="Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank">Norman Foster</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Grimshaw" title="Nicholas Grimshaw">Nicholas Grimshaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alick_Horsnell" title="Alick Horsnell">Alick Horsnell</a>. </p><p>As well as <a href="/wiki/Period_room" title="Period room">period rooms</a>, the collection includes parts of buildings, for example, the two top stories of the facade of Sir <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pindar" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Pindar">Paul Pindar</a>'s house<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 from <a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a> with elaborately carved woodwork and leaded windows, a rare survivor of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a>, there is a brick portal from a London house of the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">English Restoration</a> period and a fireplace from the gallery of Northumberland house. European examples include a dormer window dated 1523–1535 from the chateau of Montal. There are several examples from Italian Renaissance buildings including, portals, fireplaces, balconies and a stone buffet that used to have a built-in fountain. The main architecture gallery has a series of pillars from various buildings and different periods, for example, a column from the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a>. Examples covering Asia are in those galleries concerned with those countries, as well as models and photographs in the main architecture gallery. </p><p>In June 2022, the RIBA announced it would be terminating its 20-year partnership with the V&A in 2027, "by mutual agreement", ending the permanent architecture gallery at the museum. Artefacts will be transferred back to the RIBA's existing collections, with some rehoused at the institute's headquarters at 66 Portland Place building, set to become a new House of Architecture following a £20 million refurbishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Waite-07Jun2022_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waite-07Jun2022-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_Chimney_Tilework,_V%26A_Museum,_London_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Turkish_Chimney_Tilework%2C_V%26A_Museum%2C_London_-_Diliff.jpg/200px-Turkish_Chimney_Tilework%2C_V%26A_Museum%2C_London_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Turkish_Chimney_Tilework%2C_V%26A_Museum%2C_London_-_Diliff.jpg/300px-Turkish_Chimney_Tilework%2C_V%26A_Museum%2C_London_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Turkish_Chimney_Tilework%2C_V%26A_Museum%2C_London_-_Diliff.jpg/400px-Turkish_Chimney_Tilework%2C_V%26A_Museum%2C_London_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Tilework Chimneypiece, Turkey, probably Istanbul, dated 1731</figcaption></figure> <p>The V&A's collection of Art from Asia numbers more than 160,000 objects, one of the largest in existence. It has one of the world's most comprehensive and important collections of Chinese art whilst the collection of South Asian Art is the most important in the West. The museum's coverage includes pieces from South and South East Asia, Himalayan kingdoms, China, the Far East and the Islamic world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_art">Islamic art</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Islamic art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The V&A holds over 19,000 objects from the Islamic world, ranging from the early Islamic period (the 7th century) to the early 20th century. The Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art, opened in 2006, houses a representative display of 400 objects with the highlight being the <a href="/wiki/Ardabil_Carpet" title="Ardabil Carpet">Ardabil Carpet</a>, the centrepiece of the gallery. The displays in this gallery cover objects from Spain, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Afghanistan. A masterpiece of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> is a 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Rock_crystal_ewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock crystal ewer">Rock crystal ewer</a>. Many examples of <a href="/wiki/Qur%27%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'ān">Qur'āns</a> with exquisite <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> dating from various periods are on display. A 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> mosque with ivory forming complex geometrical patterns inlaid in wood is one of the larger objects on display. Extensive examples of ceramics especially <a href="/wiki/Iznik" class="mw-redirect" title="Iznik">Iznik</a> pottery, glasswork including 14th-century lamps from mosques and metalwork are on display. The collection of Middle Eastern and <a href="/wiki/Persian_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian rug">Persian rugs</a> and carpets is amongst the finest in the world, many were part of the Salting Bequest of 1909. Examples of tile work from various buildings including a fireplace dated 1731 from <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> made of intricately decorated blue and white tiles and turquoise tiles from the exterior of buildings from <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> are also displayed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahjahancup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Shahjahancup.jpg/170px-Shahjahancup.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Shahjahancup.jpg/255px-Shahjahancup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Shahjahancup.jpg/340px-Shahjahancup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Wine cup of Shah Jahan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The museum's collections of South and South-East Asian art are the most comprehensive and important in the West comprising nearly 60,000 objects, including about 10,000 textiles and 6,000 paintings,<sup id="cite_ref-vam.ac.uk_asia_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam.ac.uk_asia-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the range of the collection is immense. The <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> gallery of <a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian art</a>, opened in 1991, contains art from about 500 BC to the 19th century. There is an extensive collection of sculptures, mainly of a religious nature, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a>. The gallery is richly endowed with the art of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Empire</a>, including fine portraits of the emperors and other paintings and drawings, jade wine cups and gold spoons inset with emeralds, diamonds and rubies, also from this period are parts of buildings such as a <a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">jaali</a> and pillars.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India was a large producer of textiles, from dyed cotton <a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">chintz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> to rich <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> work using gold and silver thread, coloured sequins and beads is displayed, as are carpets from <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. Examples of clothing are also displayed. In 1879–80, the collections of the defunct <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>'s <a href="/wiki/India_Museum" title="India Museum">India Museum</a> were transferred to the V&A and the British Museum. Items in the collection include <a href="/wiki/Tipu%27s_Tiger" title="Tipu's Tiger">Tipu's Tiger</a>, an 18th-century automaton created for <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wine_cup_of_Shah_Jahan" title="Wine cup of Shah Jahan">personal wine cup of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan</a> is also on display. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Far Eastern collections include more than 70,000 works of art<sup id="cite_ref-vam.ac.uk_asia_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam.ac.uk_asia-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea. The T. T. Tsui Gallery of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a> opened in 1991, displaying a representative collection of the V&As approximately 16,000 objects<sup id="cite_ref-vam150facts-2011_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam150facts-2011-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from China, dating from the 4th millennium BC to the present day. Though the majority of artworks on display date from the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties, there are objects dating from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> and earlier periods, among them a metre-high bronze head of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> dated to about 750 AD, and one of the oldest works, a 2000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> horse head from a burial.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sculptures include life-size tomb guardians. Classic examples of Chinese decorative arts on displayt include <a href="/wiki/Chinese_lacquer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese lacquer">Chinese lacquer</a>, silk, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese porcelain">Chinese porcelain</a>, jade and <a href="/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9" title="Cloisonné">cloisonné</a> enamel. Two large ancestor portraits of a husband and wife painted in watercolour on silk date from the 18th century. There is a unique <a href="/wiki/Chinese_lacquerware_table" title="Chinese lacquerware table">Chinese lacquerware table</a>, made in the imperial workshops during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Xuande_Emperor" title="Xuande Emperor">Xuande Emperor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. Examples of clothing are also displayed. One of the largest objects is a bed from the mid-17th century. The work of contemporary Chinese designers is also displayed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> gallery of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese art</a> opened in December 1986. The majority of exhibits date from 1550 to 1900, but one of the oldest pieces displayed is the 13th-century sculpture of Amida Nyorai. Examples of classic Japanese armour from the mid-19th century, steel sword blades (<a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">Katana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Inr%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Inrō">Inrō</a>, lacquerware including the Mazarin Chest<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dated c1640 is one of the finest surviving pieces from <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, porcelain including <a href="/wiki/Imari_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Imari porcelain">Imari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">Netsuke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_prints" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodblock prints">woodblock prints</a> including the work of <a href="/wiki/And%C5%8D_Hiroshige" class="mw-redirect" title="Andō Hiroshige">Andō Hiroshige</a>, graphic works include printed books, as well as a few paintings, scrolls and screens, textiles and dress including <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a> are some of the objects on display. One of the finest objects displayed is Suzuki Chokichi's bronze incense burner (<a href="/wiki/Koro_(incense_burner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koro (incense burner)">koro</a>) dated 1875, standing at over 2.25 metres high and 1.25 metres in diameter it is also one of the largest examples made. The museum also holds some cloisonné pieces from the Japanese art production company, <a href="/wiki/Ando_Cloisonn%C3%A9_Company" title="Ando Cloisonné Company">Ando Cloisonné</a>. </p><p>The smaller galleries cover Korea, the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan</a> kingdoms and South East Asia. Korean displays include green-glazed ceramics, silk embroideries from officials' robes and gleaming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl made between 500 AD and 2000. Himalayan works include important early Nepalese bronze sculptures, <a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">repoussé</a> work and embroidery. Tibetan art from the 14th to the 19th century is represented by 14th- and 15th-century religious images in wood and bronze, scroll paintings and ritual objects. Art from Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka in gold, silver, bronze, stone, terracotta and ivory represents these rich and complex cultures, the displays span the 6th to 19th centuries. Refined Hindu and Buddhist sculptures reflect the influence of India; items on the show include betel-nut cutters, ivory combs and bronze <a href="/wiki/Palanquin" class="mw-redirect" title="Palanquin">palanquin</a> hooks. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Pakistan_Kusana_Dynasty_Bodhisattva_Maitreya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bodhisattva Maitreya, Gandhara, Pakistan, Kusana Dynasty, 2nd-4th century AD"><img alt="Bodhisattva Maitreya, Gandhara, Pakistan, Kusana Dynasty, 2nd-4th century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/WLA_vanda_Pakistan_Kusana_Dynasty_Bodhisattva_Maitreya.jpg/90px-WLA_vanda_Pakistan_Kusana_Dynasty_Bodhisattva_Maitreya.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/WLA_vanda_Pakistan_Kusana_Dynasty_Bodhisattva_Maitreya.jpg/135px-WLA_vanda_Pakistan_Kusana_Dynasty_Bodhisattva_Maitreya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/WLA_vanda_Pakistan_Kusana_Dynasty_Bodhisattva_Maitreya.jpg/180px-WLA_vanda_Pakistan_Kusana_Dynasty_Bodhisattva_Maitreya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bodhisattva Maitreya, Gandhara, Pakistan, Kusana Dynasty, 2nd-4th century AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_madhya_pradesh,_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta,_600-700.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image depicting Lord Parshvanatha, India, 7th Century"><img alt="Image depicting Lord Parshvanatha, India, 7th Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/India%2C_madhya_pradesh%2C_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta%2C_600-700.JPG/68px-India%2C_madhya_pradesh%2C_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta%2C_600-700.JPG" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/India%2C_madhya_pradesh%2C_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta%2C_600-700.JPG/101px-India%2C_madhya_pradesh%2C_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta%2C_600-700.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/India%2C_madhya_pradesh%2C_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta%2C_600-700.JPG/135px-India%2C_madhya_pradesh%2C_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta%2C_600-700.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="2444" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image depicting <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Lord Parshvanatha</a>, India, 7th Century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_uttar_pradesh,_jina_rishabhanatha,_800-900.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image depicting Lord Rishabhanatha dated 9th century, India"><img alt="Image depicting Lord Rishabhanatha dated 9th century, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/India%2C_uttar_pradesh%2C_jina_rishabhanatha%2C_800-900.JPG/70px-India%2C_uttar_pradesh%2C_jina_rishabhanatha%2C_800-900.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/India%2C_uttar_pradesh%2C_jina_rishabhanatha%2C_800-900.JPG/106px-India%2C_uttar_pradesh%2C_jina_rishabhanatha%2C_800-900.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/India%2C_uttar_pradesh%2C_jina_rishabhanatha%2C_800-900.JPG/141px-India%2C_uttar_pradesh%2C_jina_rishabhanatha%2C_800-900.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="2376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image depicting <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Lord Rishabhanatha</a> dated 9th century, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_crystal_ewer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="10th-century, Rock crystal ewer"><img alt="10th-century, Rock crystal ewer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rock_crystal_ewer.jpg/92px-Rock_crystal_ewer.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rock_crystal_ewer.jpg/138px-Rock_crystal_ewer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Rock_crystal_ewer.jpg/184px-Rock_crystal_ewer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">10th-century, Rock crystal ewer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_orissa,_dea_ambika,_1150-1200.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jain Goddess Ambika, Odisha, India, 12th century"><img alt="Jain Goddess Ambika, Odisha, India, 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/India%2C_orissa%2C_dea_ambika%2C_1150-1200.JPG/66px-India%2C_orissa%2C_dea_ambika%2C_1150-1200.JPG" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/India%2C_orissa%2C_dea_ambika%2C_1150-1200.JPG/99px-India%2C_orissa%2C_dea_ambika%2C_1150-1200.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/India%2C_orissa%2C_dea_ambika%2C_1150-1200.JPG/132px-India%2C_orissa%2C_dea_ambika%2C_1150-1200.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="2232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ambika_(Jainism)" title="Ambika (Jainism)">Jain Goddess Ambika</a>, Odisha, India, 12th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Lidded_incense_burner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese Incense Burner, Signed 'Dai Nippon, Koko Sei', Patinated bronze inlaid with gilt bronze and other soft metal alloys c. 1877"><img alt="Japanese Incense Burner, Signed 'Dai Nippon, Koko Sei', Patinated bronze inlaid with gilt bronze and other soft metal alloys c. 1877" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WLA_vanda_Lidded_incense_burner.jpg/90px-WLA_vanda_Lidded_incense_burner.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WLA_vanda_Lidded_incense_burner.jpg/135px-WLA_vanda_Lidded_incense_burner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/WLA_vanda_Lidded_incense_burner.jpg/180px-WLA_vanda_Lidded_incense_burner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese Incense Burner, Signed 'Dai Nippon, Koko Sei', Patinated bronze inlaid with gilt bronze and other soft metal alloys <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Betel_container.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Betel container, 19th century, Filigree work in gold on a gold ground, outlined with bands of rubies and imitation emeralds, Mandalay, Burma"><img alt="Betel container, 19th century, Filigree work in gold on a gold ground, outlined with bands of rubies and imitation emeralds, Mandalay, Burma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Betel_container.jpg/92px-Betel_container.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Betel_container.jpg/138px-Betel_container.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Betel_container.jpg/184px-Betel_container.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="726" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Betel container, 19th century, Filigree work in gold on a <a href="/wiki/Gold_ground" title="Gold ground">gold ground</a>, outlined with bands of rubies and imitation emeralds, Mandalay, Burma</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The museum houses the <a href="/wiki/National_Art_Library" title="National Art Library">National Art Library</a>, a public library<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> containing over 750,000 books, photographs, drawings, paintings, and prints. It is one of the world's largest libraries dedicated to the study of fine and decorative arts. The library covers all areas and periods of the museum's collections with special collections covering <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>, rare books and artists' letters and archives. </p><p>The library consists of three large public rooms, with around a hundred individual study desks. These are the West Room, Centre Room and Reading Room. The centre room contains 'special collection material'. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_vinci,_taccuino_forster_III,_1490_ca._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_taccuino_forster_III%2C_1490_ca._01.JPG/220px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_taccuino_forster_III%2C_1490_ca._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_taccuino_forster_III%2C_1490_ca._01.JPG/330px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_taccuino_forster_III%2C_1490_ca._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_taccuino_forster_III%2C_1490_ca._01.JPG/440px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_taccuino_forster_III%2C_1490_ca._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Leonardo da Vinci, Codex Forster III, 1490–1505 (Room 64)</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the great treasures in the library is the Codex Forster, one of <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s note books. The Codex consists of three parchment-bound manuscripts, Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quite small in size, dated between 1490 and 1505. Their contents include a large collection of sketches and references to the equestrian sculpture commissioned by the Duke of Milan <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza">Ludovico Sforza</a> to commemorate his father <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Sforza">Francesco Sforza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were bequeathed with over 18,000 books to the museum in 1876 by <a href="/wiki/John_Forster_(biographer)" title="John Forster (biographer)">John Forster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reverend <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dyce" title="Alexander Dyce">Alexander Dyce</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was another benefactor of the library, leaving over 14,000 books to the museum in 1869. Amongst the books he collected are early editions in Greek and Latin of the poets and playwrights <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>. More recent authors include <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Racine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabelais" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabelais">Rabelais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>. </p><p>Writers whose papers are in the library are as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> (that includes the manuscripts of most of his novels) and <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a> (with the greatest collection of her original manuscripts in the world).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12th to 16th centuries include: a leaf from the <a href="/wiki/Eadwine_Psalter" title="Eadwine Psalter">Eadwine Psalter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>; Pocket <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Hours">Book of Hours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>; <a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">Missal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Royal Abbey of Saint Denis</a>, Paris; the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marmion" title="Simon Marmion">Simon Marmion</a> Book of Hours, <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>; 1524 Charter illuminated by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Horenbout" title="Lucas Horenbout">Lucas Horenbout</a>, London; the Armagnac manuscript of the trial and rehabilitation of <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also the Victorian period is represented by William Morris. </p><p>The National Art Library at the Victoria and Albert Museum collection catalogue used to be kept in different formats including printed exhibit catalogues, and card catalogues. A computer system called MODES cataloguing system was used from the 1980s to the 1990s, but those electronic files were not available to the library users. All of the archival material at the National Art Library is using Encoded Archival Description (EAD). The Victoria and Albert Museum has a computer system but most of the items in the collection, unless those were newly accessioned into the collection, probably do not show up in the computer system. There is a feature on the Victoria and Albert Museum website called "Search the Collections," but not everything is listed there.<sup id="cite_ref-dodds_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dodds-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Art Library also includes a collection of comics and comic art. Notable parts of the collection include the <a href="/wiki/Krazy_Kat" title="Krazy Kat">Krazy Kat</a> Arkive, comprising 4,200 comics, and the Rakoff Collection, comprising 17,000 pieces collected by the writer and editor Ian Rakoff.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Victoria and Albert Museum's Word and Image Department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around the world, to digitise their collection. A large scale digitisation project began in 2007 in that department. That project was entitled the Factory Project to reference <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> and to create a factory to completely digitise the collection. The first step of the Factory Project was to take photographs using digital cameras. The Word and Image Department had a collection of old photos but they were in black and white and in variant conditions, so new photos were shot. Those new photographs will be accessible to researchers to the Victoria and Albert Museum web-site. 15,000 images were taken during the first year of the Factory Project, including drawings, watercolors, computer-generated art, photographs, posters, and woodcuts. The second step of the Factory Project is to catalogue everything. The third step of the Factory Project is to audit the collection. All of those items which were photographed and catalogued, must be audited to make sure everything listed as being in the collection was physically found during the creation of the Factory Project. The fourth goal of the Factory Project is conservation, which means performing some basic preventable procedures to those items in the department. There is a "Search the Collections" feature on the Victoria and Albert web-site. The main impetus behind the large-scale digitisation project called the Factory Project was to list more items in the collections in those computer databases.<sup id="cite_ref-dodds_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dodds-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BLW_Manuscript_Book_of_Hours,_about_1480-90.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="BLW Manuscript Book of Hours, about 1480–1490"><img alt="BLW Manuscript Book of Hours, about 1480–1490" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BLW_Manuscript_Book_of_Hours%2C_about_1480-90.jpg/120px-BLW_Manuscript_Book_of_Hours%2C_about_1480-90.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BLW_Manuscript_Book_of_Hours%2C_about_1480-90.jpg/180px-BLW_Manuscript_Book_of_Hours%2C_about_1480-90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BLW_Manuscript_Book_of_Hours%2C_about_1480-90.jpg/240px-BLW_Manuscript_Book_of_Hours%2C_about_1480-90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">BLW Manuscript Book of Hours, about 1480–1490</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BLW_Qur%27an.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="BLW Qur'an"><img alt="BLW Qur'an" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BLW_Qur%27an.jpg/120px-BLW_Qur%27an.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BLW_Qur%27an.jpg/180px-BLW_Qur%27an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BLW_Qur%27an.jpg/240px-BLW_Qur%27an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">BLW Qur'an</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_galleries">British galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: British galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These fifteen galleries—which opened in November 2001—contain around 4,000 objects. The displays in these galleries are based around three major themes: "Style", "Who Led Taste" and "What Was New". The period covered is 1500 to 1900, with the galleries divided into three major subdivisions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> Britain, 1500–1714, covering the Renaissance, <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan">Elizabethan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era#Arts" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> styles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_period_in_British_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian period in British history">Georgian</a> Britain, 1714–1837, covering <a href="/wiki/Palladianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladianism">Palladianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="British Regency">Regency</a>, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian culture">Egyptian</a> styles, and the early <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> Britain, 1837–1901, covering the later phases of the Gothic Revival, French influences, Classical and Renaissance revivals, <a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese style</a>, the continuing influence of China, India, and the Islamic world, the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a> and the Scottish School.</li></ul> <p>Not only the work of British artists and craftspeople is on display, but also work produced by European artists that was purchased or commissioned by British patrons, as well as imports from Asia, including porcelain, cloth and wallpaper. Designers and artists whose work is on display in the galleries include <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grinling_Gibbons" title="Grinling Gibbons">Grinling Gibbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Marot" title="Daniel Marot">Daniel Marot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Laguerre" title="Louis Laguerre">Louis Laguerre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Verrio" title="Antonio Verrio">Antonio Verrio</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Thornhill" title="James Thornhill">James Thornhill</a>, William Kent, Robert Adam, Josiah Wedgwood, Matthew Boulton, Canova, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chippendale" title="Thomas Chippendale">Thomas Chippendale</a>, Pugin, William Morris. Patrons who have influenced taste are also represented by works of art from their collections, these include: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a> (a major influence on the Gothic Revival), <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Beckford" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Beckford">William Thomas Beckford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hope_(1769%E2%80%931831)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hope (1769–1831)">Thomas Hope</a>. </p><p>The galleries showcase a number of complete and partial reconstructions of period rooms, from demolished buildings, including: </p> <ul><li>The parlour from 2 Henrietta Street, London, dated 1727–1728, designed by <a href="/wiki/James_Gibbs" title="James Gibbs">James Gibbs</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_House" title="Norfolk House">Norfolk House</a> Music Room,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St James Square, London, dated 1756, designed by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Brettingham" title="Matthew Brettingham">Matthew Brettingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Borra" title="Giovanni Battista Borra">Giovanni Battista Borra</a></li> <li>A section of a wall from the Glass Drawing-Room of <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_House" title="Northumberland House">Northumberland House</a>, dated 1773–1775, designed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a></li></ul> <p>Some of the more notable works displayed in the galleries include: </p> <ul><li>Pietro Torrigiani's coloured terracotta bust of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>, dated 1509–1511</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII%27s_writing_desk" title="Henry VIII's writing desk">Henry VIII's writing desk</a>, dated 1525, made from walnut and oak, lined with leather and painted and gilded with the king's coat of arms</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">spinet</a> dated 1570–1580, made for <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Bed_of_Ware" title="Great Bed of Ware">Great Bed of Ware</a>, dated 1590–1600, a large, elaborately carved four-poster bed with <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a> headboard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianlorenzo_Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianlorenzo Bernini">Gianlorenzo Bernini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Thomas_Baker" title="Bust of Thomas Baker">bust of Thomas Baker</a>, from the 1630s</li> <li>17th-century tapestries from the Sheldon and <a href="/wiki/Mortlake_Tapestry_Works" title="Mortlake Tapestry Works">Mortlake Tapestry Works</a></li> <li>The wood relief of The Stoning of St Stephen, dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1670</span>, by Grinling Gibbons</li> <li>The Macclesfield Wine Set, dated 1719–1720, made by Anthony Nelme, the only complete set known to survive.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Handel_(Roubiliac)" title="George Frederick Handel (Roubiliac)">life-size sculpture of George Frederick Handel</a>, dated 1738, by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Roubiliac" title="Louis-François Roubiliac">Louis-François Roubiliac</a></li> <li>Furniture by Thomas Chippendale and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashaw_(Matthew_Cotes_Wyatt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashaw (Matthew Cotes Wyatt)">The sculpture of Bashaw</a>, dated 1831–1834, by Matthew Cotes Wyatt<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aesthetic and Arts & Crafts furniture by <a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Godwin" title="Edward William Godwin">Edward William Godwin</a><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Charles Rennie Mackintosh;<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and carpets and interior textiles by William Morris.</li></ul> <p>The galleries also link design to wider trends in British culture. For instance, design in the Tudor period was influenced by the spread of printed books and the work of European artists and craftsmen employed in Britain. In the Stuart period, increasing trade, especially with Asia, enabled wider access to luxuries like carpets, lacquered furniture, silks and porcelain. In the Georgian age there was an increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure. For example, the increase in tea drinking led to the production of tea paraphernalia such as china and caddies. European styles are seen on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> also influenced taste. As the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> took hold, the growth of mass production produced entrepreneurs such as <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Coade" title="Eleanor Coade">Eleanor Coade</a>. In the Victorian era new technology and machinery had a significant effect on manufacturing, and for the first time since the reformation, the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches had a major effect on art and design such as the Gothic Revival. There is a large display on the Great Exhibition which, among other things, led to the founding of the V&A. In the later 19th century, the increasing backlash against industrialisation, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, contributed to the Arts and Crafts movement. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_VIII%27s_writing_box.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry VIII's writing box"><img alt="Henry VIII's writing box" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Henry_VIII%27s_writing_box.jpg/102px-Henry_VIII%27s_writing_box.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Henry_VIII%27s_writing_box.jpg/153px-Henry_VIII%27s_writing_box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Henry_VIII%27s_writing_box.jpg/203px-Henry_VIII%27s_writing_box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Henry VIII's writing box</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Howardgracecup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Howard Grace Cup"><img alt="Howard Grace Cup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Howardgracecup.jpg/80px-Howardgracecup.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Howardgracecup.jpg/120px-Howardgracecup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Howardgracecup.jpg/159px-Howardgracecup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="725" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Howard Grace Cup</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bed_of_Ware.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Bed of Ware, one of the largest beds of the world"><img alt="Great Bed of Ware, one of the largest beds of the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bed_of_Ware.jpg/120px-Bed_of_Ware.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bed_of_Ware.jpg/180px-Bed_of_Ware.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bed_of_Ware.jpg/240px-Bed_of_Ware.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Great_Bed_of_Ware" title="Great Bed of Ware">Great Bed of Ware</a>, one of the largest beds of the world</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norfolkhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norfolk House Music Room"><img alt="Norfolk House Music Room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Norfolkhouse.jpg/93px-Norfolkhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Norfolkhouse.jpg/140px-Norfolkhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Norfolkhouse.jpg/187px-Norfolkhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Norfolk House Music Room</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portland_Vase_V%26A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wedgwood Portland Vase"><img alt="Wedgwood Portland Vase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portland_Vase_V%26A.jpg/85px-Portland_Vase_V%26A.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portland_Vase_V%26A.jpg/128px-Portland_Vase_V%26A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portland_Vase_V%26A.jpg/171px-Portland_Vase_V%26A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="733" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wedgwood Portland Vase</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cast_courts">Cast courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cast courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cast_Courts_(Victoria_and_Albert_Museum)" title="Cast Courts (Victoria and Albert Museum)">Cast Courts (Victoria and Albert Museum)</a></div> <p>One of the most dramatic parts of the museum is the Cast Courts, comprising two large, skylighted rooms two storeys high housing hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Plaster_cast" title="Plaster cast">plaster casts</a> of sculptures, <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a> and tombs. One of these is dominated by a full-scale replica of <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>, cut in half to fit under the ceiling. The other includes reproductions of various works of Italian Renaissance sculpture and architecture, including a full-size replica of <a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">Michelangelo's <i>David</i></a>. Replicas of two earlier <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">Davids</a> by Donatello and <a href="/wiki/David_(Verrocchio)" title="David (Verrocchio)">Verrocchio</a>, are also included, although for conservation reasons the Verrocchio replica is displayed in a glass case. </p><p>The two courts are divided by corridors on both storeys, and the partitions that used to line the upper corridor (the Gilbert Bayes sculpture gallery) were removed in 2004 to allow the courts to be viewed from above. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Another_Room_of_Casts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Room 46b; Cast Court—Plaster Cast of "Porta Magna" of San Petronio Basilica, Bologna by Jacopo della Quercia"><img alt="Room 46b; Cast Court—Plaster Cast of "Porta Magna" of San Petronio Basilica, Bologna by Jacopo della Quercia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Another_Room_of_Casts.jpg/120px-Another_Room_of_Casts.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Another_Room_of_Casts.jpg/180px-Another_Room_of_Casts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Another_Room_of_Casts.jpg/240px-Another_Room_of_Casts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cast_Courts_(Victoria_and_Albert_Museum)" title="Cast Courts (Victoria and Albert Museum)">Room 46b; Cast Court</a>—Plaster Cast of "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Porta_Magna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porta Magna (page does not exist)">Porta Magna</a>" of <a href="/wiki/San_Petronio_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="San Petronio Basilica">San Petronio Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_della_Quercia" title="Jacopo della Quercia">Jacopo della Quercia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Portico_de_la_Gloira,_Santiago_de_Compostela.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Room 46a; Cast Court—Plaster Cast of the 'Pórtico da Gloria' in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela"><img alt="Room 46a; Cast Court—Plaster Cast of the 'Pórtico da Gloria' in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Portico_de_la_Gloira%2C_Santiago_de_Compostela.jpg/120px-The_Portico_de_la_Gloira%2C_Santiago_de_Compostela.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Portico_de_la_Gloira%2C_Santiago_de_Compostela.jpg/180px-The_Portico_de_la_Gloira%2C_Santiago_de_Compostela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Portico_de_la_Gloira%2C_Santiago_de_Compostela.jpg/240px-The_Portico_de_la_Gloira%2C_Santiago_de_Compostela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cast_Courts_(Victoria_and_Albert_Museum)" title="Cast Courts (Victoria and Albert Museum)">Room 46a; Cast Court</a>—Plaster Cast of the 'Pórtico da Gloria' in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela">Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CastRoom_VictoriaAndAlbertMuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cast Court—Plaster copy of Trajan's Column"><img alt="Cast Court—Plaster copy of Trajan's Column" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CastRoom_VictoriaAndAlbertMuseum.jpg/88px-CastRoom_VictoriaAndAlbertMuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CastRoom_VictoriaAndAlbertMuseum.jpg/132px-CastRoom_VictoriaAndAlbertMuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CastRoom_VictoriaAndAlbertMuseum.jpg/176px-CastRoom_VictoriaAndAlbertMuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1046" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cast_Courts_(Victoria_and_Albert_Museum)" title="Cast Courts (Victoria and Albert Museum)">Cast Court</a>—Plaster copy of <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1060319.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Room 46b; Cast Court—Plaster Cast of David and The Slave, by Michelangelo"><img alt="Room 46b; Cast Court—Plaster Cast of David and The Slave, by Michelangelo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/P1060319.JPG/90px-P1060319.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/P1060319.JPG/135px-P1060319.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/P1060319.JPG/180px-P1060319.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cast_Courts_(Victoria_and_Albert_Museum)" title="Cast Courts (Victoria and Albert Museum)">Room 46b; Cast Court</a>—Plaster Cast of <a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a> and The Slave, by Michelangelo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weston_Cast_Court_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cast Court post-2014 restoration"><img alt="Cast Court post-2014 restoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Weston_Cast_Court_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG/120px-Weston_Cast_Court_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Weston_Cast_Court_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG/180px-Weston_Cast_Court_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Weston_Cast_Court_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG/240px-Weston_Cast_Court_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="2752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cast Court post-2014 restoration</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramics_and_glass">Ceramics and glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ceramics and glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VA23Oct10_147.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/VA23Oct10_147.jpg/220px-VA23Oct10_147.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/VA23Oct10_147.jpg/330px-VA23Oct10_147.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/VA23Oct10_147.jpg/440px-VA23Oct10_147.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Part of the reserve collection of European ceramics, on display on the top floor.</figcaption></figure> <p>This is the largest and most comprehensive ceramics and glass collection in the world, with over 80,000 objects from around the world. Every populated continent is represented. Apart from the many pieces in the Primary Galleries on the ground floor, much of the top floor is devoted to galleries of ceramics of all periods covered, which include display cases with a representative selection, but also massed "visible storage" displays of the reserve collection. </p><p>Well represented in the collection is <a href="/wiki/Meissen_porcelain" title="Meissen porcelain">Meissen porcelain</a>, from the first factory in Europe to discover the Chinese method of making porcelain. Among the finest examples are the Meissen Vulture from 1731 and the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6llendorff_Dinner_Service" title="Möllendorff Dinner Service">Möllendorff Dinner Service</a>, designed in 1762 by Frederick II the Great. Ceramics from the <a href="/wiki/Manufacture_nationale_de_S%C3%A8vres" title="Manufacture nationale de Sèvres">Manufacture nationale de Sèvres</a> are extensive, especially from the 18th and 19th centuries. The collection of 18th-century British porcelain is the largest and finest in the world. Examples from every factory are represented, the collections of <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea porcelain">Chelsea porcelain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worcester_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Worcester porcelain">Worcester porcelain</a> being especially fine. All the major 19th-century British factories are also represented. A major boost to the collections was the Salting Bequest made in 1909, which enriched the museum's stock of Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese ceramics">Japanese ceramics</a>. This bequest forms part of the finest collection of East Asian pottery and porcelain in the world, including <a href="/wiki/Kakiemon" title="Kakiemon">Kakiemon</a> ware. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VA_ceramics_visible_storage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/VA_ceramics_visible_storage.jpg/220px-VA_ceramics_visible_storage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/VA_ceramics_visible_storage.jpg/330px-VA_ceramics_visible_storage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/VA_ceramics_visible_storage.jpg/440px-VA_ceramics_visible_storage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2149" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption>Another view of the "visible storage"</figcaption></figure> <p>Many famous potters, such as Josiah Wedgwood, <a href="/wiki/William_De_Morgan" title="William De Morgan">William De Morgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Leach" title="Bernard Leach">Bernard Leach</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Mintons" title="Mintons">Mintons</a> & <a href="/wiki/Royal_Doulton" title="Royal Doulton">Royal Doulton</a> are represented in the collection. There is an extensive collection of <a href="/wiki/Delftware" title="Delftware">Delftware</a> produced in both Britain and Holland, which includes a circa 1695 flower pyramid over a metre in height. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Palissy" title="Bernard Palissy">Bernard Palissy</a> has several examples of his work in the collection including dishes, jugs and candlesticks. The largest objects in the collection are a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries, made in Germany and Switzerland. There is an unrivalled collection of Italian <a href="/wiki/Maiolica" title="Maiolica">maiolica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusterware" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusterware">lustreware</a> from Spain. The collection of Iznik pottery from Turkey is the largest in the world. </p><p>The glass collection covers 4000 years of glassmaking, and has over 6000 pieces from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia. The earliest glassware on display comes from Ancient Egypt and continues through the Ancient Roman, Medieval, Renaissance covering areas such as <a href="/wiki/Venetian_glass" title="Venetian glass">Venetian glass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_glass" title="Bohemian glass">Bohemian glass</a> and more recent periods, including Art Nouveau glass by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany" title="Louis Comfort Tiffany">Louis Comfort Tiffany</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gall%C3%A9" title="Émile Gallé">Émile Gallé</a>, the Art Deco style is represented by several examples by René Lalique. There are many examples of crystal chandeliers, both English,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> displayed in the British galleries, and foreign – for example, a Venetian one attributed to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Briati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Briati (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Briati</a> and dated to about 1750.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> collection is possibly the finest in the world, covering the medieval to modern periods, and covering Europe as well as Britain. Several examples of English 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Heraldic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraldic">heraldic</a> glass is displayed in the British Galleries. Many well-known designers of stained glass are represented in the collection including, from the 19th century: Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris. There is also an example of Frank Lloyd Wright's work in the collection. 20th-century designers include <a href="/wiki/Harry_Clarke" title="Harry Clarke">Harry Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Piper_(artist)" title="John Piper (artist)">John Piper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Reyntiens" title="Patrick Reyntiens">Patrick Reyntiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Whall" title="Veronica Whall">Veronica Whall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Clarke" title="Brian Clarke">Brian Clarke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main gallery was redesigned in 1994, the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine are the work of <a href="/wiki/Danny_Lane" title="Danny Lane">Danny Lane</a>, the gallery covering contemporary glass opened in 2004 and the sacred silver and stained-glass gallery in 2005. In this latter gallery stained glass is displayed alongside silverware starting in the 12th century and continuing to the present. Some of the most outstanding stained glass, dated 1243–1248 comes from the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, is displayed along with other examples in the new Medieval & Renaissance galleries. The important 13th-century glass beaker known as the <a href="/wiki/Luck_of_Edenhall" title="Luck of Edenhall">Luck of Edenhall</a> is also displayed in these galleries. Examples of British stained glass are displayed in the British Galleries. One of the most spectacular works in the collection is <a href="/wiki/V%26A_Rotunda_Chandelier" title="V&A Rotunda Chandelier">the chandelier</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dale_Chihuly" title="Dale Chihuly">Dale Chihuly</a> in the rotunda at the museum's main entrance. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urbino_Dish_with_childbirth_scene_VA_C2223-1910_img01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maiolica dish with a childbirth scene, Urbino, c. 1546"><img alt="Maiolica dish with a childbirth scene, Urbino, c. 1546" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Urbino_Dish_with_childbirth_scene_VA_C2223-1910_img01.jpg/120px-Urbino_Dish_with_childbirth_scene_VA_C2223-1910_img01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Urbino_Dish_with_childbirth_scene_VA_C2223-1910_img01.jpg/180px-Urbino_Dish_with_childbirth_scene_VA_C2223-1910_img01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Urbino_Dish_with_childbirth_scene_VA_C2223-1910_img01.jpg/240px-Urbino_Dish_with_childbirth_scene_VA_C2223-1910_img01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2607" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maiolica" title="Maiolica">Maiolica</a> dish with a childbirth scene, <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1546</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delft_Flower_pyramid_c1690_VA_C19-1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flower pyramid, Delft, c. 1695"><img alt="Flower pyramid, Delft, c. 1695" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Delft_Flower_pyramid_c1690_VA_C19-1982.jpg/68px-Delft_Flower_pyramid_c1690_VA_C19-1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Delft_Flower_pyramid_c1690_VA_C19-1982.jpg/102px-Delft_Flower_pyramid_c1690_VA_C19-1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Delft_Flower_pyramid_c1690_VA_C19-1982.jpg/136px-Delft_Flower_pyramid_c1690_VA_C19-1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="3667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flower pyramid, <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1695</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meissen_Billy_Goat_(by_Kaendler)_VA_C111-1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porcelain figure of a goat, by J. J. Kaendler, Meissen, c. 1732"><img alt="Porcelain figure of a goat, by J. J. Kaendler, Meissen, c. 1732" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Meissen_Billy_Goat_%28by_Kaendler%29_VA_C111-1932.jpg/120px-Meissen_Billy_Goat_%28by_Kaendler%29_VA_C111-1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Meissen_Billy_Goat_%28by_Kaendler%29_VA_C111-1932.jpg/180px-Meissen_Billy_Goat_%28by_Kaendler%29_VA_C111-1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Meissen_Billy_Goat_%28by_Kaendler%29_VA_C111-1932.jpg/240px-Meissen_Billy_Goat_%28by_Kaendler%29_VA_C111-1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3352" data-file-height="2608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porcelain figure of a goat, by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_K%C3%A4ndler" title="Johann Joachim Kändler">J. J. Kaendler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meissen_porcelain" title="Meissen porcelain">Meissen</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1732</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BLW_Plant_Pot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jardinière (plant pot), Vincennes porcelain, France; 1750–53"><img alt="Jardinière (plant pot), Vincennes porcelain, France; 1750–53" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BLW_Plant_Pot.jpg/90px-BLW_Plant_Pot.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BLW_Plant_Pot.jpg/135px-BLW_Plant_Pot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BLW_Plant_Pot.jpg/180px-BLW_Plant_Pot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jardinière (plant pot), <a href="/wiki/Vincennes_porcelain" title="Vincennes porcelain">Vincennes porcelain</a>, France; 1750–53</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luck_of_Edenhall_VandA_C.1toB-1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Luck of Edenhall, glass beaker, Syria, 13th century"><img alt="The Luck of Edenhall, glass beaker, Syria, 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Luck_of_Edenhall_VandA_C.1toB-1959.jpg/80px-Luck_of_Edenhall_VandA_C.1toB-1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Luck_of_Edenhall_VandA_C.1toB-1959.jpg/120px-Luck_of_Edenhall_VandA_C.1toB-1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Luck_of_Edenhall_VandA_C.1toB-1959.jpg/160px-Luck_of_Edenhall_VandA_C.1toB-1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2555" data-file-height="3833" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Luck_of_Edenhall" title="Luck of Edenhall">Luck of Edenhall</a>, glass beaker, Syria, 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained glass panel, depicting Christ's resurrection, Germany, c. 1540–42"><img alt="Stained glass panel, depicting Christ's resurrection, Germany, c. 1540–42" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-04.jpg/67px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-04.jpg/101px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-04.jpg/135px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Stained_glass-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="2750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stained glass panel, depicting Christ's resurrection, Germany, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1540–42</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These galleries are dedicated to temporary exhibits showcasing both trends from recent decades and the latest in design and fashion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prints_and_drawings">Prints and drawings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prints and drawings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prints and drawings from the over 750,000 works in the collection can be seen on request at the <a href="/wiki/Print_room" title="Print room">print room</a>, the "Prints and Drawings study Room"; booking an appointment is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collection of drawings includes over 10,000 British and 2,000 old master works, including works by: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione" title="Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione">Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Buontalenti" title="Bernardo Buontalenti">Bernardo Buontalenti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, Antonio Verrio, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sandby" title="Paul Sandby">Paul Sandby</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Russell (painter)">John Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Kauffman" title="Angelica Kauffman">Angelica Kauffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Flaxman" title="John Flaxman">John Flaxman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Douglas_Hamilton" title="Hugh Douglas Hamilton">Hugh Douglas Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Thomas Rowlandson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Kilburn" title="William Kilburn">William Kilburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Girtin" title="Thomas Girtin">Thomas Girtin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Wilkie_(artist)" title="David Wilkie (artist)">David Wilkie</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Samuel Palmer</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Henry_Landseer" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Henry Landseer">Edwin Henry Landseer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Leighton" title="Frederic Leighton">Lord Leighton</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Luke_Fildes" title="Luke Fildes">Samuel Luke Fildes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a>. Modern British artists represented in the collection include: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nash_(artist)" title="Paul Nash (artist)">Paul Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Wyndham_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Wyndham Lewis">Percy Wyndham Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Spencer" title="Stanley Spencer">Stanley Spencer</a>, John Piper, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Priseman" title="Robert Priseman">Robert Priseman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sutherland" title="Graham Sutherland">Graham Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Freud" title="Lucian Freud">Lucian Freud</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hockney" title="David Hockney">David Hockney</a>. </p><p>The print collection has more than 500,000 objects, covering: posters, greetings cards, bookplates, as well as a comprehensive collection of <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">old master prints</a> from the Renaissance to the present, including works by Rembrandt, <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi" title="Giovanni Battista Piranesi">Giovanni Battista Piranesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson_(artist)" title="William Nicholson (artist)">William Nicholson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The costume collection is the most comprehensive in Britain, containing over 14,000 outfits plus accessories, mainly dating from 1600 to the present. Costume sketches, design notebooks, and other works on paper are typically held by the Word and Image department. Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived, the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions. One of the first significant gifts of the costume came in 1913 when the V&A received the <a href="/wiki/Talbot_Hughes" title="Talbot Hughes">Talbot Hughes</a> collection containing 1,442 costumes and items as a gift from <a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a> following its display at the nearby department store. </p><p>Some of the oldest works in the collection are medieval <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a>. One of the most important pieces in the collection is the wedding suit of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a>, which is displayed in the British Galleries. </p><p>In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Beaton" title="Cecil Beaton">Cecil Beaton</a> curated an exhibition of 1,200 20th-century high-fashion garments and accessories, including gowns worn by leading socialites such as Patricia Lopez-Willshaw,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Guinness" title="Gloria Guinness">Gloria Guinness</a><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Radziwill" title="Lee Radziwill">Lee Radziwill</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and actresses such as <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Ford_(actress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth Ford (actress)">Ruth Ford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the exhibition, Beaton donated most of the exhibits to the museum in the names of their former owners. </p><p>In 1999, V&A began a series of live catwalk events at the museum titled <i>Fashion in Motion</i> featuring pieces from historically significant fashion collections. The first show featured <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McQueen" title="Alexander McQueen">Alexander McQueen</a> in June 1999. Since then, the museum has hosted recreations of various designer shows every year including <a href="/wiki/Anna_Sui" title="Anna Sui">Anna Sui</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tristan_Webber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tristan Webber (page does not exist)">Tristan Webber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elspeth_Gibson" title="Elspeth Gibson">Elspeth Gibson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chunghie_Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chunghie Lee (page does not exist)">Chunghie Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier" title="Jean Paul Gaultier">Jean Paul Gaultier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missoni" title="Missoni">Missoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Gianfranco Ferré">Gianfranco Ferré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lacroix" title="Christian Lacroix">Christian Lacroix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenzo">Kenzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansai_Yamamoto" title="Kansai Yamamoto">Kansai Yamamoto</a> amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the museum acquired the Costiff collection of 178 <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood" title="Vivienne Westwood">Vivienne Westwood</a> costumes. Other famous designers with work in the collection include <a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_de_Givenchy" title="Hubert de Givenchy">Hubert de Givenchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Dior" title="Christian Dior">Christian Dior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Balenciaga" title="Cristóbal Balenciaga">Cristóbal Balenciaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)" title="Yves Saint Laurent (designer)">Yves Saint Laurent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Laroche" title="Guy Laroche">Guy Laroche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Galitzine" title="Irene Galitzine">Irene Galitzine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mila_Sch%C3%B6n" title="Mila Schön">Mila Schön</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentino_Garavani" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentino Garavani">Valentino Garavani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Norell" title="Norman Norell">Norman Norell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Hartnell" title="Norman Hartnell">Norman Hartnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zandra_Rhodes" title="Zandra Rhodes">Zandra Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardy_Amies" title="Hardy Amies">Hardy Amies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Quant" title="Mary Quant">Mary Quant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lacroix" title="Christian Lacroix">Christian Lacroix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Muir" title="Jean Muir">Jean Muir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cardin" title="Pierre Cardin">Pierre Cardin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum continues to acquire examples of modern fashion to add to the collection. </p><p>The V&A runs an ongoing textile and dress conservation programme. For example, in 2008, an important but heavily soiled, distorted and water-damaged 1954 Dior outfit called 'Zemire' was restored to displayable condition for the <i>Golden Age of Couture</i> exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sackbackgown.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1770s sack-back gown"><img alt="1770s sack-back gown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sackbackgown.jpg/88px-Sackbackgown.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sackbackgown.jpg/131px-Sackbackgown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sackbackgown.jpg/175px-Sackbackgown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1770s <a href="/wiki/Sack-back_gown" title="Sack-back gown">sack-back gown</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Wedding_Dress_ca_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="c. 1870 wedding dress"><img alt="c. 1870 wedding dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/WLA_vanda_Wedding_Dress_ca_1870.jpg/80px-WLA_vanda_Wedding_Dress_ca_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/WLA_vanda_Wedding_Dress_ca_1870.jpg/120px-WLA_vanda_Wedding_Dress_ca_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/WLA_vanda_Wedding_Dress_ca_1870.jpg/160px-WLA_vanda_Wedding_Dress_ca_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870</span> wedding dress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_evening_dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1912 Lucile evening dress"><img alt="1912 Lucile evening dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1912_evening_dress.jpg/84px-1912_evening_dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1912_evening_dress.jpg/126px-1912_evening_dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1912_evening_dress.jpg/168px-1912_evening_dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1912 <a href="/wiki/Lucy,_Lady_Duff-Gordon" title="Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon">Lucile</a> evening dress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22,_Fall-Winter_1954_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1954 Dior evening gown called 'Zemire'"><img alt="1954 Dior evening gown called 'Zemire'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22%2C_Fall-Winter_1954_05.jpg/67px-Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22%2C_Fall-Winter_1954_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22%2C_Fall-Winter_1954_05.jpg/101px-Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22%2C_Fall-Winter_1954_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22%2C_Fall-Winter_1954_05.jpg/135px-Christian_Dior_evening_gown_called_%22Z%C3%A9mire%22%2C_Fall-Winter_1954_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1954 Dior evening gown called 'Zemire'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_mantua_dress_at_Tullie_House_Museum_A_(24).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="[131]"Mantua gown made from an ivory silk brocaded in a pattern of stylised flowers and leaves.""><img alt="[131]"Mantua gown made from an ivory silk brocaded in a pattern of stylised flowers and leaves."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Court_mantua_dress_at_Tullie_House_Museum_A_%2824%29.JPG/120px-Court_mantua_dress_at_Tullie_House_Museum_A_%2824%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Court_mantua_dress_at_Tullie_House_Museum_A_%2824%29.JPG/180px-Court_mantua_dress_at_Tullie_House_Museum_A_%2824%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Court_mantua_dress_at_Tullie_House_Museum_A_%2824%29.JPG/240px-Court_mantua_dress_at_Tullie_House_Museum_A_%2824%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4528" data-file-height="3416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>"Mantua gown made from an ivory silk brocaded in a pattern of stylised flowers and leaves."</div> </li> </ul> <p>The V&A Museum has a large collection of shoes around 2000 pairs from different cultures around the world. The collection shows the chronological progression of shoe height, heel shape and materials, revealing just how many styles we consider to be modern have been in and out of fashion across the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Furniture">Furniture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Furniture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2012, the museum opened its first gallery to be exclusively dedicated to furniture. Prior to this date furniture had been exhibited as part of a greater period context, rather than in isolation to showcase its design and construction merits. Among the designers showcased in the new gallery are <a href="/wiki/Ron_Arad_(industrial_designer)" title="Ron Arad (industrial designer)">Ron Arad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">John Henry Belter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Cesare_Colombo" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Cesare Colombo">Joe Colombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Gray" title="Eileen Gray">Eileen Gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verner_Panton" title="Verner Panton">Verner Panton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gebr%C3%BCder_Thonet" title="Gebrüder Thonet">Thonet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The furniture collection, while covering Europe and America from the Middle Ages to the present, is predominantly British, dating between 1700 and 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the finest examples are displayed in the British Galleries, including pieces by Chippendale, Adam, Morris, and Mackintosh.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the oldest objects is a chair leg from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a> dated to 200-395AD.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Furniture and Woodwork collection also includes complete rooms, musical instruments, and clocks. Among the rooms owned by the museum are the Boudoir of Madame de Sévilly (Paris, 1781–82) by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Nicolas_Ledoux" title="Claude Nicolas Ledoux">Claude Nicolas Ledoux</a>, with painted panelling by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Simeon_Rousseau_de_la_Rotti%C3%A8re" title="Jean Simeon Rousseau de la Rottière">Jean Simeon Rousseau de la Rottière</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Frank Lloyd Wright's Kaufmann Office, designed and constructed between 1934 and 1937 for the owner of a Pittsburgh department store.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collection includes pieces by William Kent, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Flitcroft" title="Henry Flitcroft">Henry Flitcroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Lock" title="Matthias Lock">Matthias Lock</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Stuart_(1713%E2%80%931788)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stuart (1713–1788)">James Stuart</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Chambers_(architect)" title="William Chambers (architect)">William Chambers</a>, John Gillow, James Wyatt, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopper_(architect)" title="Thomas Hopper (architect)">Thomas Hopper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Heathcote_Tatham" title="Charles Heathcote Tatham">Charles Heathcote Tatham</a>, Pugin, <a href="/wiki/William_Burges" title="William Burges">William Burges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Voysey_(architect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Voysey (architect)">Charles Voysey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Ashbee" title="Charles Robert Ashbee">Charles Robert Ashbee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baillie_Scott" title="Baillie Scott">Baillie Scott</a>, Edwin Lutyens, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Maufe" title="Edward Maufe">Edward Maufe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wells_Coates" title="Wells Coates">Wells Coates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Day_(designer)" title="Robin Day (designer)">Robin Day</a>. The museum also hosts the national collection of wallpaper, which is looked after by the Prints, Drawings and Paintings department.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soulages collection of Italian and French Renaissance objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865, and includes several <a href="/wiki/Cassone" title="Cassone">cassone</a>. The John Jones Collection of French 18th-century art and furnishings was left to the museum in 1882, then valued at £250,000. One of the most important pieces in this collection is a <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a> <a href="/wiki/Commode" title="Commode">commode</a> by the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">ébéniste</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Henri_Riesener" title="Jean Henri Riesener">Jean Henri Riesener</a> dated c1780. Other signed pieces of furniture in the collection include a <a href="/wiki/Desk" title="Desk">bureau</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Oeben" title="Jean-François Oeben">Jean-François Oeben</a>, a pair of pedestals with inlaid brass work by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Charles_Boulle" class="mw-redirect" title="André Charles Boulle">André Charles Boulle</a>, a commode by Bernard Vanrisamburgh and a work-table by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Carlin" title="Martin Carlin">Martin Carlin</a>. Other 18th-century ébénistes represented in the museum collection include <a href="/wiki/Adam_Weisweiler" title="Adam Weisweiler">Adam Weisweiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Roentgen" title="David Roentgen">David Roentgen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Joubert" title="Gilles Joubert">Gilles Joubert</a> and Pierre Langlois. In 1901, Sir George Donaldson donated several pieces of <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">art Nouveau</a> furniture to the museum, which he had acquired the previous year at the Paris <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">Exposition Universelle</a>. This was criticised at the time, with the result that the museum ceased to collect contemporary pieces and did not do so again until the 1960s. In 1986 the Lady Abingdon collection of French Empire furniture was bequeathed by Mrs T. R. P. Hole. </p><p>There are a set of beautiful inlaid doors, dated 1580 from <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_City_Hall" title="Antwerp City Hall">Antwerp City Hall</a>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Hans_Vredeman_de_Vries" title="Hans Vredeman de Vries">Hans Vredeman de Vries</a>. One of the finest pieces of continental furniture in the collection is the Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet dated c1750 from Germany, with especially fine marquetry and <a href="/wiki/Ormolu" title="Ormolu">ormolu</a> mounts. One of the grandest pieces of 19th-century furniture is the highly elaborate French Cabinet dated 1861–1867 made by M. Fourdinois, made from ebony inlaid with box, lime, holly, pear, walnut and mahogany woods as well as marble with gilded carvings. Furniture designed by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gimson" title="Ernest Gimson">Ernest Gimson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Godwin" title="Edward William Godwin">Edward William Godwin</a>, Charles Voysey, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Adolf Loos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wagner" title="Otto Wagner">Otto Wagner</a> are among the late 19th-century and early 20th-century examples in the collection. The work of modernists in the collection include <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Marcel Breuer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_and_Ray_Eames" title="Charles and Ray Eames">Charles and Ray Eames</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gi%C3%B2_Ponti" class="mw-redirect" title="Giò Ponti">Giò Ponti</a>. </p><p>One of the oldest clocks in the collection is an astronomical clock of 1588 by Francis Nowe. One of the largest is James Markwick the younger's <a href="/wiki/Longcase_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Longcase clock">longcase clock</a> of 1725, nearly 3 metres in height and <a href="/wiki/Japanned" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanned">japanned</a>. Other clockmakers with work in the collection include: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tompion" title="Thomas Tompion">Thomas Tompion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lewis_Vulliamy" title="Benjamin Lewis Vulliamy">Benjamin Lewis Vulliamy</a>, John Ellicott and William Carpenter. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_French_Commode_in_Japanese_lacquer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baumhauer, Joseph—Commode, with panels of Japanese lacquer & vernis martin, French, 1760–65"><img alt="Baumhauer, Joseph—Commode, with panels of Japanese lacquer & vernis martin, French, 1760–65" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/WLA_vanda_French_Commode_in_Japanese_lacquer.jpg/120px-WLA_vanda_French_Commode_in_Japanese_lacquer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/WLA_vanda_French_Commode_in_Japanese_lacquer.jpg/180px-WLA_vanda_French_Commode_in_Japanese_lacquer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/WLA_vanda_French_Commode_in_Japanese_lacquer.jpg/240px-WLA_vanda_French_Commode_in_Japanese_lacquer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baumhauer" title="Joseph Baumhauer">Baumhauer, Joseph</a>—Commode, with panels of Japanese lacquer & vernis martin, French, 1760–65</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evelyncabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Evelyn Cabinet—Inlaid with panels of Florentine pietre dure; Italy, 1644–46"><img alt="The Evelyn Cabinet—Inlaid with panels of Florentine pietre dure; Italy, 1644–46" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Evelyncabinet.jpg/120px-Evelyncabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Evelyncabinet.jpg/180px-Evelyncabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Evelyncabinet.jpg/240px-Evelyncabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="603" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn%27s_cabinet" title="John Evelyn's cabinet">The Evelyn Cabinet</a>—Inlaid with panels of Florentine pietre dure; Italy, 1644–46</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Cabinet_on_stand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cabinet on stand, German, c. 1580"><img alt="Cabinet on stand, German, c. 1580" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/WLA_vanda_Cabinet_on_stand.jpg/120px-WLA_vanda_Cabinet_on_stand.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/WLA_vanda_Cabinet_on_stand.jpg/180px-WLA_vanda_Cabinet_on_stand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/WLA_vanda_Cabinet_on_stand.jpg/240px-WLA_vanda_Cabinet_on_stand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cabinet on stand, German, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1580</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewellery">Jewellery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Jewellery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_jewellery_gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/V%26A_jewellery_gallery.jpg/170px-V%26A_jewellery_gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/V%26A_jewellery_gallery.jpg/255px-V%26A_jewellery_gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/V%26A_jewellery_gallery.jpg/340px-V%26A_jewellery_gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Jewellery gallery</figcaption></figure> <p>The museum's jewellery collection, containing over 6000 pieces is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> to the present day, as well as jewellery designs on paper. The museum owns pieces by renowned jewellers <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cartier_(jeweler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Cartier (jeweler)">Cartier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Schlumberger_(jewelry_designer)" title="Jean Schlumberger (jewelry designer)">Jean Schlumberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carl_Faberg%C3%A9" title="Peter Carl Fabergé">Peter Carl Fabergé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grima" title="Andrew Grima">Andrew Grima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemmerle" title="Hemmerle">Hemmerle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lalique" title="René Lalique">Lalique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other items in the collection include diamond dress ornaments made for <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, bracelet clasps once belonging to <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, and the Beauharnais emerald necklace presented by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> to his adopted daughter <a href="/wiki/Hortense_de_Beauharnais" title="Hortense de Beauharnais">Hortense de Beauharnais</a> in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum also collects international modern jewellery by designers such as <a href="/wiki/Gijs_Bakker" title="Gijs Bakker">Gijs Bakker</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onno_Boekhoudt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onno Boekhoudt (page does not exist)">Onno Boekhoudt</a>, Peter Chang, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerda_Flockinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerda Flockinger (page does not exist)">Gerda Flockinger</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucy_Sarneel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucy Sarneel (page does not exist)">Lucy Sarneel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothea_Pr%C3%BChl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothea Prühl (page does not exist)">Dorothea Prühl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Ramshaw" title="Wendy Ramshaw">Wendy Ramshaw</a>, and African and Asian traditional jewellery. Major bequests include Reverend <a href="/wiki/Chauncy_Hare_Townshend" title="Chauncy Hare Townshend">Chauncy Hare Townshend</a>'s collection of 154 gems bequeathed in 1869, Lady Cory's 1951 gift of major diamond jewellery from the 18th and 19th centuries, and jewellery scholar <a href="/wiki/Joan_Evans_(art_historian)" title="Joan Evans (art historian)">Dame Joan Evans</a>' 1977 gift of more than 800 jewels dating from the Middle Ages to the early 19th century. A new jewellery gallery, funded by William and Judith Bollinger, opened on 24 May 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spanish gold and emerald pendant"><img alt="Spanish gold and emerald pendant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg/90px-Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg/135px-Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg/180px-Spanish_jewellery-Gold_and_emerald_pendant_at_VAM-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spanish gold and emerald pendant</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalwork">Metalwork</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Metalwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_armor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/V%26A_armor.jpg/220px-V%26A_armor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/V%26A_armor.jpg/330px-V%26A_armor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/V%26A_armor.jpg/440px-V%26A_armor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2119" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A finely decorated and fashionable suit of lightweight battle armor. Bavaria, 1570.</figcaption></figure><p>This collection of more than 45,000 objects covers decorative <a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">ironwork</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast</a>, bronze, silverware, arms and armour, pewter, brassware and <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamels</a> (including many examples <a href="/wiki/Limoges_enamel" title="Limoges enamel">Limoges enamel</a>). The main iron work gallery was redesigned in 1995. </p><p>There are over 10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection, the display (about 15 percent of the collection) is divided into secular<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sacred<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covering both Christian (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> liturgical vessels and other works. The main silver gallery is divided into these areas: British silver pre-1800; British silver 1800 to 1900; modernist to contemporary silver; European silver. The collection includes the earliest known piece of English silver with a dated hallmark, a silver gilt beaker dated 1496–1497. </p><p>Silversmiths whose work is represented in the collection include <a href="/wiki/Paul_Storr" title="Paul Storr">Paul Storr</a><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (whose Castlereagh Inkstand, dated 1817–1819, is one of his finest works) and <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Lamerie" title="Paul de Lamerie">Paul de Lamerie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main iron work gallery covers European wrought and cast iron from the medieval period to the early 20th century. The master of wrought ironwork <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tijou" title="Jean Tijou">Jean Tijou</a> is represented by both examples of his work and designs on paper. One of the largest objects is the <a href="/wiki/Hereford_Screen" title="Hereford Screen">Hereford Screen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> weighing nearly 8 tonnes, 10.5 metres high and 11 metres wide, designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1862 for the chancel in <a href="/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral" title="Hereford Cathedral">Hereford Cathedral</a>, from which it was removed in 1967. It was made by Skidmore & Company. Its structure of timber and cast iron is embellished with wrought iron, burnished brass and copper. Much of the copper and ironwork is painted in a wide range of colours. The arches and columns are decorated with polished quartz and panels of mosaic. </p><p>One of the rarest works in the collection is the 58 cm-high <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Candlestick" title="Gloucester Candlestick">Gloucester Candlestick</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dated to c1110, made from gilt bronze; with highly elaborate and intricate intertwining branches containing small figures and inscriptions, it is a tour de force of bronze casting. Also of importance is the <a href="/wiki/Becket_Casket" title="Becket Casket">Becket Casket</a> dated c1180 to contain relics of <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Becket" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas Becket">St Thomas Becket</a>, made from gilt copper, with enamelled scenes of the saint's martyrdom. Another highlight is the 1351 Reichenau Crozier.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Burghley_Nef" title="Burghley Nef">Burghley Nef</a>, a salt-cellar, French, dated 1527–1528, uses a <a href="/wiki/Nautilus_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautilus shell">nautilus shell</a> to form the hull of a vessel, which rests on the tail of a parcelgilt mermaid, who rests on a hexagonal gilt plinth on six claw-and-ball feet. Both masts have main and top-sails, and battlemented fighting-tops are made from gold. These items are displayed in the new Medieval & Renaissance galleries. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Becket_casket.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Becket Casket, the most elaborate, the largest and possibly the earliest Becket reliquary, Limoges enamel, c. 1180–90"><img alt="The Becket Casket, the most elaborate, the largest and possibly the earliest Becket reliquary, Limoges enamel, c. 1180–90" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Becket_casket.jpg/120px-Becket_casket.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Becket_casket.jpg/180px-Becket_casket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Becket_casket.jpg/240px-Becket_casket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Becket_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="The Becket Casket">The Becket Casket</a>, the most elaborate, the largest and possibly the earliest Becket reliquary, <a href="/wiki/Limoges_enamel" title="Limoges enamel">Limoges enamel</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1180–90</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burghley_nef.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Burghley Nef—Silver-gilt salt cellar, France, 1527–28"><img alt="The Burghley Nef—Silver-gilt salt cellar, France, 1527–28" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burghley_nef.jpg/87px-Burghley_nef.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burghley_nef.jpg/131px-Burghley_nef.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burghley_nef.jpg/174px-Burghley_nef.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="731" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Burghley_Nef" class="mw-redirect" title="The Burghley Nef">The Burghley Nef</a>—Silver-gilt <a href="/wiki/Salt_cellar" title="Salt cellar">salt cellar</a>, France, 1527–28</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloucester_candlestick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gloucester Candlestick, a masterpiece of English metalwork, c. 1110"><img alt="The Gloucester Candlestick, a masterpiece of English metalwork, c. 1110" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gloucester_candlestick.jpg/83px-Gloucester_candlestick.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gloucester_candlestick.jpg/124px-Gloucester_candlestick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gloucester_candlestick.jpg/165px-Gloucester_candlestick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Candlestick" title="Gloucester Candlestick">Gloucester Candlestick</a>, a masterpiece of English metalwork, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1110</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BLW_Romanesque_Tabernacle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tabernacle, Cologne, Germany, c. 1180"><img alt="Tabernacle, Cologne, Germany, c. 1180" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/BLW_Romanesque_Tabernacle.jpg/120px-BLW_Romanesque_Tabernacle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/BLW_Romanesque_Tabernacle.jpg/180px-BLW_Romanesque_Tabernacle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/BLW_Romanesque_Tabernacle.jpg/240px-BLW_Romanesque_Tabernacle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tabernacle, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1180</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_instruments">Musical instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Musical instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Musical instruments are classified as furniture by the museum,<sup id="cite_ref-ismene_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ismene-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Asian instruments are held by their relevant departments.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the more important instruments owned by the museum are a violin by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Stradivari" title="Antonio Stradivari">Antonio Stradivari</a> dated 1699, an <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a> that belonged to <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a>, and a jewelled <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">spinet</a> dated 1571 made by Annibale Rossi.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collection also includes a <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1570 <a href="/wiki/Virginal" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginal">virginal</a> said to have belonged to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and late 19th-century pianos designed by Edward Burne-Jones,<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Baillie Scott.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Musical Instruments gallery closed on 25 February 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-lords_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lords-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a decision that was highly controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-ismene_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ismene-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Online_petition" title="Online petition">online petition</a> of over 5,100 names on the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliamentary</a> website led to <a href="/wiki/Chris_Smith,_Baron_Smith_of_Finsbury" title="Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury">Chris Smith</a> asking in Parliament about the future of the collection.<sup id="cite_ref-mps_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mps-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The answer, from <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Davies,_Baron_Davies_of_Oldham" title="Bryan Davies, Baron Davies of Oldham">Bryan Davies</a>, was that the museum intended to preserve and care for the collection and keep it available to the public, with objects being redistributed to the British Galleries, the Medieval & Renaissance Galleries, and the planned new galleries for Furniture and Europe 1600–1800, and that the <a href="/wiki/Horniman_Museum" title="Horniman Museum">Horniman Museum</a> and other institutions were possible candidates for loans of material to ensure that the instruments remained publicly viewable.<sup id="cite_ref-mps_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mps-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Horniman went on to host a joint exhibition with the V&A of musical instruments,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has the loan of 35 instruments from the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-duchen_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duchen-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_Horn_(instrument).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A natural horn"><img alt="A natural horn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Natural_Horn_%28instrument%29.JPG/120px-Natural_Horn_%28instrument%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Natural_Horn_%28instrument%29.JPG/180px-Natural_Horn_%28instrument%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Natural_Horn_%28instrument%29.JPG/240px-Natural_Horn_%28instrument%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="706" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">natural horn</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_(musical_instrument).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A serpent, an ancestor of the tuba"><img alt="A serpent, an ancestor of the tuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Serpent_%28musical_instrument%29.JPG/112px-Serpent_%28musical_instrument%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Serpent_%28musical_instrument%29.JPG/167px-Serpent_%28musical_instrument%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Serpent_%28musical_instrument%29.JPG/223px-Serpent_%28musical_instrument%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(instrument)" title="Serpent (instrument)">serpent</a>, an ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tuba</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings_(and_miniatures)"><span id="Paintings_.28and_miniatures.29"></span>Paintings (and miniatures)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Paintings (and miniatures)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The collection includes about 1130 British and 650 European <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil paintings</a>, 6800 British <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel">pastels</a> and 2000 <a href="/wiki/Portrait_miniature" title="Portrait miniature">miniatures</a>, for which the museum holds the national collection. Also on loan to the museum, from Her Majesty the Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, are the <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Cartoons" title="Raphael Cartoons">Raphael Cartoons</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the seven surviving (there were ten) full-scale designs for tapestries in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>, of the lives of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>. There is also on display a fresco by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>, dated 1522, from the church of Castello at <a href="/wiki/Fontignano" title="Fontignano">Fontignano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>) which is amongst the painter's last works. One of the largest objects in the collection is the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Retable" title="Retable">retable</a> of St George, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span>, 670 x 486 cm, in tempera on wood, consisting of numerous scenes and painted by Andrés Marzal De Sax in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>. </p><p>19th-century British artists are well represented. John Constable and <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> are represented by oil paintings, watercolours and drawings. One of the most unusual objects on display is <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a>'s experimental showbox with its back-lit landscapes, which he painted on glass, which allowed them to be changed like slides. Other landscape painters with works on display include <a href="/wiki/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg" title="Philip James de Loutherbourg">Philip James de Loutherbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_De_Wint" title="Peter De Wint">Peter De Wint</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Ward_(painter)" title="John Ward (painter)">John Ward</a>. </p><p>In 1857 John Sheepshanks donated 233 paintings, mainly by contemporary British artists, and a similar number of drawings to the museum with the intention of forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art', a role since taken on by <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>; artists represented are <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Barry_(painter)" title="James Barry (painter)">James Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a>, Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, Sir David Wilkie, <a href="/wiki/William_Mulready" title="William Mulready">William Mulready</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Powell_Frith" title="William Powell Frith">William Powell Frith</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">Millais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Delaroche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippolyte Delaroche">Hippolyte Delaroche</a>. Although some of Constable's works came to the museum with the Sheepshanks bequest, the majority of the artist's works were donated by his daughter Isabel in 1888,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the large number of sketches in oil, the most significant being the 1821 full size oil sketch<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Wain" title="The Hay Wain">The Hay Wain</a></i>. Other artists with works in the collection include: <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Fungai" title="Bernardino Fungai">Bernardino Fungai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger" title="Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger">Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_di_Pace_Beccafumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Domenico di Pace Beccafumi">Domenico di Pace Beccafumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fioravante_Ferramola" class="mw-redirect" title="Fioravante Ferramola">Fioravante Ferramola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Carracci" title="Ludovico Carracci">Ludovico Carracci</a>, Antonio Verrio, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Giovanni Battista Tiepolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Tiepolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domenico Tiepolo">Domenico Tiepolo</a>, Canaletto, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hayman" title="Francis Hayman">Francis Hayman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Batoni" title="Pompeo Batoni">Pompeo Batoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>, Paul Sandby, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilson_(painter)" title="Richard Wilson (painter)">Richard Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Etty" title="William Etty">William Etty</a>, Henry Fuseli, Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a>, James Barry, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Danby" title="Francis Danby">Francis Danby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Richard Parkes Bonington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Legros" title="Alphonse Legros">Alphonse Legros</a>. </p><p>Richard Ellison's collection of 100 British watercolours was given by his widow in 1860 and 1873 'to promote the foundation of the National Collection of Water-Color Paintings'. Over 500 British and European oil paintings, watercolours and miniatures and 3000 drawings and prints were bequeathed in 1868–1869 by the clergymen Chauncey Hare Townshend and Alexander Dyce. </p><p>Several French paintings entered the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures (not all the works were French, for example <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Crivelli" title="Carlo Crivelli">Carlo Crivelli</a>'s <i>Virgin and Child</i>) that formed part of the Jones bequest of 1882 and as such are displayed in the galleries of continental art 1600–1800, including the portrait of <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">François, Duc d'Alençon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet" title="François Clouet">François Clouet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Dughet" title="Gaspard Dughet">Gaspard Dughet</a> and works by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a> including his portrait of <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour" title="Madame de Pompadour">Madame de Pompadour</a> dated 1758, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean François de Troy">Jean François de Troy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Pater" title="Jean-Baptiste Pater">Jean-Baptiste Pater</a> and their contemporaries. </p><p>Another major Victorian benefactor was <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Alexander_Ionides" title="Constantine Alexander Ionides">Constantine Alexander Ionides</a>, who left 82 oil paintings to the museum in 1901, including works by <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_Brouwer" title="Adriaen Brouwer">Adriaen Brouwer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Rousseau" title="Théodore Rousseau">Théodore Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a>, Edward Burne-Jones, plus watercolours and over a thousand drawings and prints </p><p>The Salting Bequest of 1909 included, among other works, watercolours by J. M. W. Turner. Other watercolourists include: <a href="/wiki/William_Gilpin_(priest)" title="William Gilpin (priest)">William Gilpin</a>, Thomas Rowlandson, William Blake, <a href="/wiki/John_Sell_Cotman" title="John Sell Cotman">John Sell Cotman</a>, Paul Sandby, William Mulready, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abbott McNeill Whistler">James Abbott McNeill Whistler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>. </p><p>There is a copy of Raphael's <i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i> over 4 metres by 8 metres in size, dated 1755 by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Raphael_Mengs" title="Anton Raphael Mengs">Anton Raphael Mengs</a> on display in the eastern Cast Court. </p><p>Miniaturists represented in the collection include <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bourdichon" title="Jean Bourdichon">Jean Bourdichon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Oliver" title="Isaac Oliver">Isaac Oliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Oliver_(painter)" title="Peter Oliver (painter)">Peter Oliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Petitot" title="Jean Petitot">Jean Petitot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cooper" title="Alexander Cooper">Alexander Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(painter)" title="Samuel Cooper (painter)">Samuel Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Flatman" title="Thomas Flatman">Thomas Flatman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalba_Carriera" title="Rosalba Carriera">Rosalba Carriera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Zincke" title="Christian Friedrich Zincke">Christian Friedrich Zincke</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Engleheart" title="George Engleheart">George Engleheart</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Smart" title="John Smart">John Smart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cosway" title="Richard Cosway">Richard Cosway</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Ross" title="William Charles Ross">William Charles Ross</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_(Smeralda_Brandini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Botticelli—Portrait of a Lady known as Smeralda Brandini, 1470-1475"><img alt="Botticelli—Portrait of a Lady known as Smeralda Brandini, 1470-1475" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28Smeralda_Brandini.jpg/75px-Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28Smeralda_Brandini.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28Smeralda_Brandini.jpg/113px-Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28Smeralda_Brandini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28Smeralda_Brandini.jpg/151px-Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28Smeralda_Brandini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="2378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Botticelli</a>—<i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Lady_known_as_Smeralda_Brandini" class="mw-redirect" title="Portrait of a Lady known as Smeralda Brandini">Portrait of a Lady known as Smeralda Brandini</a>, 1470-1475</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_-_The_Departure_of_the_Shunammite_Woman.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rembrandt—The Departure of the Shunammite Woman, c. 1640"><img alt="Rembrandt—The Departure of the Shunammite Woman, c. 1640" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rembrandt_-_The_Departure_of_the_Shunammite_Woman.1.jpg/120px-Rembrandt_-_The_Departure_of_the_Shunammite_Woman.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rembrandt_-_The_Departure_of_the_Shunammite_Woman.1.jpg/180px-Rembrandt_-_The_Departure_of_the_Shunammite_Woman.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rembrandt_-_The_Departure_of_the_Shunammite_Woman.1.jpg/240px-Rembrandt_-_The_Departure_of_the_Shunammite_Woman.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>—<i>The Departure of the Shunammite Woman</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1640</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tintoretto_-_Self-Portrait_as_a_Young_Man.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tintoretto—Self-Portrait as a Young Man, c. 1548"><img alt="Tintoretto—Self-Portrait as a Young Man, c. 1548" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tintoretto_-_Self-Portrait_as_a_Young_Man.jpg/94px-Tintoretto_-_Self-Portrait_as_a_Young_Man.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tintoretto_-_Self-Portrait_as_a_Young_Man.jpg/141px-Tintoretto_-_Self-Portrait_as_a_Young_Man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tintoretto_-_Self-Portrait_as_a_Young_Man.jpg/188px-Tintoretto_-_Self-Portrait_as_a_Young_Man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>—<i>Self-Portrait as a Young Man</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1548</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raphael—The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, 1515"><img alt="Raphael—The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, 1515" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/120px-Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Raphael_-_The_Miraculous_Draft_of_Fishes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6688" data-file-height="5396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>—<i>The Miraculous Draught of Fishes</i>, 1515</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_-_Raphael,_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_(1515).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raphael—St Paul Preaching in Athens, 1515"><img alt="Raphael—St Paul Preaching in Athens, 1515" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg/120px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg/180px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg/240px-V%26A_-_Raphael%2C_St_Paul_Preaching_in_Athens_%281515%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>—<i>St Paul Preaching in Athens</i>, 1515</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The collection contains more than 500,000 images dating from the advent of photography, the oldest image dating from 1839. The gallery displays a series of changing exhibits and closes between exhibitions to allow full re-display to take place. Already in 1858, when the museum was called the South Kensington Museum, it had the world's first international photographic exhibition. </p><p>The collection includes the work of many photographers from <a href="/wiki/Fox_Talbot" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox Talbot">Fox Talbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clementina_Maude,_Viscountess_Hawarden" title="Clementina Maude, Viscountess Hawarden">Viscountess Clementina Hawarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Gray" title="Gustave Le Gray">Gustave Le Gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Brecknell_Turner" title="Benjamin Brecknell Turner">Benjamin Brecknell Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hollyer" title="Frederick Hollyer">Frederick Hollyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bourne" title="Samuel Bourne">Samuel Bourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fenton" title="Roger Fenton">Roger Fenton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Cartier-Bresson" title="Henri Cartier-Bresson">Henri Cartier-Bresson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilse_Bing" title="Ilse Bing">Ilse Bing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Brandt" title="Bill Brandt">Bill Brandt</a>, Cecil Beaton (there are more than 8000 of his <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">negatives</a>), <a href="/wiki/Don_McCullin" title="Don McCullin">Don McCullin</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bailey_(photographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Bailey (photographer)">David Bailey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lee_(photographer)" title="Jim Lee (photographer)">Jim Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Chadwick" title="Helen Chadwick">Helen Chadwick</a> to the present day. </p><p>One of the more unusual collections is that of <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a>'s photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887, this consists of 781 plates. These sequences of photographs taken a fraction of a second apart capture images of different animals and humans performing various actions. There are several of <a href="/wiki/John_Thomson_(photographer)" title="John Thomson (photographer)">John Thomson</a>'s 1876-7 images of Street Life in London in the collection. The museum also holds <a href="/wiki/James_Lafayette" title="James Lafayette">James Lafayette</a>'s society portraits, a collection of more than 600 photographs dating from the late 19th to early 20th centuries and portraying a wide range of society figures of the period, including bishops, generals, society ladies, Indian maharajas, Ethiopian rulers and other foreign leaders, actresses, people posing in their motor cars and a sequence of photographs recording the guests at the famous fancy-dress ball held at <a href="/wiki/Devonshire_House" title="Devonshire House">Devonshire House</a> in 1897 to celebrate Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee. </p><p>In 2003 and 2007 Penelope Smail and Kathleen Moffat generously donated <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Moffat" title="Curtis Moffat">Curtis Moffat</a>'s extensive archive to the museum. He created dynamic abstract photographs, innovative colour still-lives and glamorous society portraits during the 1920s and 1930s. He was also a pivotal figure in Modernist interior design. In Paris during the 1920s, Moffat collaborated with Man Ray, producing portraits and abstract <a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">photograms</a> or "rayographs". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini,_Nettuno_e_il_Tritone_(c_1622-1623),_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum,_London,_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini%2C_Nettuno_e_il_Tritone_%28c_1622-1623%29%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London%2C_UK.jpg/170px-Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini%2C_Nettuno_e_il_Tritone_%28c_1622-1623%29%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London%2C_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini%2C_Nettuno_e_il_Tritone_%28c_1622-1623%29%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London%2C_UK.jpg/255px-Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini%2C_Nettuno_e_il_Tritone_%28c_1622-1623%29%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London%2C_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini%2C_Nettuno_e_il_Tritone_%28c_1622-1623%29%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London%2C_UK.jpg/340px-Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini%2C_Nettuno_e_il_Tritone_%28c_1622-1623%29%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London%2C_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Bernini</a>—<i><a href="/wiki/Neptune_and_Triton" title="Neptune and Triton">Neptune and Triton</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Della_Robbia_V%26A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Della_Robbia_V%26A.jpg/220px-Della_Robbia_V%26A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Della_Robbia_V%26A.jpg/330px-Della_Robbia_V%26A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Della_Robbia_V%26A.jpg/440px-Della_Robbia_V%26A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The dead Christ with the Virgin, St. John and St. Mary Magdalene, painted terracotta sculpted by Andrea della Robbia or workshop in 1515.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg/170px-Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg/255px-Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg/340px-Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Giambologna—<i><a href="/wiki/Samson_Slaying_a_Philistine" title="Samson Slaying a Philistine">Samson Slaying a Philistine</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1562</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The sculpture collection at the V&A is the most comprehensive holding of post-classical European sculpture in the world. There are approximately 22,000 objects<sup id="cite_ref-vam150facts-2011_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam150facts-2011-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the collection that cover the period from about 400 AD to 1914. This covers among other periods <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo Saxon</a> ivory sculptures, British, French and Spanish medieval statues and carvings, the Renaissance, Baroque, Neo-Classical, Victorian and Art Nouveau periods. All uses of sculpture are represented, from tomb and memorial, to portrait, allegorical, religious, mythical, statues for gardens including fountains, as well as architectural decorations. Materials used include, marble, alabaster, stone, terracotta, wood (<a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">history of wood carving</a>), ivory, <a href="/wiki/Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a>, plaster, bronze, lead and ceramics. </p><p>The collection of Italian, Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical sculpture (both original and in cast form) is unequalled outside of Italy. It includes <a href="/wiki/Canova" class="mw-redirect" title="Canova">Canova</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Graces_(Canova)" title="The Three Graces (Canova)">The Three Graces</a></i>, which the museum jointly owns with <a href="/wiki/National_Galleries_of_Scotland" title="National Galleries of Scotland">National Galleries of Scotland</a>. Italian sculptors whose work is held by the museum include: <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Bon" title="Bartolomeo Bon">Bartolomeo Bon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Bellano" title="Bartolomeo Bellano">Bartolomeo Bellano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luca_della_Robbia" title="Luca della Robbia">Luca della Robbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pisano" title="Giovanni Pisano">Giovanni Pisano</a>, Donatello, <a href="/wiki/Agostino_di_Duccio" title="Agostino di Duccio">Agostino di Duccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccio" title="Andrea Riccio">Andrea Riccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rossellino" title="Antonio Rossellino">Antonio Rossellino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio" title="Andrea del Verrocchio">Andrea del Verrocchio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lombardo_(sculptor)" title="Antonio Lombardo (sculptor)">Antonio Lombardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pier_Jacopo_Alari_Bonacolsi" title="Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi">Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_della_Robbia" title="Andrea della Robbia">Andrea della Robbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelozzo_di_Bartolomeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelozzo di Bartolomeo">Michelozzo di Bartolomeo</a>, Michelangelo (represented by a freehand wax model and casts of his most famous sculptures), <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Sansovino" title="Jacopo Sansovino">Jacopo Sansovino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Algardi" title="Alessandro Algardi">Alessandro Algardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Calcagni" title="Antonio Calcagni">Antonio Calcagni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>'s head dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1547</span>), <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Busti" title="Agostino Busti">Agostino Busti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Ammannati" title="Bartolomeo Ammannati">Bartolomeo Ammannati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_della_Porta" title="Giacomo della Porta">Giacomo della Porta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giambologna" title="Giambologna">Giambologna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samson_Slaying_a_Philistine" title="Samson Slaying a Philistine">Samson Slaying a Philistine</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1562</span>, his finest work outside Italy<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernini">Bernini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neptune_and_Triton" title="Neptune and Triton">Neptune and Triton</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1622–3</span>), <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Foggini" title="Giovanni Battista Foggini">Giovanni Battista Foggini</a>, Vincenzo Foggini (Samson and the Philistines), <a href="/wiki/Massimiliano_Soldani_Benzi" title="Massimiliano Soldani Benzi">Massimiliano Soldani Benzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Corradini" title="Antonio Corradini">Antonio Corradini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Brustolon" title="Andrea Brustolon">Andrea Brustolon</a>, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, <a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Spinazzi" title="Innocenzo Spinazzi">Innocenzo Spinazzi</a>, Canova, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Marochetti" title="Carlo Marochetti">Carlo Marochetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raffaelle_Monti" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffaelle Monti">Raffaelle Monti</a>. </p><p>An unusual sculpture is the ancient Roman statue of Narcissus restored by Valerio Cioli <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1564</span> with plaster. There are several small scale bronzes by Donatello such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ascension_with_Christ_giving_the_Keys_to_St_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ascension with Christ giving the Keys to St Peter">The Ascension with Christ giving the Keys to St Peter</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lamentation_of_Christ_(Donatello)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamentation of Christ (Donatello)">Lamentation of Christ</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Vittoria" title="Alessandro Vittoria">Alessandro Vittoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiziano_Aspetti" title="Tiziano Aspetti">Tiziano Aspetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Fanelli" title="Francesco Fanelli">Francesco Fanelli</a> in the collection. The largest work from Italy is the Chancel Chapel from Santa Chiara Florence dated 1493–1500, designed by <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_da_Sangallo" title="Giuliano da Sangallo">Giuliano da Sangallo</a> it is 11.1 metres in height by 5.4 metres square, it includes a grand sculpted tabernacle by Antonio Rossellino and coloured terracotta decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rodin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodin">Rodin</a> is represented by more than 20 works in the museum collection, making it one of the largest collections of the sculptor's work outside France; these were given to the museum by the sculptor in 1914, as acknowledgement of Britain's support of France in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the statue of <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St John the Baptist">St John the Baptist</a> had been purchased in 1902 by public subscription. Other French sculptors with work in the collection are <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Le_Sueur" title="Hubert Le Sueur">Hubert Le Sueur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Girardon" title="François Girardon">François Girardon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Clodion" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel Clodion">Michel Clodion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Houdon" title="Jean-Antoine Houdon">Jean-Antoine Houdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux" title="Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux">Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Dalou" title="Jules Dalou">Jules Dalou</a>. </p><p>There are also several Renaissance works by Northern European sculptors in the collection including work by: <a href="/wiki/Veit_Stoss" title="Veit Stoss">Veit Stoss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilman_Riemenschneider" title="Tilman Riemenschneider">Tilman Riemenschneider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_de_Keyser" title="Hendrick de Keyser">Hendrick de Keyser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Daucher" title="Hans Daucher">Hans Daucher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fl%C3%B6tner" title="Peter Flötner">Peter Flötner</a>. Baroque works from the same area include the work of <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_de_Vries" title="Adriaen de Vries">Adriaen de Vries</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Slodtz" title="Sébastien Slodtz">Sébastien Slodtz</a>. The Spanish sculptors with work in the collection include <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Berruguete" title="Alonso Berruguete">Alonso Berruguete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luisa_Rold%C3%A1n" title="Luisa Roldán">Luisa Roldán</a> represented by her <i>Virgin and Child with St Diego of Alcala</i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1695</span>. </p><p>Sculptors, both British and European, who were based in Britain and whose work is in the collection include<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Stone" title="Nicholas Stone">Nicholas Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caius_Gabriel_Cibber" title="Caius Gabriel Cibber">Caius Gabriel Cibber</a>, Grinling Gibbons, <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Rysbrack" title="John Michael Rysbrack">John Michael Rysbrack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Roubiliac" title="Louis-François Roubiliac">Louis-François Roubiliac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Scheemakers" title="Peter Scheemakers">Peter Scheemakers</a>, Sir Henry Cheere, <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Carlini" title="Agostino Carlini">Agostino Carlini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Banks_(sculptor)" title="Thomas Banks (sculptor)">Thomas Banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nollekens" title="Joseph Nollekens">Joseph Nollekens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wilton" title="Joseph Wilton">Joseph Wilton</a>, John Flaxman, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Chantrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Chantrey">Sir Francis Chantrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gibson_(sculptor)" title="John Gibson (sculptor)">John Gibson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hodges_Baily" title="Edward Hodges Baily">Edward Hodges Baily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Leighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Leighton">Lord Leighton</a>, Alfred Stevens, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brock" title="Thomas Brock">Thomas Brock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gilbert" title="Alfred Gilbert">Alfred Gilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Frampton" title="George Frampton">George Frampton</a>, and Eric Gill. A sample of some of these sculptors' work is on display in the British Galleries. </p><p>With the opening of the Dorothy and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hintze" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Hintze">Michael Hintze</a> sculpture galleries in 2006 it was decided to extend the chronology of the works on display up to 1950; this has involved loans by other museums, including Tate Britain, so works by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a> along with other of their contemporaries are now on view. These galleries concentrate on works dated between 1600 and 1950 by British sculptors, works by continental sculptors who worked in Britain, and works bought by British patrons from the continental sculptors, such as Canova's <i>Theseus and the Minotaur</i>. The galleries overlooking the garden are arranged by theme, tomb sculpture, portraiture, garden sculpture and mythology. There is also a section that covers late 19th-century and early 20th-century sculpture, which includes work by Rodin and other French sculptors such as Dalou who spent several years in Britain where he taught sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smaller-scale works are displayed in the Gilbert Bayes gallery, covering medieval especially English <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_alabaster" title="Nottingham alabaster">alabaster</a> sculpture, bronzes, wooden sculptures and has demonstrations of various techniques such as bronze casting using <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax casting</a>. </p><p>The majority of the Medieval and Renaissance sculpture is displayed in the new Medieval and Renaissance galleries (opened December 2009). </p><p>One of the largest objects in the collection is the <a href="/wiki/Rood_loft" class="mw-redirect" title="Rood loft">rood loft</a> from <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral_(%27s-Hertogenbosch)" title="St. John's Cathedral ('s-Hertogenbosch)">St. John's Cathedral ('s-Hertogenbosch)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the Netherlands, dated 1610–1613 this is as much a work of architecture as sculpture, 10.4 metres wide, 7.8 metres high, the architectural framework is of various coloured marbles including columns, arches and balustrade, against which are statues and <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-reliefs</a> and other carvings in alabaster, the work of sculptor Conrad van Norenberch. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Donatello_-_The_Ascension_with_Christ_giving_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_-_1428-32.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Donatello—One of the finest surviving examples of Donatello's work in rilievo schiacciato"><img alt="Donatello—One of the finest surviving examples of Donatello's work in rilievo schiacciato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Donatello_-_The_Ascension_with_Christ_giving_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_-_1428-32.jpg/120px-Donatello_-_The_Ascension_with_Christ_giving_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_-_1428-32.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Donatello_-_The_Ascension_with_Christ_giving_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_-_1428-32.jpg/180px-Donatello_-_The_Ascension_with_Christ_giving_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_-_1428-32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Donatello_-_The_Ascension_with_Christ_giving_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_-_1428-32.jpg/240px-Donatello_-_The_Ascension_with_Christ_giving_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_-_1428-32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3810" data-file-height="1402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>—One of the finest surviving examples of Donatello's work in <a href="/wiki/Rilievo_schiacciato" class="mw-redirect" title="Rilievo schiacciato">rilievo schiacciato</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_della_Robbia,_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_altarpiece_(c._1500%E2%80%931510),_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andrea della Robbia—Adoration of the Magi"><img alt="Andrea della Robbia—Adoration of the Magi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Andrea_della_Robbia%2C_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_altarpiece_%28c._1500%E2%80%931510%29%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg/101px-Andrea_della_Robbia%2C_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_altarpiece_%28c._1500%E2%80%931510%29%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Andrea_della_Robbia%2C_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_altarpiece_%28c._1500%E2%80%931510%29%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg/151px-Andrea_della_Robbia%2C_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_altarpiece_%28c._1500%E2%80%931510%29%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Andrea_della_Robbia%2C_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_altarpiece_%28c._1500%E2%80%931510%29%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg/202px-Andrea_della_Robbia%2C_The_Adoration_of_the_Magi_altarpiece_%28c._1500%E2%80%931510%29%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="676" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_della_Robbia" title="Andrea della Robbia">Andrea della Robbia</a>—<i>Adoration of the Magi</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Claude_Michel_Cupid_and_Psyche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Claude Michel (Clodion)—Cupid and Psyche, in Terracotta"><img alt="Claude Michel (Clodion)—Cupid and Psyche, in Terracotta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WLA_vanda_Claude_Michel_Cupid_and_Psyche.jpg/80px-WLA_vanda_Claude_Michel_Cupid_and_Psyche.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WLA_vanda_Claude_Michel_Cupid_and_Psyche.jpg/120px-WLA_vanda_Claude_Michel_Cupid_and_Psyche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WLA_vanda_Claude_Michel_Cupid_and_Psyche.jpg/160px-WLA_vanda_Claude_Michel_Cupid_and_Psyche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Michel" title="Claude Michel">Claude Michel (Clodion)</a>—<i>Cupid and Psyche</i>, in Terracotta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_canova,_teseo_e_il_minotauro,_1782.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Canova—Theseus"><img alt="Canova—Theseus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Antonio_canova%2C_teseo_e_il_minotauro%2C_1782.JPG/105px-Antonio_canova%2C_teseo_e_il_minotauro%2C_1782.JPG" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Antonio_canova%2C_teseo_e_il_minotauro%2C_1782.JPG/157px-Antonio_canova%2C_teseo_e_il_minotauro%2C_1782.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Antonio_canova%2C_teseo_e_il_minotauro%2C_1782.JPG/209px-Antonio_canova%2C_teseo_e_il_minotauro%2C_1782.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1914" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Canova" class="mw-redirect" title="Canova">Canova</a>—<i>Theseus</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles">Textiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The collection of textiles consists of more than 53,000 examples, mainly western European though all populated continents are represented, dating from the 1st century AD to the present, this is the largest such collection in the world. Techniques represented include weaving, printing, <a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">quilting</a> embroidery, <a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">lace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a> and carpets. These are classified by technique, countries of origin and date of production. The collections are well represented in these areas: early silks from the Near East, lace, European tapestries and English medieval church embroidery. </p><p>The tapestry collection includes a fragment of the Cloth of St Gereon, the oldest known surviving European tapestry. A highlight of the collection is the four <a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Hunting_Tapestries" title="Devonshire Hunting Tapestries">Devonshire Hunting Tapestries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> very rare 15th-century tapestries, woven in the Netherlands, depicting the hunting of various animals; not just their age but their size make these unique. Both of the major English centres of tapestry weaving of the 16th and 17th centuries respectively, Sheldon & <a href="/wiki/Mortlake" title="Mortlake">Mortlake</a> are represented in the collection by several examples. Also included are tapestries from John Vanderbank's workshop which was the leading English tapestry manufactory in the late 17th century and early 18th century. Some of the finest tapestries are examples from the <a href="/wiki/Gobelins_Manufactory" title="Gobelins Manufactory">Gobelins</a> workshop, including a set of 'Jason and the Argonauts' dating from the 1750s. Other continental centres of tapestry weaving with work in the collection include <a href="/wiki/Brussels_tapestry" title="Brussels tapestry">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_tapestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Beauvais tapestry">Beauvais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. </p><p>One of the earliest surviving examples of European quilting, the late 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Quilt" title="Tristan Quilt">Tristan Quilt</a>, is also held by the collection. The collection has numerous examples of various types of textiles designed by <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including, embroidery, woven fabrics, tapestries (including <i>The Forest</i> tapestry of 1887), rugs and carpets, as well as pattern books and paper designs. The art deco period is covered by rugs and fabrics designed by <a href="/wiki/Marion_Dorn" title="Marion Dorn">Marion Dorn</a>. From the same period there is a rug designed by <a href="/wiki/Serge_Chermayeff" title="Serge Chermayeff">Serge Chermayeff</a>. </p><p>The collection also includes the <a href="/wiki/Oxburgh_Hangings" title="Oxburgh Hangings">Oxburgh Hangings</a>, which were made by <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bess_of_Hardwick" title="Bess of Hardwick">Bess of Hardwick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vam.ac.uk_oxburgh_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam.ac.uk_oxburgh-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Oxburgh Hangings are on permanent long-term loan at <a href="/wiki/Oxburgh_Hall" title="Oxburgh Hall">Oxburgh Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vam.ac.uk_oxburgh_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vam.ac.uk_oxburgh-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MilleFleurTapestry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mille Fleur Tapestry, Flemish, 16th-century Flemish"><img alt="Mille Fleur Tapestry, Flemish, 16th-century Flemish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MilleFleurTapestry.jpg/120px-MilleFleurTapestry.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MilleFleurTapestry.jpg/180px-MilleFleurTapestry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MilleFleurTapestry.jpg/240px-MilleFleurTapestry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mille-fleur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mille-fleur">Mille Fleur</a> Tapestry, Flemish, 16th-century Flemish</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boar_and_Bear_Hunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Devonshire Hunting Tapestries, Detail of the Boar and Bear Hunt, Netherlands, mid-15th century"><img alt="Devonshire Hunting Tapestries, Detail of the Boar and Bear Hunt, Netherlands, mid-15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Boar_and_Bear_Hunt.jpg/103px-Boar_and_Bear_Hunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Boar_and_Bear_Hunt.jpg/155px-Boar_and_Bear_Hunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Boar_and_Bear_Hunt.jpg/207px-Boar_and_Bear_Hunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Hunting_Tapestries" title="Devonshire Hunting Tapestries">Devonshire Hunting Tapestries</a>, Detail of the Boar and Bear Hunt, Netherlands, mid-15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbaijani_carpet_%22Barda%22_(First_variant_-_%22Chelebi%22)_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Azerbaijani carpet "Barda" (First variant - "Chelebi"),[174] Karabakh group. 19th-century"><img alt="Azerbaijani carpet "Barda" (First variant - "Chelebi"),[174] Karabakh group. 19th-century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Azerbaijani_carpet_%22Barda%22_%28First_variant_-_%22Chelebi%22%29_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/96px-Azerbaijani_carpet_%22Barda%22_%28First_variant_-_%22Chelebi%22%29_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Azerbaijani_carpet_%22Barda%22_%28First_variant_-_%22Chelebi%22%29_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/143px-Azerbaijani_carpet_%22Barda%22_%28First_variant_-_%22Chelebi%22%29_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Azerbaijani_carpet_%22Barda%22_%28First_variant_-_%22Chelebi%22%29_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/191px-Azerbaijani_carpet_%22Barda%22_%28First_variant_-_%22Chelebi%22%29_in_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="804" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani rugs">Azerbaijani</a> carpet "Barda" (First variant - "Chelebi"),<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karabakh group. 19th-century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_performance">Theatre and performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Theatre and performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The V&A holds the national collection of performing arts in the UK, including drama, dance, opera, circus, puppetry, comedy, musical theatre, costume, set design, pantomime, popular music and other forms of live entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taylor_Swift_Songbook_Trail_Eras_Tour_film_premiere_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Taylor_Swift_Songbook_Trail_Eras_Tour_film_premiere_02.jpg/170px-Taylor_Swift_Songbook_Trail_Eras_Tour_film_premiere_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Taylor_Swift_Songbook_Trail_Eras_Tour_film_premiere_02.jpg/255px-Taylor_Swift_Songbook_Trail_Eras_Tour_film_premiere_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Taylor_Swift_Songbook_Trail_Eras_Tour_film_premiere_02.jpg/340px-Taylor_Swift_Songbook_Trail_Eras_Tour_film_premiere_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="4530" /></a><figcaption>Taylor Swift gown by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_de_la_Renta" title="Oscar de la Renta">Oscar de la Renta</a>, Prince Consort Gallery, 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>The Theatre & Performance collections were founded in the 1920s when private collector, <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Enthoven" title="Gabrielle Enthoven">Gabrielle Enthoven</a>, donated her collection of theatrical memorabilia to the V&A. In 1974 two further independent collections were compiled to form a comprehensive performing arts collection at the V&A.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collections were displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Museum" title="Theatre Museum">Theatre Museum</a>, which operated from Covent Garden until closing in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theatre & Performance galleries opened at South Kensington in March 2009 <sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tracing the production process of performance and include a temporary exhibition space. Types of objects displayed include costumes, set models, wigs, prompt books, and posters. </p><p>The department holds significant archives documenting current practice and the history of performing arts. These include the English Stage Company at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre" title="Royal Court Theatre">Royal Court Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte</a> and the design collection of the <a href="/wiki/Arts_Council_of_Great_Britain" title="Arts Council of Great Britain">Arts Council</a>. Notable personal archives include <a href="/wiki/Vivien_Leigh" title="Vivien Leigh">Vivien Leigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Peter Brook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Novello" title="Ivor Novello">Ivor Novello</a>. </p><p>Rock and pop are well represented with the <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury Festival</a> archive,<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harry Hammond photographic collection<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Reid" title="Jamie Reid">Jamie Reid</a> archive documenting punk. Costumes include those worn by <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ant" title="Adam Ant">Adam Ant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Martin" title="Chris Martin">Chris Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Pop" title="Iggy Pop">Iggy Pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Bassey" title="Shirley Bassey">Shirley Bassey</a> and the stage outfit worn by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Daltrey" title="Roger Daltrey">Roger Daltrey</a> at <a href="/wiki/Woodstock" title="Woodstock">Woodstock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, the museum displayed costumes worn by <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> over the course of her career. The exhibition, titled <i>Taylor Swift Songbook Trail,</i> was conceived by theatre designer <a href="/wiki/Tom_Piper" title="Tom Piper">Tom Piper</a><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an "approximately 1 mile long" [...] "journey through V&A South Kensington's galleries" with "13 stops".<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the displays were dispersed throughout the museum, and the "rarely-seen Prince Consort Gallery" was entirely devoted to the exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Departments">Departments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Departments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The education department<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has wide-ranging responsibilities. It provides information for the casual visitor as well as for school groups, including integrating learning in the museum with the <a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum_(England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Curriculum (England, Wales and Northern Ireland)">National Curriculum</a>; it provides research facilities for students at degree level and beyond, with information and access to the collections. It also oversees the content of the museum's website in addition to publishing books and papers on the collections, research and other aspects of the museum. </p><p>Several areas of the collection have dedicated study rooms, these allow access to objects in the collection that are not currently on display, but in some cases require an appointment to be made.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Sackler" title="Raymond Sackler">Sackler</a> education suite, occupying the two lower floors of the Henry Cole Wing opened in September 2008. This includes lecture rooms and areas for use by schools, which will be available during school holidays for use by families, and will enable direct handling of items from the collection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="V&A_Publishing"><span id="V.26A_Publishing"></span>V&A Publishing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: V&A Publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V&A Publishing, within the education department, works to raise funds for the museum by publishing around 30 books and digital items each year. The company has around 180 books in print.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Activities_for_children">Activities for children</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Activities for children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Activity backpacks are available for children. These are free to borrow and include hands-on activities such as puzzles, construction games and stories related to themes of the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Activities_for_adults">Activities for adults</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Activities for adults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Learning Academy offers adult courses as well as training for professionals in the culture and heritage sector, both nationally and internationally. We also have great facilities in which to teach, study and get closer to our collections.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_and_conservation">Research and conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Research and conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a very important area of the museum's work, and includes: identification and interpretation of individual objects; other studies contribute to systematic research, this develops the public understanding of the art and artefacts of many of the great cultures of the world; visitor research and evaluation to discover the needs of visitors and their experiences of the museum. Since 1990, the museum has published research reports;<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these focus on all areas of the collections. </p><p>Conservation<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is responsible for the long-term preservation of the collections, and covers all the collections held by the V&A and the V&A Museum of Childhood. The conservators specialise in particular areas of conservation. Areas covered by the conservator's work include "preventive" conservation this includes: performing surveys, assessments and providing advice on the handling of items, correct packaging, mounting and handling procedures during movement and display to reduce risk of damaging objects. Activities include controlling the museum environment (for example, temperature and light) and preventing pests (primarily insects) from damaging artefacts. The other major category is "interventive" conservation, this includes: cleaning and reintegration to strengthen fragile objects, reveal original surface decoration, and restore shape. Interventive treatment makes an object more stable, but also more attractive and comprehensible to the viewer. It is usually undertaken on items that are to go on public display. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Art_Library">National Art Library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: National Art Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 2000s the <a href="/wiki/National_Art_Library" title="National Art Library">National Art Library</a> merged with the Prints, Paintings and Drawings department to form the Word and Image Department.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library and its reading rooms are located on the second floor of the V&A, though some collections, particularly Archives, are held off-site.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partnerships">Partnerships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Partnerships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dundee_Waterfront_Redevelopment_Apr_2017_a_(V_and_A_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dundee_Waterfront_Redevelopment_Apr_2017_a_%28V_and_A_Museum%29.jpg/260px-Dundee_Waterfront_Redevelopment_Apr_2017_a_%28V_and_A_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dundee_Waterfront_Redevelopment_Apr_2017_a_%28V_and_A_Museum%29.jpg/390px-Dundee_Waterfront_Redevelopment_Apr_2017_a_%28V_and_A_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dundee_Waterfront_Redevelopment_Apr_2017_a_%28V_and_A_Museum%29.jpg/520px-Dundee_Waterfront_Redevelopment_Apr_2017_a_%28V_and_A_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3675" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/V%26A_Dundee" title="V&A Dundee">V&A Dundee</a> under construction in April 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multiply-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Multiply-3.jpg/220px-Multiply-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Multiply-3.jpg/330px-Multiply-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Multiply-3.jpg/440px-Multiply-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8688" data-file-height="5792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/London_Design_Festival" title="London Design Festival">London Design Festival</a> installation <i>MultiPly</i> by Waugh Thistleton Architects in the <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_Road_Courtyard" title="Exhibition Road Courtyard">Exhibition Road Courtyard</a> (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The V&A works with a small number of partner organisations in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, Dundee and <a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a> to provide a regional presence.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The V&A discussed with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">University of Dundee</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Abertay" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Abertay">University of Abertay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundee_City_Council" title="Dundee City Council">Dundee City Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> in 2007 with a view to opening a new £43 million gallery in Dundee, which would use the V&A brand although it would be funded through and operated independently.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Costs was estimated at £76 million in 2015, making it the most expensive gallery project ever undertaken in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theartnewspaper_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theartnewspaper-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/V%26A_Dundee" title="V&A Dundee">V&A Dundee</a> opened on 15 September 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-moore_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dundee City Council pays for a major part of the running costs. The V&A does not contribute financially, but it provides expertise, loans and exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-theartnewspaper_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theartnewspaper-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plans for a new gallery in Blackpool are also under consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This follows earlier plans to move the theatre collection to a new £60m museum in Blackpool, which failed due to lack of funding.<sup id="cite_ref-bpn_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpn-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The V&A exhibits twice a year at the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Galleries">Millennium Galleries</a> in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Museums_Sheffield" class="mw-redirect" title="Museums Sheffield">Museums Sheffield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bpn_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpn-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The V&A is one of 17 museums across Europe and the Mediterranean participating in a project called <i>Discover Islamic Art</i>. Developed by the Brussels-based consortium <a href="/wiki/Museum_With_No_Frontiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum With No Frontiers">Museum With No Frontiers</a>, this online "virtual museum" brings together more than 1200 works of Islamic art and architecture into a single database. In 2009, the V&A established an art award, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jameel_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jameel Prize (page does not exist)">Jameel Prize</a>, for " contemporary art and design inspired by Islamic tradition" in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Art_Jameel" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Jameel">Art Jameel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The V&A is an important hub for the <a href="/wiki/London_Design_Festival" title="London Design Festival">London Design Festival</a> and hosts many festival reflated exhibitions and events.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The museum is a <a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">non-departmental public body</a> sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Digital,_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport</a>. As with other national British museums, entrance is free.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibitions">Exhibitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Exhibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The V&A has large galleries devoted to temporary exhibitions. A typical year will see more than a dozen different exhibitions being staged, covering all areas of the collections. Notable exhibitions of recent years have been: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Britain_Can_Make_It" title="Britain Can Make It">Britain Can Make It</a></i>, 1946</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jones_(milliner)#Hats:_An_Anthology" title="Stephen Jones (milliner)">Hats: An Anthology</a></i>, 2009</li> <li><i>Power of Making</i>, 2011<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Food: Bigger Than the Plate</i>, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concealed_Histories:_Uncovering_the_Story_of_Nazi_Looting" title="Concealed Histories: Uncovering the Story of Nazi Looting">Concealed Histories: Uncovering the Story of Nazi Looting</a></i>, 2019 – 2021</li></ul> <p>The V&A came second in London's top paid exhibitions in 2015 with the record-breaking <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McQueen" title="Alexander McQueen">Alexander McQueen</a> show (3,472 a day).<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2019 the art photographer <a href="/wiki/Nan_Goldin" title="Nan Goldin">Nan Goldin</a> led a "die-in" in the Sackler courtyard entrance of the museum, in protest against the V&A's acceptance of donations from the Sackler family, which owned <a href="/wiki/Purdue_Pharma" title="Purdue Pharma">Purdue Pharma</a>, makers of the addictive opioid painkiller <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">OxyContin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum's director, <a href="/wiki/Tristram_Hunt" title="Tristram Hunt">Tristram Hunt</a>, defended the museum's relationship with the Sacklers, saying it was proud to have received support from the family over a number of years.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 2019 the V&A received sponsorship for an exhibition on cars from Bosch, which had been fined 90 million euro over its part in the diesel emissions scandal. A V&A spokeswoman said: "Bosch is at the forefront of innovation, with a focus on delivering sustainable solutions for the mobility of the future."<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a> staged a dirty protest outside the <a href="/wiki/V%26A_Dundee" title="V&A Dundee">V&A Dundee</a>, in protest against <a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays Bank</a>'s sponsorship of the museum's <a href="/wiki/Mary_Quant" title="Mary Quant">Mary Quant</a> exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021 plans to cut the museum's costs by reorganising its collections by date rather than by material were abandoned after critics said it would lead to staff cuts and thereby a loss of expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in March 2020 <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a> transmitted a series of six programmes depicting the back-stage work of the curators and restorers of the museum, entitled <i>Secrets of the Museum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sculpture Gallery featured in the 2023 romantic comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Red,_White_%26_Royal_Blue_(film)" title="Red, White & Royal Blue (film)">Red, White & Royal Blue</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galleries">Galleries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>General views</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ionides_Bequest.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Edwin and Susan Davies Galleries including Ionides Bequest (Room 81)"><img alt="The Edwin and Susan Davies Galleries including Ionides Bequest (Room 81)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ionides_Bequest.2.jpg/300px-Ionides_Bequest.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ionides_Bequest.2.jpg/451px-Ionides_Bequest.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ionides_Bequest.2.jpg/600px-Ionides_Bequest.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Edwin and Susan Davies Galleries including Ionides Bequest (Room 81)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_and_Renaissance_Galleries,_V%26A_(Room_50a).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Paul and Jill Ruddock Gallery, Medieval and Renaissance collection (Room 50a)"><img alt="The Paul and Jill Ruddock Gallery, Medieval and Renaissance collection (Room 50a)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Medieval_and_Renaissance_Galleries%2C_V%26A_%28Room_50a%29.jpg/341px-Medieval_and_Renaissance_Galleries%2C_V%26A_%28Room_50a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Medieval_and_Renaissance_Galleries%2C_V%26A_%28Room_50a%29.jpg/512px-Medieval_and_Renaissance_Galleries%2C_V%26A_%28Room_50a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Medieval_and_Renaissance_Galleries%2C_V%26A_%28Room_50a%29.jpg/682px-Medieval_and_Renaissance_Galleries%2C_V%26A_%28Room_50a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4925" data-file-height="3250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Paul and Jill Ruddock Gallery, Medieval and Renaissance collection (Room 50a)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BLW_Window_frame_and_stained_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medieval and Renaissance collection (Room 10)"><img alt="Medieval and Renaissance collection (Room 10)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BLW_Window_frame_and_stained_glass.jpg/281px-BLW_Window_frame_and_stained_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BLW_Window_frame_and_stained_glass.jpg/422px-BLW_Window_frame_and_stained_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BLW_Window_frame_and_stained_glass.jpg/562px-BLW_Window_frame_and_stained_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="2225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medieval and Renaissance collection (Room 10)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BLW_Judith_slaying_Holofernes_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Simon Sainsbury Gallery, Medieval and Renaissance collection (Room 64b)"><img alt="The Simon Sainsbury Gallery, Medieval and Renaissance collection (Room 64b)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BLW_Judith_slaying_Holofernes_%281%29.jpg/169px-BLW_Judith_slaying_Holofernes_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BLW_Judith_slaying_Holofernes_%281%29.jpg/253px-BLW_Judith_slaying_Holofernes_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BLW_Judith_slaying_Holofernes_%281%29.jpg/337px-BLW_Judith_slaying_Holofernes_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Simon Sainsbury Gallery, Medieval and Renaissance collection (Room 64b)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Silver_exhibition_room-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silverware Gallery"><img alt="Silverware Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Silver_exhibition_room-01.jpg/338px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Silver_exhibition_room-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Silver_exhibition_room-01.jpg/507px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Silver_exhibition_room-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Silver_exhibition_room-01.jpg/675px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Silver_exhibition_room-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silverware Gallery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beatie_Wolfe%27s_V%26A_Exhibition_in_the_Prince_Consort_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prince Consort Gallery (Room 110)"><img alt="Prince Consort Gallery (Room 110)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Beatie_Wolfe%27s_V%26A_Exhibition_in_the_Prince_Consort_Gallery.jpg/169px-Beatie_Wolfe%27s_V%26A_Exhibition_in_the_Prince_Consort_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Beatie_Wolfe%27s_V%26A_Exhibition_in_the_Prince_Consort_Gallery.jpg/253px-Beatie_Wolfe%27s_V%26A_Exhibition_in_the_Prince_Consort_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Beatie_Wolfe%27s_V%26A_Exhibition_in_the_Prince_Consort_Gallery.jpg/337px-Beatie_Wolfe%27s_V%26A_Exhibition_in_the_Prince_Consort_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prince Consort Gallery (Room 110)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museum_galleries">Museum galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Museum galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia_2">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Vase_Ming_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porcelain Vase, Ming dynasty c. 1550"><img alt="Porcelain Vase, Ming dynasty c. 1550" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/WLA_vanda_Vase_Ming_Dynasty.jpg/169px-WLA_vanda_Vase_Ming_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/WLA_vanda_Vase_Ming_Dynasty.jpg/253px-WLA_vanda_Vase_Ming_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/WLA_vanda_Vase_Ming_Dynasty.jpg/337px-WLA_vanda_Vase_Ming_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Porcelain Vase, Ming dynasty <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1550</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_lacquerware_table.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese lacquerware table, 1425–1436"><img alt="Chinese lacquerware table, 1425–1436" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chinese_lacquerware_table.jpg/261px-Chinese_lacquerware_table.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chinese_lacquerware_table.jpg/391px-Chinese_lacquerware_table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chinese_lacquerware_table.jpg/521px-Chinese_lacquerware_table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="489" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese lacquerware table, 1425–1436</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_galleries_2">British galleries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: British galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pietro Torrigiani's bust of Henry VII"><img alt="Pietro Torrigiani's bust of Henry VII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg/189px-WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg/284px-WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg/378px-WLA_vanda_Henry_VII_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="3127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pietro Torrigiani's bust of Henry VII</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laytonjacketandportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacket and portrait of Margaret Laton, about 1610, no. T.228-1994"><img alt="Jacket and portrait of Margaret Laton, about 1610, no. T.228-1994" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Laytonjacketandportrait.jpg/274px-Laytonjacketandportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Laytonjacketandportrait.jpg/411px-Laytonjacketandportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Laytonjacketandportrait.jpg/547px-Laytonjacketandportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jacket and portrait of Margaret Laton, about 1610, no. T.228-1994</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BLW_Bust_of_Charles_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Honoré Pelle's bust of Charles II"><img alt="Honoré Pelle's bust of Charles II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BLW_Bust_of_Charles_II.jpg/169px-BLW_Bust_of_Charles_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BLW_Bust_of_Charles_II.jpg/253px-BLW_Bust_of_Charles_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/BLW_Bust_of_Charles_II.jpg/337px-BLW_Bust_of_Charles_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Honoré Pelle's bust of Charles II</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_worn_by_James_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James II's wedding suit"><img alt="James II's wedding suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_worn_by_James_II.jpg/169px-WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_worn_by_James_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_worn_by_James_II.jpg/253px-WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_worn_by_James_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_worn_by_James_II.jpg/337px-WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_worn_by_James_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2851" data-file-height="3801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">James II's wedding suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stoning_of_St_Stephen_-_Grinling_Gibbons_c1680_(Nancy).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grinling Gibbons's Stoning of Saint Stephen"><img alt="Grinling Gibbons's Stoning of Saint Stephen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Stoning_of_St_Stephen_-_Grinling_Gibbons_c1680_%28Nancy%29.jpg/166px-Stoning_of_St_Stephen_-_Grinling_Gibbons_c1680_%28Nancy%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Stoning_of_St_Stephen_-_Grinling_Gibbons_c1680_%28Nancy%29.jpg/249px-Stoning_of_St_Stephen_-_Grinling_Gibbons_c1680_%28Nancy%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Stoning_of_St_Stephen_-_Grinling_Gibbons_c1680_%28Nancy%29.jpg/332px-Stoning_of_St_Stephen_-_Grinling_Gibbons_c1680_%28Nancy%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grinling Gibbons's <i>Stoning of Saint Stephen</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 284px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 282px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokeedith.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stoke Edith hanging"><img alt="Stoke Edith hanging" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Stokeedith.jpg/423px-Stokeedith.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Stokeedith.jpg/635px-Stokeedith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Stokeedith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stoke Edith hanging</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Dressing_equipage-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dressing equipage"><img alt="Dressing equipage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Dressing_equipage-01.jpg/150px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Dressing_equipage-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Dressing_equipage-01.jpg/225px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Dressing_equipage-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Dressing_equipage-01.jpg/300px-London-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-Dressing_equipage-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="2143" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dressing equipage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HandelVA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis-François Roubiliac's George Frederick Handel"><img alt="Louis-François Roubiliac's George Frederick Handel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/HandelVA.jpg/185px-HandelVA.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/HandelVA.jpg/278px-HandelVA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/HandelVA.jpg/370px-HandelVA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Roubiliac" title="Louis-François Roubiliac">Louis-François Roubiliac</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Handel_(Roubiliac)" title="George Frederick Handel (Roubiliac)">George Frederick Handel</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Robert_Adam_Ceiling_roundel_with_octagon_and_Apollo_and_Horae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Adam ceiling from the Adelphi"><img alt="Robert Adam ceiling from the Adelphi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/WLA_vanda_Robert_Adam_Ceiling_roundel_with_octagon_and_Apollo_and_Horae.jpg/336px-WLA_vanda_Robert_Adam_Ceiling_roundel_with_octagon_and_Apollo_and_Horae.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/WLA_vanda_Robert_Adam_Ceiling_roundel_with_octagon_and_Apollo_and_Horae.jpg/505px-WLA_vanda_Robert_Adam_Ceiling_roundel_with_octagon_and_Apollo_and_Horae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/WLA_vanda_Robert_Adam_Ceiling_roundel_with_octagon_and_Apollo_and_Horae.jpg/672px-WLA_vanda_Robert_Adam_Ceiling_roundel_with_octagon_and_Apollo_and_Horae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Robert Adam ceiling from the Adelphi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_glass_drawing_room_Northumberland_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panels from the Glass Drawing Room Northumberland House"><img alt="Panels from the Glass Drawing Room Northumberland House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/WLA_vanda_glass_drawing_room_Northumberland_House.jpg/169px-WLA_vanda_glass_drawing_room_Northumberland_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/WLA_vanda_glass_drawing_room_Northumberland_House.jpg/253px-WLA_vanda_glass_drawing_room_Northumberland_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/WLA_vanda_glass_drawing_room_Northumberland_House.jpg/337px-WLA_vanda_glass_drawing_room_Northumberland_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panels from the Glass Drawing Room Northumberland House</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AWN_Pugin_Armoire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pugin armoire"><img alt="Pugin armoire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/AWN_Pugin_Armoire.jpg/282px-AWN_Pugin_Armoire.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/AWN_Pugin_Armoire.jpg/423px-AWN_Pugin_Armoire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/AWN_Pugin_Armoire.jpg/564px-AWN_Pugin_Armoire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pugin armoire</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BLW_Decanter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Burges decanter"><img alt="William Burges decanter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BLW_Decanter.jpg/150px-BLW_Decanter.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BLW_Decanter.jpg/225px-BLW_Decanter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BLW_Decanter.jpg/300px-BLW_Decanter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="926" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">William Burges decanter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountain_1877_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minton fountain"><img alt="Minton fountain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fountain_1877_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/169px-Fountain_1877_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fountain_1877_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/253px-Fountain_1877_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Fountain_1877_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/337px-Fountain_1877_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minton fountain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Godwinsideboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sideboard by Edward William Godwin, 1867–1870 V&A Museum no. CIRC.38:1 to 5–1953 (Room 125)"><img alt="Sideboard by Edward William Godwin, 1867–1870 V&A Museum no. CIRC.38:1 to 5–1953 (Room 125)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Godwinsideboard.jpg/294px-Godwinsideboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Godwinsideboard.jpg/441px-Godwinsideboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Godwinsideboard.jpg/588px-Godwinsideboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="573" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sideboard" title="Sideboard">Sideboard</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Godwin" title="Edward William Godwin">Edward William Godwin</a>, 1867–1870 V&A Museum no. CIRC.38:1 to 5–1953 (Room 125)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metalwork_2">Metalwork</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Metalwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_Museum_Second_Floor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Metalwork gallery, 1st floor"><img alt="Metalwork gallery, 1st floor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/V%26A_Museum_Second_Floor.jpg/347px-V%26A_Museum_Second_Floor.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/V%26A_Museum_Second_Floor.jpg/521px-V%26A_Museum_Second_Floor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/V%26A_Museum_Second_Floor.jpg/694px-V%26A_Museum_Second_Floor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Metalwork gallery, 1st floor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herefordscreen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Gilbert Scott—Screen from Hereford Cathedral, 1862"><img alt="George Gilbert Scott—Screen from Hereford Cathedral, 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Herefordscreen.jpg/312px-Herefordscreen.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Herefordscreen.jpg/468px-Herefordscreen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Herefordscreen.jpg/623px-Herefordscreen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="555" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott" title="George Gilbert Scott">George Gilbert Scott</a>—<i>Screen from <a href="/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral" title="Hereford Cathedral">Hereford Cathedral</a></i>, 1862</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paintings">Paintings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dedham Lock and Mill, 1820"><img alt="Dedham Lock and Mill, 1820" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/John_Constable_023.jpg/319px-John_Constable_023.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/John_Constable_023.jpg/479px-John_Constable_023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/John_Constable_023.jpg/638px-John_Constable_023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1738" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Dedham_Lock_and_Mill" title="Dedham Lock and Mill">Dedham Lock and Mill</a></i>, 1820</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Constable—View of Salisbury Cathedral, 1823"><img alt="John Constable—View of Salisbury Cathedral, 1823" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/John_Constable_017.jpg/289px-John_Constable_017.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/John_Constable_017.jpg/434px-John_Constable_017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/John_Constable_017.jpg/578px-John_Constable_017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>—<i>View of <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a></i>, 1823</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 233.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_094.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="J. M. W. Turner—Venice from the Giudecca, 1840"><img alt="J. M. W. Turner—Venice from the Giudecca, 1840" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_094.jpg/350px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_094.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_094.jpg/525px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_094.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_094.jpg/699px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_094.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>—<i>Venice from the <a href="/wiki/Giudecca" title="Giudecca">Giudecca</a></i>, 1840</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Millais,_John_Everett_(Sir)_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Everett Millais—Pizarro Seizing the Inca of Peru, 1846"><img alt="John Everett Millais—Pizarro Seizing the Inca of Peru, 1846" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Millais%2C_John_Everett_%28Sir%29_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/301px-Millais%2C_John_Everett_%28Sir%29_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Millais%2C_John_Everett_%28Sir%29_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/452px-Millais%2C_John_Everett_%28Sir%29_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Millais%2C_John_Everett_%28Sir%29_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/602px-Millais%2C_John_Everett_%28Sir%29_-_Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4469" data-file-height="3343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>—<i><a href="/wiki/Pizarro_Seizing_the_Inca_of_Peru" title="Pizarro Seizing the Inca of Peru">Pizarro Seizing the Inca of Peru</a></i>, 1846</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_paintings">French paintings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: French paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher,_Madame_de_Pompadour,_Mistress_of_Louis_XV_(1758).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="François Boucher—Madame de Pompadour, Mistress of Louis XV, 1758"><img alt="François Boucher—Madame de Pompadour, Mistress of Louis XV, 1758" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher%2C_Madame_de_Pompadour%2C_Mistress_of_Louis_XV_%281758%29.jpg/185px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher%2C_Madame_de_Pompadour%2C_Mistress_of_Louis_XV_%281758%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher%2C_Madame_de_Pompadour%2C_Mistress_of_Louis_XV_%281758%29.jpg/278px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher%2C_Madame_de_Pompadour%2C_Mistress_of_Louis_XV_%281758%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher%2C_Madame_de_Pompadour%2C_Mistress_of_Louis_XV_%281758%29.jpg/371px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher%2C_Madame_de_Pompadour%2C_Mistress_of_Louis_XV_%281758%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a>—<i><a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour" title="Madame de Pompadour">Madame de Pompadour</a>, Mistress of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></i>, 1758</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Lancret_-_The_Swing_-_WGA12430.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicolas Lancret—The Swing, 1735"><img alt="Nicolas Lancret—The Swing, 1735" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nicolas_Lancret_-_The_Swing_-_WGA12430.jpg/298px-Nicolas_Lancret_-_The_Swing_-_WGA12430.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nicolas_Lancret_-_The_Swing_-_WGA12430.jpg/448px-Nicolas_Lancret_-_The_Swing_-_WGA12430.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Nicolas_Lancret_-_The_Swing_-_WGA12430.jpg/596px-Nicolas_Lancret_-_The_Swing_-_WGA12430.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lancret" title="Nicolas Lancret">Nicolas Lancret</a>—<i>The Swing</i>, 1735</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Troy_-_The_alarm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean François de Troy—The Alarm, or the Gouvernante Fidèle, 1723"><img alt="Jean François de Troy—The Alarm, or the Gouvernante Fidèle, 1723" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Troy_-_The_alarm.jpg/187px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Troy_-_The_alarm.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Troy_-_The_alarm.jpg/282px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Troy_-_The_alarm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Troy_-_The_alarm.jpg/375px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Troy_-_The_alarm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1002" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean François de Troy">Jean François de Troy</a>—<i>The Alarm, or the Gouvernante Fidèle</i>, 1723</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_paintings">Italian paintings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Italian paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_(Smeralda_Brandini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sandro Botticelli – Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini, c. 1475"><img alt="Sandro Botticelli – Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini, c. 1475" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28Smeralda_Brandini.jpg/141px-Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28Smeralda_Brandini.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28Smeralda_Brandini.jpg/212px-Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28Smeralda_Brandini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28Smeralda_Brandini.jpg/283px-Alessandro_Botticelli_Portrait_of_a_Lady_%28Smeralda_Brandini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="2378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Lady_Known_as_Smeralda_Brandini" title="Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini">Portrait of a Lady Known as Smeralda Brandini</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1475</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luca_Carlevarijs_Two_studies_of_men_VA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luca Carlevarijs— Two Studies of Men, c. 1700–1710"><img alt="Luca Carlevarijs— Two Studies of Men, c. 1700–1710" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Luca_Carlevarijs_Two_studies_of_men_VA.jpg/177px-Luca_Carlevarijs_Two_studies_of_men_VA.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Luca_Carlevarijs_Two_studies_of_men_VA.jpg/266px-Luca_Carlevarijs_Two_studies_of_men_VA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Luca_Carlevarijs_Two_studies_of_men_VA.jpg/354px-Luca_Carlevarijs_Two_studies_of_men_VA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Luca_Carlevarijs" title="Luca Carlevarijs">Luca Carlevarijs</a>— <i>Two Studies of Men</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700–1710</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Perugino_-_The_Nativity;_the_Virgin,_St_Joseph_and_the_Shepherds_adoring_the_Infant_Christ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pietro Perugino— The Nativity; the Virgin, Saint Joseph and the Shepherds adoring the Infant Christ"><img alt="Pietro Perugino— The Nativity; the Virgin, Saint Joseph and the Shepherds adoring the Infant Christ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pietro_Perugino_-_The_Nativity%3B_the_Virgin%2C_St_Joseph_and_the_Shepherds_adoring_the_Infant_Christ.jpg/225px-Pietro_Perugino_-_The_Nativity%3B_the_Virgin%2C_St_Joseph_and_the_Shepherds_adoring_the_Infant_Christ.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pietro_Perugino_-_The_Nativity%3B_the_Virgin%2C_St_Joseph_and_the_Shepherds_adoring_the_Infant_Christ.jpg/338px-Pietro_Perugino_-_The_Nativity%3B_the_Virgin%2C_St_Joseph_and_the_Shepherds_adoring_the_Infant_Christ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pietro_Perugino_-_The_Nativity%3B_the_Virgin%2C_St_Joseph_and_the_Shepherds_adoring_the_Infant_Christ.jpg/450px-Pietro_Perugino_-_The_Nativity%3B_the_Virgin%2C_St_Joseph_and_the_Shepherds_adoring_the_Infant_Christ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>— <i><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">The Nativity</a>; the Virgin, Saint Joseph and the Shepherds adoring the Infant Christ</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiepolo_-_St_Leo_in_Glory.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo— St Leo in Glory"><img alt="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo— St Leo in Glory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tiepolo_-_St_Leo_in_Glory.jpg/224px-Tiepolo_-_St_Leo_in_Glory.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tiepolo_-_St_Leo_in_Glory.jpg/337px-Tiepolo_-_St_Leo_in_Glory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Tiepolo_-_St_Leo_in_Glory.jpg/449px-Tiepolo_-_St_Leo_in_Glory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Giovanni Battista Tiepolo</a>— <i>St Leo in Glory</i></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculptures">Sculptures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Sculptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auguste_Rodin-The_Age_of_Bronze-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Auguste Rodin—Age of Bronze, 1877"><img alt="Auguste Rodin—Age of Bronze, 1877" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Auguste_Rodin-The_Age_of_Bronze-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-2.jpg/169px-Auguste_Rodin-The_Age_of_Bronze-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Auguste_Rodin-The_Age_of_Bronze-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-2.jpg/253px-Auguste_Rodin-The_Age_of_Bronze-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Auguste_Rodin-The_Age_of_Bronze-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-2.jpg/337px-Auguste_Rodin-The_Age_of_Bronze-Victoria_and_Albert_Museum-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a>—<i>Age of Bronze</i>, 1877</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Canova_(1757%E2%80%931822)_%E2%80%93_The_Three_Graces,_Woburn_Abbey_version_(1814%E2%80%931817)_front_close_up,_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum,_August_2013.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Canova—The Three Graces, 1814–1817"><img alt="Canova—The Three Graces, 1814–1817" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Antonio_Canova_%281757%E2%80%931822%29_%E2%80%93_The_Three_Graces%2C_Woburn_Abbey_version_%281814%E2%80%931817%29_front_close_up%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_August_2013.png/150px-Antonio_Canova_%281757%E2%80%931822%29_%E2%80%93_The_Three_Graces%2C_Woburn_Abbey_version_%281814%E2%80%931817%29_front_close_up%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_August_2013.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Antonio_Canova_%281757%E2%80%931822%29_%E2%80%93_The_Three_Graces%2C_Woburn_Abbey_version_%281814%E2%80%931817%29_front_close_up%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_August_2013.png/225px-Antonio_Canova_%281757%E2%80%931822%29_%E2%80%93_The_Three_Graces%2C_Woburn_Abbey_version_%281814%E2%80%931817%29_front_close_up%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_August_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Antonio_Canova_%281757%E2%80%931822%29_%E2%80%93_The_Three_Graces%2C_Woburn_Abbey_version_%281814%E2%80%931817%29_front_close_up%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_August_2013.png/300px-Antonio_Canova_%281757%E2%80%931822%29_%E2%80%93_The_Three_Graces%2C_Woburn_Abbey_version_%281814%E2%80%931817%29_front_close_up%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_August_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Canova" class="mw-redirect" title="Canova">Canova</a>—<i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Graces_(Canova)" title="The Three Graces (Canova)">The Three Graces</a></i>, 1814–1817</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canova_-_Theseus_%26_Minotaur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Room 22—Sculpture 1600–1870, Canova—Theseus and the Minotaur"><img alt="Room 22—Sculpture 1600–1870, Canova—Theseus and the Minotaur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Canova_-_Theseus_%26_Minotaur.jpg/300px-Canova_-_Theseus_%26_Minotaur.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Canova_-_Theseus_%26_Minotaur.jpg/451px-Canova_-_Theseus_%26_Minotaur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Canova_-_Theseus_%26_Minotaur.jpg/600px-Canova_-_Theseus_%26_Minotaur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Room 22—Sculpture 1600–1870, <a href="/wiki/Canova" class="mw-redirect" title="Canova">Canova</a>—<i>Theseus and the Minotaur</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernini_-_Neptune_%26_Triton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture Gallery"><img alt="Sculpture Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bernini_-_Neptune_%26_Triton.jpg/300px-Bernini_-_Neptune_%26_Triton.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bernini_-_Neptune_%26_Triton.jpg/451px-Bernini_-_Neptune_%26_Triton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bernini_-_Neptune_%26_Triton.jpg/600px-Bernini_-_Neptune_%26_Triton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture Gallery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_251.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Room 24—Sculpture 1600–1870"><img alt="Room 24—Sculpture 1600–1870" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Picture_251.jpg/300px-Picture_251.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Picture_251.jpg/451px-Picture_251.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Picture_251.jpg/600px-Picture_251.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Room 24—Sculpture 1600–1870</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Oliver_Cromwell.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Oliver Cromwell"><img alt="Bust of Oliver Cromwell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bust_of_Oliver_Cromwell.JPG/169px-Bust_of_Oliver_Cromwell.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bust_of_Oliver_Cromwell.JPG/253px-Bust_of_Oliver_Cromwell.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bust_of_Oliver_Cromwell.JPG/337px-Bust_of_Oliver_Cromwell.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of Oliver Cromwell</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gothic_Art">Gothic Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Gothic Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_Elfenbein.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elfenbein"><img alt="Elfenbein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/V%26A_Elfenbein.jpg/338px-V%26A_Elfenbein.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/V%26A_Elfenbein.jpg/507px-V%26A_Elfenbein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/V%26A_Elfenbein.jpg/675px-V%26A_Elfenbein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elfenbein</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_Gef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gefäß"><img alt="Gefäß" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/V%26A_Gef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg/150px-V%26A_Gef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/V%26A_Gef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg/225px-V%26A_Gef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/V%26A_Gef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg/300px-V%26A_Gef%C3%A4%C3%9F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1086" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gefäß</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_Horn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Horn"><img alt="Horn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/V%26A_Horn.jpg/338px-V%26A_Horn.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/V%26A_Horn.jpg/507px-V%26A_Horn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/V%26A_Horn.jpg/675px-V%26A_Horn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Horn</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_Truhe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Truhe"><img alt="Truhe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/V%26A_Truhe.jpg/338px-V%26A_Truhe.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/V%26A_Truhe.jpg/507px-V%26A_Truhe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/V%26A_Truhe.jpg/675px-V%26A_Truhe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Truhe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_Bibel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bibel"><img alt="Bibel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/V%26A_Bibel.jpg/338px-V%26A_Bibel.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/V%26A_Bibel.jpg/507px-V%26A_Bibel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/V%26A_Bibel.jpg/675px-V%26A_Bibel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bibel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_gotisches_Zimmer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="gotisches Zimmer"><img alt="gotisches Zimmer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/V%26A_gotisches_Zimmer.jpg/338px-V%26A_gotisches_Zimmer.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/V%26A_gotisches_Zimmer.jpg/507px-V%26A_gotisches_Zimmer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/V%26A_gotisches_Zimmer.jpg/675px-V%26A_gotisches_Zimmer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">gotisches Zimmer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_Altar_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar 1"><img alt="Altar 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/V%26A_Altar_1.jpg/338px-V%26A_Altar_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/V%26A_Altar_1.jpg/507px-V%26A_Altar_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/V%26A_Altar_1.jpg/675px-V%26A_Altar_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Altar 1</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_Altar_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar 2"><img alt="Altar 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/V%26A_Altar_2.jpg/338px-V%26A_Altar_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/V%26A_Altar_2.jpg/507px-V%26A_Altar_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/V%26A_Altar_2.jpg/675px-V%26A_Altar_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Altar 2</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_Altar_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar 3"><img alt="Altar 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/V%26A_Altar_3.jpg/338px-V%26A_Altar_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/V%26A_Altar_3.jpg/507px-V%26A_Altar_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/V%26A_Altar_3.jpg/675px-V%26A_Altar_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Altar 3</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_Renaissance-Raum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance-Raum"><img alt="Renaissance-Raum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/V%26A_Renaissance-Raum.jpg/338px-V%26A_Renaissance-Raum.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/V%26A_Renaissance-Raum.jpg/507px-V%26A_Renaissance-Raum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/V%26A_Renaissance-Raum.jpg/675px-V%26A_Renaissance-Raum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Renaissance-Raum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%26A_Altar_Raum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar Raum"><img alt="Altar Raum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/V%26A_Altar_Raum.jpg/338px-V%26A_Altar_Raum.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/V%26A_Altar_Raum.jpg/507px-V%26A_Altar_Raum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/V%26A_Altar_Raum.jpg/675px-V%26A_Altar_Raum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Altar Raum</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_visited_art_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most visited art museums">List of most visited art museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum">Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Glanville" title="Philippa Glanville">Philippa Glanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%26A_Digital_Futures" title="V&A Digital Futures">V&A Digital Futures</a> events on digital art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_museum#List_of_design_museums" title="Design museum">List of design museums</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ALVA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ALVA_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=V%26A+defends+sponsor+for+new+cars+exhibition+after+emissions+scandal&rft.pub=inews.co.uk&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft.aulast=Snead&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fvictoria-albert-cars-sponsor-bosch-volkswagen-new-exhibition-365290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictoria+and+Albert+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoncur2020" class="citation web cs1">Moncur, James (18 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/climate-change-protesters-stage-dirty-22866383">"Climate change protesters stage dirty oil demo outside V&A Dundee"</a>. Daily Record<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+change+protesters+stage+dirty+oil+demo+outside+V%26A+Dundee&rft.pub=Daily+Record&rft.date=2020-10-18&rft.aulast=Moncur&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyrecord.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscottish-news%2Fclimate-change-protesters-stage-dirty-22866383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictoria+and+Albert+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2021" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Gareth (1 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/04/01/vanda-will-not-scrap-focus-on-materials-in-restructuring-u-turn">"V&A will not scrap focus on materials in restructuring U-turn"</a>. The Art Newspaper<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=V%26A+will+not+scrap+focus+on+materials+in+restructuring+U-turn&rft.pub=The+Art+Newspaper&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2F2021%2F04%2F01%2Fvanda-will-not-scrap-focus-on-materials-in-restructuring-u-turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictoria+and+Albert+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000f1xt">"BBC Two – Secrets of the Museum"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+Two+%E2%80%93+Secrets+of+the+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fm000f1xt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictoria+and+Albert+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenker2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Lenker, Maureen Lee (11 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/movies/red-white-royal-blue-victoria-and-albert-museum-scene/">"How <i>Red, White & Royal Blue</i> landed the Victoria and Albert Museum for a swoony scene"</a>. <i>Entertainment Weekly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=How+Red%2C+White+%26+Royal+Blue+landed+the+Victoria+and+Albert+Museum+for+a+swoony+scene&rft.date=2023-08-11&rft.aulast=Lenker&rft.aufirst=Maureen+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Fmovies%2Fred-white-royal-blue-victoria-and-albert-museum-scene%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictoria+and+Albert+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemieux2023" class="citation web cs1">Lemieux, Melissa (12 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.looper.com/1363525/red-white-royal-blue-movie-v-and-a-museum-real-life/">"Red, White And Royal Blue: Is The V&A Museum Real And Can You Visit At Night?"</a>. Looper (website).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red%2C+White+And+Royal+Blue%3A+Is+The+V%26A+Museum+Real+And+Can+You+Visit+At+Night%3F&rft.pub=Looper+%28website%29&rft.date=2023-08-12&rft.aulast=Lemieux&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.looper.com%2F1363525%2Fred-white-royal-blue-movie-v-and-a-museum-real-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictoria+and+Albert+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sceen-it.com/sceen/7299/Red-White-Royal-Blue/Victoria-and-Albert-Museum">"Victoria and Albert Museum RED, WHITE & ROYAL BLUE"</a>. sceen-it.com. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum+RED%2C+WHITE+%26+ROYAL+BLUE&rft.pub=sceen-it.com&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sceen-it.com%2Fsceen%2F7299%2FRed-White-Royal-Blue%2FVictoria-and-Albert-Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVictoria+and+Albert+Museum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victoria_and_Albert_Museum&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" class="extiw" title="commons:Victoria and Albert Museum"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Victoria and Albert Museum</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Victoria and Albert Museum">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li>V&A websites: <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134613/http://www.vam.ac.uk/exhibitions/past_exhibs/">A list of past exhibitions held at the V&A</a></li></ul></li> <li>Historical images of V&A <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/reference.aspx?uid=107408&index=0&mainQuery=Victoria%20and%20Albert&searchType=all&form=home">Construction of V&A Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224231215/http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/reference.aspx?uid=107408&index=0&mainQuery=Victoria%20and%20Albert&searchType=all&form=home">Archived</a> 24 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/reference.aspx?uid=76864&index=0&mainQuery=Victoria%20and%20Albert&searchType=all&form=home">The V&A Museum prior to opening</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044805/http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/reference.aspx?uid=76864&index=0&mainQuery=Victoria%20and%20Albert&searchType=all&form=home">Archived</a> 25 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Victoria and Albert Museum at the <i><a href="/wiki/Survey_of_London" title="Survey of London">Survey of London</a></i> online: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=47519">Architectural history (to 1975) and description</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=47663">Plans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Architecture of the V&A <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407021946/http://www.architecture.com/LibraryDrawingsAndPhotographs/Albertopolis/TheStoryOf/VictoriaAndAlbertMuseum/VictoriaAndAlbertMuseum.aspx">Albertopolis: Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/victoria-and-albert-museum?hl=en">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> within <a href="/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture" title="Google Arts & Culture">Google Arts & Culture</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Non-departmental public body">National museums</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horniman_Museum" title="Horniman Museum">Horniman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Home" title="Museum of the Home">Museum of the Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_Museum" title="National Army Museum">National Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_London" title="Royal Air Force Museum London">Royal Air Force Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Soane%27s_Museum" title="Sir John Soane's Museum">Sir John Soane's Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Belfast" title="HMS Belfast">HMS <i>Belfast</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_Greenwich" title="Royal Museums Greenwich">Royal Museums Greenwich</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutty_Sark" title="Cutty Sark">Cutty Sark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_House" title="Queen's House">Queen's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_Group" title="Science Museum Group">Science Museum Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tate" title="Tate">Tate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_V%26A" title="Young V&A">Young V&A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Designated_collections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Designation_Scheme" title="Designation Scheme">Designated collections</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Gallery" title="Courtauld Gallery">Courtauld Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Picture_Gallery" title="Dulwich Picture Gallery">Dulwich Picture Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunterian_Museum,_London" title="Hunterian Museum, London">Hunterian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_London" title="Jewish Museum London">Jewish Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Transport_Museum" title="London Transport Museum">London Transport Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Domestic_Design_and_Architecture" title="Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture">Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Freemasonry" title="Museum of Freemasonry">Museum of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology" title="Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology">Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Museum_of_London" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Museum_Docklands" title="London Museum Docklands">London Museum Docklands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_museums_and_galleries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other museums and galleries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_Football_Club_Museum" title="Arsenal Football Club Museum">Arsenal Football Club Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England_Museum" title="Bank of England Museum">Bank of England Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican_Centre" title="Barbican Centre">Barbican Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Uri_Gallery_%26_Museum" title="Ben Uri Gallery & Museum">Ben Uri Gallery & Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_House" title="Benjamin Franklin House">Benjamin Franklin House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Police_Museum" title="Bow Street Police Museum">Bow Street Police Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens_Museum" title="Charles Dickens Museum">Charles Dickens Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Severs%27_House" title="Dennis Severs' House">Dennis Severs' House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Museum" title="Design Museum">Design Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr_Johnson%27s_House" title="Dr Johnson's House">Dr Johnson's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estorick_Collection_of_Modern_Italian_Art" title="Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art">Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_Textile_Museum" title="Fashion and Textile Museum">Fashion and Textile Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Museum" title="Garden Museum">Garden Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall_Art_Gallery" title="Guildhall Art Gallery">Guildhall Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_Place" title="Hall Place">Hall Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handel_%26_Hendrix_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel & Hendrix in London">Handel & Hendrix in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayward_Gallery" title="Hayward Gallery">Hayward Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth%27s_House" title="Hogarth's House">Hogarth's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Arts" title="Institute of Contemporary Arts">Institute of Contemporary Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leighton_House_Museum" title="Leighton House Museum">Leighton House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Museum_of_Water_%26_Steam" title="London Museum of Water & Steam">London Museum of Water & Steam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markfield_Beam_Engine_and_Museum" title="Markfield Beam Engine and Museum">Markfield Beam Engine and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Museum,_London" title="Migration Museum, London">Migration Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Brands" title="Museum of Brands">Museum of Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Immigration_and_Diversity" title="Museum of Immigration and Diversity">Museum of Immigration and Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_House" title="Orleans House">Orleans House Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Museum,_London" title="Postal Museum, London">Postal Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music_Museum" title="Royal Academy of Music Museum">Royal Academy of Music Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saatchi_Gallery" title="Saatchi Gallery">Saatchi Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_Galleries" title="Serpentine Galleries">Serpentine Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_Museum" title="Sherlock Holmes Museum">Sherlock Holmes Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Temple_Place" title="Two Temple Place">Two Temple Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Gallery" title="Whitechapel Gallery">Whitechapel Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Gallery" title="William Morris Gallery">William Morris Gallery</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/The_London_Museums_of_Health_%26_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="The London Museums of Health & Medicine">The London Museums of<br />Health & Medicine</a> (selected)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Museum" title="Florence Nightingale Museum">Florence Nightingale Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundling_Museum" title="Foundling Museum">Foundling Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freud_Museum" title="Freud Museum">Freud Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Order_of_St_John" title="Museum of the Order of St John">Museum of the Order of St John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Operating_Theatre_Museum_and_Herb_Garret" title="Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret">Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Collection" title="Wellcome Collection">Wellcome Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;">Local history museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnet_Museum" title="Barnet Museum">Barnet Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Castle" title="Bruce Castle">Bruce Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_House" title="Burgh House">Burgh House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuming_Museum" title="Cuming Museum">Cuming Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hall" title="Forty Hall">Forty Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Heritage_Centre" title="Greenwich Heritage Centre">Greenwich Heritage Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnersbury_Park" title="Gunnersbury Park">Gunnersbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_Museum" title="Hackney Museum">Hackney Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havering_Museum" title="Havering Museum">Havering Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headstone_Manor_and_Museum" title="Headstone Manor and Museum">Headstone Manor and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islington_Museum" title="Islington Museum">Islington Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Museum" title="Kingston Museum">Kingston Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Croydon" title="Museum of Croydon">Museum of Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Richmond" title="Museum of Richmond">Museum of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Wimbledon" title="Museum of Wimbledon">Museum of Wimbledon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Museum" title="Twickenham Museum">Twickenham Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_House_Museum" title="Valence House Museum">Valence House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestry_House_Museum" title="Vestry House Museum">Vestry House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandsworth_Museum" title="Wandsworth Museum">Wandsworth Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall,_Cheam" title="Whitehall, Cheam">Whitehall Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gallery" title="King's Gallery">King's Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mews" title="Royal Mews">Royal Mews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House,_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="Banqueting House, Whitehall">Banqueting House, Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Palace" title="Kew Palace">Kew Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Willow_Road" title="2 Willow Road">2 Willow Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/575_Wandsworth_Road" title="575 Wandsworth Road">575 Wandsworth Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blewcoat_School" title="Blewcoat School">Blewcoat School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlyle%27s_House" title="Carlyle's House">Carlyle's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastbury_Manor_House" title="Eastbury Manor House">Eastbury Manor House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenton_House,_Hampstead" title="Fenton House, Hampstead">Fenton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_George_Inn,_Southwark" title="The George Inn, Southwark">The George Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_House" title="Lindsey House">Lindsey House</a> <ul><li>restricted</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morden_Hall_Park" title="Morden Hall Park">Morden Hall Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osterley_Park" title="Osterley Park">Osterley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainham_Hall" title="Rainham Hall">Rainham Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_House,_Bexleyheath" title="Red House, Bexleyheath">Red House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths,_Strand_Lane" title="Roman Baths, Strand Lane">Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_House,_London" title="Sutton House, London">Sutton House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_House" title="Apsley House">Apsley House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiswick_House" title="Chiswick House">Chiswick House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_House" title="Down House">Down House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eltham_Palace" title="Eltham Palace">Eltham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Tower" title="Jewel Tower">Jewel Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenwood_House" title="Kenwood House">Kenwood House (Iveagh Bequest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill_House" title="Marble Hill House">Marble Hill House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger%27s_House" title="Ranger's House">Ranger's House (Wernher Collection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Palace" title="Winchester Palace">Winchester Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_London" title="Category:Museums in London">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Textile_museums" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile_museums" title="Template:Textile museums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile_museums" title="Template talk:Textile museums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile_museums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile museums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Textile_museums" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Textile museums</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Textile_History_Museum" title="American Textile History Museum">American Textile History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_Gas_and_Steam_Engine_Museum" title="Antique Gas and Steam Engine Museum">Antique Gas and Steam Engine Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Canal" title="Augusta Canal">Augusta Canal Discovery Center at Enterprise Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belknap-Sulloway_Mill" title="Belknap-Sulloway Mill">Belknap Mill Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boott_Mills" title="Boott Mills">Boott Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_City_Museum-Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigham City Museum-Gallery">Brigham City Museum-Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum" title="Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum">Cooper-Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_Museum_of_Canada" title="Costume Museum of Canada">Costume Museum of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cotton_Museum" title="The Cotton Museum">Cotton Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidery_Museum_and_Resource_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Embroidery Museum and Resource Center">Embroidery Museum and Resource Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fabric_Workshop_and_Museum" title="The Fabric Workshop and Museum">The Fabric Workshop and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Institute_of_Design_%26_Merchandising_Museum" title="Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising Museum">Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_and_Fragrance_Textile_Gallery" title="Hat and Fragrance Textile Gallery">Hat and Fragrance Textile Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Quilt_Museum" title="International Quilt Museum">International Quilt Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Garment_District_Museum" title="Kansas City Garment District Museum">Kansas City Garment District Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_National_Historical_Park" title="Lowell National Historical Park">Lowell National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Webster_House" title="Marie Webster House">Marie Webster House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Mill_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Mill Museum">Mission Mill Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Museum_at_FIT" class="mw-redirect" title="The Museum at FIT">The Museum at FIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_L-A" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum L-A">Museum L-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Work_and_Culture" title="Museum of Work and Culture">Museum of Work and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Quilt_Museum" title="National Quilt Museum">National Quilt Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Quilt_Museum" title="Rocky Mountain Quilt Museum">Rocky Mountain Quilt Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Funk_Center_for_Textile_Arts" title="Ruth Funk Center for Textile Arts">Ruth Funk Center for Textile Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles" title="San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles">San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slater_Mill_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Slater Mill Historic Site">Slater Mill Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillwater_Mill" title="Stillwater Mill">Stillwater Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Quilt_%26_Textile_Museum" title="Southeastern Quilt & Textile Museum">Southeastern Quilt & Textile Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_Museum_(George_Washington_University)" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile Museum (George Washington University)">Textile Museum (Washington, D.C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_Museum_of_Canada" title="Textile Museum of Canada">Textile Museum of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watkins_Woolen_Mill_State_Park_and_State_Historic_Site" title="Watkins Woolen Mill State Park and State Historic Site">Watkins Woolen Mill State Park and State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_Historical_Society" title="Western Reserve Historical Society">Western Reserve Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wile_Carding_Mill" title="Wile Carding Mill">Wile Carding Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willamette_Heritage_Center" title="Willamette Heritage Center">Willamette Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windham_Textile_and_History_Museum" title="Windham Textile and History Museum">Windham Textile and History Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cropped_Museum_of_the_Romanian_Peasant_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cropped_Museum_of_the_Romanian_Peasant_6.jpg/100px-Cropped_Museum_of_the_Romanian_Peasant_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cropped_Museum_of_the_Romanian_Peasant_6.jpg/150px-Cropped_Museum_of_the_Romanian_Peasant_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cropped_Museum_of_the_Romanian_Peasant_6.jpg/200px-Cropped_Museum_of_the_Romanian_Peasant_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ixchel_Museum_of_Indigenous_Textiles_and_Clothing" title="Ixchel Museum of Indigenous Textiles and Clothing">Ixchel Museum of Indigenous Textiles and Clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bielsko-Biała Museum">Bielsko-Biała Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Blackburn Museum and Art Gallery">Blackburn Museum and Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocholt_textile_museum" title="Bocholt textile museum">Bocholt textile museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Museum_of_Textiles,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Central Museum of Textiles, Łódź">Central Museum of Textiles, Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_of_Stage_Costume" title="National Center of Stage Costume">Centre National du Costume de Scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_Museum_(Kastoria)" title="Costume Museum (Kastoria)">Costume Museum (Kastoria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Collection_of_Period_Costume" title="Devonshire Collection of Period Costume">Devonshire Collection of Period Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_Museum_(Belgrade)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic Museum (Belgrade)">Ethnographic Museum (Belgrade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_Textile_Museum" title="Fashion and Textile Museum">Fashion and Textile Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Museum,_Bath" title="Fashion Museum, Bath">Fashion Museum, Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_del_Costume" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleria del Costume">Galleria del Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmshore_Mills_Textile_Museum" title="Helmshore Mills Textile Museum">Helmshore Mills Textile Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killerton" title="Killerton">Killerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunstgewerbemuseum_Berlin" title="Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin">Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalgarven_Mill_%E2%80%93_Museum_of_Ayrshire_Country_Life_and_Costume" title="Dalgarven Mill – Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume">Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Tissus_et_des_Arts_d%C3%A9coratifs" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Tissus et des Arts décoratifs">Musée des Tissus et des Arts décoratifs de Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Domestic_Design_and_Architecture" title="Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture">Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Jewellery_in_the_Silver_Way" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Jewellery in the Silver Way">Museum of Jewellery in the Silver Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_the_Greek_Costume" title="Museum of the History of the Greek Costume">Museum of the History of the Greek Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Romanian_Peasant" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Romanian Peasant">Museum of the Romanian Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Traje" title="Museo del Traje">Museo del Traje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Costume" title="National Museum of Costume">National Museum of Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Costume_and_Fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Costume and Fashion">National Museum of Costume and Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordwolle" title="Nordwolle">Nordwolle Factory Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Industrial_Museum" title="Nottingham Industrial Museum">Nottingham Industrial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prato_textile_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Prato textile museum">Prato textile museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry_Bank_Mill" title="Quarry Bank Mill">Quarry Bank Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Street_Mill" title="Queen Street Mill">Queen Street Textile Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textilfabrik_Cromford" title="Textilfabrik Cromford">Textilfabrik Cromford</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_Pier" title="Wigan Pier">Wigan Pier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Carpet_Museum" title="Azerbaijan Carpet Museum">Azerbaijan Carpet Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_Textile_Museum" title="Bhutan Textile Museum">Bhutan Textile Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bsous_Silk_Museum" title="Bsous Silk Museum">Bsous Silk Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Museum_of_Textiles" title="Calico Museum of Textiles">Calico Museum of Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_Museum_of_Iran" title="Carpet Museum of Iran">Carpet Museum of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chojun_Textile_%26_Quilt_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Chojun Textile & Quilt Art Museum">Chojun Textile & Quilt Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Textile_Museum" title="Kurdish Textile Museum">Kurdish Textile Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Virsa_Museum" title="Lok Virsa Museum">Lok Virsa Museum</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Handicrafts_and_Handlooms_Museum" title="National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum">National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Textile_Museum" title="National Textile Museum">National Textile Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Sirikit_Museum_of_Textiles" title="Queen Sirikit Museum of Textiles">Queen Sirikit Museum of Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskriti_Museums" title="Sanskriti Museums">Sanskriti Textile Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_Museum_(Jakarta)" title="Textile Museum (Jakarta)">Textile Museum (Jakarta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Silk_Museum" title="Yokohama Silk Museum">Yokohama Silk Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_museum" title="Textile museum">Textile museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_museum" title="Design museum">Design museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Template:Department for Culture, Media and Sport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Template talk:Department for Culture, Media and Sport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Department for Culture, Media and Sport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Government_Offices_Great_George_Street" title="Government Offices Great George Street">100 Parliament Street</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport#Ministers" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Lisa Nandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Minister of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Creative_Industries,_Arts_and_Tourism" title="Minister of State for Creative Industries, Arts and Tourism">Minister of State for Creative Industries, Arts and Tourism</a>:</b></i> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Bryant" title="Chris Bryant">Chris Bryant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State">Under-Secretaries<br />of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Sport,_Media,_Civil_Society_and_Youth" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Sport, Media, Civil Society and Youth">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Sport, Media, Civil Society and Youth</a>:</b></i> <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Peacock" title="Stephanie Peacock">Stephanie Peacock</a></li> <li><i><b>Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Gambling:</b></i> <a href="/wiki/Fiona_Twycross,_Baroness_Twycross" title="Fiona Twycross, Baroness Twycross">The Baroness Twycross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-ministerial_government_department" title="Non-ministerial government department">Non-ministerial<br />departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charity_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity Commission">Charity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">National Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">Non-departmental<br />public bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_National_Records_and_Archives" title="Advisory Council on National Records and Archives">Advisory Council on National Records and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reviewing_Committee_on_the_Export_of_Works_of_Art" title="Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art">Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art and Objects of Cultural Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatres_Trust" title="Theatres Trust">Theatres Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Valuation_Committee" title="Treasure Valuation Committee">Treasure Valuation Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_Council_England" title="Arts Council England">Arts Council England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_Commission" title="Gambling Commission">Gambling Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horserace_Betting_Levy_Board" title="Horserace Betting Levy Board">Horserace Betting Levy Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_Memorial_Fund" title="National Heritage Memorial Fund">National Heritage Memorial Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_Community_Fund" title="National Lottery Community Fund">National Lottery Community Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_England" title="Sport England">Sport England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_Grounds_Safety_Authority" title="Sports Grounds Safety Authority">Sports Grounds Safety Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Anti-Doping" title="UK Anti-Doping">UK Anti-Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Sport" title="UK Sport">UK Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisitBritain" title="VisitBritain">VisitBritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisitEngland" title="VisitEngland">VisitEngland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horniman_Museum" title="Horniman Museum">Horniman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Home" title="Museum of the Home">Museum of the Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial War Museums">Imperial War Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museums_Liverpool" title="National Museums Liverpool">National Museums Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Armouries" title="Royal Armouries">Royal Armouries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_Greenwich" title="Royal Museums Greenwich">Royal Museums Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_Group" title="Science Museum Group">Science Museum Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Soane%27s_Museum" title="Sir John Soane's Museum">Sir John Soane's Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate" title="Tate">Tate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribunal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Horserace_Betting_Levy_Appeal_Tribunal" title="Horserace Betting Levy Appeal Tribunal">Horserace Betting Levy Appeal Tribunal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/BBC_Board" title="BBC Board">BBC Board</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Four_Television_Corporation" title="Channel Four Television Corporation">Channel Four Television Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Conservation_Trust" title="Churches Conservation Trust">Churches Conservation Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Citizen_Service" title="National Citizen Service">National Citizen Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/S4C_Authority" title="S4C Authority">S4C Authority</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Parks" title="The Royal Parks">The Royal Parks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Category:Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="London_landmarks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_landmarks" title="Template:London landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_landmarks" title="Template talk:London landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="London_landmarks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> landmarks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="Category:Buildings and structures in London">Buildings and<br />structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bridges_in_London" title="Category:Bridges in London">Bridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bridge,_London" title="Albert Bridge, London">Albert Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Bridge" title="Battersea Bridge">Battersea Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge" title="Blackfriars Bridge">Blackfriars Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Bridge" title="Chelsea Bridge">Chelsea Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Bridge" title="Hammersmith Bridge">Hammersmith Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_Bridge_and_Golden_Jubilee_Bridges" title="Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges">Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Bridge" title="Lambeth Bridge">Lambeth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Bridge,_London" title="Millennium Bridge, London">Millennium Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putney_Bridge" title="Putney Bridge">Putney Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Bridge,_London" title="Richmond Bridge, London">Richmond Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Bridge" title="Southwark Bridge">Southwark Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Bridge" title="Vauxhall Bridge">Vauxhall Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bridge" title="Westminster Bridge">Westminster Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Entertainment_venues_in_London" title="Category:Entertainment venues in London">Entertainment<br />venues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cinemas_in_London" title="Category:Cinemas in London">Cinemas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BFI_IMAX" title="BFI IMAX">BFI IMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire,_Leicester_Square" title="Empire, Leicester Square">Empire, Leicester Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon_Luxe_Leicester_Square" title="Odeon Luxe Leicester Square">Odeon Luxe Leicester Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Football stadia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a> (national stadium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentford_Community_Stadium" title="Brentford Community Stadium">Brentford Community Stadium</a> (Brentford)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Road" title="Brisbane Road">Brisbane Road</a> (Leyton Orient)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craven_Cottage" title="Craven Cottage">Craven Cottage</a> (Fulham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Den" title="The Den">The Den</a> (Millwall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Stadium" title="Emirates Stadium">Emirates Stadium</a> (Arsenal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loftus_Road" title="Loftus Road">Loftus Road</a> (Queens Park Rangers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stadium" title="London Stadium">London Stadium</a> (West Ham United)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plough_Lane" title="Plough Lane">Plough Lane</a> (AFC Wimbledon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selhurst_Park" title="Selhurst Park">Selhurst Park</a> (Crystal Palace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)" title="Stamford Bridge (stadium)">Stamford Bridge</a> (Chelsea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Valley_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Valley (London)">The Valley</a> (Charlton Athletic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_Stadium" title="Tottenham Hotspur Stadium">Tottenham Hotspur Stadium</a> (Tottenham Hotspur)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_venues_in_London" title="Category:Sports venues in London">Other major<br />sports venues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club" title="All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club">All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Championship_Course" title="The Championship Course">The Championship Course</a> (rowing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_National_Sports_Centre" title="Crystal Palace National Sports Centre">Crystal Palace National Sports Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s" title="Lord's">Lord's</a> (cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Olympic_Park" title="Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park">Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oval" title="The Oval">The Oval</a> (cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium" title="Twickenham Stadium">Twickenham Stadium</a> (rugby)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theatres_in_London" title="Template:Theatres in London">Theatres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphi_Theatre" title="Adelphi Theatre">Adelphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Victoria_Theatre" title="Apollo Victoria Theatre">Apollo Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Coliseum" title="London Coliseum">Coliseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_Theatre" title="Criterion Theatre">Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theatre" title="Dominion Theatre">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London" title="Lyceum Theatre, London">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic" title="The Old Vic">Old Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Palladium" title="London Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">Royal National Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Haymarket" title="Theatre Royal Haymarket">Theatre Royal Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre" title="Vaudeville Theatre">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Palace" title="Alexandra Palace">Alexandra Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixton_Academy" title="Brixton Academy">Brixton Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExCeL_London" title="ExCeL London">ExCeL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo" title="Hammersmith Apollo">Hammersmith Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_O2_Arena" title="The O2 Arena">The O2 Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wembley_Arena" title="Wembley Arena">Wembley Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Arch" title="Admiralty Arch">Admiralty Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Southwark)" title="City Hall, London (Southwark)">City Hall (Southwark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Newham)" title="City Hall, London (Newham)">City Hall (Newham)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Hall,_London" title="County Hall, London">County Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Guards_(building)" title="Horse Guards (building)">Horse Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_London" title="Mansion House, London">Mansion House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_House" title="Thames House">Thames House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_London" title="Category:Museums in London">Museums</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_museums_and_galleries_in_London" title="Category:Art museums and galleries in London">galleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Gallery" title="Courtauld Gallery">Courtauld Gallery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cutty_Sark" title="Cutty Sark">Cutty Sark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Hinde_(1973)" title="Golden Hinde (1973)"><i>Golden Hinde</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall_Art_Gallery" title="Guildhall Art Gallery">Guildhall Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Belfast" title="HMS Belfast">HMS <i>Belfast</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_V%26A" title="Young V&A">Young V&A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="Category:Religious buildings and structures in London">Places of worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows-by-the-Tower" title="All Hallows-by-the-Tower">All Hallows-by-the-Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAPS_Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_London" title="BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London">BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue" title="Bevis Marks Synagogue">Bevis Marks Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Central_Hall,_Westminster" title="Methodist Central Hall, Westminster">Methodist Central Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Central_Mosque" title="London Central Mosque">Regent's Park Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Clement_Danes" title="St Clement Danes">St Clement Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's, Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Bow" title="St Mary-le-Bow">St Mary-le-Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Retailing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shops_in_London" title="Category:Shops in London">Shops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason" title="Fortnum & Mason">Fortnum & Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamleys" title="Hamleys">Hamleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Nichols" title="Harvey Nichols">Harvey Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchards" title="Hatchards">Hatchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)" title="Liberty (department store)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jones_(department_store)" title="Peter Jones (department store)">Peter Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfridges,_Oxford_Street" title="Selfridges, Oxford Street">Selfridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shopping_centres_in_London" title="Category:Shopping centres in London">Shopping centres</a><br />and markets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_Market" title="Borough Market">Borough Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Cross_Shopping_Centre" title="Brent Cross Shopping Centre">Brent Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_Arcade" title="Burlington Arcade">Burlington Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Market" title="Camden Market">Camden Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Arcade" title="Kensington Arcade">Kensington Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadenhall_Market" title="Leadenhall Market">Leadenhall Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_New_Change" title="One New Change">One New Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat_Lane_Market" title="Petticoat Lane Market">Petticoat Lane Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London">Royal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_London" title="Westfield London">Westfield London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Stratford_City" title="Westfield Stratford City">Westfield Stratford City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_buildings_in_London" title="Category:Royal buildings in London">Royal buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Partly occupied by<br />the royal family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Unoccupied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House,_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="Banqueting House, Whitehall">Banqueting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Palace" title="Kew Palace">Kew Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Gallery">The Queen's Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mews" title="Royal Mews">Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Skyscrapers_in_London" title="Category:Skyscrapers in London">Skyscrapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Canada_Square" title="One Canada Square">One Canada Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Churchill_Place" title="One Churchill Place">One Churchill Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Canada_Square" title="8 Canada Square">8 Canada Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Fenchurch_Street" title="20 Fenchurch Street">20 Fenchurch Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122_Leadenhall_Street" title="122 Leadenhall Street">122 Leadenhall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadgate_Tower" title="Broadgate Tower">Broadgate Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citigroup_Centre_(London)" title="Citigroup Centre (London)">Citigroup Centre (London)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gherkin" title="The Gherkin">The Gherkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron_Tower" title="Heron Tower">Heron Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">The Shard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George_Wharf_Tower" title="St George Wharf Tower">St George Wharf Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_42" title="Tower 42">Tower 42</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal_Orbit" title="ArcelorMittal Orbit">ArcelorMittal Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph" title="The Cenotaph">The Cenotaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Needle,_London" title="Cleopatra's Needle, London">Cleopatra's Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_transmitting_station" title="Crystal Palace transmitting station">Crystal Palace transmitting station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Eye" title="London Eye">London Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch" title="Marble Arch">Marble Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London" title="Monument to the Great Fire of London">Monument to the Great Fire of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Memorial_Fountain" title="Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain">Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ("Eros")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Arch" title="Wellington Arch">Wellington Arch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">City Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_station" title="Blackfriars station">Blackfriars station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Street_station" title="Cannon Street station">Cannon Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station" title="Charing Cross railway station">Charing Cross station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station" title="Clapham Junction railway station">Clapham Junction station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">Euston station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station" title="Fenchurch Street railway station">Fenchurch Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">King's Cross station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station" title="Liverpool Street station">Liverpool Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_station" title="London Bridge station">London Bridge station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">Paddington station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_station" title="Stratford station">Stratford station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">Victoria station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">Waterloo station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Cable_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="London Cable Car">London Cable Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station" title="Victoria Coach Station">Victoria Coach Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbican_Estate" title="Barbican Estate">Barbican Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Power_Station" title="Battersea Power Station">Battersea Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Tower" title="BT Tower">BT Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_building" title="Lloyd's building">Lloyd's building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxo_Tower" title="Oxo Tower">Oxo Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithfield Market">Smithfield Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital" title="St Bartholomew's Hospital">St Bartholomew's Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Parks_and_open_spaces_in_London" title="Parks and open spaces in London">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Parks of London">Royal Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy_Park" title="Bushy Park">Bushy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Park" title="Green Park">Green Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Park" title="Greenwich Park">Greenwich Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Park" title="Hampton Court Park">Hampton Court Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Gardens" title="Kensington Gardens">Kensington Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Park" title="St James's Park">St James's Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Park" title="Battersea Park">Battersea Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Park" title="Burgess Park">Burgess Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_Common" title="Clapham Common">Clapham Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Green,_London" title="College Green, London">College Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsbury_Park" title="Finsbury Park">Finsbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnersbury_Park" title="Gunnersbury Park">Gunnersbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_Park" title="Holland Park">Holland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitcham_Common" title="Mitcham Common">Mitcham Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osterley_Park" title="Osterley Park">Osterley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Park" title="Trent Park">Trent Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_London" title="Victoria Park, London">Victoria Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandsworth_Common" title="Wandsworth Common">Wandsworth Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Common" title="Wimbledon Common">Wimbledon Common</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Squares_in_London" title="Squares in London">Squares</a> and<br />public spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade" title="Horse Guards Parade">Horse Guards Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square" title="Leicester Square">Leicester Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloane_Square" title="Sloane Square">Sloane Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Streets_in_London" title="Category:Streets in London">Streets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldwych" title="Aldwych">Aldwych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Street" title="Baker Street">Baker Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_Street" title="Bond Street">Bond Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaby_Street" title="Carnaby Street">Carnaby Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_Road" title="Charing Cross Road">Charing Cross Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheapside" title="Cheapside">Cheapside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornhill,_London" title="Cornhill, London">Cornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Street" title="Denmark Street">Denmark Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street" title="Fenchurch Street">Fenchurch Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket,_London" title="Haymarket, London">Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermyn_Street" title="Jermyn Street">Jermyn Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_High_Street" title="Kensington High Street">Kensington High Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Road" title="King's Road">King's Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street,_London" title="Lombard Street, London">Lombard Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mall,_London" title="The Mall, London">The Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Avenue,_Hounslow" title="Myrtle Avenue, Hounslow">Myrtle Avenue, Hounslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Lane" title="Park Lane">Park Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portobello_Road" title="Portobello Road">Portobello Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_Street" title="Regent Street">Regent Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Avenue" title="Shaftesbury Avenue">Shaftesbury Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloane_Street" title="Sloane Street">Sloane Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road" title="Tottenham Court Road">Tottenham Court Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Embankment" title="Victoria Embankment">Victoria Embankment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213322#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213322#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213322#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123230472">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012207309X">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128776887">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/38632-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79066252">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868116h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868116h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00650733">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Victoria and Albert museum"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV025483">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Victoria and Albert Museum"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003183541&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="South Kensington Museum"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003183542&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX116190">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/85150">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1542229200035">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000042520&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000052681&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=54674">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810649150205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/6258">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269592505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000009903">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517512806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/a5538048-1db0-4b93-8d07-827a90d99eb8">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00831703?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500302040">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1035642">Trove</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/868628">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027524655">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/5488">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/8626">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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