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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Nectarivoor" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Nectarivoor" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Nectarivoor" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" 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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Soorten_nectarivoren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soorten_nectarivoren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Soorten nectarivoren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soorten_nectarivoren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vogels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vogels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vogels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vogels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insecten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insecten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Insecten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insecten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spinachtigen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinachtigen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spinachtigen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinachtigen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoogdieren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoogdieren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zoogdieren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoogdieren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nectarivoor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Beschikbaar in 17 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A9" title="راحقة – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راحقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антафілія – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антафілія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nectarivore" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektaroman%C4%9Dulo" title="Nektaromanĝulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nektaromanĝulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar%C3%ADvoro" title="Nectarívoro – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nectarívoro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="شهدخوار – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهدخوار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nectarivore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A3" title="יונקי צוף – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יונקי צוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektarivor" title="Nektarivor – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nektarivor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3msykurs%C3%A6ta" title="Blómsykursæta – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blómsykursæta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettarivoro" title="Nettarivoro – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nettarivoro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E9%A3%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="蜜食動物 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蜜食動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektarivoru" title="Nektarivoru – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Nektarivoru" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar%C3%ADvoro" title="Nectarívoro – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nectarívoro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антофилия – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антофилия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антофілія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антофілія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%83n_m%E1%BA%ADt_hoa" title="Động vật ăn mật hoa – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật ăn mật hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q120880#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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accesskey="p"><span>Afdrukversie</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In andere projecten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q120880" title="Koppeling naar item in verbonden gegevensrepository [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Uiterlijk"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg/250px-Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg/375px-Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg/500px-Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption> Een <i><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_kershawi" title="Vanessa kershawi">Vanessa kershawi</a></i> voedt zich met nectar door haar lange <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In de <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%B6logie" title="Zoölogie">zoölogie</a> is een <b>nectarivoor</b> een dier dat zijn energie- en voedingsbehoeften ontleent aan een <a href="/wiki/Dieet" title="Dieet">dieet</a> dat voornamelijk of uitsluitend bestaat uit de suikerrijke <a href="/wiki/Nectar_(plant)" title="Nectar (plant)">nectar</a> geproduceerd door <a href="/wiki/Bedektzadigen" title="Bedektzadigen">bloeiende planten</a>. </p><p>Nectar als voedselbron biedt zowel voordelen als uitdagingen. Het is in wezen een oplossing van (tot 80%) de eenvoudige suikers <a href="/wiki/Sacharose" title="Sacharose">sucrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, die gemakkelijk kunnen worden ingenomen en verteerd, en een rijke en efficiënte voedingsbron vormen. Deze oplossing wordt vaak <a href="/wiki/Concentratie_(oplossing)" title="Concentratie (oplossing)">verdund</a> door de plant die het produceert of door regen die op een bloem valt. Veel nectarivoren hebben aanpassingen om zich effectief te ontdoen van overtollig water dat op deze manier wordt ingenomen. </p><p>Nectar is echter een onvolledige voedingsbron. Hoewel het eiwitten en aminozuren bevat,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> worden deze slechts in kleine hoeveelheden aangetroffen, en het heeft een ernstig tekort aan mineralen en vitamines.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeer weinig organismen consumeren nectar uitsluitend gedurende hun hele leven. Vaak wordt het dieet aangevuld met voedsel van andere bronnen, met name insecten (dus overlappend met <a href="/wiki/Insectivoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivoor">insecteneters</a>), of het wordt slechts gedurende een bepaalde periode geconsumeerd.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veel soorten zijn nectarrovers of nectardieven, die geen plant bestuiven terwijl ze nog steeds nectar consumeren. </p><p>Nectar wordt geproduceerd door bloeiende planten om bestuivers aan te trekken om de bloemen te bezoeken en <a href="/wiki/Stuifmeel" title="Stuifmeel">stuifmeel</a> tussen hen te transporteren. Bloemen hebben vaak gespecialiseerde onderdelen die de nectar alleen toegankelijk maken voor dieren met geschikte morfologische structuren, en er zijn talloze voorbeelden van <a href="/wiki/Co-evolutie" title="Co-evolutie">co-evolutie</a> tussen nectarivoren en de bloemen die ze bestuiven. <a href="/wiki/Kolibries" title="Kolibries">Kolibries</a> en <a href="/wiki/Pijlstaarten" title="Pijlstaarten">pijlstaarten</a> hebben bijvoorbeeld lange smalle snavels die nectar kunnen bereiken op de bodem van lange buisvormige bloemen. <a href="/wiki/Vleermuizen" title="Vleermuizen">Vleermuizen</a> bezoeken ondertussen open bloemen waar de nectar niet zo diep verborgen is.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soorten_nectarivoren">Soorten nectarivoren</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivoor&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Soorten nectarivoren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivoor&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Soorten nectarivoren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De meeste nectarivoren zijn <a href="/wiki/Insecten" title="Insecten">insecten</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vogels" title="Vogels">vogels</a>, maar er zijn ook een klein aantal nectarivore soorten te vinden in andere diergroepen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vogels">Vogels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivoor&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vogels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivoor&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vogels"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg/250px-Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg/375px-Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg/500px-Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption> Een vrouwelijke <a href="/wiki/Robijnkeelkolibrie" title="Robijnkeelkolibrie">robijnkeelkolibrie</a> <i>(Archilochus colubris)</i> voedt nectar van een <a href="/wiki/Zonnebloem" title="Zonnebloem">zonnebloem</a> <i>(Helianthus annuus)</i> </figcaption></figure> <p>Nectarvoeding is wijdverbreid onder vogels, maar geen enkele soort consumeert uitsluitend nectar. De meeste combineren het met insecten voor een gemengd dieet. Van bijzonder belang zijn drie afstammelingen van gespecialiseerde nectarivore vogels: de kolibries (<a href="/wiki/Kolibries" title="Kolibries">Trochilidae</a>), honingzuigers (<a href="/wiki/Honingzuigers" title="Honingzuigers">Nectariniidae</a>) en honingeters (<a href="/wiki/Honingeters" title="Honingeters">Meliphagidae</a>). Deze groepen zijn aangepast op een nectar-centraal dieet, met een hogere activiteit van spijsverteringsenzymen die suikers afbreken, hogere absorptiesnelheden van suikers en veranderde nierfuncties. Om te blijven vliegen moet een vogel snel een groot deel van het watergehalte van de nectar die ze consumeert uitscheiden. De nieren van een kolibrie kunnen snel grote hoeveelheden <a href="/wiki/Osmolariteit" title="Osmolariteit">hyposmotische</a> urine produceren, dat wil zeggen urine met een lagere concentratie opgeloste stoffen dan het bloed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sommige andere vogelgroepen hebben een of meer vergelijkbare specialisaties - bijvoorbeeld de <a href="/wiki/Lori%27s_(vogel)" title="Lori's (vogel)">Lori's</a>, een groep Australaziatische papegaaien binnen de grotere papegaaienfamilie <a href="/wiki/Papegaaien_van_Afrika_en_de_Nieuwe_Wereld" title="Papegaaien van Afrika en de Nieuwe Wereld">Psittacidae</a>, hebben vergelijkbare spijsverteringsmodificaties.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit zijn voorbeelden van <a href="/wiki/Parallelle_evolutie" title="Parallelle evolutie">parallelle evolutie</a>. De Hawaïaanse suikervogels hebben verschillende soorten die zijn aangepast om zich te voeden met nectar. Vooral belangrijk is de Hawaïaanse boom Metrosideros polymorpha die sterk afhankelijk is van de bestuiving van de min of meer nectarivore suikervogels.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insecten">Insecten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivoor&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Insecten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivoor&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Insecten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg/250px-Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg/375px-Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg/500px-Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption> Een <a href="/wiki/Xylocopa_virginica" title="Xylocopa virginica">Oosterse houtbij</a> (<i>Xylocopa virginica</i>) doorboort de bloemkroon om zich te voeden met een <a href="/wiki/Narcis" title="Narcis">narcis</a> (<i>Narcissus sp.</i>) </figcaption></figure> <p>Nectarivorie komt veel voor bij insecten. Sleutelfamilies met grote hoeveelheden nectarivoren zijn de kevers (<a href="/wiki/Kevers" title="Kevers">Coleoptera</a>), vlinders (<a href="/wiki/Vlinders" title="Vlinders">Lepidoptera</a>), tweevleugeligen (<a href="/wiki/Tweevleugeligen" title="Tweevleugeligen">Diptera</a>), vliesvleugeligen (<a href="/wiki/Vliesvleugeligen" title="Vliesvleugeligen">Hymenoptera</a>) en halfvleugeligen (<a href="/wiki/Halfvleugeligen" title="Halfvleugeligen">Hemiptera</a>). Sommige zijn bestuivers, maar niet allemaal: nectarrovers vermijden de voortplantingsorganen van planten geheel, met name die met diepe <a href="/wiki/Kroonblad" title="Kroonblad">bloemkronen</a>, door de basis van de bloem te doorboren en direct het <a href="/wiki/Nectar_(plant)" title="Nectar (plant)">honigbakje</a> te bereiken. Insectensoorten die aan nectarroven doen zijn onder andere <a href="/wiki/Xylocopa" title="Xylocopa">houtbijen</a> en soms <a href="/wiki/Honingbij" title="Honingbij">honingbijen</a> als ze nectar consumeren uit gaten die door anderen zijn gemaakt,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en mieren.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg/250px-Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg/375px-Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg/500px-Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption> Twee <i><a href="/wiki/Graphium_nomius" title="Graphium nomius">Graphium nomius</a></i> die vloeistoffen drinken uit modder voor mineralen </figcaption></figure> <p>Nectar-etende insecten halen voldoende water uit nectar om zelden te hoeven drinken, hoewel volwassen vlinders en motten mogelijk vloeistoffen uit modder, mest, of rottend vlees drinken om opgeloste stoffen te verkrijgen die niet overvloedig aanwezig zijn in nectar, met name <a href="/wiki/Zouten" title="Zouten">zouten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Aminozuur" title="Aminozuur">aminozuren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sommige vliegende nectarivoren, met name grotere bijen, verliezen onvoldoende water door <a href="/wiki/Evaporatie" title="Evaporatie">verdamping</a> tijdens de vlucht om hun hoge inname als gevolg van nectarvoeding te compenseren, evenals water dat <a href="/wiki/Stofwisseling" title="Stofwisseling">metabolisch</a> wordt geproduceerd tijdens het vliegen. Ze moeten het water tijdens de vlucht uitscheiden om waterbelasting te voorkomen, en kunnen bij de ingang van het nest wachten om een deel van hun waterbelasting te verdampen voordat ze wegvliegen.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spinachtigen">Spinachtigen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivoor&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Spinachtigen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivoor&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Spinachtigen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Er zijn aanwijzingen dat sommige spinnen, hoewel gewoonlijk wordt aangenomen dat ze uitsluitend <a href="/wiki/Carnivoor" title="Carnivoor">vleesetend zijn</a>, indirect nectar consumeren door nectarivore insecten te consumeren en/of direct uit bloemen. Dit gedrag komt vaker voor bij spinnen die tussen bladeren leven. Sommigen maken nectar tot hun belangrijkste voedselbron, zoals <i><a href="/wiki/Bagheera_kiplingi" title="Bagheera kiplingi">Bagheera kiplingi</a></i>, een lid van de <a href="/wiki/Springspinnen" title="Springspinnen">springspinnen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> terwijl anderen, zoals de <a href="/wiki/Krabspinnen" title="Krabspinnen">krabspinnen</a> opportunistischer eten. Geen van de spinnengroepen die op nectar voeden zijn web-wevende soorten, het zijn allemaal zwervende soorten.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zoogdieren">Zoogdieren</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivoor&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zoogdieren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivoor&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zoogdieren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_(IMG0526).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_%28IMG0526%29.jpg/250px-Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_%28IMG0526%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_%28IMG0526%29.jpg/375px-Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_%28IMG0526%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_%28IMG0526%29.jpg/500px-Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_%28IMG0526%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption> Een <a href="/wiki/Grijskopvleerhond" title="Grijskopvleerhond">grijskopvleerhond</a> (<i>Pteropus poliocephalus</i>) die zich aan nectar voedt, zijn gezicht en snuit bedekt met geel stuifmeel </figcaption></figure> <p>Veel soorten vleermuizen voeden zich met nectar, en hebben een levensstijl die lijkt op die van nectarivore vogels. Er is een aanzienlijke overlap tussen bloemen die worden bestoven door vleermuizen en kolibries - beide hebben een op dezelfde manier samengestelde nectar nodig om de energie-intensieve zweefvlucht vol te houden. </p><p>In Amerika is er een bijzonder nauwe associatie tussen sommige soorten zuilvormige <a href="/wiki/Cactusfamilie" title="Cactusfamilie">cactussen</a> en vleermuissoorten die bestuivingsdiensten leveren in ruil voor nectar met een samenstelling die past bij hun voedingsbehoeften.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nectarivore vleermuizen lopen een bijzonder risico op uitsterven vanwege hun afhankelijkheid van bepaalde soorten bloeiende planten.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Een enkele buideldiersoort, de <a href="/wiki/Slurfbuidelmuis" title="Slurfbuidelmuis">honingkoes</a>, voedt zich uitsluitend met nectar en stuifmeel. Ze brengt minder jongen groot, die daarnaast langzamer groeien dan andere buideldieren van dezelfde grootte, vanwege de tijdrovende inspanning van het drinken van nectar uit veel verschillende bloemen, waardoor ze minder energie overhoudt voor andere activiteiten.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREF2012"> (2012). <cite>Amino acids and protein profile in floral nectar: Much more than a simple reward</cite>. <i>Flora</i> 207 (7): 475–481. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2012.06.002">10.1016/j.flora.2012.06.002</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREFGartrell_B2000"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Gartrell B</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"></span>  (2000). <cite>The Nutritional, Morphologic, and Physiologic Bases of Nectarivory in Australian Birds</cite>. <i>Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery</i> 14 (2): 85–94. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1647/1082-6742(2000)014">[0085:TNMAPB</a>2.0.CO;2 10.1647/1082-6742(2000)014[0085:TNMAPB]2.0.CO;2].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREF2014"> (2014). <cite>Drinking problems on a 'simple' diet: physiological convergence in nectar-feeding birds</cite>. <i>J Exp Biol</i> 217 (7): 1015–23. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24671960">24671960</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.054387">10.1242/jeb.054387</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF1992_336"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Wiens, John A.</span> (1992). <cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecologybirdcommu00wien">The Ecology of Bird Communities: Processes and variations</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecologybirdcommu00wien/page/n336">336</a>. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780521426350" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780521426350">ISBN 9780521426350</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF1997"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Richard, A.J.</span> (1997). <cite><i>Plant breeding systems</i></cite>, Second. Chapman & Hall. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-412-57440-5" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-412-57440-5">ISBN 978-0-412-57440-5</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREF2014"> (2014). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/58922/1/Nicolson_Drinking_2014.pdf">Drinking problems on a 'simple' diet: physiological convergence in nectar-feeding birds</a></cite>. <i>J Exp Biol</i> 217 (7): 1015–23. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24671960">24671960</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.054387">10.1242/jeb.054387</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREF2014"> (2014). <cite>Parallel adaptations to nectarivory in parrots, key innovations and the diversification of the Loriinae</cite>. <i>Ecol Evol</i> 4 (14): 2045–7758. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25165525">25165525</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4130445">4130445</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1131">10.1002/ece3.1131</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2005"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pratt, H. Douglas</span> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2005-05-12">12 mei 2005</span>). <cite><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=-5IUDAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=nectar&f=false">The Hawaiian Honeycreepers: Drepanidinae</a></i></cite>. OUP Oxford. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-19-854653-5" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-0-19-854653-5">ISBN 978-0-19-854653-5</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREF2005"> (2005). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-ecology-and-sociobiology_2005-02_57_4/page/398">Net energetic advantage drives honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) to nectar larceny in <i>Vaccinium ashei</i> Reade</a></cite>. <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i> 57 (4): 398–403. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-004-0852-z">10.1007/s00265-004-0852-z</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREF1988"> (1988). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_oecologia_1988-02_75_1/page/153">Adverse effects on pollen exposed to Atta texana and other North American ants: implications for ant pollination</a></cite>. <i>Oecologia</i> 75 (1): 153–155. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28311849">28311849</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378829">10.1007/BF00378829</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREF1999"> (1999). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_oecologia_1999-04_119_1/page/140">Mud-puddling behavior in tropical butterflies: in search of proteins or minerals?</a></cite>. <i>Oecologia</i> 119 (1): 140–148. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28308154">28308154</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050770">10.1007/s004420050770</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREFNicolson_S2009"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Nicolson S</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"></span>  (2009). <cite>Water homeostasis in bees, with the emphasis on sociality</cite>. <i>J Exp Biol</i> 212 (3): 429–434. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19151218">19151218</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.022343">10.1242/jeb.022343</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2009"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mihai, Andrei</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zmescience.com/research/studies/first-mainly-vegetarian-spider-found/">First (mainly) vegetarian spider found</a>. ZME Science (Oct 13, 2009). </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREF2001"> (2001). <cite>Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) that feed on nectar</cite>. <i>J. Zool.</i> 255 (1): 1469–7998. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S095283690100108X">10.1017/S095283690100108X</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREF2009"> (2009). <cite>Herbivory in a spider through exploitation of an ant–plant mutualism</cite>. <i>Curr. Biol.</i> 19 (19): 892–893. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19825348">19825348</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.049">10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.049</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREF2008"> (2008). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-entomology_2008-08_37_4/page/996">Nectar Feeding by Wandering Spiders on Cotton Plants</a></cite>. <i>Environ. Entomol.</i> 37 (4): 996–1002. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18801266">18801266</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/37.4.996">10.1093/ee/37.4.996</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREF1997"> (1997). <cite>Comparative pollination biology of Venezuelan columnar cacti and the role of nectar-feeding bats in their sexual reproduction</cite>. <i>Am. J. Bot.</i> 84 (7): 918–927. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708646">21708646</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2446282">10.2307/2446282</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREF1999"> (1999). <cite>Conservation Biology of Nectar-Feeding Bats in Mexico</cite>. <i>J. Mammal.</i> 80 (1): 31–41. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1383205">10.2307/1383205</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="TEST__CITEREF1986"> (1986). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-zoology_1986-02_208_2/page/285">Adaptations to a diet of nectar and pollen in the marsupial Tarsipes rostratus (Marsupialia: Tarsipedidae)</a></cite>. <i>J. Zool.</i> 208 (2): 285–297. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb01515.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb01515.x</a>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Voedingsfysiologie,_dieren_en_micro-organismen"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_voedingsgewoontes" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_voedingsgewoontes&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Voedingsfysiologie,_dieren_en_micro-organismen" class="navigatie-titel">Voedingsfysiologie, dieren en micro-organismen</div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b><a href="/wiki/Carnivoor" title="Carnivoor">Carnivorie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Avivoor" title="Avivoor">avivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Formicivoor" title="Formicivoor">formicivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hematofaag" title="Hematofaag">hematofaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hypercarnivoor" title="Hypercarnivoor">hypercarnivoor</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocarnivoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypocarnivoor (de pagina bestaat niet)">hypocarnivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Insectivoor_(ecologie)" title="Insectivoor (ecologie)">insectivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kannibalisme" title="Kannibalisme">kannibalisme</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepidofaag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepidofaag (de pagina bestaat niet)">lepidofaag</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesocarnivoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesocarnivoor (de pagina bestaat niet)">mesocarnivoor</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molluscivoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molluscivoor (de pagina bestaat niet)">molluscivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nematovoor" title="Nematovoor">nematovoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ophifaag" title="Ophifaag">ophifaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Piscivoor" title="Piscivoor">piscivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spongivoor" title="Spongivoor">spongivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vermivoor" title="Vermivoor">vermivoor</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Herbivoor" title="Herbivoor">Herbivorie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Folivoor" title="Folivoor">folivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fungivoor" title="Fungivoor">fungivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Frugivoor" title="Frugivoor">frugivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Graminivoor" title="Graminivoor">graminivoor</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granivoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granivoor (de pagina bestaat niet)">granivoor</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">nectarivoor</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osteofagie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osteofagie (de pagina bestaat niet)">osteofagie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Palynivoor" title="Palynivoor">palynivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Xylofaag" title="Xylofaag">xylofaag</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Embryonaal:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Adelfofagie" title="Adelfofagie">adelfofagie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Matrofagie" title="Matrofagie">matrofagie</a> · <a href="/wiki/O%C3%B6fagie" title="Oöfagie">oöfagie</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedofagie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedofagie (de pagina bestaat niet)">pedofagie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Placentofagie" title="Placentofagie">placentofagie</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Cellulair:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Endocytose" title="Endocytose">endocytose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" title="Endosymbiose">endosymbiose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fagocytose" title="Fagocytose">fagocytose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kleptoplastie" title="Kleptoplastie">kleptoplastie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Myzocytose" title="Myzocytose">myzocytose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pinocytose" title="Pinocytose">pinocytose</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Overige:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bacterivoor" title="Bacterivoor">bacterivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Commensalisme" title="Commensalisme">commensalisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Coprofagie" title="Coprofagie">coprofagie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Detrivoor" title="Detrivoor">detrivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geofagie" title="Geofagie">geofagie</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microbivoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microbivoor (de pagina bestaat niet)">microbivoor </a> · <a href="/wiki/Mutualisme" title="Mutualisme">mutualisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Omnivoor" title="Omnivoor">omnivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parasiet" title="Parasiet">parasitisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Planktivoor" title="Planktivoor">planktivoor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Saprofagie" title="Saprofagie">saprofagie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Xenofagie" title="Xenofagie">xenofagie</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div>    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