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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_background_makeup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_background_makeup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Origin background makeup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_background_makeup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums,_libraries_and_archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums,_libraries_and_archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Museums, libraries and archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums,_libraries_and_archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music,_film,_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music,_film,_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Popular music, film, festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_music,_film,_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurovision_Song_Contest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurovision_Song_Contest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Eurovision Song Contest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurovision_Song_Contest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Rivalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Green_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Green activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marathon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marathon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Marathon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marathon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tennis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tennis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Tennis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tennis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tour_de_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tour_de_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Tour de France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tour_de_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Rowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Field hockey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baseball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Baseball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Boxing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swimming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swimming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>Swimming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swimming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sailing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sailing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.10</span> <span>Sailing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sailing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorcycle_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorcycle_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.11</span> <span>Motorcycle racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorcycle_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sportsmen_of_the_year_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sportsmen_of_the_year_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.12</span> <span>Sportsmen of the year election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sportsmen_of_the_year_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_famous_Rotterdam_athletes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_famous_Rotterdam_athletes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.13</span> <span>Other famous Rotterdam athletes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_famous_Rotterdam_athletes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yearly_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yearly_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Yearly events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yearly_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motorways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Motorways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Airport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Train</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Railway stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Metro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Tram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_RoMeO_Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_RoMeO_Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>The RoMeO Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_RoMeO_Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterbus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterbus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.9</span> <span>Waterbus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterbus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.10</span> <span>Ferry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Twin towns – Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partner_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partner_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Partner cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partner_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Sister ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_named_after_Rotterdam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_named_after_Rotterdam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Places named after Rotterdam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_named_after_Rotterdam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rotterdam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%9D" title="ሮተርዳም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሮተርዳም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="روتردام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روتردام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%9B%DC%AA%DC%95%DC%90%DC%A1" title="ܪܘܛܪܕܐܡ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܘܛܪܕܐܡ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot%C3%A8rdame" title="Rotèrdame – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Rotèrdame" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="রটার্ডাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রটার্ডাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Роттердам – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Роттердам" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ротэрдам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ротэрдам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ратэрдам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ратэрдам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ротердам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ротердам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Роттердам – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Роттердам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam_(lungsod_sa_Olandres)" title="Rotterdam (lungsod sa Olandres) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rotterdam (lungsod sa Olandres)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Ρότερνταμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρότερνταμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Роттердам ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Роттердам ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3terdam" title="Róterdam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Róterdam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roterdamo" title="Roterdamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roterdamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="روتردام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روتردام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%ED%85%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%B4" title="로테르담 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로테르담" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Ռոտերդամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոտերդամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="रॉटर्डम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रॉटर्डम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Роттердам – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Роттердам" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9D" title="רוטרדם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוטרדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="როტერდამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="როტერდამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Роттердам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роттердам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Роттердам – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Роттердам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roterodamum" title="Roterodamum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Roterodamum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roterdama" title="Roterdama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roterdama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roterdamas" title="Roterdamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Roterdamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="रोटरड्याम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रोटरड्याम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ротердам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ротердам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE" title="रॉटरडॅम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉटरडॅम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="روتردام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روتردام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Роттэрдам – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Роттэрдам" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Роттердам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Роттердам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ရော်တာဒမ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရော်တာဒမ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6tterdaam" title="Rötterdaam – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rötterdaam" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0" title="ロッテルダム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロッテルダム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Роттердам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Роттердам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="راٹرڈیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="راٹرڈیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="روتردام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روتردام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roterd%C3%A3o" title="Roterdão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roterdão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Роттердам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Роттердам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roterdami" title="Roterdami – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Roterdami" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ڕۆتەردام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆتەردام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ротердам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ротердам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ராட்டர்டேம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ராட்டர்டேம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Роттердам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Роттердам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="รอตเทอร์ดาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอตเทอร์ดาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Роттердам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роттердам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%88%D9%85" title="روٹرڈم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روٹرڈم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rott%C3%A9rdam" title="Rottérdam – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Rottérdam" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="鹿特丹 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鹿特丹" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9D" title="ראטערדאם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראטערדאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="鹿特丹 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鹿特丹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9" title="鹿特丹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鹿特丹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rotterdam&params=51.92_N_4.48_E_region:NL_type:city(664311)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°55′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°29′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.92°N 4.48°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.92; 4.48</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in South Holland, Netherlands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rotterdam (disambiguation)">Rotterdam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and municipality in South Holland, Netherlands</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Rotterdam</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_Rotterdam,_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Maassilo,_Rotterdam,_The_Netherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rotterdam skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_view_of_Rotterdam%2C_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Maassilo%2C_Rotterdam%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg/268px-A_view_of_Rotterdam%2C_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Maassilo%2C_Rotterdam%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_view_of_Rotterdam%2C_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Maassilo%2C_Rotterdam%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg/402px-A_view_of_Rotterdam%2C_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Maassilo%2C_Rotterdam%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_view_of_Rotterdam%2C_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Maassilo%2C_Rotterdam%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg/536px-A_view_of_Rotterdam%2C_taken_from_the_roof_of_the_Maassilo%2C_Rotterdam%2C_The_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5493" data-file-height="3661" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Rotterdam" title="List of tallest buildings in Rotterdam">Rotterdam skyline</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurenskerk,_Rotterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lawrence Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Laurenskerk%2C_Rotterdam.jpg/91px-Laurenskerk%2C_Rotterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Laurenskerk%2C_Rotterdam.jpg/137px-Laurenskerk%2C_Rotterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Laurenskerk%2C_Rotterdam.jpg/182px-Laurenskerk%2C_Rotterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5062" data-file-height="7087" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Grote_of_Sint-Laurenskerk_(Rotterdam)" title="Grote of Sint-Laurenskerk (Rotterdam)">Lawrence Church</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:93px;max-width:93px"><div style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_zadkine_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Destroyed City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rotterdam_zadkine_monument.jpg/91px-Rotterdam_zadkine_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rotterdam_zadkine_monument.jpg/137px-Rotterdam_zadkine_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Rotterdam_zadkine_monument.jpg/182px-Rotterdam_zadkine_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="2065" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Destroyed_City" title="The Destroyed City">The Destroyed City</a></i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_euromast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Euromast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rotterdam_euromast.jpg/78px-Rotterdam_euromast.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rotterdam_euromast.jpg/117px-Rotterdam_euromast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rotterdam_euromast.jpg/156px-Rotterdam_euromast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1795" data-file-height="2947" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Euromast" title="Euromast">Euromast</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_-_Cube_houses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cube houses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Rotterdam_-_Cube_houses.jpg/107px-Rotterdam_-_Cube_houses.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Rotterdam_-_Cube_houses.jpg/161px-Rotterdam_-_Cube_houses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Rotterdam_-_Cube_houses.jpg/214px-Rotterdam_-_Cube_houses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cube_house" title="Cube house">Cube houses</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div style="height:80px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="De Kuip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg/157px-Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg/236px-Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg/314px-Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1429" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/De_Kuip" title="De Kuip">De Kuip</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam-Delfshaven,_havenzicht1_foto12_2011-01-09_12.51.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Historic town centre of Delfshaven" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rotterdam-Delfshaven%2C_havenzicht1_foto12_2011-01-09_12.51.JPG/132px-Rotterdam-Delfshaven%2C_havenzicht1_foto12_2011-01-09_12.51.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rotterdam-Delfshaven%2C_havenzicht1_foto12_2011-01-09_12.51.JPG/198px-Rotterdam-Delfshaven%2C_havenzicht1_foto12_2011-01-09_12.51.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rotterdam-Delfshaven%2C_havenzicht1_foto12_2011-01-09_12.51.JPG/264px-Rotterdam-Delfshaven%2C_havenzicht1_foto12_2011-01-09_12.51.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Historic town centre of <a href="/wiki/Delfshaven" title="Delfshaven">Delfshaven</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maasvlakte-22OKT2022-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Port of Rotterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Maasvlakte-22OKT2022-1.jpg/132px-Maasvlakte-22OKT2022-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Maasvlakte-22OKT2022-1.jpg/198px-Maasvlakte-22OKT2022-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Maasvlakte-22OKT2022-1.jpg/264px-Maasvlakte-22OKT2022-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam" title="Port of Rotterdam">Port of Rotterdam</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Rotterdam"><img alt="Flag of Rotterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg/100px-Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg/150px-Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg/200px-Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rotterdam" title="Flag of Rotterdam">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_wapen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Rotterdam"><img alt="Coat of arms of Rotterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rotterdam_wapen.svg/100px-Rotterdam_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rotterdam_wapen.svg/150px-Rotterdam_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rotterdam_wapen.svg/200px-Rotterdam_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="738" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Rotterdam" title="Coat of arms of Rotterdam">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemeente_Rotterdam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Rotterdam"><img alt="Official logo of Rotterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gemeente_Rotterdam.svg/100px-Gemeente_Rotterdam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gemeente_Rotterdam.svg/150px-Gemeente_Rotterdam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gemeente_Rotterdam.svg/200px-Gemeente_Rotterdam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">Brandmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Rotown, Roffa, Rotjeknor, Nultien, 010</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Sterker door strijd <i>(Stronger through effort)</i></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LocatieRotterdam-2010.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in South Holland"><img alt="Highlighted position of Rotterdam in a municipal map of South Holland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/LocatieRotterdam-2010.png/250px-LocatieRotterdam-2010.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/LocatieRotterdam-2010.png 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="130" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in South Holland</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P08-ZH-positiekaart2-gemlabels.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotterdam is located in South Holland"><img alt="Rotterdam is located in South Holland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/P08-ZH-positiekaart2-gemlabels.png/250px-P08-ZH-positiekaart2-gemlabels.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/P08-ZH-positiekaart2-gemlabels.png/375px-P08-ZH-positiekaart2-gemlabels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/P08-ZH-positiekaart2-gemlabels.png/500px-P08-ZH-positiekaart2-gemlabels.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="1166" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.059%;left:48.601%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rotterdam"><img alt="Rotterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Rotterdam</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of South Holland</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Netherlands_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotterdam is located in Netherlands"><img alt="Rotterdam is located in Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Netherlands_location_map.svg/250px-Netherlands_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Netherlands_location_map.svg/375px-Netherlands_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Netherlands_location_map.svg/500px-Netherlands_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.419%;left:31.364%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rotterdam"><img alt="Rotterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Rotterdam</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Netherlands</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotterdam is located in Europe"><img alt="Rotterdam is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.978%;left:28.578%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rotterdam"><img alt="Rotterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Rotterdam</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rotterdam&params=51.92_N_4.48_E_region:NL_type:city(664311)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°55′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°29′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.92°N 4.48°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.92; 4.48</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zuid-Holland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Districts</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Fourteen</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Centrum" title="Rotterdam Centrum">Centrum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Charlois" title="Charlois">Charlois</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Delfshaven" title="Delfshaven">Delfshaven</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Feijenoord" title="Feijenoord">Feijenoord</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hillegersberg-Schiebroek" title="Hillegersberg-Schiebroek">Hillegersberg-Schiebroek</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hoogvliet" title="Hoogvliet">Hoogvliet</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hook_of_Holland" title="Hook of Holland">Hook of Holland</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/IJsselmonde,_Rotterdam" title="IJsselmonde, Rotterdam">IJsselmonde</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kralingen-Crooswijk" title="Kralingen-Crooswijk">Kralingen-Crooswijk</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Noord,_Rotterdam" title="Noord, Rotterdam">Noord</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Overschie" title="Overschie">Overschie</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pernis,_Netherlands" title="Pernis, Netherlands">Pernis</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Prins_Alexander" title="Prins Alexander">Prins Alexander</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rozenburg" title="Rozenburg">Rozenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)" title="Municipal council (Netherlands)">Municipal council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Rotterdam" title="List of mayors of Rotterdam">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carola_Schouten" title="Carola Schouten">Carola Schouten</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_(Netherlands)" title="Christian Union (Netherlands)">CU</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Municipal_executive" title="Municipal executive">Aldermen</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Robert Simons <a href="/wiki/Livable_Rotterdam" title="Livable Rotterdam">(LR)</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Ronald Buijt (LR)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Maarten Struijvenberg (LR)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Vincent Karremans <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">(VVD)</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Tim Versnel (VVD)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Chantal Zeegers <a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">(D66)</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Said Kasmi (D66)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Faouzi Achbar <a href="/wiki/DENK_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="DENK (political party)">(DENK)</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Natasha Mohamed-Hoesein (DENK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rietveld_2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rietveld_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Municipality</div></th><td class="infobox-data">324.14 km<sup>2</sup> (125.15 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">217.55 km<sup>2</sup> (84.00 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">106.59 km<sup>2</sup> (41.15 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,043 km<sup>2</sup> (1,175 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(1 January 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-Rietveld_2012_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rietveld_2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Municipality</div></th><td class="infobox-data">664,311</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,995/km<sup>2</sup> (7,760/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,273,385</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,390,101 <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,366,078</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rotterdammer</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_the_Netherlands" title="Postal codes in the Netherlands">Postcode</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">3000–3099</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telephone numbers in the Netherlands">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">010</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rotterdam.nl">rotterdam.nl</a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_a22b502bc3cfc4c6fabeb3b0ac1c1e7de1e848cd"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Rotterdam&revid=1258912686&groups=_a22b502bc3cfc4c6fabeb3b0ac1c1e7de1e848cd" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Rotterdam&revid=1258912686&groups=_a22b502bc3cfc4c6fabeb3b0ac1c1e7de1e848cd 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Click on the map for a fullscreen view</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rotterdam</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ROT</span>-ər-dam</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ROT</span>-ər-<span style="font-size:90%">DAM</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˌrɔtərˈdɑm]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/51\/Nl-Rotterdam.ogg\/Nl-Rotterdam.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Rotterdam.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Nl-Rotterdam.ogg/Nl-Rotterdam.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Rotterdam.ogg" title="File:Nl-Rotterdam.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The Dam on the River <a href="/wiki/Rotte_(river)" title="Rotte (river)">Rotte</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is the second-largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> after the national capital of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. It is in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine%E2%80%93Meuse%E2%80%93Scheldt_delta" title="Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta">Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Maas" title="Nieuwe Maas"><i>"New Meuse"</i></a> inland shipping channel, dug to connect to the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> at first and now to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. </p><p>Rotterdam's history goes back to 1270, when a <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> was constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Rotte_(river)" title="Rotte (river)">Rotte</a>. In 1340, Rotterdam was granted city rights by <a href="/wiki/William_II,_Count_of_Hainaut" title="William II, Count of Hainaut">William IV, Count of Holland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam%E2%80%93The_Hague_metropolitan_area" title="Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area">Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area</a>, with a population of approximately 2.7 million, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">10th-largest in the European Union</a> and the most populous in the country. </p><p>A major logistic and economic centre, Rotterdam is <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam" title="Port of Rotterdam">Europe's largest seaport</a>. In 2022, Rotterdam had a population of 655,468 and is home to over 180 different nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rotterdam is known for its <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus University Rotterdam">university</a>, riverside setting, lively cultural life, maritime heritage and modern <a href="#Architecture">architecture</a>. The near-complete destruction of the city centre during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">German bombing</a> has resulted in a varied architectural landscape, including <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a> designed by architects such as <a href="/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas" title="Rem Koolhaas">Rem Koolhaas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piet_Blom" title="Piet Blom">Piet Blom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_van_Berkel" title="Ben van Berkel">Ben van Berkel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Academy_of_Urbanism_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Urbanism-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> give waterway access into the heart of Western Europe, including the highly industrialized <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a>. The extensive distribution system including rail, roads, and waterways have earned Rotterdam the nicknames "Gateway to Europe" and "Gateway to the World".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rotterdam" title="Timeline of Rotterdam">Timeline of Rotterdam</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_Map_by_Frederick_De_Wit_c1690.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rotterdam_Map_by_Frederick_De_Wit_c1690.jpg/220px-Rotterdam_Map_by_Frederick_De_Wit_c1690.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rotterdam_Map_by_Frederick_De_Wit_c1690.jpg/330px-Rotterdam_Map_by_Frederick_De_Wit_c1690.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rotterdam_Map_by_Frederick_De_Wit_c1690.jpg/440px-Rotterdam_Map_by_Frederick_De_Wit_c1690.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11266" data-file-height="9002" /></a><figcaption>Map of Rotterdam by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_de_Wit" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick de Wit">Frederick de Wit</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1690</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The settlement at the lower end of the <a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">fen</a> stream <i><a href="/wiki/Rotte_(river)" title="Rotte (river)">Rotte</a></i> (or <i>Rotta</i>, as it was then known, from <i>rot</i>, "muddy" and <i>a</i>, "water", thus "muddy water") dates from at least the year 950.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1150, large <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a> in the area ended development, leading to the construction of protective <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">dikes</a> and dams, including <i>Schielands Hoge Zeedijk</i> ("Schieland's High Sea Dike") along the northern banks of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Maas" title="Nieuwe Maas">Nieuwe Maas</a> river. A dam on the Rotte was built in the 1260s and was located at the present-day <i>Hoogstraat</i> ("High Street"). </p><p>On 7 July 1340, Count <a href="/wiki/William_II,_Count_of_Hainaut" title="William II, Count of Hainaut">Willem IV of Holland</a> granted <a href="/wiki/City_rights_in_the_Low_Countries" title="City rights in the Low Countries">city rights</a> to Rotterdam, which then had a population of only a few thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the year 1350, a shipping canal (the <i><a href="/wiki/Schie" title="Schie">Rotterdamse Schie</a></i>) was completed, which provided Rotterdam access to the larger towns in the north, allowing it to become a local trans-shipment centre between the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1600's, Rotterdam was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. According to historian Gerhard de Kok, "Rotterdam merchants were the pioneers of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dutch_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Dutch slavery">Dutch slave trade</a>". From the 17th century until 1814, when the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">United Netherlands</a> abolished the Netherland's involvement in the slave trade at the request of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a>, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ships</a> from Rotterdam sailed to <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular trade</a>. Rotterdam merchants also sold significant quantities of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>-based slave ships.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_Rotterdam_-_Delftsevaart,_c._1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_Rotterdam_-_Delftsevaart%2C_c._1895.jpg/220px-Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_Rotterdam_-_Delftsevaart%2C_c._1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_Rotterdam_-_Delftsevaart%2C_c._1895.jpg/330px-Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_Rotterdam_-_Delftsevaart%2C_c._1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_Rotterdam_-_Delftsevaart%2C_c._1895.jpg/440px-Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_Rotterdam_-_Delftsevaart%2C_c._1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3253" data-file-height="2367" /></a><figcaption>The Delftsevaart, c. 1890–1905</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standbeeld_Maagd_van_Nederland,_Nieuwe_Markt,_Rotterdam,_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Standbeeld_Maagd_van_Nederland%2C_Nieuwe_Markt%2C_Rotterdam%2C_1915.jpg/220px-Standbeeld_Maagd_van_Nederland%2C_Nieuwe_Markt%2C_Rotterdam%2C_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Standbeeld_Maagd_van_Nederland%2C_Nieuwe_Markt%2C_Rotterdam%2C_1915.jpg/330px-Standbeeld_Maagd_van_Nederland%2C_Nieuwe_Markt%2C_Rotterdam%2C_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Standbeeld_Maagd_van_Nederland%2C_Nieuwe_Markt%2C_Rotterdam%2C_1915.jpg/440px-Standbeeld_Maagd_van_Nederland%2C_Nieuwe_Markt%2C_Rotterdam%2C_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4759" data-file-height="3074" /></a><figcaption>Nieuwe Markt, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>The port of Rotterdam grew slowly but steadily into a port of importance, becoming the seat of one of the six "chambers" of the <i>Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</i> (VOC), the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> and one of the five "chambers" of the <i> West-Indische Compagnie</i> (WIC), the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>. </p><p>The greatest spurt of growth, both in port activity and population, followed the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Waterweg" title="Nieuwe Waterweg">Nieuwe Waterweg</a> in 1872. The city and harbour started to expand on the south bank of the river. The <i><a href="/wiki/Witte_Huis" title="Witte Huis">Witte Huis</a></i> or <i>White House</i> skyscraper,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inspired by American office buildings and built in 1898 in the French <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau style</a>, is evidence of Rotterdam's rapid growth and success. When completed, it was the tallest office building in Europe, with a height of 45 m (147.64 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam,_Laurenskerk,_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg/220px-Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg/330px-Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg/440px-Rotterdam%2C_Laurenskerk%2C_na_bombardement_van_mei_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2269" /></a><figcaption>Rotterdam centre after the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Blitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Blitz">1940 bombing of Rotterdam</a>. The ruined <a href="/wiki/Grote_of_Sint-Laurenskerk_(Rotterdam)" title="Grote of Sint-Laurenskerk (Rotterdam)">St. Lawrence Church</a> has been restored.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam-Kop_van_Zuid,_World_Portcenter,_Montevideo_en_hotel_New_York_foto12_2011-01-09_14.12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rotterdam-Kop_van_Zuid%2C_World_Portcenter%2C_Montevideo_en_hotel_New_York_foto12_2011-01-09_14.12.JPG/220px-Rotterdam-Kop_van_Zuid%2C_World_Portcenter%2C_Montevideo_en_hotel_New_York_foto12_2011-01-09_14.12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rotterdam-Kop_van_Zuid%2C_World_Portcenter%2C_Montevideo_en_hotel_New_York_foto12_2011-01-09_14.12.JPG/330px-Rotterdam-Kop_van_Zuid%2C_World_Portcenter%2C_Montevideo_en_hotel_New_York_foto12_2011-01-09_14.12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rotterdam-Kop_van_Zuid%2C_World_Portcenter%2C_Montevideo_en_hotel_New_York_foto12_2011-01-09_14.12.JPG/440px-Rotterdam-Kop_van_Zuid%2C_World_Portcenter%2C_Montevideo_en_hotel_New_York_foto12_2011-01-09_14.12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">Tower blocks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kop_van_Zuid" title="Kop van Zuid">Kop van Zuid</a> neighbourhood</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the city was the world's largest spy centre because of Dutch neutrality and its strategic location between Britain, Germany and German-occupied Belgium. Many spies who were arrested and executed in Britain were led by German secret agents operating from Rotterdam. <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> had its main European office on de Boompjes. From there the British coordinated espionage in Germany and occupied Belgium. During World War I, an average of 25,000 Belgian refugees lived in the city, as well as hundreds of German deserters and escaped Allied prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the German army <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">invaded the Netherlands</a> on 10 May 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had hoped to conquer the country in just one day, but his forces met unexpectedly fierce resistance. The Dutch army was forced to capitulate on 15 May 1940, following the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Blitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Blitz">bombing of Rotterdam</a> on 14 May and the threat of bombing other Dutch cities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmersfoort2005369_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmersfoort2005369-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGötzel1980149,_150_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGötzel1980149,_150-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heart of Rotterdam was almost completely destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>. Some 80,000 civilians were made homeless and 900 were killed; a relatively low number since many had fled the city because of the warfare and bombing going on in Rotterdam since the start of the invasion three days earlier. The City Hall survived the bombing. <a href="/wiki/Ossip_Zadkine" title="Ossip Zadkine">Ossip Zadkine</a> later attempted to capture the event with his statue <i><a href="/wiki/De_Verwoeste_Stad" class="mw-redirect" title="De Verwoeste Stad">De Verwoeste Stad</a></i> ('The Destroyed City'). The statue stands near the Leuvehaven, not far from the <a href="/wiki/Erasmusbrug" title="Erasmusbrug">Erasmusbrug</a> in the centre of the city, on the north shore of the river Nieuwe Maas. In 1941, 11,000 Jews still lived in Rotterdam. Before the war there were 13,000. Between 30 July 1942, and 22 April 1943, 6,790 people were deported in 8 transports via Loods 24. The vast majority of the Jews who were deported via Loods 24 were murdered in <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>. Research in 2000 showed that 144 people survived the deportations. In 2013 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Children%27s_Monument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish Children's Monument (page does not exist)">Jewish Children's Monument</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joods_Kindermonument_(Rotterdam)" class="extiw" title="nl:Joods Kindermonument (Rotterdam)">nl</a>]</span> was unveiled. </p><p>In January 1948, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Queen Wilhelmina</a> presented the motto 'Sterker door strijd' (Stronger through effort) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Rotterdam" title="Coat of arms of Rotterdam">coat of arms of Rotterdam</a> to the city government: </p><p><i>...as a reminder also for posterity of the courage and strength with which the people of Rotterdam bore all the trials of the war and the important part they took in the liberation of the fatherland....</i> —Wilhelmina of the Netherlands </p><p>Rotterdam was gradually rebuilt from the 1950s through to the 1970s. Because the city centre was largely destroyed, new spatial infrastructure could be built, making it an open and modern city. In 1953 the <a href="/wiki/Lijnbaan" title="Lijnbaan">Lijnbaan</a> was opened, the first car-free shopping street in Europe. The progressive design attracted a lot of international attention, in which film and television played an important role.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Centraal_station" title="Rotterdam Centraal station">Central Station</a> was completed in 1957, with the <a href="/wiki/Groothandelsgebouw" title="Groothandelsgebouw">Groothandelsgebouw</a> from 1953 next to it. The <a href="/wiki/Euromast" title="Euromast">Euromast</a> was erected in 1960 on the occasion of the <a href="/wiki/Floriade_(Netherlands)" title="Floriade (Netherlands)">Floriade</a>. From the 1980s onwards the city councils began developing an active architectural policy. The harbours were moving westwards and the old environment had to be reshaped. Daring and new styles of <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">apartments</a>, office buildings and recreation facilities resulted in a more '<a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">livable</a>' city centre with a new skyline. In the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Kop_van_Zuid" title="Kop van Zuid">Kop van Zuid</a> was built on the south bank of the river as a new business centre. Rotterdam was voted 2015 European City of the Year by the Academy of Urbanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Academy_of_Urbanism_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academy_of_Urbanism-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A profile of Rem Koolhaas in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> begins "If you put the last 50 years of architecture in a blender, and spat it out in building-sized chunks across the skyline, you would probably end up with something that looked a bit like Rotterdam".<sup id="cite_ref-Wainwright_2013_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wainwright_2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rotterdam-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg/340px-Rotterdam-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rotterdam-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg/510px-Rotterdam-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rotterdam-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg/680px-Rotterdam-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4580" data-file-height="4522" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map image of Rotterdam (city), as of September 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotterdam is divided into a northern and a southern part by the river Nieuwe Maas, connected by (from west to east): the Beneluxtunnel; the <a href="/wiki/Maastunnel" title="Maastunnel">Maastunnel</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Erasmusbrug" title="Erasmusbrug">Erasmusbrug</a>; a subway tunnel; the Willemsspoortunnel ('Willems railway tunnel'); the <a href="/wiki/Willemsbrug" title="Willemsbrug">Willemsbrug</a> ('Willems Bridge') together with the Koninginnebrug ('Queen's Bridge'); and the <a href="/wiki/Van_Brienenoordbrug" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Brienenoordbrug">Van Brienenoordbrug</a> ('Van Brienenoord Bridge'). The former railway lift bridge <a href="/wiki/De_Hef" title="De Hef">De Hef</a> ('the Lift') is preserved as a <a href="/wiki/Rijksmonument" title="Rijksmonument">Rijksmonument</a> (national heritage site) in lifted position between the <a href="/wiki/Noordereiland" title="Noordereiland">Noordereiland</a> ('North Island') and the south of Rotterdam. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Rotterdam_from_the_Euromast,_Rotterdam-Centrum,_Rotterdam_(2023)_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_of_Rotterdam_from_the_Euromast%2C_Rotterdam-Centrum%2C_Rotterdam_%282023%29_08.jpg/220px-View_of_Rotterdam_from_the_Euromast%2C_Rotterdam-Centrum%2C_Rotterdam_%282023%29_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_of_Rotterdam_from_the_Euromast%2C_Rotterdam-Centrum%2C_Rotterdam_%282023%29_08.jpg/330px-View_of_Rotterdam_from_the_Euromast%2C_Rotterdam-Centrum%2C_Rotterdam_%282023%29_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/View_of_Rotterdam_from_the_Euromast%2C_Rotterdam-Centrum%2C_Rotterdam_%282023%29_08.jpg/440px-View_of_Rotterdam_from_the_Euromast%2C_Rotterdam-Centrum%2C_Rotterdam_%282023%29_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>View of Rotterdam from the Euromast</figcaption></figure> <p>The city centre is located on the northern bank of the Nieuwe Maas, although recent urban development has extended the centre to parts of southern Rotterdam known as <a href="/wiki/Kop_van_Zuid" title="Kop van Zuid">Kop van Zuid</a> ('the Head of South', i.e. the northern part of southern Rotterdam). From its inland core, Rotterdam reaches the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> by a swathe of predominantly harbour area. </p><p>Built mostly behind dikes, large parts of Rotterdam are below sea level. For instance, the Prins Alexander Polder in the northeast of Rotterdam extends 6 m (20 ft) below sea level, or rather below <a href="/wiki/Normaal_Amsterdams_Peil" class="mw-redirect" title="Normaal Amsterdams Peil">Normaal Amsterdams Peil</a> (NAP) or 'Amsterdam Ordnance Datum'. The lowest point in the Netherlands (6.76 m (22.2 ft) below NAP) is situated just to the east of Rotterdam, in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Nieuwerkerk_aan_den_IJssel" title="Nieuwerkerk aan den IJssel">Nieuwerkerk aan den IJssel</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_by_Sentinel-2,_2018-06-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rotterdam_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2018-06-30.jpg/220px-Rotterdam_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2018-06-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rotterdam_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2018-06-30.jpg/330px-Rotterdam_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2018-06-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rotterdam_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2018-06-30.jpg/440px-Rotterdam_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2018-06-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5630" data-file-height="3718" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Rotterdam and its port</figcaption></figure><p> The <a href="/wiki/Rotte_(river)" title="Rotte (river)">Rotte</a> river no longer joins the Nieuwe Maas directly. Since the early 1980s, when the construction of Rotterdam's second underground line interfered with the Rotte's course, its waters have been pumped through a pipe into the Nieuwe Maas via the Boerengat. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metropoolregio_Rotterdam_Den_Haag_(Rotterdam_The_Hague_Metropolitan_Area).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Metropoolregio_Rotterdam_Den_Haag_%28Rotterdam_The_Hague_Metropolitan_Area%29.svg/220px-Metropoolregio_Rotterdam_Den_Haag_%28Rotterdam_The_Hague_Metropolitan_Area%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Metropoolregio_Rotterdam_Den_Haag_%28Rotterdam_The_Hague_Metropolitan_Area%29.svg/330px-Metropoolregio_Rotterdam_Den_Haag_%28Rotterdam_The_Hague_Metropolitan_Area%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Metropoolregio_Rotterdam_Den_Haag_%28Rotterdam_The_Hague_Metropolitan_Area%29.svg/440px-Metropoolregio_Rotterdam_Den_Haag_%28Rotterdam_The_Hague_Metropolitan_Area%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>The 24 municipalities of the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam%E2%80%93The_Hague_metropolitan_area" title="Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area">Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Between the summers of 2003 and 2008, an artificial <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a> was created at the Boompjeskade along the Nieuwe Maas, between the Erasmus Bridge and the Willems Bridge. <a href="/wiki/Human_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Human swimming">Swimming</a> was not possible, digging pits was limited to the height of the layer of <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, about 50 cm (20 in). Alternatively, people go to the beach of <a href="/wiki/Hook_of_Holland" title="Hook of Holland">Hook of Holland</a> (which is a Rotterdam district) or one of the beaches in <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Renesse" title="Renesse">Renesse</a> or the Zuid Hollandse Eilanden: <a href="/wiki/Ouddorp" title="Ouddorp">Ouddorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oostvoorne" title="Oostvoorne">Oostvoorne</a>. </p><p>Rotterdam forms the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Rijnmond" title="Rijnmond">Rijnmond</a> conurbation, bordering the conurbation surrounding <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> to the north-west. The two conurbations are close enough to be a single conurbation. They share the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_The_Hague_Airport" title="Rotterdam The Hague Airport">Rotterdam The Hague Airport</a> and a light rail system called <a href="/wiki/RandstadRail" title="RandstadRail">RandstadRail</a>. Consideration is being given to creating an official Metropolitan region Rotterdam The Hague (<i>Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag</i>), which would have a combined population approaching 2.5 million. </p><p>In its turn, the Rijnmond conurbation is part of the southern wing (the <a href="/wiki/Zuidvleugel" title="Zuidvleugel">Zuidvleugel</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a>, which is one of the most important economic and densely populated areas in the north-west of Europe. Having a population of 7.1 million, the Randstad is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">sixth-largest</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (after Moscow, London, Paris, Istanbul, and the Rhein-Ruhr Area). The Zuidvleugel, situated in the province of <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a>, has a population of around 3 million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rotterdam experiences a temperate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Cfb</i>) similar to all of the coastal areas in the Netherlands. Located near to the coast, its climate is slightly milder than locations further inland. Winters are cool with frequent cold days, while the summers are mild to warm, with occasional hot temperatures. Temperature rises above 30 °C on average 4 days each summer, while (night) temperatures can drop below −5 °C during winter for short periods of time, mostly during periods of sustained easterly (continental) winds. Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, although spring and summer (particularly before August) are relatively drier and sunnier, while autumn and winter are cloudier with more frequent rain (or snow). The following climate data is from the airport, which is slightly cooler than the city, being surrounded by water canals which make the climate milder and with a higher <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a>. The city has an <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a>, especially inside the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Rotterdam (1991–2020 normals) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9<br />(94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.9<br />(102.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3<br />(57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8<br />(21.6) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6<br />(47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−9.0<br />(15.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.1<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.5<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.4<br />(7.9) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0<br />(21.2) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.1<br />(22.8) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.0<br />(15.8) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.3<br />(8.1) </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−17.1<br />(1.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69<br />(2.7) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92<br />(3.6) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90<br />(3.5) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87<br />(3.4) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88<br />(3.5) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86<br />(3.4) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">882<br />(34.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">131 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000A9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">89 </td> <td style="background: #0000A9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">89 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">83 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #7F7F7F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.6 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.9 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143.4 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.9 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">216.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">221.2 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">202.5 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.9 </td> <td style="background: #B4B46D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">115.1 </td> <td style="background: #7E7E7E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.8 </td> <td style="background: #656565; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.5 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,752 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute</a> (1991–2020 normals, snowy days normals for 1971–2000)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (1971–2000 extremes)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infoclimat <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1398 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1477 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,738</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.06%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1494 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,374</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.58%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1514 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,116</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.79%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1622 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">19,532</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.25%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1632 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.21%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1665 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.93%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1732 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">56,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.50%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1795 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">53,212</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.08%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1830 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">72,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.88%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1849 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">90,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.17%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1879 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">148,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.67%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1899 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">318,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.90%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1925 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">547,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.11%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1965 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">731,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.72%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1984 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">555,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.44%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2005 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">596,407</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">588,576</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.31%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2007 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">584,046</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.77%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">603,425</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.09%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">612,502</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.50%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2012 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">617,347</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.79%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2014 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">624,799</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.60%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">651,446</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.70%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#CITEREFLourensLucassen1997">Lourens & Lucassen 1997</a>, pp. 116–117 (1398–1795)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rotterdam_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Rotterdam_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rotterdam_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Rotterdam_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rotterdam_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Rotterdam_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption>Rotterdam population pyramid in 2022</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright plainrowheaders"> <caption>Population by country of birth of parents of residents in 2018<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country/Territory </th> <th scope="col">Population </th> <th scope="col">Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </th> <td>313,861 </td> <td>46.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><img alt="Suriname" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> </th> <td>52,620 </td> <td>8.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </th> <td>47,712 </td> <td>7.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </th> <td>44,164 </td> <td>6.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a> </th> <td>24,836 </td> <td>3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde"><img alt="Cape Verde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> </th> <td>15,411 </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </th> <td>11,952 </td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </th> <td>9,714 </td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </th> <td>9,565 </td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ex-Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-Yugoslavia">Ex-Yugoslavia</a> </th> <td>9,369 </td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> </th> <td>7,218 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Other </th> <td>92,290 </td> <td>14.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rotterdam is diverse, with the demographics differing by neighbourhood. The city centre has a disproportionately high number of single people when compared to other cities, with 70% of the population between the ages of 20 and 40 identifying as single.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those with higher education and higher income live disproportionately in the city centre, as do foreign-born citizens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Districts_and_neighbourhoods_of_Rotterdam" title="Districts and neighbourhoods of Rotterdam">Districts and neighbourhoods of Rotterdam</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a> of Rotterdam is part of the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam%E2%80%93The_Hague_metropolitan_area" title="Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area">Rotterdam–The Hague metropolitan area</a> which, as of 2015, covers an area of 1,130 km<sup>2</sup>, of which 990 km km<sup>2</sup> is land, and has a population of approximately 2,563,197. As of 2019, the municipality itself occupies an area of 325.79 km<sup>2</sup>, 208.80 km<sup>2</sup> of which is land, and is home to 638,751 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its population peaked at 731,564 in 1965, but the dual processes of <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">suburbanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterurbanization" title="Counterurbanization">counterurbanization</a> saw this number steadily decline over the next 2 decades, reaching 560,000 by 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pijbes_2016_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pijbes_2016-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Rotterdam has experienced population growth since then, it has done so at a slower pace than comparable cities in the Netherlands, like Amsterdam, The Hague and Utrecht.<sup id="cite_ref-Pijbes_2016_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pijbes_2016-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rotterdam consists of 14 submunicipalities: <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Centrum" title="Rotterdam Centrum">Centrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlois" title="Charlois">Charlois</a> (including Heijplaat), <a href="/wiki/Delfshaven" title="Delfshaven">Delfshaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feijenoord" title="Feijenoord">Feijenoord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillegersberg-Schiebroek" title="Hillegersberg-Schiebroek">Hillegersberg-Schiebroek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hook_of_Holland" title="Hook of Holland">Hook of Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoogvliet" title="Hoogvliet">Hoogvliet</a>, <a href="/wiki/IJsselmonde,_Rotterdam" title="IJsselmonde, Rotterdam">IJsselmonde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kralingen-Crooswijk" title="Kralingen-Crooswijk">Kralingen-Crooswijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noord,_Rotterdam" title="Noord, Rotterdam">Noord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overschie" title="Overschie">Overschie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernis,_Netherlands" title="Pernis, Netherlands">Pernis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prins_Alexander" title="Prins Alexander">Prins Alexander</a> (the most populous submunicipality with around 85,000 inhabitants). One other area, <a href="/wiki/Rozenburg" title="Rozenburg">Rozenburg</a>, does have an official submunicipality status since 18 March 2010. Since the status of a <a href="/wiki/Deelgemeente" title="Deelgemeente">submunicipality</a> was lifted on 19 March 2014, it became an integral part of the municipality of Rotterdam. </p><p>The size of the municipality of Rotterdam is the result of the amalgamation of the following former municipalities,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of which were a <a href="/wiki/Deelgemeente" title="Deelgemeente">submunicipality</a> prior to 19 March 2014: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delfshaven" title="Delfshaven">Delfshaven</a> (added on 30 January 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlois" title="Charlois">Charlois</a> (added on 28 February 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kralingen" title="Kralingen">Kralingen</a> (added on 28 February 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoogvliet" title="Hoogvliet">Hoogvliet</a> (added on 1 May 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernis,_Netherlands" title="Pernis, Netherlands">Pernis</a> (added on 1 May 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillegersberg" title="Hillegersberg">Hillegersberg</a> (added on 1 August 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJsselmonde,_Rotterdam" title="IJsselmonde, Rotterdam">IJsselmonde</a> (added on 1 August 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overschie" title="Overschie">Overschie</a> (added on 1 August 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiebroek" title="Schiebroek">Schiebroek</a> (added on 1 August 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozenburg" title="Rozenburg">Rozenburg</a> (added on 18 March 2010)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_background_makeup">Origin background makeup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origin background makeup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Netherlands, Rotterdam has the highest percentage of residents with a recent migration background from non-industrialised nations. They form a large part of Rotterdam's multi-ethnic and multicultural diversity. 52.9% of the population have at least one parent born outside the country. There are 80,000 Muslims, constituting 13% of the population in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former mayor of Rotterdam, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Aboutaleb" title="Ahmed Aboutaleb">Ahmed Aboutaleb</a> (2009-2024), is of Moroccan descent and is a practicing Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is home to the largest Dutch Antillean community in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city also has its own <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">China Town</a> at the West-Kruiskade, close to Rotterdam Centraal.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Origin </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Background groups </th> <th colspan="2">1996<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_Statline_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_Statline-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2000<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_Statline_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_Statline-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2005<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_Statline_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_Statline-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2010<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_Statline_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_Statline-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2015<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_Statline_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_Statline-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2020<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_Statline_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_Statline-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Numbers </th> <th>% </th> <th>Numbers </th> <th>% </th> <th>Numbers </th> <th>% </th> <th>Numbers </th> <th>% </th> <th>Numbers </th> <th>% </th> <th>Numbers </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Both parents born in NL </th> <th>381 926 </th> <th>64.4% </th> <th>355 631 </th> <th>60% </th> <th>327 730 </th> <th>55% </th> <th>310 190 </th> <th>52.3% </th> <th>316 085 </th> <th>50.7% </th> <th>310,526 </th> <th>47.69% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Western migration background </th> <th>55 722 </th> <th>9.4% </th> <th>56 399 </th> <th>9.5% </th> <th>59 267 </th> <th>9.9% </th> <th>63 833 </th> <th>10.8% </th> <th>74 438 </th> <th>11.9% </th> <th>87,132 </th> <th>13.38% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Non-Western migration background </th> <th>155 097 </th> <th>26.2% </th> <th>180 643 </th> <th>30.5% </th> <th>209 410 </th> <th>35.1% </th> <th>219 026 </th> <th>36.9% </th> <th>233 129 </th> <th>37.4% </th> <th>253,499 </th> <th>38.93% </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>52,691 </td> <td>8.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>47,933 </td> <td>7.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>45,601 </td> <td>7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>26,390 </td> <td>4.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>11,677 </td> <td>1.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>592 745 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>592 673 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>596 407 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>593 049 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>623 652 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>651,157 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; 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transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 22.352648289715px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:82.353259762843px 56.726894912676px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 475.35631175225px 100px 0; border-right-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religions in Rotterdam (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> (46.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrchid; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (18.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Islam</a> (13.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> (10.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Turquoise; color:black;"> </span> Other Christian denominations (7.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (3.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (0.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the largest religion in Rotterdam, with 36.3% of the population identifying. The second and third largest religions are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (13.1%) and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (3.3%), while about half of the population has <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religious affiliation</a>. </p><p>Since 1795 Rotterdam has hosted the chief congregation of the liberal Protestant brotherhood of <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a>. From 1955 it has been the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rotterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rotterdam">bishop of Rotterdam</a> when the Rotterdam diocese was split from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Haarlem-Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Haarlem-Amsterdam">Haarlem diocese</a>. Since 2010 the city is home to the largest mosque in the Netherlands, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Essalam_Mosque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Essalam Mosque (page does not exist)">Essalam Mosque</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essalammoskee" class="extiw" title="nl:Essalammoskee">nl</a>]</span> (capacity 1,500). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Rotterdam" title="Government of Rotterdam">Government of Rotterdam</a></div> <p>The municipal council consists of 45 members, the largest party is <a href="/wiki/Livable_Rotterdam" title="Livable Rotterdam">Livable Rotterdam</a>. The municipal executive consists of mayor <a href="/wiki/Carola_Schouten" title="Carola Schouten">Carola Schouten</a> and nine elderman, belonging to four parties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nationale_Nederlanden,_Rotterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nationale_Nederlanden%2C_Rotterdam.jpg/220px-Nationale_Nederlanden%2C_Rotterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nationale_Nederlanden%2C_Rotterdam.jpg/330px-Nationale_Nederlanden%2C_Rotterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nationale_Nederlanden%2C_Rotterdam.jpg/440px-Nationale_Nederlanden%2C_Rotterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gebouw_Delftse_Poort" class="mw-redirect" title="Gebouw Delftse Poort">Gebouw Delftse Poort</a>, one of the tallest office buildings in the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotterdam has always been one of the main centres of the shipping industry in the Netherlands. From the Rotterdam Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a>, the world's first multinational, established in 1602, to the merchant shipping leader Royal <a href="/wiki/Nedlloyd" title="Nedlloyd">Nedlloyd</a> established in 1970, with its corporate headquarters located in the landmark building the 'Willemswerf' in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, Nedlloyd merged with the British shipping industry leader P&O forming the third largest merchant shipping company in the world. The Anglo-Dutch <a href="/wiki/P%26O_Nedlloyd" title="P&O Nedlloyd">P&O Nedlloyd</a> was bought by the Danish giant corporation 'AP Moller <a href="/wiki/A._P._Moller-Maersk_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="A. P. Moller-Maersk Group">Maersk</a>' in 2005 and its Dutch operations are still headquartered in the 'Willemswerf'. Nowadays, well-known companies with headquarters in Rotterdam are consumer goods company <a href="/wiki/Unilever" title="Unilever">Unilever</a> (since 2020 London), asset management firm <a href="/wiki/Robeco" title="Robeco">Robeco</a>, energy company <a href="/wiki/Eneco_Energie" class="mw-redirect" title="Eneco Energie">Eneco</a>, dredging company <a href="/wiki/Van_Oord" title="Van Oord">Van Oord</a>, oil company <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Royal Dutch Shell</a> (since 2021 <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>), terminal operator <a href="/wiki/Vopak" title="Vopak">Vopak</a>, commodity trading company <a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a> and architecture firm <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Metropolitan_Architecture" title="Office for Metropolitan Architecture">Office for Metropolitan Architecture</a>. </p><p>It is also home to the regional headquarters of chemical company <a href="/wiki/LyondellBasell" title="LyondellBasell">LyondellBasell</a>, commodities trading company <a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a>, pharmaceutical company <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>, logistics companies <a href="/wiki/Stolt-Nielsen" title="Stolt-Nielsen">Stolt-Nielsen</a>, electrical equipment company <a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a> and consumer goods company <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a>. Furthermore, Rotterdam has the Dutch headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Allianz" title="Allianz">Allianz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maersk" title="Maersk">Maersk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samskip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samskip (page does not exist)">Samskip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Dreyfus_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Dreyfus Group">Louis Dreyfus Group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aon_(company)" title="Aon (company)">Aon</a>. The City of Rotterdam makes use of the services of semi-government companies <a href="/wiki/Roteb" title="Roteb">Roteb</a> (to take care of <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a> and assorted services) and the Port of Rotterdam Authority (to maintain the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam" title="Port of Rotterdam">Port of Rotterdam</a>). Both these companies were once municipal bodies; now they are autonomous entities, owned by the city. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9-028_Rotterdam_ECT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/9-028_Rotterdam_ECT.jpg/220px-9-028_Rotterdam_ECT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/9-028_Rotterdam_ECT.jpg/330px-9-028_Rotterdam_ECT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/9-028_Rotterdam_ECT.jpg/440px-9-028_Rotterdam_ECT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Unmanned vehicles handle containers at Europe Container Terminals (ECT), the largest container terminal operator in Europe.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg/220px-Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg/330px-Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg/440px-Waalhaven_in_Rotterdam_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3542" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption>The Waalhaven</figcaption></figure> <p>Being the largest port and one of the largest cities of the country, Rotterdam attracts many people seeking jobs, especially in the cheap labour segment. The city's unemployment rate is 12%, almost twice the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rotterdam is the largest <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, with the rivers <a href="/wiki/Meuse_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse (river)">Maas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> providing excellent access to the <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a> upstream reaching to <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel, Switzerland</a> and into France. In 2004 <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> took over as the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_container_ports" title="List of busiest container ports">busiest container port</a>. In 2006, Rotterdam was the world's seventh largest <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">container port</a> in terms of <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">twenty-foot equivalent units</a> (TEU) handled.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port's main activities are <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> industries and general <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> handling and <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipment</a>. The harbour functions as an important transit point for <a href="/wiki/Bulk_material_handling" title="Bulk material handling">bulk</a> materials between the European continent and overseas. From Rotterdam, goods are transported by ship, river barge, train or road. In 2007, the <i><a href="/wiki/Betuweroute" title="Betuweroute">Betuweroute</a></i>, a new fast freight <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railway</a> from Rotterdam to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, was completed. </p><p>Well-known streets in Rotterdam are the <a href="/wiki/Lijnbaan" title="Lijnbaan">Lijnbaan</a> (the first set of <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian mall">pedestrian streets</a> of the country, opened in 1953), the Hoogstraat, the <a href="/wiki/Coolsingel" title="Coolsingel">Coolsingel</a> with the city hall, which was renovated between 2018 and 2021 giving cyclists and pedestrians more space, meaning that car traffic was reduced from 4 lanes (2 in each direction) to 2 lanes (1 in each direction). Another mainstreet is the <a href="/wiki/Weena_(Rotterdam)" title="Weena (Rotterdam)">Weena</a>, which runs from the Central Station to the <a href="/wiki/Hofplein" title="Hofplein">Hofplein</a> (square). A modern shopping venue is the Beurstraverse ("Stock Exchange Traverse"), better known by its informal name '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Koopgoot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koopgoot (page does not exist)">Koopgoot</a>' ('Buying/Shopping Gutter', after its subterranean position), which crosses the Coolsingel below street level. The Kruiskade is a more upscale shopping street, with retailers like <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kors" title="Michael Kors">Michael Kors</a>, <a href="/wiki/7_For_All_Mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="7 For All Mankind">7 For All Mankind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Klein" title="Calvin Klein">Calvin Klein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Boss" title="Hugo Boss">Hugo Boss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger" title="Tommy Hilfiger">Tommy Hilfiger</a> and the Dutch well-known men's clothier <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oger_(clothing_retailer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oger (clothing retailer) (page does not exist)">Oger</a>. Another upscale shopping venue is a flagship store of department store <a href="/wiki/De_Bijenkorf" title="De Bijenkorf">De Bijenkorf</a>. Located a little more to the east is the <a href="/wiki/Market_hall_(Rotterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Market hall (Rotterdam)">Markthal</a>, with lots of small retailers inside. This hall is also one of Rotterdam's famous architectural landmarks. The main shopping venue in the south of Rotterdam is Zuidplein, which lies close to <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Ahoy" title="Rotterdam Ahoy">Rotterdam Ahoy</a>, an accommodation centre for shows, exhibitions, sporting events, concerts and congresses. Another prominent shopping centre called Alexandrium lies in the east of Rotterdam. It includes a large kitchen and furniture centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg/220px-Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg/330px-Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg/440px-Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_de_Keyser" title="Hendrick de Keyser">Hendrick de Keyser</a> in 1622</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotterdam has one major university, the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus University Rotterdam">Erasmus University Rotterdam</a> (EUR), named after one of the city's famous former inhabitants, <a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a>. The Woudestein campus houses (among others) <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_School_of_Management,_Erasmus_University" title="Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University">Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>' 2005 rankings it placed 29th globally and 7th in Europe. In the 2009 rankings of Masters of Management, the school reached first place with the <a href="/wiki/Global_Alliance_in_Management_Education" title="Global Alliance in Management Education">CEMS</a> Master in Management and the tenth place with its RSM Master in Management.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university is also home to Europe's largest student association, <a href="/wiki/STAR_(student_association)" title="STAR (student association)">STAR Study Association Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University</a> and the world's largest student association, <a href="/wiki/AIESEC" title="AIESEC">AIESEC</a>, has its international office in the city. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning_Academy" title="Willem de Kooning Academy">Willem de Kooning Academy</a> is Rotterdam's main art school, which is part of the Hogeschool Rotterdam. It is regarded as one of the most prestigious art schools in the Netherlands and the number 1 in Advertising and Copywriting. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning_Academy" title="Willem de Kooning Academy">Willem de Kooning Academy</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Piet_Zwart_Institute" title="Piet Zwart Institute">Piet Zwart Institute</a> for postgraduate studies and research in Fine Art, Media Design and Retail Design. The Piet Zwart Institute boasts a selective roster of emerging international artists. </p><p>The Hoboken campus of EUR houses the Dijkzigt (general) hospital, the Sophia Hospital (for children), <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_den_Hoedkliniek" class="extiw" title="nl:Daniel den Hoedkliniek">Daniel den Hoed clinic</a> (cancer institute) and the medical department of the university. They are known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_MC" title="Erasmus MC">Erasmus Medical Center</a>. This center is ranked third in Europe by CSIC<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a hospital, and is also ranked within top 50 universities of the world in the field of medicine (clinical, pre-clinical & health, 2017).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three <i><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Hogescholen</a></i> (Universities of applied sciences) exist in Rotterdam. These schools award their students a professional <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a> and postgraduate or <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a>. The three <i>Hogescholen</i> are <a href="/wiki/Hogeschool_Rotterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogeschool Rotterdam">Hogeschool Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inholland_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Inholland University of Applied Sciences">Hogeschool Inholland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codarts" title="Codarts">Codarts University for the Arts</a> (Codarts hogeschool voor de kunsten), a vocational university that teaches music, dance and circus. </p><p>Unique to the city is the <a href="/wiki/STC_Group" title="STC Group">Shipping & Transport College</a> which offers masters, bachelors and vocational diplomas on all levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HerdenkingVuurgrensRotterdam1940_2007_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/HerdenkingVuurgrensRotterdam1940_2007_edit1.jpg/220px-HerdenkingVuurgrensRotterdam1940_2007_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/HerdenkingVuurgrensRotterdam1940_2007_edit1.jpg/330px-HerdenkingVuurgrensRotterdam1940_2007_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/HerdenkingVuurgrensRotterdam1940_2007_edit1.jpg/440px-HerdenkingVuurgrensRotterdam1940_2007_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>Rotterdam waterfront, with spotlights shining into the air to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Blitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam Blitz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Once primarily a city of labour, for its harbour and related industries, Rotterdam has now developed into a city of culture too, with various museums, cultural centres and activities, offering a stage for <a href="#Architecture">architecture</a>, music, visuals arts, poetry, cinema, theatre, and culture more generally, with a range of festivals and other events, and a buzzing nightlife. The city has its own orchestra, the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra">Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, with its well-regarded young music director <a href="/wiki/Lahav_Shani" title="Lahav Shani">Lahav Shani</a>, which plays at the congress and concert building <i><a href="/wiki/De_Doelen" title="De Doelen">De Doelen</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Ahoy" title="Rotterdam Ahoy">Ahoy</a> complex in the south of the city is used for pop concerts, exhibitions, tennis tournaments and other activities. There are also several theatres and cinemas, including <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_(Rotterdam)" title="New Orleans (Rotterdam)">LantarenVenster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinerama_(Rotterdam)" title="Cinerama (Rotterdam)">Cinerama.</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, Rotterdam was <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> in 2001. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums,_libraries_and_archives"><span id="Museums.2C_libraries_and_archives"></span>Museums, libraries and archives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Museums, libraries and archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rotterdam has various cultural institutions. Well-known <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museums</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen" title="Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen">Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Instituut" title="Het Nieuwe Instituut">Het Nieuwe Instituut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wereldmuseum" title="Wereldmuseum">Wereldmuseum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthal" title="Kunsthal">Kunsthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunstinstituut_Melly" title="Kunstinstituut Melly">Kunstinstituut Melly</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Museum_Rotterdam" title="Maritime Museum Rotterdam">Maritime Museum Rotterdam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Historical Museum Rotterdam has changed into <a href="/wiki/Museum_Rotterdam" title="Museum Rotterdam">Museum Rotterdam</a>, which aims to exhibit the development of Rotterdam as a contemporary transnational city, and not merely the city's past.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other museums include the <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belasting_%26_Douane_Museum" class="extiw" title="nl:Belasting & Douane Museum">Tax & Customs Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Marine_Corps_Museum" title="Netherlands Marine Corps Museum">Netherlands Marine Corps Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Public_Transport_Museum" title="Rotterdam Public Transport Museum">Rotterdam Public Transport Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_Rotterdam" title="Natural History Museum Rotterdam">Natural History Museum</a>. In 2025 'Fenix, Museum for Migration' will be opened.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first municipal library of Rotterdam was founded in 1604. The current <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheek_Rotterdam" class="extiw" title="nl:Bibliotheek Rotterdam">Bibliotheek Rotterdam</a> (Public library), was established in 1869, and is currently the largest cultural organization in Rotterdam, with fifteen branches across the city. </p><p>The Rotterdam City Archives (<i>Stadsarchief Rotterdam</i>) was established in 1857. Here one can find administrative records and sources about the city's historical development.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archival holdings include, among other, general archives, notarial deeds, an audiovisual collection, and a library. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_music,_film,_festivals"><span id="Popular_music.2C_film.2C_festivals"></span>Popular music, film, festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Popular music, film, festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rotterdam has a long tradition of popular music, including the city's Jazz scene before and after WWII.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major historical moment in the city's music history is the legendary <a href="/wiki/Kralingen_Music_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Kralingen Music Festival">Kralingen Pop Festival</a>, which took place in Rotterdam in 1970 (featuring, among other, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Airplane" title="Jefferson Airplane">Jefferson Airplane</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Byrds" title="The Byrds">The Byrds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canned_Heat" title="Canned Heat">Canned Heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Beautiful_Day" title="It's a Beautiful Day">It's a Beautiful Day</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santana_(band)" title="Santana (band)">Santana</a>). The festival was also made into a film, <i>Stamping Ground</i> (dir. George Sluizer).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative (music) culture became prominently present in the city in these days. From the 1960s until the 2000s, Rotterdam had a thriving <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatters movement</a>, which not only accommodated thousands of people, but also created social centres and cultural venues.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this movement came clubs like Boogjes, Eksit, Nighttown, Vlerk and Waterfront. A major reference is <a href="/wiki/Poortgebouw" title="Poortgebouw">Poortgebouw</a>, which was squatted in 1980 and quickly legalised. </p><p>Rotterdam also became the home of <a href="/wiki/Gabber" title="Gabber">Gabber</a>, a type of hardcore electronic music popular in the mid-1990s, with hard beats and samples. Groups like <a href="/wiki/Neophyte_(band)" title="Neophyte (band)">Neophyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Terror_Corps" title="Rotterdam Terror Corps">Rotterdam Terror Corps</a> (RTC) started in Rotterdam, playing at clubs like Parkzicht. In the years 2005–2011, the city struggled with keeping venues for pop music; many of them suffered severe financial problems.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the disappearance of the major music venues Nighttown and WATT and smaller stages such as Waterfront, Exit, and Heidegger. The city today has a few stages for <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Rotown" title="Rotown">Rotown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poortgebouw" title="Poortgebouw">Poortgebouw</a> and Annabel. Additionally, the venue <a href="/wiki/WORM_(Rotterdam)" title="WORM (Rotterdam)">WORM</a> focuses on <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental music</a>, as well as various other cultural activities. </p><p>WORM also screens films and hosts a film lab, <i>Filmwerkplaats</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Rotterdam has an extensive film history,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ranging from avant-garde classics, such as <a href="/wiki/De_brug" title="De brug">The Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joris_Ivens" title="Joris Ivens">Ivens</a>, 1928), to internationally acclaimed documentaries from the post-war era, such as <a href="/wiki/Houen_zo!" title="Houen zo!">Steady!</a> (Van der Horst, 1952), and all kinds of fiction films. Of major importance within this context has also been the <a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_Rotterdam" title="International Film Festival Rotterdam">International Film Festival Rotterdam</a> (IFFR), an annual event that lasts more than ten days (end of January, beginning of February), which has been organized since 1972. Besides the IFFR, several smaller film festivals take place in Rotterdam too, such as the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_Film_Festival_Rotterdam" title="Architecture Film Festival Rotterdam">Architecture Film Festival Rotterdam</a> (AFFR). </p><p>Throughout the year, many different festivals take place in Rotterdam. There are the summer festivals celebrating the city's multicultural population and identity, such as the Caribbean-inspired "<a href="/wiki/Summer_Carnival" title="Summer Carnival">Summer Carnival</a>", the Dance Parade, Rotterdam 666, and the Metropolis pop festival. There are also <a href="/wiki/Poetry_International_Web" title="Poetry International Web">Poetry International</a> (in June), the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Jazz_Festival" title="North Sea Jazz Festival">North Sea Jazz Festival</a> (in July), the Valery Gergiev Festival (in September), and, also in September, the festival 'September in Rotterdam', the festival 'World of the Witte de With Quaret', and the <a href="/wiki/World_Port_Days" title="World Port Days">World Port Days</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurovision_Song_Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Eurovision Song Contest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESC_2021_Rotterdam_-_Artwork_at_Ahoy_Parking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ESC_2021_Rotterdam_-_Artwork_at_Ahoy_Parking.jpg/220px-ESC_2021_Rotterdam_-_Artwork_at_Ahoy_Parking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ESC_2021_Rotterdam_-_Artwork_at_Ahoy_Parking.jpg/330px-ESC_2021_Rotterdam_-_Artwork_at_Ahoy_Parking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ESC_2021_Rotterdam_-_Artwork_at_Ahoy_Parking.jpg/440px-ESC_2021_Rotterdam_-_Artwork_at_Ahoy_Parking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>City decor for the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2021" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2021">Eurovision Song Contest 2021</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 August 2019, it was announced by the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a> and Dutch television broadcasters <a href="/wiki/AVROTROS" title="AVROTROS">AVROTROS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting" title="Nederlandse Omroep Stichting">NOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Publieke_Omroep_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (organization)">NPO</a>, that Rotterdam would host the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2020" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2020">Eurovision Song Contest 2020</a>, following the Dutch victory at the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2019">2019</a> contest in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> with the song "<a href="/wiki/Arcade_(song)" title="Arcade (song)">Arcade</a>", performed by <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Laurence" title="Duncan Laurence">Duncan Laurence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic in Europe</a>, the 2020 contest was cancelled, and Rotterdam was later retained as host of the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2021" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2021">2021</a> contest.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contest took place at <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Ahoy" title="Rotterdam Ahoy">Rotterdam Ahoy</a>, with the semi-finals taking place on 18 and 20 May 2021, and the final taking place on 22 May 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time that Rotterdam hosted the contest, and the first time that the Netherlands hosted the contest since <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1980">1980</a>, when it was held in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivalry">Rivalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rivalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a healthy competition with <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, which is often viewed as the cultural capital of the Netherlands. This rivalry is most common amongst the city's football supporters, <a href="/wiki/Feyenoord" title="Feyenoord">Feyenoord</a> (Rotterdam) and <a href="/wiki/AFC_Ajax" title="AFC Ajax">Ajax</a> (Amsterdam). There is a saying: "Amsterdam to party, Den Haag (The Hague) to live, Rotterdam to work". Another one, more popular by Rotterdammers, is "Money is earned in Rotterdam, distributed in The Hague and spent in Amsterdam".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another saying that reflects both the rivalry between Rotterdam and Amsterdam is "Amsterdam has it, Rotterdam doesn't need it". Bright magazine editor Erwin van der Zande notes that this phrase is on T-shirts in Rotterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Rotterdam" title="List of tallest buildings in Rotterdam">List of tallest buildings in Rotterdam</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kop_van_Zuid_DSCF5860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kop_van_Zuid_DSCF5860.jpg/350px-Kop_van_Zuid_DSCF5860.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kop_van_Zuid_DSCF5860.jpg/525px-Kop_van_Zuid_DSCF5860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kop_van_Zuid_DSCF5860.jpg/700px-Kop_van_Zuid_DSCF5860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption>The Wilhelmina pier at the <a href="/wiki/Kop_van_Zuid" title="Kop van Zuid">Kop van Zuid</a> in the distance, on the left the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus Bridge">Erasmus Bridge</a> can be seen</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotterdam has become world famous because of its modern and groundbreaking architecture. Throughout the years the city has been nicknamed <i><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> at the Meuse</i><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The architectural capital of the Netherlands</i><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both for its skyline and because it is home to internationally leading architectural firms involved in the design of famous buildings and bridges in other big cities. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Metropolitan_Architecture" title="Office for Metropolitan Architecture">OMA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas" title="Rem Koolhaas">Rem Koolhaas</a>), <a href="/wiki/MVRDV" title="MVRDV">MVRDV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutelings_Riedijk_Architects" title="Neutelings Riedijk Architects">Neutelings & Riedijk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erick_van_Egeraat" title="Erick van Egeraat">Erick van Egeraat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the reputation in being a platform for architectural development and education through the NAi (<a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Architecture_Institute" title="Netherlands Architecture Institute">Netherlands Architecture Institute</a>), which is open to the public and has a variety of exhibitions on architecture and urban planning issues and prior the <a href="/wiki/Berlage_Institute" title="Berlage Institute">Berlage Institute</a>, a postgraduate laboratory of architecture. The city has 38 skyscrapers and 352 high-rises and has many skyscrapers planned or under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top 5 of highest buildings in the Netherlands consists entirely of buildings in Rotterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is home to the two tallest buildings in the Netherlands, the <a href="/wiki/Maastoren" title="Maastoren">Maastoren</a> with a height of 165 meters and the <a href="/wiki/De_Zalmhaven" title="De Zalmhaven">Zalmhaven Tower</a> (completed in 2021) with a height of 215 meters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1898, the 45 m (148 ft) high-rise office building the White House (in Dutch <a href="/wiki/Witte_Huis" title="Witte Huis">Witte Huis</a>) was completed, at that time the tallest office building in Europe. In the first decades of the 20th century, some influential architecture in the modern style was built in Rotterdam. Notable are the <a href="/wiki/Van_Nelle_Factory" title="Van Nelle Factory">Van Nelle fabriek</a> (1929) a monument of modern factory design by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brinkman" title="Johannes Brinkman">Brinkman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leendert_van_der_Vlugt" title="Leendert van der Vlugt">Van der Vlugt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Jugendstil</a> clubhouse of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Maas_Yacht_Club" title="Royal Maas Yacht Club">Royal Maas Yacht Club</a> designed by Hooijkaas jr. en Brinkman (1909), and <a href="/wiki/Feyenoord" title="Feyenoord">Feyenoord</a>'s football stadium <a href="/wiki/De_Kuip" title="De Kuip">De Kuip</a> (1936) also by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brinkman" title="Johannes Brinkman">Brinkman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leendert_van_der_Vlugt" title="Leendert van der Vlugt">Van der Vlugt</a>. The architect <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Oud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobus Oud">J. J. P. Oud</a> was a famous Rotterdammer in those days. The Van Nelle Factory obtained the status of UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 2014. During the early stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the centre of Rotterdam was <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Blitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Blitz">bombed</a> by the German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>, destroying many of the older buildings in the centre of the city. After an initial crisis re-construction, the centre of Rotterdam has become the site of the ambitious new architecture. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kubuswoningen_in_rotterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kubuswoningen_in_rotterdam.jpg/220px-Kubuswoningen_in_rotterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kubuswoningen_in_rotterdam.jpg/330px-Kubuswoningen_in_rotterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kubuswoningen_in_rotterdam.jpg/440px-Kubuswoningen_in_rotterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cube_house" title="Cube house">Cube Houses</a>, popularly known as the <i>Blaak-forest</i> in 2014</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Markthal_Rotterdam_bij_avond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Markthal_Rotterdam_bij_avond.jpg/220px-Markthal_Rotterdam_bij_avond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Markthal_Rotterdam_bij_avond.jpg/330px-Markthal_Rotterdam_bij_avond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Markthal_Rotterdam_bij_avond.jpg/440px-Markthal_Rotterdam_bij_avond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Market_hall_(Rotterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Market hall (Rotterdam)">Markthal</a> at night as seen from the Binnenrotte</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euromast2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Euromast2.jpg/220px-Euromast2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Euromast2.jpg/330px-Euromast2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Euromast2.jpg/440px-Euromast2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="1747" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Euromast" title="Euromast">Euromast</a> in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotterdam is also famous for its <a href="/wiki/Lijnbaan" title="Lijnbaan">Lijnbaan</a> 1952 by architects Broek en Bakema, Peperklip by architect Carel Weeber, Kubuswoningen or <a href="/wiki/Cube_house" title="Cube house">cube houses</a> designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Piet_Blom" title="Piet Blom">Piet Blom</a> 1984. </p><p> The newest landmark in Rotterdam is the <a href="/wiki/Market_hall_(Rotterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Market hall (Rotterdam)">Markthal</a>, designed by architect firm <a href="/wiki/MVRDV" title="MVRDV">MVRDV</a>. In addition to that, there are many international well-known architects based in Rotterdam like <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Metropolitan_Architecture" title="Office for Metropolitan Architecture">O.M.A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas" title="Rem Koolhaas">Rem Koolhaas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Neutelings_Riedijk_Architects" title="Neutelings Riedijk Architects">Neutelings & Riedijk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erick_van_Egeraat" title="Erick van Egeraat">Erick van Egeraat</a> to name a few. Two architectural landmarks are located in the Lloydkwartier: the STC college building and the <a href="/wiki/Schiecentrale" title="Schiecentrale">Schiecentrale 4b</a>. The construction of the Depot of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen" title="Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen">Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen</a> was started in 2003 and was officially opened by king Willem-Alexander on 5 November 2021. It is the world's first fully accessible art depot.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erasmusbrug_across_the_Nieuwe_Maas_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Erasmusbrug_across_the_Nieuwe_Maas_river.jpg/220px-Erasmusbrug_across_the_Nieuwe_Maas_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Erasmusbrug_across_the_Nieuwe_Maas_river.jpg/330px-Erasmusbrug_across_the_Nieuwe_Maas_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Erasmusbrug_across_the_Nieuwe_Maas_river.jpg/440px-Erasmusbrug_across_the_Nieuwe_Maas_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="3294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erasmusbrug" title="Erasmusbrug">Erasmus Bridge</a> in 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montevideo_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montevideo_2010.JPG/170px-Montevideo_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montevideo_2010.JPG/255px-Montevideo_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montevideo_2010.JPG/340px-Montevideo_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The former headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Holland_America_Line" title="Holland America Line">Holland America Line</a> next to modern residential architecture in 2010</figcaption></figure><p>Rotterdam also houses several of the tallest structures in the Netherlands. </p><ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Erasmusbrug" title="Erasmusbrug">Erasmusbrug</a> (1996) is a 790-meter (2,600 ft) cable-stayed bridge linking the north and south of Rotterdam. It is held up by a 138 m (453 ft) tall pylon with a characteristic bend, earning the bridge its nickname 'De Zwaan' ('the Swan').</li> <li>Rotterdam has the tallest residential building in the Netherlands: the <a href="/wiki/De_Zalmhaven" title="De Zalmhaven">De Zalmhaven Tower</a> (215 m (705.4 ft)).</li> <li>Rotterdam is also home to the tallest office building '<a href="/wiki/Maastoren" title="Maastoren">Maastoren</a>' (164.75 m or 540.5 ft) which houses <a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a>. This office tower surpassed the 'Delftse Poort' (160 m or 520 ft) which houses Nationale-Nederlanden insurance company, part of <a href="/wiki/ING_Group" title="ING Group">ING Group</a> as tallest office tower in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The skyline of Rotterdam also houses the 185 m (607 ft) tall <a href="/wiki/Euromast" title="Euromast">Euromast</a>, which is a major <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourist</a> attraction. It was built in 1960, initially reaching a height of 101 m (331 ft); in 1970, the Euromast was extended by 85 m (279 ft).</li></ul> <p>Rotterdam has a reputation for being a platform for architectural development and education through the Berlage Institute, a postgraduate laboratory of architecture, and the NAi (<a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Architecture_Institute" title="Netherlands Architecture Institute">Netherlands Architecture Institute</a>), which is open to the public and has a variety of exhibitions on architecture and urban planning issues. </p><p>Over 30 new highrise projects are being developed. A Guardian journalist wrote in 2013 that "All this is the consequence of the city suffering a bombardment of two things: bombs and architects."<sup id="cite_ref-Wainwright_2013_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wainwright_2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1653px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_Panorama_Euromast_5_July_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rotterdam_Panorama_Euromast_5_July_2019.jpg/1645px-Rotterdam_Panorama_Euromast_5_July_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="1645" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rotterdam_Panorama_Euromast_5_July_2019.jpg/2468px-Rotterdam_Panorama_Euromast_5_July_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rotterdam_Panorama_Euromast_5_July_2019.jpg/3290px-Rotterdam_Panorama_Euromast_5_July_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="31241" data-file-height="3798" /></a></span></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Within Rotterdam's urban structure, parks and greenery play an important role. A number of well-known parks in Rotterdam are:</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arboretum_Trompenburg_Nl_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Arboretum_Trompenburg_Nl_2.jpg/220px-Arboretum_Trompenburg_Nl_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Arboretum_Trompenburg_Nl_2.jpg/330px-Arboretum_Trompenburg_Nl_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Arboretum_Trompenburg_Nl_2.jpg/440px-Arboretum_Trompenburg_Nl_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Arboretum Trompenburg</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Het Park</i> (<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Park_(Rotterdam)" class="extiw" title="nl:Het Park (Rotterdam)">Het Park bij de Euromast</a>), is a 70 acres park on the Maas, south of the Westzeedijk, at the <a href="/wiki/Euromast" title="Euromast">Euromast</a>. The eastern half of the park was constructed between 1852 and 1863 to a design by the firm Jan David Zocher. The western part was added in 1866 with some modifications. The first <a href="/wiki/Floriade_(Netherlands)" title="Floriade (Netherlands)">Floriade</a> in 1960 was held in Het Park, with the Euromast observation tower being erected to mark the event. <a href="/wiki/Rijksmonument" title="Rijksmonument">National Heritage site</a> since 2011. Originally, the park continued aross the Westzeedijk, were the Medical Faculty was built in the 1960s (now Erasmus MC). See also: Museumpark.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museumpark" title="Museumpark">Museumpark</a>, close to Het Park, was originally designed in 1927 by architect W.G. Witteveen, who also designed <a href="/wiki/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen" title="Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen">Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen</a>. Today, several museums have clustered around the park.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diergaarde_Blijdorp" title="Diergaarde Blijdorp">Diergaarde Blijdorp</a>, which is situated on the northwest side of Rotterdam, complete with a walkthrough sea aquarium, called the <a href="/wiki/Oceanium" title="Oceanium">Oceanium</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum_Trompenburg" title="Arboretum Trompenburg">Arboretum Trompenburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kralingen" title="Kralingen">Kralingen</a>. The park dates back to 1820, but it was only after it was opened to the public in 1958 that the park, which was managed by the (Van Hoey) Smith family for generations, gained wider attention. The park, approximately 20 acres in size, contains approximately 4,000 different types of trees, shrubs and perennials, amongst others the national plant collections of <a href="/wiki/Conifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifers">conifers</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus">Quercus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Fagus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">Rhododendron</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ligustrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligustrum">Ligustrum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rodgersia" title="Rodgersia">Rodgersia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hosta" title="Hosta">Hosta</a></i>.</li> <li><i>Park Schoonoord</i> (3 acres) is located in the <a href="/wiki/Scheepvaartkwartier" title="Scheepvaartkwartier">Scheepvaartkwartier</a> and was designed in its current form in 1860 by Jan David Zocher.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kralingen-Crooswijk" title="Kralingen-Crooswijk"><i>Kralingse Bos</i></a> (500 acres) with the <a href="/wiki/Kralingse_Plas" title="Kralingse Plas">Kralingse Plas</a> (250 acres) is located in the <a href="/wiki/Kralingen" title="Kralingen">Kralingen</a> district and has been based on a design by <a href="/wiki/Marinus_Jan_Granpr%C3%A9_Moli%C3%A8re" title="Marinus Jan Granpré Molière">Marinus Jan Granpré Molière</a> since 1928. In 1953 the Kralingse Bos officially opened.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20070619Rozenburgpark2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/20070619Rozenburgpark2.jpg/220px-20070619Rozenburgpark2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/20070619Rozenburgpark2.jpg/330px-20070619Rozenburgpark2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/20070619Rozenburgpark2.jpg/440px-20070619Rozenburgpark2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Park Rozenburg</figcaption></figure></li> <li>The <i>Vroesenpark</i> in the district Rotterdam-Noord was laid out from 1929 to a plan by city architect W.G. <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Gerrit_Witteveen" class="extiw" title="nl:Willem Gerrit Witteveen">Witteveen</a>.</li> <li>The <i>Zuiderpark</i> (780 acres) is located in the district of <a href="/wiki/Charlois" title="Charlois">Charlois</a>. The park was laid out as a utility park from 1952 and not as an ornamental park.</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Park Rozenburg</i> is a 7.41 acres (3.00 ha) park in the neighbourhood <a href="/wiki/Kralingen" title="Kralingen">Kralingen</a>. The park is a protected municipal monument (Dutch: <i>Gemeentelijk monument</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Green_activities">Green activities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Green activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 28 May 1994, Rotterdam has had the phenomenon <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/opzoomeren" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:opzoomeren"><i>Opzoomeren</i></a>. 15% of Rotterdam residents (about 100,000 residents) say they participate in this phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 2020, the city has a record number of 2,503 Opzoomer streets,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is mainly reflected in the construction of facade gardens. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakpark_Rotterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dakpark_Rotterdam.jpg/220px-Dakpark_Rotterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dakpark_Rotterdam.jpg/330px-Dakpark_Rotterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dakpark_Rotterdam.jpg/440px-Dakpark_Rotterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Dakpark Rotterdam</figcaption></figure> <p>The municipality of Rotterdam is encouraging the construction of <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roofs</a>. There is an attractive subsidy for roof owners and the city has now provided a number of municipal buildings with a green roof. As of 1 January 2020, the water storage capacity requirement has been increased to 30 liters of water storage capacity per square metre. This reduces the burden on the sewer system during heavy rainfall and reduces the risk of flooding on the street.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The city's largest green roof is located on top of the <a href="/wiki/Groothandelsgebouw" title="Groothandelsgebouw">Groothandelsgebouw</a> next to Central Station.</li> <li>The <i>Dakakker</i> is the largest roof farm in Europe on top of the Schieblok.</li> <li>The <i>Dakpark</i> is an elongated, narrow park in the district <a href="/wiki/Bospolder-Tussendijken" title="Bospolder-Tussendijken">Bospolder-Tussendijken</a> in Rotterdam-West. It has been built at a height of about nine meters, is about 85 meters wide and extends for about a kilometer from Hudson Square to near Marconi Square.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The municipality of Rotterdam will provide the flat roof of the conference and concert building <a href="/wiki/De_Doelen" title="De Doelen">De Doelen</a> with greenery and water storage. The design for the roof was made by Kraijvanger Architects.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rotterdam calls itself <i>Sportstad</i> (City of Sports). The city annually organises several world-renowned sporting events. Some examples are the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Marathon" title="Rotterdam Marathon">Rotterdam Marathon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Port_Tournament" title="World Port Tournament">World Port Tournament</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Open" title="Rotterdam Open">Rotterdam World Tennis Tournament</a>. Rotterdam has also hosted a race of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Air_Race_World_Championship" title="Red Bull Air Race World Championship">Red Bull Air Race World Championship</a> and the car racing event <a href="/wiki/Monaco_aan_de_Maas" title="Monaco aan de Maas">Monaco aan de Maas</a> (Monaco at the Meuse). </p><p>The city is also the home of many sports clubs and some historic and iconic athletes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robin_Van_Persie_August_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Robin_Van_Persie_August_2007.jpg/220px-Robin_Van_Persie_August_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Robin_Van_Persie_August_2007.jpg/330px-Robin_Van_Persie_August_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Robin_Van_Persie_August_2007.jpg/440px-Robin_Van_Persie_August_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2509" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robin_van_Persie" title="Robin van Persie">Robin van Persie</a> began his career with <a href="/wiki/Excelsior_Rotterdam" title="Excelsior Rotterdam">Excelsior</a> and broke through in Feyenoord.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg/220px-Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg/330px-Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg/440px-Rotterdam_feyenoord_stadion_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption>De Kuip, Feyenoord home stadium</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotterdam is the home of three professional <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> clubs, being <a href="/wiki/Eredivisie" title="Eredivisie">first tier</a> clubs <a href="/wiki/Feyenoord" title="Feyenoord">Feyenoord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparta_Rotterdam" title="Sparta Rotterdam">Sparta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Excelsior_Rotterdam" title="Excelsior Rotterdam">Excelsior</a>. </p><p>Feyenoord, founded in 1908 and the dominant of the three professional clubs, has won sixteen national titles since the introduction of professional football in the Netherlands. It won the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">UEFA Champions League</a> as the first Dutch club in 1970 and won the World Cup for club teams in the same year. In 1974, they were the first Dutch club to win the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League" title="UEFA Europa League">UEFA Cup</a> and in 2002, Feyenoord won the UEFA Cup again. In 2008, the year of their 100-year-anniversary, Feyenoord won the <a href="/wiki/KNVB_Cup" title="KNVB Cup">KNVB Cup</a>. </p><p>Seating 51,480, its 1937 stadium, called <i>Stadion Feijenoord</i> but popularly known as <a href="/wiki/De_Kuip" title="De Kuip">De Kuip</a> ('the Tub'), is the second-largest in the country, after the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Arena">Amsterdam Arena</a>. De Kuip, located in the southeast of the city, has hosted many international football games, including the final of <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000" title="UEFA Euro 2000">Euro 2000</a> and has been awarded a FIFA 5 star ranking. There are concrete plans to build a new stadium with a capacity of at least 63,000 seats. </p><p>Sparta, founded in 1888 and situated in the northwest of Rotterdam, won the national title six times; Excelsior (founded 1902), in the northeast, has never won any. </p><p>Rotterdam also has three <a href="/wiki/Hoofdklasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoofdklasse">fourth tier</a> clubs, SC Feijenoord (Feyenoord Amateurs), PVV DOTO and TOGR. Rotterdam is and has been the home to many great football players and coaches, among whom: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bert_van_Marwijk" title="Bert van Marwijk">Bert van Marwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coen_Moulijn" title="Coen Moulijn">Coen Moulijn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_D_Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard D Carter (page does not exist)">Howard D Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Kuyt" title="Dirk Kuyt">Dirk Kuyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Happel" title="Ernst Happel">Ernst Happel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faas_Wilkes" title="Faas Wilkes">Faas Wilkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_van_Bronckhorst" title="Giovanni van Bronckhorst">Giovanni van Bronckhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georginio_Wijnaldum" title="Georginio Wijnaldum">Georginio Wijnaldum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Larsson" title="Henrik Larsson">Henrik Larsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Blind" title="Danny Blind">Danny Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Wolf" title="John de Wolf">John de Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Dahl_Tomasson" title="Jon Dahl Tomasson">Jon Dahl Tomasson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Beenhakker" title="Leo Beenhakker">Leo Beenhakker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_van_Gaal" title="Louis van Gaal">Louis van Gaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ove_Kindvall" title="Ove Kindvall">Ove Kindvall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Strootman" title="Kevin Strootman">Kevin Strootman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Depay" title="Memphis Depay">Memphis Depay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_van_Hooijdonk" title="Pierre van Hooijdonk">Pierre van Hooijdonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pim_Doesburg" title="Pim Doesburg">Pim Doesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puck_van_Heel" title="Puck van Heel">Puck van Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinus_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Rinus Israël">Rinus Israël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_van_Persie" title="Robin van Persie">Robin van Persie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Koeman" title="Ronald Koeman">Ronald Koeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Makaay" title="Roy Makaay">Roy Makaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Gullit" title="Ruud Gullit">Ruud Gullit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Silooy" title="Sonny Silooy">Sonny Silooy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Hanegem" title="Willem van Hanegem">Willem van Hanegem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Jansen" title="Wim Jansen">Wim Jansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Bogarde" title="Winston Bogarde">Winston Bogarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Smolarek" title="Włodzimierz Smolarek">Włodzimierz Smolarek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Ricardo_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio Ricardo Cruz">Julio Ricardo Cruz</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marathon">Marathon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Marathon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hardlopers_marathon_in_Rotterdam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hardlopers_marathon_in_Rotterdam.JPG/220px-Hardlopers_marathon_in_Rotterdam.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hardlopers_marathon_in_Rotterdam.JPG/330px-Hardlopers_marathon_in_Rotterdam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hardlopers_marathon_in_Rotterdam.JPG/440px-Hardlopers_marathon_in_Rotterdam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Runners during the marathon in Rotterdam</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotterdam has its own annual international <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Marathon" title="Rotterdam Marathon">marathon</a>, which offers one of the fastest courses in the world. From 1985 until 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Marathon_world_record_progression" title="Marathon world record progression">world record</a> was set in Rotterdam, first by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Lopes" title="Carlos Lopes">Carlos Lopes</a> and later in 1988 by <a href="/wiki/Belayneh_Densamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Belayneh Densamo">Belayneh Densamo</a>. </p><p>In 1998, the world record for women was set by <a href="/wiki/Tegla_Loroupe" title="Tegla Loroupe">Tegla Loroupe</a>, in a time of 2:20.47. Loroupe won the Rotterdam Marathon three consecutive times, from 1997 to 1999. </p><p>The track record for men is held by <a href="/wiki/Bashir_Abdi" title="Bashir Abdi">Bashir Abdi</a>, who ran a time of 2:03.36 in 2021. The female record was set in 2012 when <a href="/wiki/Tiki_Gelana" title="Tiki Gelana">Tiki Gelana</a> finished the race in 2:18.58. Gelana went on to become the 2012 Olympic champion in London, a few months later. </p><p>The marathon starts and ends on the <i><a href="/wiki/Coolsingel" title="Coolsingel">Coolsingel</a></i> in the heart of Rotterdam. It attracts a total of 900,000 visitors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tennis">Tennis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Tennis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABN-wereldtennistoernooi_in_Rotterdam_Arthur_Ashe_in_actie,_Bestanddeelnr_927-7839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ABN-wereldtennistoernooi_in_Rotterdam_Arthur_Ashe_in_actie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_927-7839.jpg/220px-ABN-wereldtennistoernooi_in_Rotterdam_Arthur_Ashe_in_actie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_927-7839.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ABN-wereldtennistoernooi_in_Rotterdam_Arthur_Ashe_in_actie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_927-7839.jpg/330px-ABN-wereldtennistoernooi_in_Rotterdam_Arthur_Ashe_in_actie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_927-7839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ABN-wereldtennistoernooi_in_Rotterdam_Arthur_Ashe_in_actie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_927-7839.jpg/440px-ABN-wereldtennistoernooi_in_Rotterdam_Arthur_Ashe_in_actie%2C_Bestanddeelnr_927-7839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2441" /></a><figcaption>Arthur Ashe at the <a href="/wiki/1975_ABN_World_Tennis_Tournament" title="1975 ABN World Tennis Tournament">1975 ABN World Tennis Tournament</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1972, Rotterdam hosts the indoor hard court <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Open" title="Rotterdam Open">ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">ATP</a> Tour. The event was first organised in 1972 when it was won by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a>. Ashe went on to win the tournament two more times, making him the singles title record holder. </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Richard_Krajicek" title="Richard Krajicek">Richard Krajicek</a> became the tournament director after his retirement in 2000. The latest edition of the tournament attracted a total of 116,354 visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tour_de_France">Tour de France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tour de France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2008 Rotterdam was chosen as the host of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_D%C3%A9part" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Départ">Grand Départ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Tour_de_France" title="2010 Tour de France">2010 Tour de France</a>. Rotterdam won the selection over the Dutch city of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>. Germany's Düsseldorf had previously also expressed interest in hosting. The <a href="/wiki/Amaury_Sport_Organisation" title="Amaury Sport Organisation">Amaury Sport Organisation</a> (ASO), the organizer of the Tour de France, said in a statement on its web site that it chose Rotterdam because, in addition to it being another big city, like London, to showcase the use of bikes for urban transportation, it provided a location well-positioned considering the rest of the route envisioned for the 2010 event. The start in Rotterdam was the fifth to take place in the Netherlands. The <a href="/wiki/Prologue" title="Prologue">prologue</a> was a 7 km (4.35 mi) individual time trial crossing the centre of the city. The first regular stage left the <a href="/wiki/Erasmusbrug" title="Erasmusbrug">Erasmusbrug</a> and went south, towards Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second stage of <a href="/wiki/2015_Tour_de_France" title="2015 Tour de France">2015 edition</a> took the riders through Rotterdam on their way to <a href="/wiki/Neeltje_Jans" title="Neeltje Jans">Neeltje Jans</a> in Zeeland.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2024 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France_Femmes" title="Tour de France Femmes">Tour de France Femmes</a> will begin in Rotterdam, with three stages in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rowing">Rowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the student rowing club <a href="/wiki/Skadi_(rowing_club)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skadi (rowing club)">Skadi</a> were part of the '<a href="/wiki/Holland_Acht" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland Acht">Holland Acht</a>', winning a gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Rowing at the Summer Olympics">Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the opening in April 2013, Rotterdam hosts the rowing venue <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_Baan" title="Willem-Alexander Baan">Willem-Alexander Baan</a> that hosted the <a href="/wiki/2016_World_Rowing_Championships" title="2016 World Rowing Championships">2016 World Rowing Championships</a> for Seniors, U23 and Juniors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_hockey">Field hockey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Field hockey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, Rotterdam has the largest hockey club in the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/HC_Rotterdam" title="HC Rotterdam">HC Rotterdam</a>, with its own stadium in the north of the city and nearly 2,400 members. The first men's and women's teams both play on the highest level in the Dutch <i>Hoofdklasse</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baseball">Baseball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Baseball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rotterdam is home to the most successful European <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> team, <a href="/wiki/DOOR_Neptunus" class="mw-redirect" title="DOOR Neptunus">Neptunus Rotterdam</a>, winning the most <a href="/wiki/European_Cup_(baseball)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Cup (baseball)">European Cups</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boxing">Boxing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Boxing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bep_van_Klaveren,_Olympische_Spelen_1928_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bep_van_Klaveren%2C_Olympische_Spelen_1928_Amsterdam.jpg/170px-Bep_van_Klaveren%2C_Olympische_Spelen_1928_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bep_van_Klaveren%2C_Olympische_Spelen_1928_Amsterdam.jpg/255px-Bep_van_Klaveren%2C_Olympische_Spelen_1928_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bep_van_Klaveren%2C_Olympische_Spelen_1928_Amsterdam.jpg/340px-Bep_van_Klaveren%2C_Olympische_Spelen_1928_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Bep van Klaveren</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotterdam has a long boxing tradition starting with <a href="/wiki/Bep_van_Klaveren" title="Bep van Klaveren">Bep van Klaveren</a> (1907–1992), aka 'The Dutch Windmill', Gold medal winner of the 1928 <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Olympics">Amsterdam Olympics</a>, followed by professional boxers like <a href="/wiki/Regilio_Tuur" title="Regilio Tuur">Regilio Tuur</a> and Don Diego Poeder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swimming">Swimming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Swimming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rotterdam's swimming tradition started with <a href="/wiki/Marie_Braun" title="Marie Braun">Marie Braun</a> aka Zus (sister) Braun, who was coached to a gold medal at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics by her mother Ma Braun, and 3 European titles three years later in Paris. In her career as 14-time national champ, she broke 6 world records. Ma Braun later also coached the Rotterdam-born, three-times Olympic champion <a href="/wiki/Rie_Mastenbroek" title="Rie Mastenbroek">Rie Mastenbroek</a> during the Berlin Olympics in 1936. In later years <a href="/wiki/Inge_de_Bruijn" title="Inge de Bruijn">Inge de Bruijn</a> became a Rotterdam sports icon as triple Olympic Gold medal winner in 2000 and triple European Gold medal winner in 2001. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sailing">Sailing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sailing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Olympic Gold medalist, in the <a href="/wiki/O-Jolle" title="O-Jolle">O-Jolle</a> during <a href="/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Sailing at the 1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daan_Kagchelland" title="Daan Kagchelland">Daan Kagchelland</a> was born in Rotterdam and member of the <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdamsche_Zeil_Vereeniging" class="extiw" title="nl:Rotterdamsche Zeil Vereeniging">Rotterdamsche Zeil Vereeniging</a>. The Kralingse plas was and is still a source of Olympic sailors like <a href="/wiki/Koos_de_Jong" title="Koos de Jong">Koos de Jong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Verhagen" title="Ben Verhagen">Ben Verhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henny_Vegter" title="Henny Vegter">Henny Vegter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serge_Kats" title="Serge Kats">Serge Kats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margriet_Matthijsse" title="Margriet Matthijsse">Margriet Matthijsse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorcycle_racing">Motorcycle racing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Motorcycle racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Motorcycle speedway was staged in the Feyenoord Stadium after the second world war. The team which raced in a Dutch league was known as the Feyenoord Tigers. The team included Dutch riders and some English and Australian riders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sportsmen_of_the_year_election">Sportsmen of the year election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sportsmen of the year election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1986, the city has selected its best sportsman, woman and team at the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Sportsman_of_the_year" title="Rotterdam Sportsman of the year">Rotterdam Sports Awards Election</a>, held in December. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_famous_Rotterdam_athletes">Other famous Rotterdam athletes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Other famous Rotterdam athletes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_Elson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Francisco_Elson.jpg/170px-Francisco_Elson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Francisco_Elson.jpg/255px-Francisco_Elson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Francisco_Elson.jpg/340px-Francisco_Elson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2021" data-file-height="1731" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Elson" title="Francisco Elson">Francisco Elson</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Audina" title="Mia Audina">Mia Audina</a>, a retired Indonesia-born badminton player, living in Rotterdam.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelli_Cooman" title="Nelli Cooman">Nelli Cooman</a>, a Surinamese-born retired athlete who held the <a href="/wiki/60_metres" title="60 metres">60 m</a> dash world record, and was the world and European champion in that event.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Doornbos" title="Robert Doornbos">Robert Doornbos</a>, a Rotterdam-born race car driver, who competed in the <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eenhoorn" title="Robert Eenhoorn">Robert Eenhoorn</a>, a Rotterdam-born retired MLB shortstop, who competed for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anaheim_Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaheim Angels">Anaheim Angels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dex_Elmont" title="Dex Elmont">Dex Elmont</a>, a Rotterdam-born judoka, who finished second in the European championships in 2009 in the 65 to 73 kg (143 to 161 lb) division.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Elmont" title="Guillaume Elmont">Guillaume Elmont</a>, a Rotterdam-born judoka, who became world champion in 2005 in the 73 to 81 kg (161 to 179 lb) division.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Elson" title="Francisco Elson">Francisco Elson</a>, a Rotterdam-born basketball player who played in the NBA, won the NBA finals in 2007 with the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs" title="San Antonio Spurs">San Antonio Spurs</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignisious_Gaisah" title="Ignisious Gaisah">Ignisious Gaisah</a>, a Ghanaian-born long jumper with a personal best of 8.43 m (27.66 ft), residing in Rotterdam since 2001. Gaisah is a multiple medal winner in several international events, both as a citizen of Ghana and the Netherlands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hoenselaar" title="Francis Hoenselaar">Francis Hoenselaar</a>, a Rotterdam-born female darts player, generally recognised as the best Dutch female darts player ever.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lathouwers" title="Robert Lathouwers">Robert Lathouwers</a>, an athlete born in a Rotterdam suburb, specialised in the 800 m. Lathouwers gained international notoriety when he got disqualified after shoving Irish athlete <a href="/wiki/David_McCarthy_(born_1983)" class="mw-redirect" title="David McCarthy (born 1983)">David McCarthy</a> in the 2010 European Championships.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Moreira_de_Melo" title="Fatima Moreira de Melo">Fatima Moreira de Melo</a>, a Rotterdam-born, three-times Olympic champion in field hockey. Moreira de Melo is a professional poker player.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Roozenburg" title="Piet Roozenburg">Piet Roozenburg</a>, a Rotterdam-born draughts player, who was the world champion from 1948 to 1956 and the 8-time Dutch champion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_St%C3%B6ve" title="Betty Stöve">Betty Stöve</a>, a Rotterdam-born retired female tennis double specialist and 10-time Grand Slam winner.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Vos" title="Ingmar Vos">Ingmar Vos</a>, a Rotterdam-born decathlete, with a personal best of 8224 points.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yearly_events">Yearly events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Yearly events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rotterdam hosts several annual events unique to the city. It hosts the <i>Zomercarnaval</i> (Summer carnaval), the second-largest Caribbean carnival in Europe, originally called the Antillean carnival. Other events include: North Sea Jazz Festival, the largest Jazz festival in Europe, and a three-day long maritime extravaganza called the World Port Days celebrating the Port of Rotterdam. </p> <ul><li>January: <a href="/wiki/Six-day_racing" title="Six-day racing">'Zesdaagse van Rotterdam'</a> – Rotterdam Ahoy</li> <li>January: <a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_Rotterdam" title="International Film Festival Rotterdam">International Film Festival Rotterdam</a><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>February: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Open" title="Rotterdam Open">Rotterdam Open</a> ABN AMRO ATP 500 Tennis Tournament – Rotterdam Ahoy</li> <li>Art Rotterdam – international art fair at Van Nellefabriek</li></ul></li> <li>April–June: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Marathon" title="Rotterdam Marathon">Rotterdam Marathon</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_International_Web" title="Poetry International Web">Poetry International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koningsdag" title="Koningsdag">Koningsdag Festival</a> (27 April)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>CHIO (Concours Hippique International Officiel) Rotterdam<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roparun" title="Roparun">Roparun</a></li></ul></li> <li>July: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Jazz_Festival" title="North Sea Jazz Festival">North Sea Jazz Festival</a> (second weekend of July)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Carnival" title="Summer Carnival">Summer Carnival</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>August: <ul><li>Pleinbioscoop<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dag van de Romantische Muziek (Romantic music festival)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Rave" title="Rotterdam Rave">Rotterdam Rave</a> Festival</li></ul></li> <li>September: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Port_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Port Days">The World Port Days</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>November/December (Last weekend before 5 December (<a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a>)) <ul><li>Boterletterwedstrijden (Sailing regatta for International classes)<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rotterdam offers connections by international, national, regional and local public transport systems, as well as by the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorways">Motorways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Motorways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several motorways to/from Rotterdam. The following four are part of its 'Ring' (<a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A20_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A20 motorway (Netherlands)">A20</a> (Ring North): <a href="/wiki/Hook_of_Holland" title="Hook of Holland">Hook of Holland</a> – <i>Rotterdam</i> – <a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A16_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A16 motorway (Netherlands)">A16</a> (Ring East): <i>Rotterdam</i> – <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a> (– <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A15_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A15 motorway (Netherlands)">A15</a> (Ring South): <a href="/wiki/Europoort" title="Europoort">Europoort</a> – <i>Rotterdam</i> – <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A4_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A4 motorway (Netherlands)">A4</a> (Ring West): <i>Rotterdam</i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> (– <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>)</li></ul> <p>The following two other motorways also serve Rotterdam: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A13_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A13 motorway (Netherlands)">A13</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> –): <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> – <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a> – <i>Rotterdam</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A29_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A29 motorway (Netherlands)">A29</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> –): <a href="/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom" title="Bergen op Zoom">Bergen op Zoom</a> – <i>Rotterdam</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Airport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much smaller than the international hub <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Schiphol Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_The_Hague_Airport" title="Rotterdam The Hague Airport">Rotterdam The Hague Airport</a> (formerly known as <i>Zestienhoven</i>) is the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airport</a> in the country, behind <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Schiphol Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven_Airport" title="Eindhoven Airport">Eindhoven Airport</a>. Located north of the city, it has shown solid growth over the past five years, mostly caused by the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost carrier</a> market. For business travellers, Rotterdam The Hague Airport offers advantages in terms of rapid handling of passengers and baggage. Environmental regulations make further growth uncertain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train">Train</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Train"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rtd_CS-III.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rtd_CS-III.JPG/220px-Rtd_CS-III.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rtd_CS-III.JPG/330px-Rtd_CS-III.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rtd_CS-III.JPG/440px-Rtd_CS-III.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Rotterdam's new <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Centraal_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Centraal railway station">Central Station</a> reopened in March 2014, designed to handle up to 320,000 passengers daily.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotterdam is well connected to the Dutch railway network, and has several international connections: </p> <ul><li>Southern direction <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flushing,_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Flushing, Netherlands">Flushing (Vlissingen)</a> (also international trains to <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>/<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>)</li> <li>Western direction <a href="/wiki/Hook_of_Holland" title="Hook of Holland">Hook of Holland</a> (reopened as a metro line in 2019)</li> <li>North-Western direction <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li>Northern direction (high-speed rail) <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Schiphol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li>North-Eastern direction <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> and further</li> <li>A fifth alternative train system to the Hague, the <a href="/wiki/Hofpleinlijn" title="Hofpleinlijn">Hofplein Line</a> was converted to the light rail system <a href="/wiki/RandstadRail" title="RandstadRail">Randstadrail</a> in 2006.</li> <li>The city is often mentioned as the terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_stations">Railway stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Railway stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Centraal_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Centraal railway station">Rotterdam Centraal</a> – Rotterdam's main station</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Alexander_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Alexander railway station">Rotterdam Alexander</a> – Eastern part of Rotterdam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Blaak_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Blaak railway station">Rotterdam Blaak</a> – Close to the centre of Rotterdam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Lombardijen_railway_station" title="Rotterdam Lombardijen railway station">Rotterdam Lombardijen</a> – Most Southern part of Rotterdam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Noord_railway_station" title="Rotterdam Noord railway station">Rotterdam Noord</a> – Northern part of Rotterdam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Zuid_railway_station" title="Rotterdam Zuid railway station">Rotterdam Zuid</a> – Northern part of the Southern part of Rotterdam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Stadion_railway_station" title="Rotterdam Stadion railway station">Rotterdam Stadion</a> – A station near the Feyenoord stadium, open in connection with football matches and music concerts</li></ul> <p>The main connections: </p> <ul><li>Direct international services to <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> via high-speed train system: <a href="/wiki/Thalys" title="Thalys">Thalys</a></li> <li>International trains to the south of France and London via the <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Frequent international trains to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium</li> <li>Frequent services within the Netherlands: <ul><li>Intercity line to <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Schiphol airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (north)</li> <li>Intercity line to Utrecht and on to <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enschede" title="Enschede">Enschede</a> (the east), <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a> (north-west) or <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a> (north-east)</li> <li>Intercity line to <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roosendaal" title="Roosendaal">Roosendaal</a> and on to <a href="/wiki/Flushing,_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Flushing, Netherlands">Vlissingen</a> (south west)</li> <li>Intercity line to <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilburg" title="Tilburg">Tilburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venlo" title="Venlo">Venlo</a> (south east)</li> <li>Night services every hour connecting every day of the week to Delft, The Hague, Leiden, Schiphol airport, Amsterdam, and, with a detour, Utrecht. On Thursday, Friday and Saturday night services (either directly or via a detour) to Den Bosch, Eindhoven, Tilburg, Roosendaal.</li> <li>Several semi-fast services and local trains originate or call at Rotterdam Centraal; semi-fast services Amsterdam-Breda.</li></ul></li> <li>Detailed information available from the site of the <span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Spoorwegen" title="Nederlandse Spoorwegen">Nederlandse Spoorwegen</a></span></span> (Dutch Railways)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In Rotterdam, public transport services are provided by the following companies: </p> <ul><li>NS (Dutch Railways): national train services</li> <li>RET (<a href="/wiki/Rotterdamse_Elektrische_Tram" title="Rotterdamse Elektrische Tram">Rotterdamse Elektrische Tram</a>): tram, city-bus, metro, randstadrail and ferry-services in Rotterdam and surrounding cities</li> <li>Arriva Netherlands: regional bus services</li> <li>Connexxion: regional bus services</li> <li>Qbuzz: regional bus services</li> <li>Veolia: regional bus services.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro">Metro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Metro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Metro" title="Rotterdam Metro">Rotterdam Metro</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rotterdam_metro_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rotterdam metro stations">List of Rotterdam metro stations</a></div> <p>In 1968, Rotterdam was the first Dutch city to open a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> system. The metro system consists of three main lines, each of which has its own variants. The metro network has 78.3 km (48.7 mi) of rail tracks, and there are 70 stations, which makes it the biggest of the Benelux. 5 lines operate the system; 3 lines (A, B and C) on the east–west line, and two (D and E) on the north–south line. Line E (Randstadrail) connects Rotterdam with The Hague as of December 2011. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_Rotterdam_future.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Metro_Rotterdam_future.svg/220px-Metro_Rotterdam_future.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Metro_Rotterdam_future.svg/330px-Metro_Rotterdam_future.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Metro_Rotterdam_future.svg/440px-Metro_Rotterdam_future.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Map of the 2020 Rotterdam metro</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Line </th> <th>Southern / western terminus </th> <th>Northern / eastern terminus </th> <th>Additional info </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#00aa50; color:#fff;"><b>Line A</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vlaardingen_West_metro_station" title="Vlaardingen West metro station">Vlaardingen West</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Binnenhof_(Rotterdam_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Binnenhof (Rotterdam Metro)">Binnenhof</a> </td> <td>Terminates at <a href="/wiki/Schiedam_Centrum_station" title="Schiedam Centrum station">Schiedam Centrum</a> outside peak hours. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffd301; color:#000;"><b>Line B</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoek_van_Holland_Strand_metro_station" title="Hoek van Holland Strand metro station">Hoek van Holland Strand</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nesselande_(Rotterdam_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesselande (Rotterdam Metro)">Nesselande</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ef1f1f; color:#fff;"><b>Line C</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Akkers_(Rotterdam_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="De Akkers (Rotterdam Metro)">De Akkers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Terp_(Rotterdam_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="De Terp (Rotterdam Metro)">De Terp</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#1bc5e9; color:#fff;"><b>Line D</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Akkers_(Rotterdam_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="De Akkers (Rotterdam Metro)">De Akkers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Centraal_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Centraal railway station">Rotterdam Centraal</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#1a389a; color:#fff;"><b>Line E</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slinge_(Rotterdam_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slinge (Rotterdam Metro)">Slinge</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Den_Haag_Centraal_railway_station" title="Den Haag Centraal railway station">Den Haag Centraal</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15-05-2007_Metro_Maashaven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/15-05-2007_Metro_Maashaven.jpg/220px-15-05-2007_Metro_Maashaven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/15-05-2007_Metro_Maashaven.jpg/330px-15-05-2007_Metro_Maashaven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/15-05-2007_Metro_Maashaven.jpg/440px-15-05-2007_Metro_Maashaven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="2201" /></a><figcaption>Rotterdam metro</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tram">Tram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Tram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Rotterdam" title="Trams in Rotterdam">Trams in Rotterdam</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Rotterdam" title="Trams in Rotterdam">Rotterdam tramway network</a> offers 9 regular tram lines and 4 special tram lines with a total length of 93.4 km (58.0 mi). Service Tramlines in Rotterdam as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>2: (Rotterdam) Charlois – Rotterdam Lombardijen NS – (Rotterdam) Keizerswaard (runs only to the southern part of the city)</li> <li>4: (Rotterdam) Molenlaan – Rotterdam Centraal – (Rotterdam) Marconiplein</li> <li>7: (Rotterdam) Oostplein – Rotterdam Centraal – (Rotterdam) Willemsplein</li> <li>8: (Rotterdam) Spangen – Rotterdam Centraal – (Rotterdam) Kleiweg</li> <li>20: Rotterdam Centraal – Rotterdam Lombardijen NS – (Rotterdam) Lombardijen</li> <li>21: (Schiedam) Woudhoek – Station Schiedam Centrum – Rotterdam Centraal – (Rotterdam) De Esch</li> <li>23: (Rotterdam) Marconiplein – Rotterdam Centraal – (Rotterdam) Beverwaard</li> <li>24: (Vlaardingen) Holy – Station Schiedam Centrum – Rotterdam Centraal – (Rotterdam) De Esch</li> <li>25: (Rotterdam) Schiebroek – Rotterdam Centraal – (Barendrecht) Carnisselande</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RET_2022_Rotterdam_Centraal_15-05-2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RET_2022_Rotterdam_Centraal_15-05-2007.JPG/220px-RET_2022_Rotterdam_Centraal_15-05-2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RET_2022_Rotterdam_Centraal_15-05-2007.JPG/330px-RET_2022_Rotterdam_Centraal_15-05-2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/RET_2022_Rotterdam_Centraal_15-05-2007.JPG/440px-RET_2022_Rotterdam_Centraal_15-05-2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Citadis" title="Alstom Citadis">Citadis</a> <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> outside the former <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Centraal_station" title="Rotterdam Centraal station">Rotterdam Centraal</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Special tram lines: </p> <ul><li>10: historical tram line, only runs a few months a year and throughout the whole city for tourist information. Using historical Rotterdam Trams from the year 1931.</li> <li>18: tramline from Rotterdam Central Station towards Park, runs only at the Dunya Festival and during the Rotterdam World Port Days.</li> <li>12: Rotterdam Centraal – Stadion Feyenoord or Rotterdam Centraal – Het Kasteel ('The Castle', Sparta Stadium). Football tramline, only for big fixtures at Stadion Feyenoord or Het Kasteel.</li> <li>Snert-tram: historical tram, only in winter as a tourist tram through Rotterdam. Passengers are provided with a cup of "snert"; Rotterdam dialect for erwtensoep (<a href="/wiki/Pea_soup" title="Pea soup">pea soup</a>). Rolling stock is a historical Rotterdam tram from 1968.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">IJsjes-tram</a>: summer version of the snert tram, providing tourists with ice cream rather than pea soup.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_Watertaxi_(4).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rotterdam_Watertaxi_%284%29.JPG/220px-Rotterdam_Watertaxi_%284%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rotterdam_Watertaxi_%284%29.JPG/330px-Rotterdam_Watertaxi_%284%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rotterdam_Watertaxi_%284%29.JPG/440px-Rotterdam_Watertaxi_%284%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Water Taxi in Rotterdam</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rotterdam offers 55 city bus lines with a total length of 432.7 km (268.9 mi). </p><p>RET runs buses in the city of Rotterdam and surrounding places like Barendrecht, Ridderkerk, Rhoon, Poortugaal, Schiedam, Vlaardingen, Delft and Capelle aan den IJssel. </p><p>Arriva Netherlands, Connexxion, Qbuzz and Veolia run buses from other cities to Rotterdam. </p><p>An automated bus service, <a href="/wiki/ParkShuttle" title="ParkShuttle">ParkShuttle</a>, runs between <a href="/wiki/Kralingse_Zoom_metro_station" title="Kralingse Zoom metro station">Kralingse Zoom metro station</a> and the Rivium Business Park in <a href="/wiki/Capelle_aan_den_IJssel" title="Capelle aan den IJssel">Capelle aan den IJssel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_RoMeO_Foundation">The RoMeO Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: The RoMeO Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Foundation RoMeO (Rotterdam Public Transport Museum and Exploitation of Oldtimers) was founded in 1997 to bring together various historical transport collections into one collection. Currently, the joint collection consists of more than sixty trams, twenty buses and an underground metro dating from 1967. Since 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Public_Transport_Museum" title="Rotterdam Public Transport Museum">Rotterdam Public Transport Museum</a> is housed in the monumental tram depot Hillegersberg from 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterbus">Waterbus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Waterbus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Waterbus network consists of seven lines. The mainline (Line 20) stretches from Rotterdam to Dordrecht. The ferry carries about 130 passengers, and there is space for 60 <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a>. The stops between Rotterdam and Dordrecht are: </p> <ul><li>Rotterdam <a href="/wiki/Erasmusbrug" title="Erasmusbrug">Erasmusbrug</a> – <a href="/wiki/Krimpen_aan_den_IJssel" title="Krimpen aan den IJssel">Krimpen aan den IJssel</a> Stormpolder – <a href="/wiki/Ridderkerk" title="Ridderkerk">Ridderkerk</a> De Schans – <a href="/wiki/Alblasserdam" title="Alblasserdam">Alblasserdam</a> Kade – <a href="/wiki/Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht" title="Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht">Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht</a> Noordeinde – <a href="/wiki/Papendrecht" title="Papendrecht">Papendrecht</a> Westeind – <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a> Merwekade.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferry">Ferry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Ferry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/P%26O_Ferries" title="P&O Ferries">P&O Ferries</a> have daily sailings from <a href="/wiki/Europoort" title="Europoort">Europoort</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a> in the UK. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rotterdam has city and port connections throughout the world. In 2008, the city had 13 <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">sister cities</a>, 12 partner cities, and 4 sister ports.<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2008, the City of Rotterdam does not forge new sister or partner connections. Sister and partner cities are not a priority in international relations.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 March 2017, the Turkish president expressed his wish that <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> should no longer be the twin town of Rotterdam. A speaker of the Rotterdam municipality then explained that the two cities have no official partnership. Both authorities do cooperate often.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_Sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_Sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – Sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Twin towns – Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rotterdam is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> (since 1985)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a> (since 1976)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> (since 1958)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> (since 1976)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> (since 1988)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a> (since 1958)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> (since 1977)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> (since 1983)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> (since 1958)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> (since 1958)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (since 1979)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> (since 1984)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> (since 1958)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a> (since 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partner_cities">Partner cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Partner cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> (since 1940)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> (since 1945)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> (since 1991)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> (since 1991)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a> (since 1950)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> (since 1991)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a> (since 1936)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> (since 1983)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> (since 1961)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka Prefecture</a> (since 1984)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> (since 1945)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> (since 1991)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_ports">Sister ports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Sister ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a> (since 1967)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> (since 1987)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> (since 1969)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (since 1989)<sup id="cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_named_after_Rotterdam">Places named after Rotterdam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Places named after Rotterdam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witte_schotel_%E2%80%9CU.S.A._BICENTENNIAL_TOWN_OF_ROTTERDAM,_N.Y._1776_1976%E2%80%9D_met_in_zwart_wapen_en_stadsgezichten,_objectnr_67509.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Witte_schotel_%E2%80%9CU.S.A._BICENTENNIAL_TOWN_OF_ROTTERDAM%2C_N.Y._1776_1976%E2%80%9D_met_in_zwart_wapen_en_stadsgezichten%2C_objectnr_67509.JPG/220px-Witte_schotel_%E2%80%9CU.S.A._BICENTENNIAL_TOWN_OF_ROTTERDAM%2C_N.Y._1776_1976%E2%80%9D_met_in_zwart_wapen_en_stadsgezichten%2C_objectnr_67509.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Witte_schotel_%E2%80%9CU.S.A._BICENTENNIAL_TOWN_OF_ROTTERDAM%2C_N.Y._1776_1976%E2%80%9D_met_in_zwart_wapen_en_stadsgezichten%2C_objectnr_67509.JPG/330px-Witte_schotel_%E2%80%9CU.S.A._BICENTENNIAL_TOWN_OF_ROTTERDAM%2C_N.Y._1776_1976%E2%80%9D_met_in_zwart_wapen_en_stadsgezichten%2C_objectnr_67509.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Witte_schotel_%E2%80%9CU.S.A._BICENTENNIAL_TOWN_OF_ROTTERDAM%2C_N.Y._1776_1976%E2%80%9D_met_in_zwart_wapen_en_stadsgezichten%2C_objectnr_67509.JPG/440px-Witte_schotel_%E2%80%9CU.S.A._BICENTENNIAL_TOWN_OF_ROTTERDAM%2C_N.Y._1776_1976%E2%80%9D_met_in_zwart_wapen_en_stadsgezichten%2C_objectnr_67509.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>White dish <i>U.S.A. BICENTENNIAL TOWN OF ROTTERDAM, N.Y. 1776–1976</i>, with black coat of arms and cityscapes</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam (town), New York">town of Rotterdam</a>, located in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, was founded in 1661 by Dutch <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a>, who named it after the city of Rotterdam in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, where many immigrants last touched European grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town borders the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#City" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of New York">city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady</a>. Founded as a 'first class town' in 1942, Rotterdam has since adopted the Old World Rotterdam coat of arms along with the motto <i>Sterker door Strijd</i> (Stronger through Effort).<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><img alt="Suriname" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nieuw_Rotterdam" title="Nieuw Rotterdam">Nieuw Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickerie_District" title="Nickerie District">Nickerie District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> (1866–1875)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam,_New_York" title="Rotterdam, New York">Rotterdam, New York</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam,_Limpopo" title="Rotterdam, Limpopo">Rotterdam, Limpopo</a>, South Africa</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Rotterdam" title="List of people from Rotterdam">List of people from Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Rotterdam" title="Category:People from Rotterdam">Category:People from Rotterdam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a> (1647–1706), enlightenment philosopher<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Beenhakker" title="Leo Beenhakker">Leo Beenhakker</a> (born 1942), football coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_van_Bronckhorst" title="Giovanni van Bronckhorst">Giovanni van Bronckhorst</a> (born 1975), former footballer with <a href="/wiki/Feyenoord" title="Feyenoord">Feyenoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Deelder" title="Jules Deelder">Jules Deelder</a> (1944–2019), poet, writer, DJ and night mayor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a> (1466–1536), philosopher and humanist<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Pim Fortuyn</a> (1948–2002), assassinated politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Fuld" title="Leo Fuld">Leo Fuld</a> (1912–1997), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a> (1577–1629), naval fleet officer and privateer<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</a> (1852–1911), Dutch physical chemist, first winner of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas" title="Rem Koolhaas">Rem Koolhaas</a> (born 1944), internationally renowned architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Willem de Kooning</a> (1904–1997), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers" title="Ruud Lubbers">Ruud Lubbers</a> (1939–2018), <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a> from 1982 to 1994 and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> from 2001 to 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Bernard Mandeville</a> (1670–1733), philosopher, political economist and satirist<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louisa_Molesworth" title="Mary Louisa Molesworth">Mary Louisa Molesworth</a> (1839–1921), an English writer of children's stories<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coen_Moulijn" title="Coen Moulijn">Coen Moulijn</a> (1937–2011), football player of <a href="/wiki/Feyenoord" title="Feyenoord">Feyenoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt" title="Johan van Oldenbarnevelt">Johan van Oldebarnevelt</a> (1547–1619), statesman of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Jacob_van_Oosterzee" title="Jan Jacob van Oosterzee">Jan Jacob van Oosterzee</a> (1817–1882), a Dutch divine<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Tom_Parker" title="Colonel Tom Parker">Colonel Tom Parker</a> (1909–1997), manager of <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_van_Persie" title="Robin van Persie">Robin van Persie</a> (born 1983), <a href="/wiki/Feyenoord" title="Feyenoord">Feyenoord</a> forward and Dutch international footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth</a> (1649–1685), English nobleman and military officer<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marten_Toonder" title="Marten Toonder">Marten Toonder</a> (1912–2005), comic writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maarten_Tromp" title="Maarten Tromp">Maarten Tromp</a> (1598–1653) & <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Tromp" title="Cornelis Tromp">Cornelis Tromp</a> (1629–1691), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy" title="Royal Netherlands Navy">Dutch</a> admirals<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Visser" title="Angela Visser">Angela Visser</a> (born 1966), model and actress, <a href="/wiki/Miss_Nederland" title="Miss Nederland">Miss Holland 1988</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miss_Universe_1989" title="Miss Universe 1989">Miss Universe 1989</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rotterdam" title="Special:EditPage/Rotterdam">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Rotterdam%22">"Rotterdam"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Rotterdam%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Rotterdam%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Rotterdam%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Rotterdam%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Rotterdam%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rotterdam features in <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Unparalleled_Adventure_of_One_Hans_Pfaall" title="The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall">The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall</a>" (1835).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rotterdam features in J.T. <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu" title="Sheridan Le Fanu">Sheridan Le Fanu</a>'s "Strange Event in the Life of Schalken the Painter" (1839). </p><p>In episode 2 of the first series of <a href="/wiki/Survivors_(1975_TV_series)" title="Survivors (1975 TV series)"><i>Survivors</i></a> Greg Preston says "Rotterdam was burning, just miles and miles of fire. Oil tanks going off like bombs." </p><p>In season 1, episode 2 of <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Girls_(season_1)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golden Girls (season 1)"><i>The Golden Girls</i></a> ("Guess Who's Coming to the Wedding?"), <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Zbornak" title="Dorothy Zbornak">Dorothy</a> reminisces how her ex-husband, Stan, would buy her tulips after they fought. "Towards the end, our house looked like Easter in Rotterdam." </p><p>In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> band <a href="/wiki/The_Beautiful_South" title="The Beautiful South">the Beautiful South</a> recorded a song named after this region titled <i><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_(or_Anywhere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam (or Anywhere)">Rotterdam (or Anywhere)</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a>'s 1998 film <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Am_I%3F_(1998_film)" title="Who Am I? (1998 film)">Who Am I?</a></i> is set in Rotterdam. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ender%27s_Shadow" title="Ender's Shadow">Ender's Shadow</a></i>, part of the series <i><a href="/wiki/Ender%27s_Game" title="Ender's Game">Ender's Game</a></i> is partially set in Rotterdam. </p><p>In the 2004 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Hitman:_Contracts" title="Hitman: Contracts">Hitman: Contracts</a></i>, the missions "Rendezvous in Rotterdam" and "Deadly Cargo" are both set in Rotterdam. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2017_Laurence_Olivier_Awards" title="2017 Laurence Olivier Awards">2017 Laurence Olivier Award</a>-winning play <i><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_(play)" title="Rotterdam (play)">Rotterdam</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Brittain" title="Jon Brittain">Jon Brittain</a>, is set in the city. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_V" title="Battlefield V">Battlefield V</a></i>, this city is used as a map released on its two of its maps on launch, which are Rotterdam and Devastation, and featured the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> and according to its history, the <a href="/wiki/Witte_Huis" title="Witte Huis">white building</a> was almost left untouched by the bombing during WWII and that building can be seen on both in-game and real world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koningin_Emmaplein_3-14,_juli_2022.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Koningin Emmaplein"><img alt="Koningin Emmaplein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Koningin_Emmaplein_3-14%2C_juli_2022.tif/lossy-page1-175px-Koningin_Emmaplein_3-14%2C_juli_2022.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Koningin_Emmaplein_3-14%2C_juli_2022.tif/lossy-page1-263px-Koningin_Emmaplein_3-14%2C_juli_2022.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Koningin_Emmaplein_3-14%2C_juli_2022.tif/lossy-page1-350px-Koningin_Emmaplein_3-14%2C_juli_2022.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5443" data-file-height="3364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Koningin Emmaplein</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schielandshuis_Rotterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Het Schielandshuis"><img alt="Het Schielandshuis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Schielandshuis_Rotterdam.jpg/175px-Schielandshuis_Rotterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Schielandshuis_Rotterdam.jpg/263px-Schielandshuis_Rotterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Schielandshuis_Rotterdam.jpg/350px-Schielandshuis_Rotterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="1856" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Het Schielandshuis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Rotterdam_-_20377524_-_RCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotterdam City Hall"><img alt="Rotterdam City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Rotterdam_-_20377524_-_RCE.jpg/175px-Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Rotterdam_-_20377524_-_RCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Rotterdam_-_20377524_-_RCE.jpg/263px-Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Rotterdam_-_20377524_-_RCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Rotterdam_-_20377524_-_RCE.jpg/350px-Overzicht_voorgevel_-_Rotterdam_-_20377524_-_RCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3574" data-file-height="2760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_City_Hall" title="Rotterdam City Hall">Rotterdam City Hall</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_depot_boijmans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Depot Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, It is the first publicly accessible art depot in the world."><img alt="Depot Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, It is the first publicly accessible art depot in the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rotterdam_depot_boijmans.jpg/175px-Rotterdam_depot_boijmans.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rotterdam_depot_boijmans.jpg/263px-Rotterdam_depot_boijmans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rotterdam_depot_boijmans.jpg/350px-Rotterdam_depot_boijmans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="1589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Depot_Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen" title="Depot Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen">Depot Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen</a>, It is the first publicly accessible art depot in the world.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen,_Rotterdam,_Zuid-Holland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen"><img alt="Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Rotterdam%2C_Zuid-Holland.jpg/175px-Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Rotterdam%2C_Zuid-Holland.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Rotterdam%2C_Zuid-Holland.jpg/263px-Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Rotterdam%2C_Zuid-Holland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Rotterdam%2C_Zuid-Holland.jpg/350px-Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen%2C_Rotterdam%2C_Zuid-Holland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen" title="Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen">Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halfzijaanzicht_van_het_Witte_Huis_Rotterdam_(2020)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Witte Huis, the first high-rise building in Europe."><img alt="Witte Huis, the first high-rise building in Europe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Halfzijaanzicht_van_het_Witte_Huis_Rotterdam_%282020%29_2.jpg/175px-Halfzijaanzicht_van_het_Witte_Huis_Rotterdam_%282020%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Halfzijaanzicht_van_het_Witte_Huis_Rotterdam_%282020%29_2.jpg/263px-Halfzijaanzicht_van_het_Witte_Huis_Rotterdam_%282020%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Halfzijaanzicht_van_het_Witte_Huis_Rotterdam_%282020%29_2.jpg/350px-Halfzijaanzicht_van_het_Witte_Huis_Rotterdam_%282020%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Witte_Huis" title="Witte Huis">Witte Huis</a>, the first high-rise building in Europe.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Nelle_fabriek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Van Nelle Factory, UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2014"><img alt="Van Nelle Factory, UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Van_Nelle_fabriek.jpg/175px-Van_Nelle_fabriek.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Van_Nelle_fabriek.jpg/263px-Van_Nelle_fabriek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Van_Nelle_fabriek.jpg/350px-Van_Nelle_fabriek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Van_Nelle_Factory" title="Van Nelle Factory">Van Nelle Factory</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> since 2014</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 205px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zalmhaventoren_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Zalmhaven"><img alt="De Zalmhaven" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Zalmhaventoren_%28cropped%29.jpg/96px-Zalmhaventoren_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Zalmhaventoren_%28cropped%29.jpg/145px-Zalmhaventoren_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Zalmhaventoren_%28cropped%29.jpg/193px-Zalmhaventoren_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="2916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/De_Zalmhaven" title="De Zalmhaven">De Zalmhaven</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_ports" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest ports">World's busiest ports</a>, by type of port (a "list of lists")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This number includes <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and its suburbs. Since 2014, Rotterdam, The Hague and 22 other municipalities agreed to optimize their performance as a single, large metropolitan region.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Residents with a mixed background are counted in the non-Dutch groupings</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rotterdam.nl/collegebenw">"College van b en w"</a> [Board of mayor and aldermen] (in Dutch). Gemeente Rotterdam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101172852/http://www.rotterdam.nl/collegebenw">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=College+van+b+en+w&rft.pub=Gemeente+Rotterdam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rotterdam.nl%2Fcollegebenw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/84799NED/table?dl=41062">"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020"</a> [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. <i>StatLine</i> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">CBS</a>. 24 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StatLine&rft.atitle=Kerncijfers+wijken+en+buurten+2020&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F84799NED%2Ftable%3Fdl%3D41062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rietveld_2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rietveld_2012_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rietveld_2012_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_Bouman–EijsThijmen_van_BreeWouter_JonkhoffOlaf_Koops2012" class="citation techreport cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anita Bouman–Eijs; Thijmen van Bree; Wouter Jonkhoff; Olaf Koops; Walter Manshanden; Elmer Rietveld (17 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303212054/http://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf"><i>De Top 20 van Europese grootstedelijke regio's 1995–2011; Randstad Holland in internationaal perspectief</i></a> [<i>Top 20 of European metropolitan regions 1995–2011; Randstad Holland compared internationally</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report) (in Dutch). Delft: <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Organisation_for_Applied_Scientific_Research" title="Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research">TNO</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=De+Top+20+van+Europese+grootstedelijke+regio%27s+1995%E2%80%932011%3B+Randstad+Holland+in+internationaal+perspectief&rft.place=Delft&rft.pub=TNO&rft.date=2012-12-17&rft.au=Anita+Bouman%E2%80%93Eijs&rft.au=Thijmen+van+Bree&rft.au=Wouter+Jonkhoff&rft.au=Olaf+Koops&rft.au=Walter+Manshanden&rft.au=Elmer+Rietveld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zuidvleugel.nl%2Fsites%2Fwww.zuidvleugel.nl%2Ffiles%2Farticle%2Fdownloads%2Ftop_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrdh.nl/over-mrdh">"Over de Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag"</a>. MRDH.nl. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010182523/http://mrdh.nl/over-mrdh">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>De Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag is het gebied dat nu de huidige stadregio's Rotterdam en Haaglanden omvat. Binnen dat gebied gaan de 24 gemeenten hun krachten bundelen in het samenwerkingsverband Metropoolregio Rotterdam Den Haag om de internationale concurrentiepositie van de regio te versterken. De Metropoolregio regio heeft 2,2 miljoen inwoners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Over+de+Metropoolregio+Rotterdam+Den+Haag&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrdh.nl%2Fover-mrdh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230NED&D1=17-18&D2=57-650&D3=l&LA=EN&HDR=T&STB=G1,G2&VW=T">"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand"</a> [Population growth; regions per month]. <i>CBS Statline</i> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">CBS</a>. 1 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Statline&rft.atitle=Bevolkingsontwikkeling%3B+regio+per+maand&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatline.cbs.nl%2FStatWeb%2Fpublication%2F%3FDM%3DSLNL%26PA%3D37230NED%26D1%3D17-18%26D2%3D57-650%26D3%3Dl%26LA%3DEN%26HDR%3DT%26STB%3DG1%2CG2%26VW%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/70072ned/table?ts=1615235479113">"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; Regionale kerncijfers Nederland"</a> [Regional core figures Netherlands]. <i>CBS Statline</i> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">CBS</a>. 1 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Statline&rft.atitle=Bevolkingsontwikkeling%3B+Regionale+kerncijfers+Nederland&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F70072ned%2Ftable%3Fts%3D1615235479113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHN-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AHN_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool">"Postcodetool for 3011AD"</a>. <i>Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland</i> (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053543/http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actueel+Hoogtebestand+Nederland&rft.atitle=Postcodetool+for+3011AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahn.nl%2Fpostcodetool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405881180" title="Special:BookSources/9781405881180"><bdi>9781405881180</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405881180&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2011" class="citation cs2">Roach, Peter (2011), <i>Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</i> (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521152532" title="Special:BookSources/9780521152532"><bdi>9780521152532</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521152532&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37230ned/table?ts=1578685738191">"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">CBS StatLine</a></i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725200732/https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37230ned/table?ts=1578685738191">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+StatLine&rft.atitle=Bevolkingsontwikkeling%3B+regio+per+maand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F37230ned%2Ftable%3Fts%3D1578685738191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span><br />8,219,380 Randstad<br />2,620,000 Rotterdam-The Hague Metro<br />1,160,000 Rotterdam Urban<br />   651,446 Rotterdam Municipality</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roughguides.com/best-places/2014/top-10-cities/#/rotterdam/">"Top 10 Cities : The Rough Guide to 2014"</a>. Rough Guides. 9 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322080718/http://www.roughguides.com/best-places/2014/top-10-cities/#/rotterdam/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+10+Cities+%3A+The+Rough+Guide+to+2014&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roughguides.com%2Fbest-places%2F2014%2Ftop-10-cities%2F%23%2Frotterdam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Academy_of_Urbanism-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Urbanism_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academy_of_Urbanism_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academyofurbanism.org.uk/urbanism-awards-rotterdam-takes-top-prize/">"Urbanism Awards: Rotterdam takes top prize"</a>. Academy of Urbanism. 14 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222180405/http://www.academyofurbanism.org.uk/urbanism-awards-rotterdam-takes-top-prize/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urbanism+Awards%3A+Rotterdam+takes+top+prize&rft.pub=Academy+of+Urbanism&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academyofurbanism.org.uk%2Furbanism-awards-rotterdam-takes-top-prize%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times. (2023, May 11). Things to do in Rotterdam. The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2024, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/05/11/travel/things-to-do-rotterdam.html">https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/05/11/travel/things-to-do-rotterdam.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Walburg1984" class="citation book cs1">Jan Walburg (1 August 1984). <i>The port of Rotterdam: Gateway to Europe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+port+of+Rotterdam%3A+Gateway+to+Europe&rft.date=1984-08-01&rft.au=Jan+Walburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_van_Gorcum1999" class="citation book cs1">Royal van Gorcum (1999). <i>Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: 1950, prosperity and welfare</i>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Rotterdam port: Gateway to Europe" (p.151)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Culture+in+a+European+Perspective%3A+1950%2C+prosperity+and+welfare&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Royal+van+Gorcum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/eu-affairs/20140221STO36622/gateway-to-the-world-how-eu-helped-rotterdam-to-become-europe-s-largest-port">"Gateway to the world: how EU helped Rotterdam to become Europe's largest port | News | European Parliament"</a>. <i>europarl.europa.eu</i>. 21 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816090319/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/eu-affairs/20140221STO36622/gateway-to-the-world-how-eu-helped-rotterdam-to-become-europe-s-largest-port">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Gateway+to+the+world%3A+how+EU+helped+Rotterdam+to+become+Europe%27s+largest+port+%7C+News+%7C+European+Parliament&rft.date=2014-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fnews%2Fen%2Fheadlines%2Feu-affairs%2F20140221STO36622%2Fgateway-to-the-world-how-eu-helped-rotterdam-to-become-europe-s-largest-port&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVredenbregtVan_Trierum2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vredenbregt, A.H.L.; Van Trierum, M. C. (2012). "7.6: Dating of the occupation and the different occupation phases". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archisarchief.cultureelerfgoed.nl/Archis2/Archeorapporten/32/AR30071/BOORrapporten%20469-1.pdf"><i>Rotterdam Markthal, Archeological Research</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Rotterdam: Bureau Oudheidkundig Onderzoek Rotterdam. p. 81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904133310/https://archisarchief.cultureelerfgoed.nl/Archis2/Archeorapporten/32/AR30071/BOORrapporten%20469-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>The habitation phase [...] starts in the middle of the 10th century (circa 950) and continues until [...] around the middle of the 11th century (circa 1050-1060). (translated)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.6%3A+Dating+of+the+occupation+and+the+different+occupation+phases&rft.btitle=Rotterdam+Markthal%2C+Archeological+Research&rft.place=Rotterdam&rft.pages=81&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Bureau+Oudheidkundig+Onderzoek+Rotterdam&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Vredenbregt&rft.aufirst=A.H.L.&rft.au=Van+Trierum%2C+M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchisarchief.cultureelerfgoed.nl%2FArchis2%2FArcheorapporten%2F32%2FAR30071%2FBOORrapporten%2520469-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305123510/https://www.rotterdam.nl/tekst:bescheiden_begin">"Geschiedenis van Rotterdam"</a>. Gemeente Rotterdam. 9 March 2015. 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Archived from the original on 20 December 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Witte+Huis+or+White+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglasssteelandstone.com%2FBuildingDetail%2F229.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruis, Edwin. <i>Spynest. British and German Espionage from Neutral Holland 1914–1918</i>. Brimscombe: The History Press, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2008">Evans 2008</a>, pp. 122–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrongers2004">Brongers 2004</a>, (ONR Part III), p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmersfoort2005369-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmersfoort2005369_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmersfoort2005">Amersfoort 2005</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGötzel1980149,_150-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGötzel1980149,_150_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGötzel1980">Götzel 1980</a>, pp. 149, 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Hill_Miller1960" class="citation journal cs1">Helen Hill Miller (October 1960). 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V2-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStadsarchief_Rotterdam" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stadsarchief Rotterdam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadsarchief.rotterdam.nl/english/search/archives/index.xml">"Archives"</a>. <i>Stadsarchief Rotterdam</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Eindhoven: Uitgeverij Lecturis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789462261334" title="Special:BookSources/9789462261334"><bdi>9789462261334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazz+in+Rotterdam%3A+De+geschiedenis+van+een+grote+stadscultuur&rft.place=Eindhoven&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Lecturis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789462261334&rft.aulast=Zirkzee&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEye_Filmmuseum" class="citation web cs1">Eye Filmmuseum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://player.eyefilm.nl/nl/films/stamping-ground-directors-cut">"Stamping Ground [Film 1970]"</a>. <i>Eye Film Player</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eye+Film+Player&rft.atitle=Stamping+Ground+%5BFilm+1970%5D&rft.au=Eye+Filmmuseum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplayer.eyefilm.nl%2Fnl%2Ffilms%2Fstamping-ground-directors-cut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDee2018" class="citation book cs1">Dee, E.T.C. (2018). <i>Squatting the Grey City</i>. Rotterdam: Cobble Books. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780244385804" title="Special:BookSources/9780244385804"><bdi>9780244385804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Squatting+the+Grey+City&rft.place=Rotterdam&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Cobble+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780244385804&rft.aulast=Dee&rft.aufirst=E.T.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://3voor12.vpro.nl/artikelen/overzicht/2006/juli/nighttown-gesloten-door-curator.html">"Nighttown gesloten door curator"</a>. <i>3voor12</i> (in Dutch). 19 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=3voor12&rft.atitle=Nighttown+gesloten+door+curator&rft.date=2006-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F3voor12.vpro.nl%2Fartikelen%2Foverzicht%2F2006%2Fjuli%2Fnighttown-gesloten-door-curator.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorm" class="citation web cs1">Worm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worm.org/spaces/filmwerkplaats/">"Filmwerkplaats - Worm - A Rotterdam based organisation working at the intersection of culture and arts"</a>. <i>Worm</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789064507663" title="Special:BookSources/9789064507663"><bdi>9789064507663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinematic+Rotterdam%3A+The+Times+and+Tides+of+a+Modern+City&rft.place=Rotterdam&rft.pub=010+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789064507663&rft.aulast=Paalman&rft.aufirst=Floris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurovision.tv/story/rotterdam-to-host-eurovision-2020">"Rotterdam to host Eurovision 2020!"</a>. 30 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002072007/https://eurovision.tv/story/rotterdam-to-host-eurovision-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rotterdam+to+host+Eurovision+2020%21&rft.date=2019-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurovision.tv%2Fstory%2Frotterdam-to-host-eurovision-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurovision.tv/official-ebu-statement-and-faq-eurovision-song-contest-2020-cancellation">"Official EBU statement & FAQ on Eurovision 2020 cancellation"</a>. 18 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318142008/https://eurovision.tv/official-ebu-statement-and-faq-eurovision-song-contest-2020-cancellation">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+EBU+statement+%26+FAQ+on+Eurovision+2020+cancellation&rft.date=2020-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurovision.tv%2Fofficial-ebu-statement-and-faq-eurovision-song-contest-2020-cancellation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-song-contest-to-return-to-rotterdam-in-2021">"Rotterdam returns as Eurovision Song Contest Host City in 2021"</a>. 16 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517081418/https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-song-contest-to-return-to-rotterdam-in-2021">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rotterdam+returns+as+Eurovision+Song+Contest+Host+City+in+2021&rft.date=2020-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurovision.tv%2Fstory%2Feurovision-song-contest-to-return-to-rotterdam-in-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurovision.tv/story/dates-for-eurovision-2021-announced">"Dates for Eurovision 2021 announced"</a>. 15 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615113932/https://eurovision.tv/story/dates-for-eurovision-2021-announced">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dates+for+Eurovision+2021+announced&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurovision.tv%2Fstory%2Fdates-for-eurovision-2021-announced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna Shapland (Editor)<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UF0EXPYmo-4C&pg=PA92">Justice, Community Civil Society: A Contested Terrain (2013)</a></i>, p. 92, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webehigh.org/rotterdam-netherlands/">"Rotterdam, Netherlands – We Be High"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200704231628/https://webehigh.org/rotterdam-netherlands/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rotterdam%2C+Netherlands+%E2%80%93+We+Be+High&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebehigh.org%2Frotterdam-netherlands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtm-xl.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Artikel-Trouw-Pg1-en-Pg2-klein.jpg">"Rotterdam in de wolken"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827134839/http://www.rtm-xl.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Artikel-Trouw-Pg1-en-Pg2-klein.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rotterdam+in+de+wolken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtm-xl.nl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F01%2FArtikel-Trouw-Pg1-en-Pg2-klein.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827134842/https://www.vesteda.com/en/rotterdam-new-orleans/algemeen/manhattan-on-the-meuse-continued.aspx">"Manhattan on the Meuse continued"</a>. vesteda.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manhattan+on+the+Meuse+continued&rft.pub=vesteda.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vesteda.com%2Fen%2Frotterdam-new-orleans%2Falgemeen%2Fmanhattan-on-the-meuse-continued.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijnmond.nl/media/74143/Zo-gaat-Manhattan-aan-de-Maas-eruit-zien">"Zo gaat 'Manhattan aan de Maas' eruit zien - RTV Rijnmond"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vijf+must+sees+in+het+Manhattan+aan+de+Maas&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fvijf-must-sees-in-het-manhattan-aan-de-maas~b7bddea4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827134848/https://www.metronieuws.nl/binnenland/2013/11/fotos-rotterdam-wordt-manhattan-aan-de-maas">"Foto's: Rotterdam wordt Manhattan aan de Maas"</a>. Metronieuws.nl. 21 November 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metronieuws.nl/binnenland/2013/11/fotos-rotterdam-wordt-manhattan-aan-de-maas">the original</a> on 27 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holland.com/global/tourism/destinations/rotterdam/architecture-in-rotterdam-1.htm">the original</a> on 15 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architecture+in+Rotterdam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holland.com%2Fglobal%2Ftourism%2Fdestinations%2Frotterdam%2Farchitecture-in-rotterdam-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.architecturetours.nl/Rotterdam-architectural-tour">"Rotterdam - architectural tour - Architecture Tour Amsterdam, Rotterdam Holland and architectural guided travel, tours, excursions, study trips of the Netherlands"</a>. Architecturetours.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827134846/https://www.architecturetours.nl/Rotterdam-architectural-tour">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Theculturetrip.com. 19 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827134834/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/the-netherlands/articles/stunning-structures-the-best-of-rotterdam-s-architecture/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stunning+Structures%3A+The+Best+of+Rotterdam%27s+Architecture&rft.pub=Theculturetrip.com&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Feurope%2Fthe-netherlands%2Farticles%2Fstunning-structures-the-best-of-rotterdam-s-architecture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nieuws.top010.nl/architectuur-in-rotterdam">"Architectuur in Rotterdam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925024545/https://nieuws.top010.nl/architectuur-in-rotterdam">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architectuur+in+Rotterdam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nieuws.top010.nl%2Farchitectuur-in-rotterdam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827134848/https://www.cityguiderotterdam.com/nl/er-op-uit/architectuur/">"Architectuur in Rotterdam"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityguiderotterdam.com/nl/er-op-uit/architectuur/">the original</a> on 27 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architectuur+in+Rotterdam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityguiderotterdam.com%2Fnl%2Fer-op-uit%2Farchitectuur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161215162927/http://www.holland.com/global/tourism/destinations/rotterdam/architecture-in-rotterdam-1.htm">"Discover the architecture of Rotterdam"</a>. Holland.com. 14 July 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netherlands&rft.pub=The+Skyscraper+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyscrapercenter.com%2Fcountry%2Fnetherlands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/10/depot-boijmans-van-beuningen">"MVRDV - Depot Boijmans Van Beuningen"</a>. Mvrdv.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110131514/https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/10/depot-boijmans-van-beuningen">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inghouse.ing.com/intra/eng/buildings/delftsepoort.html">the original</a> on 8 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ING+building+brief&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finghouse.ing.com%2Fintra%2Feng%2Fbuildings%2Fdelftsepoort.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106054009/http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=maastoren-rotterdam-nestreetrlands">"Emporis Maastoren"</a>. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emporis+Maastoren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fapplication%2F%3Fnav%3Dbuilding%26lng%3D3%26id%3Dmaastoren-rotterdam-nestreetrlands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rotterdam.nl/park-rozenburg">"Park Rozenburg"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517144615/https://www.rotterdam.nl/park-rozenburg">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Park+Rozenburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rotterdam.nl%2Fpark-rozenburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rozenburgpark.nl/">"Rozenburgpark – Een groene oase in de Rotterdamse wijk Kralingen"</a>. <i>rozenburgpark.nl</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612085151/https://rozenburgpark.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rozenburgpark.nl&rft.atitle=Rozenburgpark+%E2%80%93+Een+groene+oase+in+de+Rotterdamse+wijk+Kralingen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frozenburgpark.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data Omnibus Survey 2016 of the Municipality of Rotterdam.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opzoomermee.nl/over-opzoomeren/">A history of Opzoomeren</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122112948/https://www.opzoomermee.nl/over-opzoomeren/">Archived</a> 22 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Dutch).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rotterdam.nl/wonen-leven/groene-daken/">"Groene daken"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231316/https://www.rotterdam.nl/wonen-leven/groene-daken/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Groene+daken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rotterdam.nl%2Fwonen-leven%2Fgroene-daken%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230161647/http://www.nederlandwordtanders.nl/projecten/dakpark-rotterdam/">Article about Dakpark on Nederlandwordtanders.nl</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Muis (ed.). De Doelen Rotterdam will have a green roof with water storage. On: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://architectenweb.nl/nieuws/">artikel.aspx?ID=49365 Architectenweb</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517150110/https://architectenweb.nl/nieuws/">Archived</a> 17 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1 June 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFABN_Amro_WTT" class="citation web cs1">ABN Amro WTT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130220121606/http://www.abnamrowtt.nl/nieuws-en-media/laatste-nieuws/40e-editie/bezoekersrecord-op-40e-editie-abn-amro-world-tennis-tournament">"Laatste nieuws · 40e ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abnamrowtt.nl/nieuws-en-media/laatste-nieuws/40e-editie/bezoekersrecord-op-40e-editie-abn-amro-world-tennis-tournament">the original</a> on 20 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laatste+nieuws+%C2%B7+40e+ABN+AMRO+World+Tennis+Tournament&rft.au=ABN+Amro+WTT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abnamrowtt.nl%2Fnieuws-en-media%2Flaatste-nieuws%2F40e-editie%2Fbezoekersrecord-op-40e-editie-abn-amro-world-tennis-tournament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091016053229/http://www.letour.fr/2010/TDF/COURSE/us/le_parcours.html">"Tour de France 2010 – The route"</a>. Tour de France. 14 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letour.fr/2010/TDF/COURSE/us/le_parcours.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tour+de+France+2010+%E2%80%93+The+route&rft.pub=Tour+de+France&rft.date=2009-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letour.fr%2F2010%2FTDF%2FCOURSE%2Fus%2Fle_parcours.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041914/http://www.holland.com/uk/press/holland-news/events/utrecht-grand-depart-tour-de-france-2015.htm">"Utrecht – Grand Depart Tour de France 2015"</a>. <i>Holland.com</i>. 9 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holland.com/uk/press/holland-news/events/utrecht-grand-depart-tour-de-france-2015.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holland.com&rft.atitle=Utrecht+%E2%80%93+Grand+Depart+Tour+de+France+2015&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holland.com%2Fuk%2Fpress%2Fholland-news%2Fevents%2Futrecht-grand-depart-tour-de-france-2015.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/racing/tour-de-france/untypical-tour-de-france-2015-route-typical-prudhomme-140923">"Analysis: A Tour route with a difference"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cycling_Weekly" title="Cycling Weekly">Cycling Weekly</a></i>. 23 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712111312/http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/racing/tour-de-france/untypical-tour-de-france-2015-route-typical-prudhomme-140923">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cycling+Weekly&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+A+Tour+route+with+a+difference&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyclingweekly.co.uk%2Fracing%2Ftour-de-france%2Funtypical-tour-de-france-2015-route-typical-prudhomme-140923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrand2023" class="citation web cs1">Farrand, Stephen (10 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/tour-de-france-femmes-to-start-in-the-netherlands-in-2024/">"Tour de France Femmes to start in the Netherlands in 2024"</a>. <i>cyclingnews.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710213207/https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/tour-de-france-femmes-to-start-in-the-netherlands-in-2024/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cyclingnews.com&rft.atitle=Tour+de+France+Femmes+to+start+in+the+Netherlands+in+2024&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft.aulast=Farrand&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyclingnews.com%2Fnews%2Ftour-de-france-femmes-to-start-in-the-netherlands-in-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldrowing.com/events/1996-olympic-games/mens-eight/">"Men's Eight - Final"</a>. <i>World Rowing</i>. World Rowing.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623140852/http://www.worldrowing.com/events/1996-olympic-games/mens-eight/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Rowing&rft.atitle=Men%27s+Eight+-+Final&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldrowing.com%2Fevents%2F1996-olympic-games%2Fmens-eight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061022074032/http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/en/index.html">"International Film Festival official website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/en/index.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Film+Festival+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmfestivalrotterdam.com%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rotterdammarathon.nl">"Rotterdam Marathon official website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004073720/http://rotterdammarathon.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rotterdam+Marathon+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rotterdammarathon.nl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koninginnedag.com">"KoninginnedagFestival official website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509083546/http://www.koninginnedag.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KoninginnedagFestival+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koninginnedag.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chio.nl/">"CHIO Rotterdam | CHIO Rotterdam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521010049/https://www.chio.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHIO+Rotterdam+%26%23124%3B+CHIO+Rotterdam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchio.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030722083735/http://www.zomercarnaval.com/index.php?lang=eng">"Zomer Carnival official website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zomercarnaval.com/index.php?lang=eng">the original</a> on 22 July 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zomer+Carnival+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zomercarnaval.com%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pleinbioscoop.nl">"Pleinbioscoop official website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929220640/http://www.pleinbioscoop.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pleinbioscoop+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pleinbioscoop.nl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wereldhavendagen.nl">"World Port Day (Rotterdam) official website (in Dutch and English)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416234422/http://www.wereldhavendagen.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Port+Day+%28Rotterdam%29+official+website+%28in+Dutch+and+English%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wereldhavendagen.nl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rzv.nl/wedstrijdzeilen/boterletter">"Boterletter"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326234016/http://www.rzv.nl/wedstrijdzeilen/boterletter/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boterletter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rzv.nl%2Fwedstrijdzeilen%2Fboterletter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/aug/24/coronavirus-eurostar-says-london-to-amsterdam-direct-is-back-on-track">"Eurostar to launch direct Amsterdam to London route in October"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 24 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526165307/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/aug/24/coronavirus-eurostar-says-london-to-amsterdam-direct-is-back-on-track">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eurostar+to+launch+direct+Amsterdam+to+London+route+in+October&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2020%2Faug%2F24%2Fcoronavirus-eurostar-says-london-to-amsterdam-direct-is-back-on-track&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ns.nl">"Dutch Railway website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914030257/http://www.ns.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+Railway+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ns.nl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rotterdamnetherlands.com/destination/museums/rotterdam-transport-museum/">Rotterdam Netherlands, your guide in and around the city</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023110209/https://rotterdamnetherlands.com/destination/museums/rotterdam-transport-museum/">Archived</a> 23 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brandstrategy-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandstrategy_115-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629134252/http://www.rotterdam.nl/CMO/Document/Merkstrategie%20NL%20nov%202008.pdf">"Rotterdam. Een sterk internationaal merk"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PDF) (in Dutch). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: City of Rotterdam. 2008. p. 37. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rotterdam.nl/CMO/Document/Merkstrategie%20NL%20nov%202008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rotterdam.+Een+sterk+internationaal+merk&rft.place=Rotterdam%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=City+of+Rotterdam&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rotterdam.nl%2FCMO%2FDocument%2FMerkstrategie%2520NL%2520nov%25202008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archief12.archiefweb.eu/archives/archiefweb/20160301131037/http://www.rotterdam.nl/BSD/Document/05cBijlage_ProgInternatWEuropActiv_09gr746a.pdf">"Rotterdam Wereldstad: Vaste koers, nieuwe ambitities"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728131735/http://archief12.archiefweb.eu/archives/archiefweb/20160301131037/http://www.rotterdam.nl/BSD/Document/05cBijlage_ProgInternatWEuropActiv_09gr746a.pdf">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Gemeente Rotterdam, 2009. Blz. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ad.nl/dossier-rel-met-turkije/erdogan-wil-af-van-stedenband-met-rotterdam~a445b397/">"Erdogan wil af van niet bestaande stedenband met Rotterdam"</a> [Erdogan will not continue twin town relationship with Rotterdam]. <i><a href="/wiki/Algemeen_Dagblad" title="Algemeen Dagblad">Algemeen Dagblad</a></i> (in Dutch). 15 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024956/http://www.ad.nl/dossier-rel-met-turkije/erdogan-wil-af-van-stedenband-met-rotterdam~a445b397/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Algemeen+Dagblad&rft.atitle=Erdogan+wil+af+van+niet+bestaande+stedenband+met+Rotterdam&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fdossier-rel-met-turkije%2Ferdogan-wil-af-van-stedenband-met-rotterdam~a445b397%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vrijsen_2008-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vrijsen_2008_118-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Vrijsen2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eric Vrijsen (23 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629160124/http://www.elsevier.nl/Algemeen/blogs/2008/9/De-schaamte-voorbij-Gaza-als-zusterstad-ELSEVIER204561W/">"De schaamte voorbij: Gaza als zusterstad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Elsevier_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier (magazine)">Elsevier</a></i> (in Dutch). Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.nl/Algemeen/blogs/2008/9/De-schaamte-voorbij-Gaza-als-zusterstad-ELSEVIER204561W/">the original</a> on 29 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Elsevier&rft.atitle=De+schaamte+voorbij%3A+Gaza+als+zusterstad&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft.au=Eric+Vrijsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.nl%2FAlgemeen%2Fblogs%2F2008%2F9%2FDe-schaamte-voorbij-Gaza-als-zusterstad-ELSEVIER204561W%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1IEnAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA58"><i>University of the State of New York Bulletin</i></a>. University of the State of New York. 1914. p. 58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430054433/https://books.google.com/books?id=1IEnAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=University+of+the+State+of+New+York+Bulletin&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=University+of+the+State+of+New+York&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1IEnAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rotterdamny.org/history.aspx">History of Rotterdam, NY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226111208/https://www.rotterdamny.org/history.aspx">Archived</a> 26 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Consulted 26 December 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bayle, Pierre"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bayle,_Pierre">"Bayle, Pierre" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 556–557.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bayle%2C+Pierre&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=556-557&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattisonAllen1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pattison_(academic)" title="Mark Pattison (academic)">Pattison, Mark</a>; <a href="/wiki/Percy_Stafford_Allen" title="Percy Stafford Allen">Allen, Percy Stafford</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Erasmus, Desiderius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Erasmus,_Desiderius">"Erasmus, Desiderius" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). pp. 727–732.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erasmus%2C+Desiderius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=727-732&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Pattison&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Allen%2C+Percy+Stafford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannay1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McDowall_Hannay" class="mw-redirect" title="David McDowall Hannay">Hannay, David McDowall</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Heyn, Pieter Pieterzoon"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Heyn,_Pieter_Pieterzoon">"Heyn, Pieter Pieterzoon" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 437–438.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heyn%2C+Pieter+Pieterzoon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=437-438&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hannay&rft.aufirst=David+McDowall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/van't Hoff, Jacobus Hendricus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/van%27t_Hoff,_Jacobus_Hendricus">"van't Hoff, Jacobus Hendricus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 896–897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=van%27t+Hoff%2C+Jacobus+Hendricus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=896-897&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mandeville, Bernard de"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mandeville,_Bernard_de">"Mandeville, Bernard de" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 559–560.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mandeville%2C+Bernard+de&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=559-560&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Molesworth, Mary Louisa"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Molesworth,_Mary_Louisa">"Molesworth, Mary Louisa" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 660.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Molesworth%2C+Mary+Louisa&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=660&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oosterzee, Jan Jacob van"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Oosterzee,_Jan_Jacob_van">"Oosterzee, Jan Jacob van" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oosterzee%2C+Jan+Jacob+van&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=120&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Monmouth, James Scott, Duke of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Monmouth,_James_Scott,_Duke_of">"Monmouth, James Scott, Duke of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 725–727.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monmouth%2C+James+Scott%2C+Duke+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=725-727&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tromp"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tromp">"Tromp" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tromp&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=304&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tretsch, John. "Extra! Extra! Poe invents science fiction!" as collected in <i>The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe</i>, edited by Kevin J. Hayes. Cambridge University Press, 2002: 117. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79727-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79727-6">0-521-79727-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyhit.com/">"everyHit.com – UK Top 40 Chart Archive, British Singles & Album Charts"</a>. <i>everyhit.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070717022953/http://www.everyhit.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=everyhit.com&rft.atitle=everyHit.com+%E2%80%93+UK+Top+40+Chart+Archive%2C+British+Singles+%26+Album+Charts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everyhit.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rotterdam#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Rotterdam">Bibliography of the history of Rotterdam</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmersfoort2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amersfoort, H; et al. (2005), <i>Mei 1940 – Strijd op Nederlands grondgebied</i> (in Dutch), SDU, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-12-08959-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-12-08959-X"><bdi>90-12-08959-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mei+1940+%E2%80%93+Strijd+op+Nederlands+grondgebied&rft.pub=SDU&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-12-08959-X&rft.aulast=Amersfoort&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrongers2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brongers, E.H. (2004), <i>Opmars naar Rotterdam</i> (in Dutch), Aspect, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5911-269-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-5911-269-5"><bdi>90-5911-269-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opmars+naar+Rotterdam&rft.pub=Aspect&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-5911-269-5&rft.aulast=Brongers&rft.aufirst=E.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Reich_at_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Third Reich at War"><i>The Third Reich at War</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9742-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9742-2"><bdi>978-0-7139-9742-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9742-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGötzel1980" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Götzel, H (1980), <i>Generaloberst Kurt Student und seine Fallschirmjäger</i> (in German), Podzun-Pallas Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7909-0131-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7909-0131-8"><bdi>3-7909-0131-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7863989">7863989</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generaloberst+Kurt+Student+und+seine+Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger&rft.pub=Podzun-Pallas+Verlag&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7863989&rft.isbn=3-7909-0131-8&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6tzel&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLourensLucassen1997" class="citation book cs1">Lourens, Piet; Lucassen, Jan (1997). <i>Inwonertallen van Nederlandse steden ca. 1300–1800</i>. Amsterdam: NEHA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9057420082" title="Special:BookSources/9057420082"><bdi>9057420082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inwonertallen+van+Nederlandse+steden+ca.+1300%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=NEHA&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9057420082&rft.aulast=Lourens&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft.au=Lucassen%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARotterdam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Rotterdam</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" class="extiw" title="c:Rotterdam">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rotterdam" class="extiw" title="voy:Rotterdam">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rotterdam.nl/english/">Rotterdam City Council (English)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.rotterdam.info/">Rotterdam Tourism Board</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113055920/http://www.visitrotterdam.org/">VisitRotterdam.org (Unofficial)</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>Event created</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/World_Gymnaestrada" title="World Gymnaestrada">World Gymnaestrada</a> host city </b><br />1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (1957)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> (2019)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> host city </b><br />2020/2021 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> (2022)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Rotterdam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Rotterdam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Rotterdam</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Westland_(municipality),_Netherlands" title="Westland (municipality), Netherlands">Westland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maassluis" title="Maassluis">Maassluis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlaardingen" title="Vlaardingen">Vlaardingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schiedam" title="Schiedam">Schiedam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midden-Delfland" title="Midden-Delfland">Midden-Delfland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pijnacker-Nootdorp" title="Pijnacker-Nootdorp">Pijnacker-Nootdorp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lansingerland" title="Lansingerland">Lansingerland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuidplas" title="Zuidplas">Zuidplas</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><i><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></i></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Rotterdam</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Capelle_aan_den_IJssel" title="Capelle aan den IJssel">Capelle aan den IJssel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Krimpen_aan_den_IJssel" title="Krimpen aan den IJssel">Krimpen aan den IJssel</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voorne_aan_Zee" title="Voorne aan Zee">Voorne aan Zee</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nissewaard" title="Nissewaard">Nissewaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albrandswaard" title="Albrandswaard">Albrandswaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barendrecht" title="Barendrecht">Barendrecht</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ridderkerk" title="Ridderkerk">Ridderkerk</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Rotterdam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neighborhoods_of_Rotterdam" title="Template:Neighborhoods of Rotterdam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neighborhoods_of_Rotterdam" title="Template talk:Neighborhoods of Rotterdam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neighborhoods_of_Rotterdam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neighborhoods of Rotterdam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_Rotterdam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subdivisions of Rotterdam</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Rotterdam#Boroughs" title="Government of Rotterdam">Boroughs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Centrum" title="Rotterdam Centrum">Centrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlois" title="Charlois">Charlois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delfshaven" title="Delfshaven">Delfshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feijenoord" title="Feijenoord">Feijenoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillegersberg-Schiebroek" title="Hillegersberg-Schiebroek">Hillegersberg-Schiebroek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoogvliet" title="Hoogvliet">Hoogvliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_of_Holland" title="Hook of Holland">Hook of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJsselmonde,_Rotterdam" title="IJsselmonde, Rotterdam">IJsselmonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kralingen-Crooswijk" title="Kralingen-Crooswijk">Kralingen-Crooswijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noord,_Rotterdam" title="Noord, Rotterdam">Noord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overschie" title="Overschie">Overschie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernis,_Netherlands" title="Pernis, Netherlands">Pernis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prins_Alexander" title="Prins Alexander">Prins Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozenburg" title="Rozenburg">Rozenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Rotterdam"><img alt="Flag of Rotterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg/60px-Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg/90px-Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg/120px-Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/110-Morgen" title="110-Morgen">110-Morgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaanderwijk" title="Afrikaanderwijk">Afrikaanderwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agniesebuurt" title="Agniesebuurt">Agniesebuurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergpolder" title="Bergpolder">Bergpolder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverwaard" title="Beverwaard">Beverwaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blijdorp_(district)" title="Blijdorp (district)">Blijdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloemhof,_Rotterdam" title="Bloemhof, Rotterdam">Bloemhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomgaardshoek" title="Boomgaardshoek">Boomgaardshoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bospolder-Tussendijken" title="Bospolder-Tussendijken">Bospolder-Tussendijken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.S._kwartier" title="C.S. kwartier">C.S. kwartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnisserbuurt" title="Carnisserbuurt">Carnisserbuurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cool,_Rotterdam" title="Cool, Rotterdam">Cool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooswijk" title="Crooswijk">Crooswijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Esch" title="De Esch">De Esch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Veranda" title="De Veranda">De Veranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delfshaven" title="Delfshaven">Delfshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dijkzigt" title="Dijkzigt">Dijkzigt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feijenoord_(neighbourhood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feijenoord (neighbourhood)">Feijenoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groenenhagen-Tuinenhoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Groenenhagen-Tuinenhoven">Groenenhagen-Tuinenhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groot-IJsselmonde" title="Groot-IJsselmonde">Groot-IJsselmonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heijplaat" title="Heijplaat">Heijplaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Lage_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Het Lage Land">Het Lage Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillegersberg" title="Hillegersberg">Hillegersberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillesluis" title="Hillesluis">Hillesluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homerusbuurt" title="Homerusbuurt">Homerusbuurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordijkerveld" title="Hordijkerveld">Hordijkerveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandelaar" title="Kandelaar">Kandelaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marxbuurt" title="Karl Marxbuurt">Karl Marxbuurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katendrecht" title="Katendrecht">Katendrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiefhoek" title="Kiefhoek">Kiefhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleinpolder" title="Kleinpolder">Kleinpolder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleiwegkwartier" title="Kleiwegkwartier">Kleiwegkwartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kop_van_Zuid" title="Kop van Zuid">Kop van Zuid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kralingen" title="Kralingen">Kralingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kralingseveer" title="Kralingseveer">Kralingseveer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreekhuizen" title="Kreekhuizen">Kreekhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liskwartier" title="Liskwartier">Liskwartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloydkwartier" title="Lloydkwartier">Lloydkwartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombardijen" title="Lombardijen">Lombardijen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeuwenplaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Meeuwenplaat">Meeuwenplaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middelland" class="mw-redirect" title="Middelland">Middelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middengebied" class="mw-redirect" title="Middengebied">Middengebied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millinxbuurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Millinxbuurt">Millinxbuurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molenlaankwartier" class="mw-redirect" title="Molenlaankwartier">Molenlaankwartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8rebuurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Molièrebuurt">Molièrebuurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesselande" title="Nesselande">Nesselande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuw_Engeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuw Engeland">Nieuw Engeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuw-Mathenesse" title="Nieuw-Mathenesse">Nieuw-Mathenesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Westen" title="Nieuwe Westen">Nieuwe Westen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooddorp" title="Nooddorp">Nooddorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noordereiland" title="Noordereiland">Noordereiland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommoord" title="Ommoord">Ommoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oosterflank" title="Oosterflank">Oosterflank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud-Charlois" title="Oud-Charlois">Oud-Charlois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud-IJsselmonde" title="Oud-IJsselmonde">Oud-IJsselmonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud-Mathenesse" title="Oud-Mathenesse">Oud-Mathenesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oude_Noorden" title="Oude Noorden">Oude Noorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oude_Westen" title="Oude Westen">Oude Westen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudeland">Oudeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overschie" title="Overschie">Overschie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendrecht" title="Pendrecht">Pendrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinsenland" title="Prinsenland">Prinsenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenierswijk" title="Provenierswijk">Provenierswijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reyeroord" title="Reyeroord">Reyeroord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubroek" title="Rubroek">Rubroek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagenbuurt" title="Sagenbuurt">Sagenbuurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheepvaartkwartier" title="Scheepvaartkwartier">Scheepvaartkwartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiebroek" title="Schiebroek">Schiebroek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiemond" title="Schiemond">Schiemond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeetsland" title="Smeetsland">Smeetsland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaanse_Polder" title="Spaanse Polder">Spaanse Polder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spangen" title="Spangen">Spangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportdorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportdorp">Sportdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsdriehoek" title="Stadsdriehoek">Stadsdriehoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struisenburg" title="Struisenburg">Struisenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwewijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarwewijk">Tarwewijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbregge" title="Terbregge">Terbregge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenbuurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenbuurt">Varenbuurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vondelingenplaat" title="Vondelingenplaat">Vondelingenplaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vreewijk" title="Vreewijk">Vreewijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waalhaven" title="Waalhaven">Waalhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westpunt,_Rotterdam" title="Westpunt, Rotterdam">Westpunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielewaal" title="Wielewaal">Wielewaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Dorp" title="Witte Dorp">Witte Dorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmplaat" title="Zalmplaat">Zalmplaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenobuurt" title="Zenobuurt">Zenobuurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zestienhoven_(district)" title="Zestienhoven (district)">Zestienhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zevenkamp" title="Zevenkamp">Zevenkamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomerland" title="Zomerland">Zomerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuidwijk,_Rotterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuidwijk, Rotterdam">Zuidwijk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_of_South_Holland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Holland_Province" title="Template:South Holland Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Holland_Province" title="Template talk:South Holland Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Holland_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Holland Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_of_South_Holland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_South_Holland" title="List of municipalities in South Holland">Municipalities of South Holland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alblasserdam" title="Alblasserdam">Alblasserdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrandswaard" title="Albrandswaard">Albrandswaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphen_aan_den_Rijn" title="Alphen aan den Rijn">Alphen aan den Rijn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barendrecht" title="Barendrecht">Barendrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodegraven-Reeuwijk" title="Bodegraven-Reeuwijk">Bodegraven-Reeuwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelle_aan_den_IJssel" title="Capelle aan den IJssel">Capelle aan den IJssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goeree-Overflakkee" title="Goeree-Overflakkee">Goeree-Overflakkee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorinchem" title="Gorinchem">Gorinchem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardinxveld-Giessendam" title="Hardinxveld-Giessendam">Hardinxveld-Giessendam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht" title="Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht">Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillegom" title="Hillegom">Hillegom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoeksche_Waard_(municipality)" title="Hoeksche Waard (municipality)">Hoeksche Waard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaag_en_Braassem" title="Kaag en Braassem">Kaag en Braassem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katwijk" title="Katwijk">Katwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimpen_aan_den_IJssel" title="Krimpen aan den IJssel">Krimpen aan den IJssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimpenerwaard" title="Krimpenerwaard">Krimpenerwaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansingerland" title="Lansingerland">Lansingerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiderdorp" title="Leiderdorp">Leiderdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leidschendam-Voorburg" title="Leidschendam-Voorburg">Leidschendam-Voorburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisse" title="Lisse">Lisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maassluis" title="Maassluis">Maassluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden-Delfland" title="Midden-Delfland">Midden-Delfland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molenlanden" title="Molenlanden">Molenlanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwkoop" title="Nieuwkoop">Nieuwkoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissewaard" title="Nissewaard">Nissewaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noordwijk" title="Noordwijk">Noordwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oegstgeest" title="Oegstgeest">Oegstgeest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papendrecht" title="Papendrecht">Papendrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pijnacker-Nootdorp" title="Pijnacker-Nootdorp">Pijnacker-Nootdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridderkerk" title="Ridderkerk">Ridderkerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijswijk" title="Rijswijk">Rijswijk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiedam" title="Schiedam">Schiedam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliedrecht" title="Sliedrecht">Sliedrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teylingen" title="Teylingen">Teylingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaardingen" title="Vlaardingen">Vlaardingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voorne_aan_Zee" title="Voorne aan Zee">Voorne aan Zee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voorschoten" title="Voorschoten">Voorschoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddinxveen" title="Waddinxveen">Waddinxveen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassenaar" title="Wassenaar">Wassenaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(municipality),_Netherlands" title="Westland (municipality), Netherlands">Westland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoetermeer" title="Zoetermeer">Zoetermeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoeterwoude" title="Zoeterwoude">Zoeterwoude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuidplas" title="Zuidplas">Zuidplas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwijndrecht,_Netherlands" title="Zwijndrecht, Netherlands">Zwijndrecht</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuid-Holland_position.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zuid-Holland_position.svg/60px-Zuid-Holland_position.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zuid-Holland_position.svg/90px-Zuid-Holland_position.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Zuid-Holland_position.svg/120px-Zuid-Holland_position.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="236" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capitals of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1985</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1986</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1987</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1988</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1989</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1990</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1991</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1992</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1993</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1994</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1995</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1996</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1997</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1998</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1999</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2000</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2001</span></dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rotterdam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2002</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2003</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2004</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2005</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2006</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2007</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2008</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2009</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2010</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2011</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2012</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2013</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2014</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2015</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2016</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2017</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2018</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2019</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2020-April 2021</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2022</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2023</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2024</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></b></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2025</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2026</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2027</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Sport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Sport" title="Template:European Capital of Sport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Sport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:European Capital of Sport (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Sport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Sport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European Capitals of Sport</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a></li> <li>2005 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rotterdam</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Youth_Capitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Youth_Capital" title="Template:European Youth Capital"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:European_Youth_Capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:European Youth Capital (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Youth_Capital" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Youth Capital"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Youth_Capitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Youth_Capital" title="European Youth Capital">European Youth Capitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2009 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rotterdam</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Cascais" title="Cascais">Cascais</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a></li> <li>2025 <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a></li> <li>2026 <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)" title="Tromsø (city)">Tromsø</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sport_in_Rotterdam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sport_in_Rotterdam" title="Template:Sport in Rotterdam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sport_in_Rotterdam" title="Template talk:Sport in Rotterdam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sport_in_Rotterdam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sport in Rotterdam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sport_in_Rotterdam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sport in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rotterdam</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Football clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feyenoord" title="Feyenoord">Feyenoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_Rotterdam" title="Sparta Rotterdam">Sparta Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBV_Excelsior" class="mw-redirect" title="SBV Excelsior">SBV Excelsior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBV_Excelsior_(women)" class="mw-redirect" title="SBV Excelsior (women)">SBV Excelsior (women)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC_Feyenoord" title="SC Feyenoord">SC Feyenoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VV_Pernis" title="VV Pernis">VV Pernis</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/TOGR" title="TOGR">TOGR</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volharding_Olympia_Combinatie" title="Volharding Olympia Combinatie">VOC</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Flag of Rotterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg/100px-Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg/150px-Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg/200px-Flag_of_Rotterdam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />sport clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/010_Trojans" title="010 Trojans">010 Trojans</a> (American football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feyenoord_Basketball" title="Feyenoord Basketball">Feyenoord Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC_Rotterdam" title="HC Rotterdam">Hockey Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus">Neptunus</a> (baseball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Panda%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotterdam Panda's">Panda's</a> (ice hockey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Pitbulls" title="Rotterdam Pitbulls">Pitbulls</a> (rugby league)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BV_RZ" title="BV RZ">RZ</a> (basketball)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam_Jaguars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotterdam Jaguars (page does not exist)">Rotterdam Jaguars</a> (Lacrosse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skadi_Rowing_Club" title="Skadi Rowing Club">Skadi Rowing Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_derby" title="Rotterdam derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Half_Marathon" title="Rotterdam Half Marathon">Half Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_International_Open" title="Rotterdam International Open">Rotterdam International Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Marathon" title="Rotterdam Marathon">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco_aan_de_Maas" title="Monaco aan de Maas">Monaco aan de Maas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Open" title="Rotterdam Open">Rotterdam Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Tour" title="Rotterdam Tour">Rotterdam Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Days_of_Rotterdam" title="Six Days of Rotterdam">Six Days of Rotterdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Ahoy" title="Rotterdam Ahoy">Ahoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Kuip" title="De Kuip">De Kuip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energiehal" title="Energiehal">Energiehal</a> (closed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelaarweg_Stadion" title="Hazelaarweg Stadion">Hazelaarweg Stadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_Stadion_Het_Kasteel" title="Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel">Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportcomplex_Varkenoord" title="Sportcomplex Varkenoord">Sportcomplex Varkenoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportpark_Laag_Zestienhoven" title="Sportpark Laag Zestienhoven">Sportpark Laag Zestienhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Donge_%26_De_Roo_Stadion" title="Van Donge & De Roo Stadion">Van Donge & De Roo Stadion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Rotterdam" title="Category:Sport in Rotterdam"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sport in Rotterdam Category">Category</span></a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> </span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Rotterdam" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sport in Rotterdam"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sport in Rotterdam Category">Commons</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34370#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34370#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34370#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123139768">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204434/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc7W8MQ4jGRVKk3Mx3WjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050739-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79015636">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00947190">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rotterdam (Nizozemsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge285949&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452928">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz1003525ps2cc">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810550911005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554961005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/755982fa-fbbe-4049-9939-ecfd7fda430b">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045344">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&oldid=1258912686">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotterdam&oldid=1258912686</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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