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><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>應用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>詞源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古代的星盘" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古代的星盘"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>古代的星盘</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古代的星盘-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中世紀時代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中世紀時代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>中世紀時代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中世紀時代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中国的星盘" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中国的星盘"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>中国的星盘</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中国的星盘-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-星盤和時鐘" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#星盤和時鐘"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>星盤和時鐘</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-星盤和時鐘-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-構造" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#構造"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>構造</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-構造-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-數學基礎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#數學基礎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>數學基礎</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-數學基礎-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关數學基礎子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-數學基礎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-通過立體投影設計鼓室" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#通過立體投影設計鼓室"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>通過立體投影設計鼓室</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-通過立體投影設計鼓室-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-回歸線和赤道定義了鼓室" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#回歸線和赤道定義了鼓室"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>回歸線和赤道定義了鼓室</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-回歸線和赤道定義了鼓室-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地平線和高度量測" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地平線和高度量測"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>地平線和高度量測</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地平線和高度量測-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-子午線與方位量測" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#子午線與方位量測"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>子午線與方位量測</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-子午線與方位量測-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">星盘</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。72种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="أسطرلاب – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسطرلاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabiu" title="Astrolabiu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astrolabiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolyabiya" title="Astrolyabiya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Astrolyabiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اوسطورلاب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوسطورلاب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астралябія – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астралябія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астролабия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астролабия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="অ্যাস্ট্রোল্যাব – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাস্ট্রোল্যাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabi" title="Astrolabi – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astrolabi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ئیسترلاب – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیسترلاب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrol%C3%A1b" title="Astroláb – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Astroláb" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αστρολάβος – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστρολάβος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Astrolabe" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabo" title="Astrolabo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Astrolabo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabio" title="Astrolabio – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astrolabio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolaab" title="Astrolaab – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astrolaab" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabio" title="Astrolabio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astrolabio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اسطرلاب – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسطرلاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabi" title="Astrolabi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Astrolabi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astrolabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral%C3%A1ib" title="Astraláib – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Astraláib" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabio" title="Astrolabio – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astrolabio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%91" title="אצטרולב – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אצטרולב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="तारेक्ष – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तारेक्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asztrol%C3%A1bium" title="Asztrolábium – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asztrolábium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A2" title="Աստրոլաբ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստրոլաբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabio" title="Astrolabio – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Astrolabio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Astrolabe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabo" title="Astrolabo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Astrolabo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabio" title="Astrolabio – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astrolabio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99" title="アストロラーベ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アストロラーベ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ასტროლაბი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასტროლაბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астролябия – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астролябия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%B0%98_(%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99)" title="성반 (천문학) – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성반 (천문학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroliabija" title="Astroliabija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astroliabija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabs" title="Astrolabs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Astrolabs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Астролаб – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Астролаб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="ആസ്ട്രോലാബ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആസ്ട്രോലാബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabi" title="Astrolabi – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Astrolabi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اسطرلاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسطرلاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrol%C3%A1bio" title="Astrolábio – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astrolábio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астролябия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астролябия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Astrolabe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrol%C3%A1b" title="Astroláb – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astroláb" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Астролаб – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астролаб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Устурлоб – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Устурлоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A" title="แอสโตรเลบ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอสโตรเลบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usturlap" title="Usturlap – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Usturlap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астролябія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астролябія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اسطرلاب – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسطرلاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolyabiya" title="Astrolyabiya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Astrolyabiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_tr%E1%BA%AFc_tinh" title="Thước trắc tinh – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thước trắc tinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabyo" title="Astrolabyo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Astrolabyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98" title="星盘 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="星盘" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Astrolabe" title="I-Astrolabe – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Astrolabe" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%A4" title="星盤 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="星盤" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q164992#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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.ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" 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class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要擴充。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2009年8月19日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请協助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit">改善这篇條目</a>，更進一步的信息可能會在<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98" title="Talk:星盘">討論頁</a>或<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%89%A9%E5%85%85%E8%AF%B7%E6%B1%82" title="Wikipedia:扩充请求">扩充请求</a>中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要<b>精通或熟悉<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="历史">历史</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="天文">天文</a>的编者</b>参与及协助编辑。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2009年8月19日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98" title="Talk:星盘">討論頁</a>。<br />另見其他<a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:需要历史专家关注的页面">需要历史專家關注的頁面</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span><b>提示</b>：此条目页的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%BA%A7%E7%9B%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="星座盤">星座盤</a></b>或<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%96" title="星圖">星圖</a></b>。</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrolabium_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Astrolabium_2004.jpg/220px-Astrolabium_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Astrolabium_2004.jpg/330px-Astrolabium_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Astrolabium_2004.jpg/440px-Astrolabium_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>星盘</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrolab.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Astrolab.JPG/220px-Astrolab.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Astrolab.JPG/330px-Astrolab.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Astrolab.JPG 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>一个16世纪的简单星盘</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0430_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Planispheric Astrolabe made of brass, cast, with fretwork rete and surface engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0430_back.jpg/206px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0430_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0430_back.jpg/310px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0430_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0430_back.jpg/413px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0430_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3219" /></a><figcaption>北非，西元9世紀，平面的星盤（等高儀）。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈利利系列" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Khalili Collections"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E5%88%A9%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈利利系列（页面不存在）">哈利利系列</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalili_Collections" class="extiw" title="en:Khalili Collections"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Khalili Collections</span></a></span>）</span></span></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Astrolabe_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Iranian_Astrolabe_14.jpg/213px-Iranian_Astrolabe_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Iranian_Astrolabe_14.jpg/319px-Iranian_Astrolabe_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Iranian_Astrolabe_14.jpg/425px-Iranian_Astrolabe_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3616" /></a><figcaption> 2013年，在伊朗古都<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB" title="大不里士">大不里士</a>製作的現代星盤。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>星盤</b>（<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84750655">.mw-parser-output span[lang="grc"],.mw-parser-output .Polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>：<span lang="grc">ἀστρολάβος</span> <span lang="grc-Latn" title="古希腊语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">astrolábos</span>; 阿拉伯语：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلأَسْطُرلاب</span>‎ <span lang="ar-Latn" title="阿拉伯语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">al-Asṭurlāb</span>; <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯語">波斯語</a>：<span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ستاره‌یاب</span>‎ <span lang="fa-Latn" title="波斯语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Setāreyāb</span>）是一種古老的天文儀器，可以说是手持的宇宙模型。它的各種功能也使它成為一個精巧的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="測斜儀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inclinometer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%AC%E6%96%9C%E5%84%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="測斜儀（页面不存在）">測斜儀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclinometer" class="extiw" title="en:Inclinometer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inclinometer</span></a></span>）</span></span>和一個能够解决天文學中幾種問題的類比計算裝置。在最簡單的形式中，它是一個金屬圓盤，帶有導線、切口和穿孔的圖案，允許使用者精確計算天體的位置。歷史上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="天文學家">天文學家</a>使用它，無論在白天或夜晚，能够量測<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="天體">天體</a>在地平線上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%90%E6%A8%99%E7%B3%BB" title="地平坐標系">高度</a>；它可以用於識別恆星或行星，確定給定當地時間的當地緯度（反之亦然），量測或進行<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="三角測量">三角測量</a>。它在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="古典時代">古典時代</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代">伊斯蘭黃金時代</a>、歐洲<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="地理大發現">地理大發現</a>時代中，用於所有這些目的。 </p><p>星盤的重要性不僅來自於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>研究的早期發展<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，對於確定陸地或平靜海面上的緯度也很有效。然而，在波濤洶湧的海面上，船舶的甲板隨之升降時就不太可靠，為了解决這個問題，於是開發出了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水手星盤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mariner's astrolabe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E6%89%8B%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水手星盤（页面不存在）">水手星盤</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner%27s_astrolabe" class="extiw" title="en:Mariner's astrolabe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mariner's astrolabe</span></a></span>）</span></span>。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83131740">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-centre"><div class="title"><div>星盤的例子</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spherical_astrolabe_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="收藏在牛津科學史博物館（英语：History of Science Museum, Oxford）的中世紀中古伊斯蘭天文學的球形星盤（球形星象儀）。年代約為1480年，最有可能出自敘利亞或埃及[2]。"><img alt="收藏在牛津科學史博物館（英语：History of Science Museum, Oxford）的中世紀中古伊斯蘭天文學的球形星盤（球形星象儀）。年代約為1480年，最有可能出自敘利亞或埃及[2]。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Spherical_astrolabe_2.jpg/135px-Spherical_astrolabe_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Spherical_astrolabe_2.jpg/202px-Spherical_astrolabe_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Spherical_astrolabe_2.jpg/270px-Spherical_astrolabe_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">收藏在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="牛津科學史博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Science Museum, Oxford"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="牛津科學史博物館（页面不存在）">牛津科學史博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_Museum,_Oxford" class="extiw" title="en:History of Science Museum, Oxford"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Science Museum, Oxford</span></a></span>）</span></span>的中世紀<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="中古伊斯蘭天文學">中古伊斯蘭天文學</a>的球形星盤（球形星象儀）。年代約為1480年，最有可能出自敘利亞或埃及<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamluk_era_astrolabe,_1282.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="年代為1282年的馬木路克蘇丹國星盤"><img alt="年代為1282年的馬木路克蘇丹國星盤" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mamluk_era_astrolabe%2C_1282.jpg/177px-Mamluk_era_astrolabe%2C_1282.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mamluk_era_astrolabe%2C_1282.jpg/266px-Mamluk_era_astrolabe%2C_1282.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mamluk_era_astrolabe%2C_1282.jpg/354px-Mamluk_era_astrolabe%2C_1282.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="2076" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">年代為1282年的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%9C%A8%E8%B7%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="馬木路克蘇丹國">馬木路克蘇丹國</a>星盤</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="坎特伯雷星盤象限（英语：Canterbury Astrolabe Quadrant），英格蘭，1388年"><img alt="坎特伯雷星盤象限（英语：Canterbury Astrolabe Quadrant），英格蘭，1388年" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg/180px-Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg/270px-Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg/360px-Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="1659" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="坎特伯雷星盤象限" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Canterbury Astrolabe Quadrant"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%8E%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF%E9%9B%B7%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%A4%E8%B1%A1%E9%99%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坎特伯雷星盤象限（页面不存在）">坎特伯雷星盤象限</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Astrolabe_Quadrant" class="extiw" title="en:Canterbury Astrolabe Quadrant"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Canterbury Astrolabe Quadrant</span></a></span>）</span></span>，英格蘭，1388年</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrolab.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="一個16世紀的星盤，附有尺規和裝飾著“鬱金香”花紋"><img alt="一個16世紀的星盤，附有尺規和裝飾著“鬱金香”花紋" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Astrolab.JPG/177px-Astrolab.JPG" decoding="async" width="177" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Astrolab.JPG/266px-Astrolab.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Astrolab.JPG 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一個16世紀的星盤，附有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BA%E5%AD%90" title="尺子">尺規</a>和裝飾著“<a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%B1%E9%87%91%E9%A6%99" class="mw-redirect" title="鬱金香">鬱金香</a>”花紋</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="應用"><span id=".E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>應用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：應用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lot-stoffler-johannes-1452-1531-elucidatio-fabricae-usuque-astrolabii-6069643.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lot-stoffler-johannes-1452-1531-elucidatio-fabricae-usuque-astrolabii-6069643.jpg/220px-Lot-stoffler-johannes-1452-1531-elucidatio-fabricae-usuque-astrolabii-6069643.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lot-stoffler-johannes-1452-1531-elucidatio-fabricae-usuque-astrolabii-6069643.jpg/330px-Lot-stoffler-johannes-1452-1531-elucidatio-fabricae-usuque-astrolabii-6069643.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lot-stoffler-johannes-1452-1531-elucidatio-fabricae-usuque-astrolabii-6069643.jpg/440px-Lot-stoffler-johannes-1452-1531-elucidatio-fabricae-usuque-astrolabii-6069643.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>16世紀用星盤測量建築物高度的木刻。</figcaption></figure> <p>一位10世紀的天文學家推斷，星盤的各種功能大約有1000種應用<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89#可疑来源" title="Wikipedia:可供查證"><span title="自2021年7月需要添加較佳的来源">需要較佳来源</span></a>]</sup>，範圍從占星術、天文學和宗教，到季節和日常計時和潮汐表。在星盤被大量使用的時代，占星術被廣泛認為與天文學一樣是一門嚴肅的科學，對兩者的研究是並行不悖，齊頭並進的。天文學的興趣在民間天文學（阿拉伯的前伊斯蘭傳統），和數學天文學之間有所不同，民間天文學與天文和季節性觀測有關，數學天文學則為知識實踐和基於天文觀測的精確計算提供資訊。關於星盤的宗教功能，伊斯蘭祈禱時間的要求是由天文數值確定，以確保每天的精確時間，穆斯林祈禱和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E6%8B%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="朝拜">朝拜</a>必須朝向<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加">麥加</a>的方向，也可以通過星盤這種裝置確定。除此之外，由星盤計算得出的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="陰曆">陰曆</a>對伊斯蘭教具有重要意義，因為它决定了重要宗教儀式的日期，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8B%E6%88%92%E6%9C%88" class="mw-redirect" title="齋戒月">齋戒月</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞源"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E6.BA.90"></span>詞源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：詞源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" title="牛津英語詞典">牛津英語詞典</a>》給出了英語單詞"astrolabe"翻譯自"star-taker"，並通過中世紀拉丁語將其追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">Greek</a>字詞"ἀστρολάβος"： <span lang="grc-Latn" title="古希腊语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">astrolábos</span><sup id="cite_ref-oed_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，來自<span lang="grc-Latn" title="古希腊语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">astron</span> "star"和λαμβάνειν : <span lang="grc-Latn" title="古希腊语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">lambanein</span> "to take"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在中世紀伊斯蘭世界的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-disambig" title="阿拉伯">阿拉伯</a>語單詞<span lang="ar-Latn" title="阿拉伯语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">al-Asturlāb</span>（即星盤）被賦予了各種詞源。 </p><p>在阿拉伯文中，這個詞被從希臘單詞直接翻譯成"星星塔"（阿拉伯语：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl">آخِذُ ٱلنُّجُومْ</span>‎，"star-taker"）<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198144_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing198144-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E9%AD%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="比魯尼">比魯尼</a>引用並責備中世紀科學家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈姆扎伊斯法哈尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hamza Al-Isfahani"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%A7%86%E6%89%8E%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%93%88%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈姆扎伊斯法哈尼（页面不存在）">哈姆扎伊斯法哈尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_Al-Isfahani" class="extiw" title="en:Hamza Al-Isfahani"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hamza Al-Isfahani</span></a></span>）</span></span>，他說<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198144_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing198144-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>："asturlab是這個波斯語短語的阿拉伯化"（<span lang="fa-Latn" title="波斯语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">sitara yab</span>，意思是"星星的接受者"。）<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198151_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing198151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代">伊斯蘭黃金時代</a>的來源，還有一個<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="民間詞源" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Folk etymology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E8%A9%9E%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民間詞源（页面不存在）">民間詞源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymology" class="extiw" title="en:Folk etymology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Folk etymology</span></a></span>）</span></span>這個詞作為"lines of lab"，其中"Lab" 指的是伊德里斯（以諾）的某個兒子。 10世紀的一位名叫<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿裡·伊本·易卜拉欣·庫米" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%A3%A1%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E6%98%93%E5%8D%9C%E6%8B%89%E6%AC%A3%C2%B7%E5%BA%AB%E7%B1%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿裡·伊本·易卜拉欣·庫米（页面不存在）">阿裡·伊本·易卜拉欣·庫米</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Ibn_Ibrahim_Qomi" class="extiw" title="en:Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi</span></a></span>）</span></span>的科學家提到了這個詞源，但被<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E6%8B%89%E5%AD%90%E7%B1%B3" title="花拉子米">花拉子米</a>拒絕了<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198145_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing198145-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spherical_astrolabe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Spherical_astrolabe.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>中世纪在伊斯兰出现的球型星盘</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrolabium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Astrolabium.jpg/220px-Astrolabium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Astrolabium.jpg/330px-Astrolabium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Astrolabium.jpg/440px-Astrolabium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>一个1208年的波斯星盘</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古代的星盘"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3.E7.9A.84.E6.98.9F.E7.9B.98"></span>古代的星盘</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：古代的星盘"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>早期的星盤是佩爾加的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="阿波羅尼奧斯">阿波羅尼奧斯</a>在西元前220年至150年之間在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="希臘化時代">希臘化時代</a>發明的，但一般都認為是<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E5%B8%95%E6%81%B0%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="喜帕恰斯">喜帕恰斯</a>發明的。星盤是<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%BA%A7%E7%9B%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="星座盤">平面球</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%BA%E7%AE%A1" title="窺管">望筒</a>的結合，實際上是一個類比計算機，能够解决天文學中的幾種不同問題。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞歷山大的席恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theon of Alexandria"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%AD%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山大的席恩（页面不存在）">亞歷山大的席恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" class="extiw" title="en:Theon of Alexandria"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theon of Alexandria</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<abbr title="circa">约</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 335</span>–<abbr title="circa">约</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 405</span>）寫了一篇關於星盤的詳細論文，路易斯<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>認為<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="托勒密">托勒密</a>使用星盤進行了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%9B%E6%9B%B8" title="占星四書">占星四書</a>中記錄的天文觀測。平面星盤的發明有時被錯誤地歸因於席恩的女兒<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%AD" title="希帕提婭">希帕提亞</a>（<abbr title="circa">约</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">350–370</span>; died 415 AD）<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theodore_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theodore-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deakin2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deakin2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但事實上，在希帕提亞出生之前至少500年，星盤已經在使用了<sup id="cite_ref-Theodore_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theodore-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deakin2007_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deakin2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這個錯誤歸因來自於希帕提亞的學生<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E5%A5%88%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF" title="辛奈西斯">辛奈西斯</a>（<abbr title="circa">约</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">373</span> – <abbr title="circa">约</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">414</span>）<sup id="cite_ref-Theodore_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theodore-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deakin2007_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deakin2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，其中提到希帕提亞教他如何建造平面星盤，但並沒有任何文字提到是她自己發明了它<sup id="cite_ref-Theodore_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theodore-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deakin2007_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deakin2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>星盤在整個<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝國">拜占庭時期</a>提的希臘語世界中一直在使用。大約在西元550年，基督教哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E7%BD%97%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·费罗普勒斯">約翰·費羅普勒斯</a>用希臘語寫了一篇關於星盤的論文，這是現存最早的關於該儀器的論文<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。美索不達米亞主教<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西弗勒斯·塞博赫特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Severus Sebokht"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%9A%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西弗勒斯·塞博赫特（页面不存在）">西弗勒斯·塞博赫特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severus_Sebokht" class="extiw" title="en:Severus Sebokht"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Severus Sebokht</span></a></span>）</span></span>也在7世紀中葉用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="敘利亞語">敘利亞語</a>寫了一篇關於星盤的論文<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>塞博赫特在他的論文中提到星盤是由黃銅製成的，這表明金屬星盤在東正教的發展，早於伊斯蘭世界或拉丁西方發展之前就已經為人所知<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>文藝復興時期最早涉及科學問題的論文多基於早期的古典作品，並且經常關注托勒密教義<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中世紀時代"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E4.B8.96.E7.B4.80.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3"></span>中世紀時代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：中世紀時代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>星盤在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代">中世紀伊斯蘭世界</a>得到進一步發展，其中<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="中古伊斯蘭天文學">穆斯林天文學家</a>在設計中引入了角度的尺度<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E7%B7%9A" title="地平線">地平線</a>上添加標示<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D" title="方位">方位</a>的圓<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它在整個穆斯林世界被廣泛使用，主要是作為一種<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="導航" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Geography and cartography in medieval Islam"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8E%E8%88%AA" title="導航">導航</a></span></span>和一種尋找<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E6%8B%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="朝拜">朝拜</a>，即<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加">麥加</a>方向的管道。八世紀的<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="數學家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mathematics in medieval Islam"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="數學家">數學家</a></span></span><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穆罕默德·法紮裏" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%AE%E8%A3%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆罕默德·法紮裏（页面不存在）">穆罕默德·法紮裏</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Faz%C4%81r%C4%AB" class="extiw" title="en:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī</span></a></span>）</span></span>是伊斯蘭世界製作星盤的第一人<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>數學背景是由穆斯林天文學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC" title="巴塔尼">巴塔尼</a>在其論文《Kitab az Zij》（約西元920年）中建立的，該論文由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柏拉圖·提布提努斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plato Tiburtinus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%C2%B7%E6%8F%90%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%90%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柏拉圖·提布提努斯（页面不存在）">柏拉圖·提布提努斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato_Tiburtinus" class="extiw" title="en:Plato Tiburtinus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plato Tiburtinus</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<i>De Motu Stellarum</i>）翻譯成拉丁文。現存最早的星盤日期為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭曆">伊斯蘭曆</a>315（西元927-28年）。在伊斯蘭世界，星盤被用來確定日出和恆星升起的時間，以幫助安排<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="礼拜 (伊斯兰教)">晨禱</a>（salat）。在10世紀，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E8%8F%B2" title="阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼·苏菲">阿左飛</a>首先描述了星盤的1,000多種不同用途，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>、<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="占星術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Astrology in medieval Islam"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="占星術">占星術</a></span></span>、<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="導航" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mariner's astrolabe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8E%E8%88%AA" title="導航">導航</a></span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="測量學">測量學</a>、計時、祈禱、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="礼拜 (伊斯兰教)">晨禱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%8D%9C%E6%8B%89" title="基卜拉">基卜拉</a>等領域<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%BE%E5%84%80" class="mw-redirect" title="渾儀">球面星盤</a>是星盤和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%BE%E5%84%80" class="mw-redirect" title="渾儀">渾儀</a>的變體，是由天文學家和伊斯蘭世界的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" title="伊斯蘭世界的發明">發明家</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>發明的<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。對球面星盤的描述，最早可以追溯到<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Al Nayrizi" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Al Nayrizi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Nayrizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Nayrizi（页面不存在）">Al Nayrizi</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Nayrizi" class="extiw" title="en:Al Nayrizi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Al Nayrizi</span></a></span>）</span></span>（[floruit | fl.]892-902）。在12世紀，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩拉夫·丁·圖西" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%9C%96%E8%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩拉夫·丁·圖西（页面不存在）">薩拉夫·丁·圖西</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharaf_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB" class="extiw" title="en:Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī</span></a></span>）</span></span>發明了"線性星盤"，有時被稱為"圖西尺規"。這是"一根簡單的木棒，有刻度標記，但沒有瞄準鏡。它配有鉛垂線和雙弦，用於進行角度量測，並帶有穿孔指針"<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。齒輪機械星盤是由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%95" title="伊斯法罕">伊斯法罕</a>的Abi Bakr於1235年發明的<sup id="cite_ref-Bedini_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedini-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>西歐第一個已知的金屬星盤是11世紀在葡萄牙用黃銅製成的德東布（英語：<span lang="en">Destombes</span>）星盤<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。金屬星盤避免了大型木製星盤容易出現的翹曲，因此可以建造更大、更精確的儀器。但金屬星盤比同樣大小的木製星盤重，因此很難在航海中使用<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Reichenau Abbey" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reichenau Abbey"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichenau_Abbey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichenau Abbey（页面不存在）">Reichenau Abbey</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichenau_Abbey" class="extiw" title="en:Reichenau Abbey"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reichenau Abbey</span></a></span>）</span></span>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Herman Contractus" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Herman Contractus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Contractus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Contractus（页面不存在）">Herman Contractus</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Contractus" class="extiw" title="en:Herman Contractus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Herman Contractus</span></a></span>）</span></span>研究了11世紀"量測天文學"中星盤的使用<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬里孔特的彼得" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%AD%94%E7%89%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬里孔特的彼得（页面不存在）">馬里孔特的彼得</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Peregrinus_de_Maricourt" class="extiw" title="en:Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt</span></a></span>）</span></span>在13世紀後半葉寫了一篇關於全球星盤的構造和使用的論文，題為"Nova compositio astrolabii Specialis"。可以在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="牛津科學史博物館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Science Museum, Oxford"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="牛津科學史博物館（页面不存在）">牛津科學史博物館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_Museum,_Oxford" class="extiw" title="en:History of Science Museum, Oxford"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Science Museum, Oxford</span></a></span>）</span></span>找到全球星盤。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。伊斯蘭儀器歷史學家大衛·A·金（英語：<span lang="en">David A.King</span>）將<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E5%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="阿勒坡">阿勒坡</a>的伊本·薩拉吉（英語：<span lang="en">Ibn al-Sarraj</span>，又名Ahmad bin Abi-Bakr；fl.1328）設計的全球星盤描述為"整個中世紀和文藝復興時期最複雜的天文儀器"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>英國作家<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%8F%9F" title="杰弗里·乔叟">傑弗里·喬叟</a>（約1343-1400）主要基於<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬沙拉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mashallah ibn Athari"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E6%B2%99%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬沙拉（页面不存在）">馬沙拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashallah_ibn_Athari" class="extiw" title="en:Mashallah ibn Athari"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mashallah ibn Athari</span></a></span>）</span></span>或<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="ibn al-Saffar" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ibn al-Saffar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Saffar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Saffar（页面不存在）">ibn al-Saffar</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ibn_al-Saffar" class="extiw" title="en:ibn al-Saffar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ibn al-Saffar</span></a></span>）</span></span>的作品，為他的兒子編纂了《"<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="星盤論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="A Treatise on the Astrolabe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%A4%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="星盤論（页面不存在）">星盤論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Treatise_on_the_Astrolabe" class="extiw" title="en:A Treatise on the Astrolabe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">A Treatise on the Astrolabe</span></a></span>）</span></span>"》<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。法國天文學家和占星家Pélerin de Prusse等人也翻譯同一來源的著作。關於星盤的第一本印刷書籍是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="普拉查提斯的克利斯蒂安" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Christian of Prachatice"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%9F%A5%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普拉查提斯的克利斯蒂安（页面不存在）">普拉查提斯的克利斯蒂安</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_of_Prachatice" class="extiw" title="en:Christian of Prachatice"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Christian of Prachatice</span></a></span>）</span></span>的《星盤的組成和使用》，也使用了馬沙拉的資料，但相對來說是原創的。 </p><p>在1370年，印度第一篇關於星盤的論文是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a>天文學家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Mahendra Suri" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mahendra Suri"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahendra_Suri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahendra Suri（页面不存在）">Mahendra Suri</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendra_Suri" class="extiw" title="en:Mahendra Suri"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mahendra Suri</span></a></span>）</span></span>撰寫的，標題為"Yantrarāja"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>水手們在出海時使用一種簡化的星盤，稱為"balesilha"，以獲得準確的緯度讀數。"balesilha"是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B_(%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%AE%B6)" class="mw-redirect" title="恩里克 (航海家)">亨利王子</a>（1394-1460）在前往葡萄牙的途中推廣的<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>幾乎可以肯定的是，奧里拉克的格伯特（Gerbert d'Aurillac）（後來的教宗<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="思維二世">思維二世</a>）首先將星盤帶到比利牛斯山脈北部，在11世紀初的某個時候，它在法國蘭斯的學校被綜合到<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%AF" title="四术">四藝</a>中<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在15世紀，法國儀器製造商Jean Fusoris（約1365-1436年）也開始在他位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>的商店裡重新製作和銷售星盤，以及可擕式日晷和其他當時流行的科學設備；他的星盤至今仍然留存了13個<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。15世紀早期，歐洲工藝的另一個特殊例子是安東尼烏斯·德·帕森托設計的星盤，由多明尼克斯·德·蘭紮諾製造，日期為1420年<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在16世紀，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Johannes Stöffler" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Johannes Stöffler"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_St%C3%B6ffler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Stöffler（页面不存在）">Johannes Stöffler</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_St%C3%B6ffler" class="extiw" title="en:Johannes Stöffler"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Johannes Stöffler</span></a></span>）</span></span>出版了《"Declicatio fabricae ususque astrolabii"》，這是一本星盤構造和使用手册。由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Georg Hartmann" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Georg Hartmann"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Hartmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Hartmann（页面不存在）">Georg Hartmann</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hartmann" class="extiw" title="en:Georg Hartmann"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Georg Hartmann</span></a></span>）</span></span>製作的四個相同的16世紀星盤，為<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B7%A5" title="分工">分工</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%BC%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2" title="批式生產">批式生產</a>提供了一些最早的證據。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83131740"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>中世紀星盤</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tusi_manus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="波斯科學家納西爾丁·圖西解釋星盤重要性的論文。"><img alt="波斯科學家納西爾丁·圖西解釋星盤重要性的論文。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tusi_manus.jpg/180px-Tusi_manus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tusi_manus.jpg/270px-Tusi_manus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tusi_manus.jpg/360px-Tusi_manus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">波斯科學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="纳西尔丁·图西">納西爾丁·圖西</a>解釋星盤重要性的論文。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery,_2009-11-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean Fusoris（法语）在巴黎製作的星盤，1400"><img alt="Jean Fusoris（法语）在巴黎製作的星盤，1400" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery%2C_2009-11-24.jpg/144px-Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery%2C_2009-11-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery%2C_2009-11-24.jpg/216px-Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery%2C_2009-11-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery%2C_2009-11-24.jpg/288px-Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery%2C_2009-11-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="3046" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Fusoris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Fusoris（页面不存在）">Jean Fusoris</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">（<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Fusoris" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Fusoris">法语</a>）</span>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>製作的星盤，1400</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="18世紀的波斯星盤。"><img alt="18世紀的波斯星盤。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg/180px-Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg/270px-Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg/360px-Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="972" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">18世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a>星盤。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrolabe,_18th_century,_disassembled.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="折開的18世紀星盤。"><img alt="折開的18世紀星盤。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Astrolabe%2C_18th_century%2C_disassembled.jpg/180px-Astrolabe%2C_18th_century%2C_disassembled.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Astrolabe%2C_18th_century%2C_disassembled.jpg/270px-Astrolabe%2C_18th_century%2C_disassembled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Astrolabe%2C_18th_century%2C_disassembled.jpg/360px-Astrolabe%2C_18th_century%2C_disassembled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2627" data-file-height="2550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">折開的18世紀星盤。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrolabium_im_Mathematisch-Physikalischen_Salon_(Zwinger,_Dresden).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="星盤分解圖"><img alt="星盤分解圖" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Astrolabium_im_Mathematisch-Physikalischen_Salon_%28Zwinger%2C_Dresden%29.jpg/180px-Astrolabium_im_Mathematisch-Physikalischen_Salon_%28Zwinger%2C_Dresden%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Astrolabium_im_Mathematisch-Physikalischen_Salon_%28Zwinger%2C_Dresden%29.jpg/270px-Astrolabium_im_Mathematisch-Physikalischen_Salon_%28Zwinger%2C_Dresden%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Astrolabium_im_Mathematisch-Physikalischen_Salon_%28Zwinger%2C_Dresden%29.jpg/360px-Astrolabium_im_Mathematisch-Physikalischen_Salon_%28Zwinger%2C_Dresden%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3843" data-file-height="2677" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">星盤分解圖</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrolabe_-_Stereographic_projection_on_tympan.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="演示如何通過球極平面投影將天球和地理坐標映射到星盤鼓室的動畫。假設的星盤鼓室是16世紀的歐洲星座盤（北緯40度）。"><img alt="演示如何通過球極平面投影將天球和地理坐標映射到星盤鼓室的動畫。假設的星盤鼓室是16世紀的歐洲星座盤（北緯40度）。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Astrolabe_-_Stereographic_projection_on_tympan.gif/98px-Astrolabe_-_Stereographic_projection_on_tympan.gif" decoding="async" width="98" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Astrolabe_-_Stereographic_projection_on_tympan.gif/147px-Astrolabe_-_Stereographic_projection_on_tympan.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Astrolabe_-_Stereographic_projection_on_tympan.gif/196px-Astrolabe_-_Stereographic_projection_on_tympan.gif 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">演示如何通過<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E6%A5%B5%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1" title="球極平面投影">球極平面投影</a>將<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="天球坐标系统">天球</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87%E7%B3%BB" title="地理坐标系">地理坐標</a>映射到星盤鼓室的動畫。假設的星盤鼓室是16世紀的歐洲<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%BE" title="活动星图">星座盤</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BA%AC40%E5%BA%A6%E7%BA%BF" title="北纬40度线">北緯40度</a>）。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="星盤 Public Library Bruges（荷兰语） Ms. 522"><img alt="星盤 Public Library Bruges（荷兰语） Ms. 522" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif/lossy-page1-127px-Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif/lossy-page1-191px-Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="3873" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">星盤 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Library_Bruges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Library Bruges（页面不存在）">Public Library Bruges</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">（<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openbare_Bibliotheek_Brugge" class="extiw" title="nl:Openbare Bibliotheek Brugge">荷兰语</a>）</span> Ms. 522</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中国的星盘"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9B.BD.E7.9A.84.E6.98.9F.E7.9B.98"></span>中国的星盘</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：中国的星盘"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">用於中國的星盤,跟西方不一樣的地方是中國使用的是12個時辰，分別是子時、丑時、寅時、卯時、辰時、巳時、午時、未時、申時、酉時、戌時、亥時，依照上面的順序排版。</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="星盤和時鐘"><span id=".E6.98.9F.E7.9B.A4.E5.92.8C.E6.99.82.E9.90.98"></span>星盤和時鐘</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：星盤和時鐘"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Het_gebruik_van_het_astrolabium_door_Amerigo_Vespucci,_Jan_Collaert_II,_Museum_Plantin-Moretus,_PK.OPB.0186.018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Het_gebruik_van_het_astrolabium_door_Amerigo_Vespucci%2C_Jan_Collaert_II%2C_Museum_Plantin-Moretus%2C_PK.OPB.0186.018.jpg/220px-Het_gebruik_van_het_astrolabium_door_Amerigo_Vespucci%2C_Jan_Collaert_II%2C_Museum_Plantin-Moretus%2C_PK.OPB.0186.018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Het_gebruik_van_het_astrolabium_door_Amerigo_Vespucci%2C_Jan_Collaert_II%2C_Museum_Plantin-Moretus%2C_PK.OPB.0186.018.jpg/330px-Het_gebruik_van_het_astrolabium_door_Amerigo_Vespucci%2C_Jan_Collaert_II%2C_Museum_Plantin-Moretus%2C_PK.OPB.0186.018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Het_gebruik_van_het_astrolabium_door_Amerigo_Vespucci%2C_Jan_Collaert_II%2C_Museum_Plantin-Moretus%2C_PK.OPB.0186.018.jpg/440px-Het_gebruik_van_het_astrolabium_door_Amerigo_Vespucci%2C_Jan_Collaert_II%2C_Museum_Plantin-Moretus%2C_PK.OPB.0186.018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%93%A5%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="亚美利哥·维斯普奇">亞美利哥·維斯普奇</a>用星盤觀察<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%BA%A7" title="南十字座">南十字座</a>。作者<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Jan Collart II" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jan Collart II"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Collart_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Collart II（页面不存在）">Jan Collart II</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Collart_II" class="extiw" title="en:Jan Collart II"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jan Collart II</span></a></span>）</span></span>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%9D%A6-%E8%8E%AB%E9%9B%B7%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="普朗坦-莫雷图斯博物馆">普朗坦-莫雷圖斯博物館</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%89%B9%E8%A1%9B%E6%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="安特衛普">安特衛普</a>，比利時。</figcaption></figure> <p>機械<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E9%92%9F" title="天文钟">天文鐘</a>最初受到星盤的影響；它們在許多方面可以被視為發條式星盤，用於連續顯示太陽、恒星和行星的當前位置。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E6%9E%97%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5" title="沃林福德的理查">沃林福德的理查</a>的鐘（約1330年）基本上由一張固定在網後旋轉的星圖組成，類似於星盤<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth2005_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>許多天文鐘使用星盤式顯示，例如著名的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E9%92%9F" title="布拉格天文钟">布拉格天文鐘</a>，採用黃道面的球極平面投影（見下文）。近年來，星盤手錶變得很流行。例如，1985年，瑞士鐘錶製造商<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Ludwig Oechslin" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ludwig Oechslin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Oechslin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Oechslin（页面不存在）">Ludwig Oechslin</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Oechslin" class="extiw" title="en:Ludwig Oechslin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ludwig Oechslin</span></a></span>）</span></span>結合<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E8%A1%A8" title="雅典表">雅典表</a>合作設計製造了一款星盤手錶<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。荷蘭手錶製造商Christaan van der Klauuw現在也生產星盤手錶<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="構造"><span id=".E6.A7.8B.E9.80.A0"></span>構造</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：構造"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>星盤由一個稱為"母盤"（mater）的圓盤組成，其深度足以容納一個或多個稱為"子盤"或"<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克利莫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clime"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E8%8E%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克利莫（页面不存在）">克利莫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clime" class="extiw" title="en:Clime"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clime</span></a></span>）</span></span>"的平板。一個<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="子盤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="tympan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%90%E7%9B%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="子盤（页面不存在）">子盤</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tympan" class="extiw" title="en:tympan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">tympan</span></a></span>）</span></span>是為一個特定的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AF%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="緯度">緯度</a>製作的，上面刻著一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93" class="mw-redirect" title="圓">圓</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E6%A5%B5%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1" title="球極平面投影">球極平面投影</a>，表示<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83" title="天球">天球</a>在地平線上部分的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E8%A7%92" title="方位角">方位角</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%90%E6%A8%99%E7%B3%BB" title="地平坐標系">高度角</a>。母盤金屬邊緣通常分為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="小時">時間</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%A6_(%E8%A7%92)" title="度 (角)">弧度</a>，或兩者並存<sup id="cite_ref-Stephenson_2000_108–109_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephenson_2000_108–109-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在母盤和子盤上方，是一個"網"的框架，承載著<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="黃道">黃道</a>平面的投影和幾個<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="指針" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pointer (rod)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E9%92%88" class="mw-disambig" title="指针">指針</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(rod)" class="extiw" title="en:Pointer (rod)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pointer (rod)</span></a></span>）</span></span>，可以自由旋轉來指示最亮<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星">恆星</a>的位置。這些指針取決於工匠的技能，通常只是簡單的點，但也可以是非常精細和藝術化。有一些星盤的例子，其中有球、星星、蛇、手、狗頭和樹葉等形狀的藝術指針<sup id="cite_ref-Stephenson_2000_108–109_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephenson_2000_108–109-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。標示的恆星名稱通常用阿拉伯語或拉丁語刻在指針上<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一些星盤有一個狹窄的"<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BA%E5%AD%90" title="尺子">尺子</a>"或"標籤"，可以在網上旋轉，並且用<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="赤緯">赤緯</a>的刻度來標記。 </p><p>代表<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA" title="天空">天空</a>的網，起著<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%96" title="星圖">星圖</a>的作用。當它旋轉時，恆星和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="黃道">黃道</a>在子盤上的座標投影上移動。一個完整的旋轉相當於一天的過去。因此，星盤是現代<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%BA%A7%E7%9B%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="星座盤">星座盤</a>的前身。 </p><p>在母體的背面，通常刻有許多刻度，這些刻度在星盤的各種應用中都很有用。但這些刻度會因為設計師不同而有很大的差異，可能包括時間轉換曲線、將一個月中的某一天轉換為太陽在黃道上位置的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="日曆">日曆</a>、三角尺度以及圍繞後緣周圍360度的刻度。"<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E6%BA%96%E5%84%80" title="照準儀">照準儀</a>"則附在背面。當星盤垂直握持時，可以旋轉星盤，並以方位儀觀察太陽或恆星，以便可以從星盤的刻度邊緣讀取（“得到”）其高度（以度為單位）；因此，這個詞的希臘語詞根：「astron」（ἄστρον）=star+“lab-”（λαβ-）=得到（to take）。 </p><p>一些星盤的背面也出現一個可以產生陰影的正方形，這種星盤是穆斯林占星家在9世紀開發的，而古希臘傳統的設備背面只有高度的刻度<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這被用來轉換陰影長度和太陽的高度，其用途多種多樣，從可以量測到量測無法到達之處的高度<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>星盤製造商通常會在設備的背面署名，並在星盤背面刻有銘文。如果有該物品的贊助人，則其名稱會出現在正面；或者在某些情况下，在位蘇丹或星盤師的姓名也會出現在此處<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。星盤的製造日期經常也會被簽署，這使歷史學家能够確定這些裝置是世界上第二古老的科學儀器。星盤上的銘文也讓歷史學家得出結論，天文學家傾向於自己製作星盤，但許多星盤也是按訂單製作的，並有庫存出售，這表明這些設備在當代有一定的市場<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>星盤的一部分由一個圓盤、一個瞄準管、一個照準儀和裝有刻度尺的臂組成。圓形圓盤是星盤的主要部分，它主要用於查看天空中的物體。瞄準管放置在圓盤的頂部，用於觀察恆星或行星。照準儀有垂直和水平的十字準線，在稱為等高圈（almucantar）的方位環上繪製位置。一個稱為幅的臂從星盤的中心連接到光軸，光軸與另一個包含高度和距離測量值刻度的臂（也稱為幅）平行。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83131740"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>星盤的建造</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="耶魯大學收藏的格奧爾格·哈特曼（英语：Georg Hartmann）星盤。該儀器顯示出網格和尺規。"><img alt="耶魯大學收藏的格奧爾格·哈特曼（英语：Georg Hartmann）星盤。該儀器顯示出網格和尺規。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg/180px-Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg/270px-Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg/360px-Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E9%AD%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="耶魯大學">耶魯大學</a>收藏的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格奧爾格·哈特曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Georg Hartmann"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格奧爾格·哈特曼（页面不存在）">格奧爾格·哈特曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Hartmann" class="extiw" title="en:Georg Hartmann"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Georg Hartmann</span></a></span>）</span></span>星盤。該儀器顯示出網格和尺規。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="1144年伊朗的伊斯法罕（？）天球儀。這個天球儀曾在羅浮宮的博物館展出，是世界上現存第三古老的。"><img alt="1144年伊朗的伊斯法罕（？）天球儀。這個天球儀曾在羅浮宮的博物館展出，是世界上現存第三古老的。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG/180px-Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG/270px-Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG/360px-Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1144年伊朗的伊斯法罕（？）天球儀。這個天球儀曾在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%B5%AE%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="羅浮宮">羅浮宮</a>的博物館展出，是世界上現存第三古老的。</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Planispheric_astrolabe.png" class="mw-file-description" title="計算機生成的平面球面星盤（planispheric astrolabe）"><img alt="計算機生成的平面球面星盤（planispheric astrolabe）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Planispheric_astrolabe.png/157px-Planispheric_astrolabe.png" decoding="async" width="157" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Planispheric_astrolabe.png/235px-Planispheric_astrolabe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Planispheric_astrolabe.png/314px-Planispheric_astrolabe.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="918" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">計算機生成的平面球面星盤（planispheric astrolabe）</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="數學基礎"><span id=".E6.95.B8.E5.AD.B8.E5.9F.BA.E7.A4.8E"></span>數學基礎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：數學基礎"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>星盤的建造和設計是基於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83" title="天球">天球</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="立體投影">立體投影</a>的應用。通常進行投影的點是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="南極">南極</a>，投影到的平面是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93" title="赤道">赤道</a>的平面<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="通過立體投影設計鼓室"><span id=".E9.80.9A.E9.81.8E.E7.AB.8B.E9.AB.94.E6.8A.95.E5.BD.B1.E8.A8.AD.E8.A8.88.E9.BC.93.E5.AE.A4"></span>通過立體投影設計鼓室</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：通過立體投影設計鼓室"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parts_of_a_tympan_of_an_astrolabe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Parts_of_a_tympan_of_an_astrolabe.png/310px-Parts_of_a_tympan_of_an_astrolabe.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Parts_of_a_tympan_of_an_astrolabe.png/465px-Parts_of_a_tympan_of_an_astrolabe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Parts_of_a_tympan_of_an_astrolabe.png/620px-Parts_of_a_tympan_of_an_astrolabe.png 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>星盤鼓室的一部分</figcaption></figure> <p>鼓室捕捉到天球坐標軸，「地球」將在這些坐標軸上旋轉。它是能够在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%87%AA%E8%BD%AC" title="地球自转">日</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="地球轨道">年</a>的特定時間點上精確確定恆星位置的部件。 </p><p>因此，它應該投影： </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%A0%82" title="天頂">天頂</a>：其將根據星盤用戶的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AF%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="緯度">緯度</a>變化。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E7%B7%9A" title="地平線">地平線</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E7%B7%AF%E5%9C%88" title="地平緯圈">地平緯圈</a>或平行於地平於地平線的圓圈，這將允許確定天體的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%90%E6%A8%99%E7%B3%BB" title="地平坐標系">高度</a>（從地平線到天頂之間）。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%88%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="子午线">天球子午線</a>（穿過天頂，南北向的經度線）和次子午線（通過天體在天頂與南北子午線相交的大圓），這將使天體的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D" title="方位">方位</a>能够量測。</li> <li>三個主要的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AF%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="緯線">緯度圈</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="南回歸線">南回歸線</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93" title="赤道">赤道</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="北回歸線">北回歸線</a>）來確定一年中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E9%BB%9E" title="至點">至日</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%BB%9E" title="分點">分日</a>的精確時刻</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="回歸線和赤道定義了鼓室"><span id=".E5.9B.9E.E6.AD.B8.E7.B7.9A.E5.92.8C.E8.B5.A4.E9.81.93.E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9.E4.BA.86.E9.BC.93.E5.AE.A4"></span>回歸線和赤道定義了鼓室</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：回歸線和赤道定義了鼓室"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_de_tr%C3%B3picos_y_ecuador_en_un_astrolabio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_de_tr%C3%B3picos_y_ecuador_en_un_astrolabio.png/620px-Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_de_tr%C3%B3picos_y_ecuador_en_un_astrolabio.png" decoding="async" width="620" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_de_tr%C3%B3picos_y_ecuador_en_un_astrolabio.png/930px-Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_de_tr%C3%B3picos_y_ecuador_en_un_astrolabio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_de_tr%C3%B3picos_y_ecuador_en_un_astrolabio.png/1240px-Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_de_tr%C3%B3picos_y_ecuador_en_un_astrolabio.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>從南極到回歸線和赤道的立體投影。</figcaption></figure> <p>在影像的右側： </p> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#C4F5F5; color:black;"> </span>：淺藍色的球體代表<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83" title="天球">天球</a>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#0325F1; color:white;"> </span>：藍色箭頭表示正北（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="北極星">北極星</a>）的方向。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#0325F1; color:white;"> </span>：中心的藍色點代表地球（觀測者的位置）。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#001919; color:white;"> </span>：天球的地理南面是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="立體投影">投影極</a>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#B8B8B8; color:black;"> </span>：赤道平面做為<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="投影平面">投影平面</a>。</li> <li>三個平行的圓圈代表地球主<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AF%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="緯線">緯度圈</a>在天空中的投影： <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#DA5E1B; color:black;"> </span>：橘色是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="北回歸線">北回歸線</a>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#8533DB; color:white;"> </span>：紫色是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93" title="赤道">赤道</a>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#006713; color:white;"> </span>：綠色是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="南回歸線">南回歸線</a>。</li></ul></li></ol> <p>當投影到赤道平面上時，三個同心圓對應於地球的三個<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AF%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="緯線">緯度圈</a>（影像的左側）。其中最大的一個是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="南回歸線">南回歸線</a>，它定義了星盤的鼓室大小。鼓室的中心（以及三個圓的中心）實際上是地球自轉的南北軸，因此，隨著時間的推移，星盤的「中心」將圍繞這一點旋轉（由於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%87%AA%E8%BD%AC" title="地球自转">地球自轉</a>）。 </p><p>鼓室上的三個同心圓有助於確定全年<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E9%BB%9E" title="至點">至日</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%BB%9E" title="分點">分日</a>的確切時刻：如果知道太陽在「日期」上的位置，並且它的位置及鼓室的外圓（南回歸線）重合，它象徵著<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E8%87%B3" title="冬至">冬至</a>（對於南回歸線的觀測者來說，太陽將處於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%A0%82" title="天頂">天頂</a>，意味著南半球的夏天和北半球的冬天）。另一方面，如果它的位置與內圈（北迴歸線）重合，則表示<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E8%87%B3" title="夏至">夏至</a>。如果它的位置在中間的圓（赤道）上，它對應於兩個<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%BB%9E" title="分點">分點</a>中的一個。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="地平線和高度量測"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E5.B9.B3.E7.B7.9A.E5.92.8C.E9.AB.98.E5.BA.A6.E9.87.8F.E6.B8.AC"></span>地平線和高度量測</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：地平線和高度量測"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png/620px-Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png" decoding="async" width="620" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png/930px-Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png/1240px-Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>在特定緯度的觀測者，其地平線的立體投影</figcaption></figure> <p>在第一個影像的右側： </p> <ol><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#0325F1; color:white;"> </span>：藍色箭頭表示正北（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="北極星">北極星</a>）的方向。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#0325F1; color:white;"> </span>：中心的藍色點代表地球（觀測者的位置）。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#001919; color:white;"> </span>：黑色箭頭代表觀測者的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%A0%82" title="天頂">天頂</a>方向（根據觀測者<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AF%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="緯度">緯度</a>的不同而變化）。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#001919; color:white;"> </span>：黑圈代表觀測者周圍的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E7%B7%9A" title="地平線">地平線</a>，它垂直於天頂向量，定義了觀測者可見的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83" title="天球">天球</a>部分。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#001919; color:white;"> </span>：天球的地理南面是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="立體投影">投影極</a>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#B8B8B8; color:black;"> </span>：赤道平面做為<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="投影平面">投影平面</a>。</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_almucantar_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_almucantar_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png/620px-Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_almucantar_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png" decoding="async" width="620" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_almucantar_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png/930px-Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_almucantar_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_almucantar_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png/1240px-Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_almucantar_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>地平線和地平緯圈的立體投影。</figcaption></figure> <p>當將<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E7%B7%9A" title="地平線">地平線</a>投影到赤道平面上時，它會轉化為相對於南北軸（鼓室中心）向上移動的橢圓。這意味著天球的一部分將落在鼓室的外圓（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="南回歸線">南回歸線</a>）之外，因此不會被呈現。 </p><p>此外，當繪製平行於地平線直到天頂的圓（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E7%B7%AF%E5%9C%88" title="地平緯圈">地平緯圈</a>）時，會構建一個連續橢圓的網格，當「基準」與設計的鼓室重疊時（如第二張影像所示），可以確定<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%90%E6%A8%99%E7%B3%BB" title="地平坐標系">恆星的高度</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="子午線與方位量測"><span id=".E5.AD.90.E5.8D.88.E7.B7.9A.E8.88.87.E6.96.B9.E4.BD.8D.E9.87.8F.E6.B8.AC"></span>子午線與方位量測</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：子午線與方位量測"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_azimut_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_azimut_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png/620px-Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_azimut_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png" decoding="async" width="620" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_azimut_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png/930px-Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_azimut_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_azimut_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png/1240px-Proyecci%C3%B3n_estereogr%C3%A1fica_del_horizonte_y_azimut_sobre_el_t%C3%ADmpano_de_un_astrolabio.png 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>南北子午線和偏東40°的子午線在星盤鼓室上的立體投影。</figcaption></figure> <p>在影像右側： </p> <ol><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#0325F1; color:white;"> </span>：藍色箭頭表示正北（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="北極星">北極星</a>）的方向。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#0325F1; color:white;"> </span>：中心的藍色點代表地球（觀測者的位置）。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#001919; color:white;"> </span>：黑色箭頭代表觀測者的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%A0%82" title="天頂">天頂</a>方向（根據觀測者<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AF%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="緯度">緯度</a>的不同而變化）。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#001919; color:white;"> </span>：黑圈代表觀測者所在地周圍的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E7%B7%9A" title="地平線">地平線</a>，它垂直於天頂向量，定義了觀測者可見的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83" title="天球">天球</a>部分。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#D92929; color:white;"> </span>：紅點表示<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%A0%82" title="天頂">天頂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%95" title="天底">天底</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%90%83" title="天球">天球</a>上相對於觀測者與天頂相對的點）。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#DA5E1B; color:black;"> </span>：橙色圓圈代表<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%88%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="子午线">天球子午線</a>（或對觀測者來說，從地平線的正北方經過天頂至地平線正南方的子午線）。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#D92929; color:white;"> </span>：紅圈代表一條相對於觀測者地平經線，在東方40°的次子午線。與所有次子午線一樣，它在天頂和天底與主子午線相交。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#001919; color:white;"> </span>：天球的地理南面是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="立體投影">投影極</a>。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#B8B8B8; color:black;"> </span>：赤道平面用作<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="投影平面">投影平面</a>。</li></ol> <p>投影<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%88%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="子午线">天球子午線</a>時，會產生一條與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%A0%82" title="天頂">天頂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%BA%95" title="天底">天底</a>所在的鼓室垂直軸重疊的直線。然而，當投影東方40°的次子午線時，會獲得另一個同時穿過天頂和天底投影的圓，因此其中心位於連接兩個點的線段的垂直<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%88%86%E7%B7%9A" title="平分線">平分線</a>上。實際上，天球子午線的投影可以被認為是一個半徑無限大的圓（一條直線），其中心位於該平分線上，距離這兩點無窮遠。 </p><p>如果投影將天球劃分為相等扇區的連續子午線（如從天頂輻射的「橙色切片」），則可以獲得穿過天頂投影在鼓室上的曲線族。這些曲線一旦與包含主要恆星的「軌道」重疊，就可以確定位於「軌道」上旋轉時，在一天中特定時間的恆星<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D" title="方位">方位</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水手星盤" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mariner's astrolabe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E6%89%8B%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水手星盤（页面不存在）">水手星盤</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner%27s_astrolabe" class="extiw" title="en:Mariner's astrolabe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mariner's astrolabe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="中古伊斯蘭天文學">中古伊斯蘭天文學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="天文儀器列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of astronomical instruments"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%84%80%E5%99%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天文儀器列表（页面不存在）">天文儀器列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_instruments" class="extiw" title="en:List of astronomical instruments"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of astronomical instruments</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲利普·丹弗里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philippe Danfrie"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲利普·丹弗里（页面不存在）">菲利普·丹弗里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Danfrie" class="extiw" title="en:Philippe Danfrie"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philippe Danfrie</span></a></span>）</span></span>：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="數學儀器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mathematical instrument"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%84%80%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="數學儀器（页面不存在）">數學儀器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_instrument" class="extiw" title="en:Mathematical instrument"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mathematical instrument</span></a></span>）</span></span>、地球儀和星盤的設計和製造商。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%88%86%E4%BB%AA" title="六分仪">六分儀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%BE%E5%84%80" class="mw-redirect" title="渾儀">渾儀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D%E5%84%80" title="行星定位儀">行星定位儀</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Yantraraja" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yantraraja"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yantraraja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yantraraja（页面不存在）">Yantraraja</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantraraja" class="extiw" title="en:Yantraraja"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yantraraja</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>腳註</dt></dl> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern editions of <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Philoponus（页面不存在）">John Philoponus</a>' treatise on the astrolabe are <i>De usu astrolabii eiusque constructione libellus</i> (On the Use and Construction of the Astrolabe), ed. Heinrich Hase, Bonn: E. Weber, 1839, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E6%9C%BA%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="联机计算机图书馆中心">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/165707441">165707441</a> (or id. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 6 (1839): 127–71); repr. and translated into French by Alain Philippe Segonds, <i>Jean Philopon, traité de l'astrolabe,</i> Paris: Librairie Alain Brieux, 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E6%9C%BA%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="联机计算机图书馆中心">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10467740">10467740</a>; and translated into English by H.W. Green in R.T. Gunther, <i>The Astrolabes of the World</i>, Vol. 1/2, Oxford, 1932, <div class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86" title="开放图书馆">开放图书馆</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL18840299M">18840299M</a></div> repr. London: Holland Press, 1976, <div class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86" title="开放图书馆">开放图书馆</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL14132393M">14132393M </a></div> pp. 61–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Lacy_O%27Leary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Lacy O'Leary（页面不存在）">O'Leary, De Lacy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/books/hgsptta.htm">How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs</a>. Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1948 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-22</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030055/http://www.aina.org/books/hgsptta.htm">存档</a>于2020-11-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=De+Lacy&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.btitle=How+Greek+Science+Passed+to+the+Arabs&rft.date=1948&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Routledge+and+Kegan+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fbooks%2Fhgsptta.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>。"這一時期的後期最傑出的敘利亞學者是肯尼斯林主教<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%9A%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西弗勒斯·塞博赫特（页面不存在）">西弗勒斯·塞博赫特</a>（卒於666-7年）。[...]除了這些作品[...]，他還撰寫了關於天文學主題的論文（Brit. Mus. Add. 14538），並撰寫了一篇關於星盤的天文儀器的論文，該論文由F. Nau（巴黎，1899年）編輯和出版。" <br />Severus' treatise was translated by Jessie Payne Smith Margoliouth in R.T. Gunther, <i>Astrolabes of the World</i>, Oxford, 1932, pp. 82–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilie_Savage-Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilie Savage-Smith（页面不存在）">Savage-Smith, Emilie</a>. Book Reviews. Journal of Islamic Studies. 1993, <b>4</b> (2): 296–299. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F4.2.296"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/jis/4.2.296</span></a>. <q>沒有證據表明球面星盤起源於希臘，但迄今為止已有的證據表明，它可能是一個早期但明顯的在伊斯蘭發展，沒有希臘的先例。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Book+Reviews&rft.aufirst=Emilie&rft.aulast=Savage-Smith&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.pages=296-299&rft.volume=4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2F4.2.296&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <dl><dt>註解</dt></dl> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Northrup, Cynthia Clark; Bentley, Jerry H.; Eckes Jr., Alfred E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7/page/72">Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present</a>. Taylor and Francis, 2015. 2015: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781317471530" title="Special:网络书源/9781317471530"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781317471530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.au=Bentley%2C+Jerry+H.&rft.au=Eckes+Jr.%2C+Alfred+E.&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Clark&rft.aulast=Northrup&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Trade%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781317471530&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis%2C+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7%2Fpage%2F72&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrison2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison2013_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Morrison, Robert G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMNkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT173">Islamic Astronomy</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_C._Lindberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David C. Lindberg（页面不存在）">Lindberg, David C.</a>; Shank, Michael H. (编). The Cambridge History of Science. 2, Medieval Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2013: 115 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-59448-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-59448-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-59448-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Islamic+Astronomy&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Science&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59448-6&rft.pages=115&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMNkAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT173&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Greenwood, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8oWGwcdFmA&feature=youtu.be">The British Museum: How to Use an Astrolabe</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. January 28, 2018. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/N8oWGwcdFmA">存档</a>于2021-11-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=The+British+Museum%3A+How+to+Use+an+Astrolabe&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.date=2018-01-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DN8oWGwcdFmA%26feature%3Dyoutu.be&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50013806">Astrolabe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> 2nd. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Astrolabe&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.oed.com%2Fcgi%2Fentry%2F50013806&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160608021036/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/astrolabe?q=astrolabe">Astrolabe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionaries">Oxford Dictionaries</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-22</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/astrolabe?q=astrolabe">原始内容</a>存档于2016-06-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.btitle=Astrolabe&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fastrolabe%3Fq%3Dastrolabe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=astrolabe">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Etymonline.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-07</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808000047/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=astrolabe">存档</a>于2017-08-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dastrolabe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing198144-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198144_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198144_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1981">King 1981</a>，第44頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing198151-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198151_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1981">King 1981</a>，第51頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing198145-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198145_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1981">King 1981</a>，第45頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2001-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2001_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2001">Lewis 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Deakin (August 3, 1997). "Ockham's Razor: Hypatia of Alexandria". ABC Radio. Retrieved July 10, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theodore-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theodore_12-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theodore_12-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theodore_12-2"><sup><b>12.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theodore_12-3"><sup><b>12.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Theodore, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QPWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">The Modern Cultural Myth of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>. Manchester, England: Palgrave, Macmillan. 2016: 183. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-137-56997-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-137-56997-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-137-56997-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Theodore&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Cultural+Myth+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-137-56997-4&rft.pages=183&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.pub=Palgrave%2C+Macmillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3QPWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deakin2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deakin2007_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deakin2007_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deakin2007_13-2"><sup><b>13.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deakin2007_13-3"><sup><b>13.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Deakin, Michael A. B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P6X1DJ7UIb4C&pg=PA135">Hypatia of Alexandria: Mathematician and Martyr</a>. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. 2007: 102–104. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-59102-520-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-59102-520-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-59102-520-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.+B.&rft.aulast=Deakin&rft.btitle=Hypatia+of+Alexandria%3A+Mathematician+and+Martyr&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-520-7&rft.pages=102-104&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP6X1DJ7UIb4C%26pg%3DPA135&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_14-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_14-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_14-2"><sup><b>14.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_14-3"><sup><b>14.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bradley, Michael John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIdtVPeD7GcC">The Birth of Mathematics: Ancient Times to 1300</a>. New York City, New York: Infobase Publishing. 2006: 63. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780816054237" title="Special:网络书源/9780816054237"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780816054237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=Michael+John&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Mathematics%3A+Ancient+Times+to+1300&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780816054237&rft.pages=63&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEIdtVPeD7GcC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sebokht, Severus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm">Description of the astrolabe</a>. Tertullian.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-22</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021142954/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm">存档</a>于2018-10-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=Severus&rft.aulast=Sebokht&rft.btitle=Description+of+the+astrolabe&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Tertullian.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fseverus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See p. 289 of <cite id="CITEREFMartin1923" class="citation">Martin, L. C., Surveying and navigational instruments from the historical standpoint, Transactions of the Optical Society, 1923, <b>24</b> (5): 289–303, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1923TrOS...24..289M"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1923TrOS...24..289M</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-4878"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1475-4878</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1475-4878%2F24%2F5%2F302"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1088/1475-4878/24/5/302</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Surveying+and+navigational+instruments+from+the+historical+standpoint&rft.aufirst=L.+C.&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.date=1923&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1475-4878&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Optical+Society&rft.pages=289-303&rft.volume=24&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1923TrOS...24..289M&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1475-4878%2F24%2F5%2F302&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBerggren2007" class="citation">Berggren, J. Lennart, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ullzl036UEC&pg=PA519">Mathematics in Medieval Islam</a>, Katz, Victor J. (编), The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: a Sourcebook, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>: 519, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-691-11485-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-691-11485-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-691-11485-9</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Mathematics+in+Medieval+Islam&rft.aufirst=J.+Lennart&rft.aulast=Berggren&rft.btitle=The+Mathematics+of+Egypt%2C+Mesopotamia%2C+China%2C+India%2C+and+Islam%3A+a+Sourcebook&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11485-9&rft.pages=519&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ullzl036UEC%26pg%3DPA519&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Nelson_Frye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Nelson Frye（页面不存在）">Richard Nelson Frye</a>: <i>Golden Age of Persia</i>. p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Emily Winterburn (<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Maritime_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Maritime Museum（页面不存在）">National Maritime Museum</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimheritage.com/using-an-astrolabe/">Using an Astrolabe</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220521132606/https://muslimheritage.com/using-an-astrolabe/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lachièz-Rey, Marc; Luminet, Jean-Pierre. Celestial Treasury: From the Music of Spheres to the Conquest of Space. Trans. Joe Laredo. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2001: 74. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-80040-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-80040-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-80040-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.au=Luminet%2C+Jean-Pierre&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.aulast=Lachi%C3%A8z-Rey&rft.btitle=Celestial+Treasury%3A+From+the+Music+of+Spheres+to+the+Conquest+of+Space&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80040-2&rft.pages=74&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacTutor-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF約翰·J·奧康納埃德蒙·F·羅伯遜" class="citation">約翰·J·奧康納; <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7F%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E9%81%9C" title="埃德蒙·F·羅伯遜">埃德蒙·F·羅伯遜</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Sharaf.html">Sharaf al-Din al-Muzaffar al-Tusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacTutor%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88" title="MacTutor数学史档案">MacTutor数学史档案</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Sharaf+al-Din+al-Muzaffar+al-Tusi&rft.au=%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7F%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E9%81%9C&rft.au=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%BA%B7%E7%B4%8D&rft.btitle=-%7Bzh-hans%3AMacTutor%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%3Bzh-hant%3AMacTutor%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%3B%7D-&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FAl-Tusi_Sharaf.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedini-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bedini_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvio_Bedini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvio Bedini（页面不存在）">Bedini, Silvio A.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Maddison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Maddison（页面不存在）">Maddison, Francis R.</a> Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 1966, <b>56</b> (5): 1–69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1006002"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 1006002</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1006002"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1006002</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Mechanical+Universe%3A+The+Astrarium+of+Giovanni+de%27+Dondi&rft.au=Maddison%2C+Francis+R.&rft.aufirst=Silvio+A.&rft.aulast=Bedini&rft.date=1966&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=1-69&rft.volume=56&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1006002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1006002&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1379&lang=en">Qantara – 'Carolingian' astrolabe</a>. Qantara-med.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-11-07</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170756/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1379&lang=en">存档</a>于2016-03-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.btitle=Qantara+%E2%80%93+%27Carolingian%27+astrolabe&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Qantara-med.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fqantara4%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D1379%26lang%3Den&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy Marie Brown (2010), "The Abacus and the Cross". Page 140. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-465-00950-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-465-00950-3">978-0-465-00950-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Boyle, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x92SNeDpKqsC&pg=PA253">Toward the Setting Sun: Columbus, Cabot, Vespucci, and the Race for America</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 2011: 253. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780802779786" title="Special:网络书源/9780802779786"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780802779786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.btitle=Toward+the+Setting+Sun%3A+Columbus%2C+Cabot%2C+Vespucci%2C+and+the+Race+for+America&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780802779786&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx92SNeDpKqsC%26pg%3DPA253&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Northrup, Cynthia Clark (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7/page/72">Encyclopedia of world trade : from ancient times to the present</a> Enhanced Credo. Armonk, New York: Routledge. 2015: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0765680587" title="Special:网络书源/978-0765680587"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0765680587</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/889717964"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 889717964</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.au=Northrup%2C+Cynthia+Clark&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+world+trade+%3A+from+ancient+times+to+the+present&rft.date=2015&rft.edition=Enhanced+Credo&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0765680587&rft.pages=72&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7%2Fpage%2F72&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889717964&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/astrolabe/">Introduction</a>. The Astrolabe: an Online Resource. 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-05-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213630/http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/astrolabe/">存档</a>于2022-06-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Astrolabe%3A+an+Online+Resource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhs.ox.ac.uk%2Fastrolabe%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Harley, J. B.; Woodward, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historycartograp00harl_672">The history of cartography</a>. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. 1992: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historycartograp00harl_672/page/n50">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-226-31635-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-226-31635-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-226-31635-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.au=Woodward%2C+David&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft.aulast=Harley&rft.btitle=The+history+of+cartography&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-226-31635-1&rft.pages=31&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorycartograp00harl_672&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kunitzsch, Paul. On the authenticity of the treatise on the composition and use of the astrolabe ascribed to Messahalla. Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences Oxford. 1981, <b>31</b> (106): 42–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=On+the+authenticity+of+the+treatise+on+the+composition+and+use+of+the+astrolabe+ascribed+to+Messahalla&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Kunitzsch&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=106&rft.jtitle=Archives+Internationales+d%27Histoire+des+Sciences+Oxford&rft.pages=42-62&rft.volume=31&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Selin, Helaine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli">Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="有限度免费查阅，超限则需付费订阅"><img alt="有限度免费查阅，超限则需付费订阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. Springer Science & Business Media. 2008-03-12: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli/page/n1347">1335</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4020-4559-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4020-4559-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-4020-4559-2</a>. <q>Paul Kunitzsch has recently established that the Latin treatise on the astrolabe long ascribed to Ma'sh'allah and translated by John of Seville is in fact by Ibn al-Saffar, a disciple of Maslama al-Majriti.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=Helaine&rft.aulast=Selin&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Cultures&rft.date=2008-03-12&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2&rft.pages=1335&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediahis00seli&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGlickLiveseyWallis2005" class="citation">Glick, Thomas; et al (编), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SaJlbWK_-FcC&pg=PA464">Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia</a>, Routledge: 464, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-415-96930-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-415-96930-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-415-96930-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.au=Livesey%2C+Steven+J.&rft.au=Wallis%2C+Faith&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.btitle=Medieval+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-96930-1&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSaJlbWK_-FcC%26pg%3DPA464&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Northrup, Cynthia Clark (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7/page/460">Encyclopedia of world trade : from ancient times to the present</a> [Enhanced Credo edition]. Armonk, New York: Routledge. 2015: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7/page/460">460</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0765680587" title="Special:网络书源/978-0765680587"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0765680587</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/889717964"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 889717964</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.au=Northrup%2C+Cynthia+Clark&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+world+trade+%3A+from+ancient+times+to+the+present&rft.date=2015&rft.edition=%5BEnhanced+Credo+edition%5D&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0765680587&rft.pages=460&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofwo0000unse_d8h7%2Fpage%2F460&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889717964&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy Marie Brown (2010), "The Abacus and the Cross". Page 143. basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-465-00950-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-465-00950-3">978-0-465-00950-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hockey, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58493.html">The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer Publishing（页面不存在）">Springer Publishing</a>. 2009 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2012]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-387-31022-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-387-31022-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-387-31022-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012151602/http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58493.html">存档</a>于2014-10-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Hockey&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-387-31022-0&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerreference.com%2Fdocs%2Fhtml%2Fchapterdbid%2F58493.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralf Kern (2010), <i>Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit</i>. Band 1: Vom Astrolab zum mathematischen Besteck. Cologne, S. 204. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-86560-865-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-86560-865-9">978-3-86560-865-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth2005-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth2005_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorth2005">North 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102024043/http://www.ulysse-nardin.ch/en/swiss_watch_manufacturer/Collection/Archive/Astrolabium_G._Galilei.html">Astrolabium G. Galilei</a>. Ulysse Nardin. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulysse-nardin.ch/en/swiss_watch_manufacturer/Collection/Archive/Astrolabium_G._Galilei.html">原始内容</a>存档于2 January 2011）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Astrolabium+G.+Galilei&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ulysse+Nardin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulysse-nardin.ch%2Fen%2Fswiss_watch_manufacturer%2FCollection%2FArchive%2FAstrolabium_G._Galilei.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klaauw.com/">Christaan van der Klauuw</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-08-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620122425/http://www.klaauw.com/">存档</a>于2012-06-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.btitle=Christaan+van+der+Klauuw&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klaauw.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephenson_2000_108–109-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephenson_2000_108–109_42-0"><sup><b>39.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephenson_2000_108–109_42-1"><sup><b>39.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stephenson, Bruce; Bolt, Marvin; Friedman, Anna Felicity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universeunveiled0000step">The Universe Unveiled: Instruments and Images through History</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2000: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universeunveiled0000step/page/108">108</a>–109. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-79143-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-79143-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-79143-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.au=Bolt%2C+Marvin&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Anna+Felicity&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.btitle=The+Universe+Unveiled%3A+Instruments+and+Images+through+History&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-79143-X&rft.pages=108-109&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiverseunveiled0000step&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/astrolabe.htm">Star Names on Astrolabes</a>. Ian Ridpath. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-11-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017154100/http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/astrolabe.htm">存档</a>于2018-10-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.btitle=Star+Names+on+Astrolabes&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ian+Ridpath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianridpath.com%2Fstartales%2Fastrolabe.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">King, David A. Some Medieval Astronomical Instruments and Their Secrets, in Mazzolini, R. G. (ed.), Non-Verbal Communication in Science prior to 1900. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florence（页面不存在）">Florence</a>. : 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.aulast=King&rft.btitle=Some+Medieval+Astronomical+Instruments+and+Their+Secrets%2C+in+Mazzolini%2C+R.+G.+%28ed.%29%2C+Non-Verbal+Communication+in+Science+prior+to+1900&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Florence&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">King, David A. The Astrolabe: What it is & what it is not. Frankfurt: <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.aulast=King&rft.btitle=The+Astrolabe%3A+What+it+is+%26+what+it+is+not&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pub=Frankfurt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0"><sup><b>43.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1"><sup><b>43.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mayer, L.A. Islamic astrolabists and their works. <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Kunding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Kunding（页面不存在）">A. Kunding</a>. 1956. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956iatw.book.....M"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1956iatw.book.....M</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=L.A.&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.btitle=Islamic+astrolabists+and+their+works&rft.date=1956&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=A.+Kunding&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956iatw.book.....M&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gentili, Graziano; Simonutti, Luisa; Struppa, Daniele C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1560&context=jhm">The Mathematics of the Astrolabe and Its History</a>. Journal of Humanistic Mathematics. 2020, <b>10</b>: 101–144 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-12-31</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211008813"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 211008813</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5642%2Fjhummath.202001.07"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.5642/jhummath.202001.07</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206230618/https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1560&context=jhm">存档</a>于2023-12-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=The+Mathematics+of+the+Astrolabe+and+Its+History&rft.au=Simonutti%2C+Luisa&rft.au=Struppa%2C+Daniele+C.&rft.aufirst=Graziano&rft.aulast=Gentili&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Humanistic+Mathematics&rft.pages=101-144&rft.volume=10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211008813&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.claremont.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1560%26context%3Djhm&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5642%2Fjhummath.202001.07&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>書目</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation">Evans, James, The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy, Oxford University Press, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-509539-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-509539-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-19-509539-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Practice+of+Ancient+Astronomy&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-509539-1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite class="citation">Gunella, Alessandro; Lamprey, John, Stoeffler's Elucidatio (translation of Elucidatio fabricae ususque astrolabii into English), John Lamprey, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.au=Lamprey%2C+John&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.aulast=Gunella&rft.btitle=Stoeffler%27s+Elucidatio+%28translation+of+Elucidatio+fabricae+ususque+astrolabii+into+English%29&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=John+Lamprey&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKing1981" class="citation">King, D. A, The Origin of the Astrolabe According to the Medieval Islamic Sources, Journal for the History of Arabic Science, 1981, <b>5</b>: 43–83</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Astrolabe+According+to+the+Medieval+Islamic+Sources&rft.aufirst=D.+A&rft.aulast=King&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&rft.pages=43-83&rft.volume=5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation">King, Henry, Geared to the Stars: the Evolution of Planetariums, Orreries, and Astronomical Clocks, University of Toronto Press, 1978</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.aulast=King&rft.btitle=Geared+to+the+Stars%3A+the+Evolution+of+Planetariums%2C+Orreries%2C+and+Astronomical+Clocks&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation">Krebs, Robert E.; Krebs, Carolyn A., Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World, Greenwood Press, 2003</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Carolyn+A.&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.btitle=Groundbreaking+Scientific+Experiments%2C+Inventions%2C+and+Discoveries+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite class="citation">Laird, Edgar, Carol Poster and Richard Utz , 编, Astrolabes and the Construction of Time in the Late Middle Ages., Constructions of Time in the Late Middle Ages (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press), 1997: 51–69</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Astrolabes+and+the+Construction+of+Time+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages.&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft.aulast=Laird&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constructions+of+Time+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=51-69&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation">Laird, Edgar; Fischer, Robert (编), Critical edition of Pélerin de Prusse on the Astrolabe<i> (translation of </i>Practique de Astralabe<i>, Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies (Binghamton, New York), 1995, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-86698-132-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-86698-132-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-86698-132-2</a></i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.atitle=Critical+edition+of+P%C3%A9lerin+de+Prusse+on+the+Astrolabe+%28translation+of+Practique+de+Astralabe&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Robert&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft.aulast=Laird&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.isbn=0-86698-132-2&rft.jtitle=Medieval+%26+Renaissance+Texts+%26+Studies&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></i></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLewis2001" class="citation">Lewis, M. J. T., Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome, Cambridge University Press, 2001</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=M.+J.+T.&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.btitle=Surveying+Instruments+of+Greece+and+Rome&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite class="citation">Morrison, James E, The Astrolabe, Janus, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-939320-30-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-939320-30-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-939320-30-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=James+E&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.btitle=The+Astrolabe&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-939320-30-1&rft.pub=Janus&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer1975" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_E._Neugebauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto E. Neugebauer（页面不存在）">Neugebauer, Otto E</a>, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, Springer, 1975</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=Otto+E&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Mathematical+Astronomy&rft.date=1975&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNorth2005" class="citation">North, John David, God's Clockmaker: Richard of Wallingford and the Invention of Time, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-85285-451-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-85285-451-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-85285-451-5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&rft.aufirst=John+David&rft.aulast=North&rft.btitle=God%27s+Clockmaker%3A+Richard+of+Wallingford+and+the+Invention+of+Time&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-451-5&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相關的多媒體資源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" class="extiw" title="commons:Astrolabe"><span style="font-weight:bold;">星盘</span></a>（<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrolabes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Astrolabes">分類</a>）</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">英文维基文库</a>中的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%89%88" title="大英百科全書第十一版">1911年版大英百科全書</a>》條目：<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Astrolabe" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/astrolabe" class="extiw" title="wikt:astrolabe">astrolabe</a></b>」。</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alexboxer.com/astrolabe/">Interactive digital astrolabe by Alex Boxer</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220408203038/http://alexboxer.com/astrolabe/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrosurf.com/spheres/as/astrolabe-en.htm">A digital astrolabe (HTML5 and javascript)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160806133110/http://www.astrosurf.com/spheres/as/astrolabe-en.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/May-2019/Astrolabe-Tech-Made-Not-So-Easy">Astrolabe Tech Made ... Not So Easy</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220930201054/https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/May-2019/Astrolabe-Tech-Made-Not-So-Easy">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/~ohainaut/bin/astrolabe.cgi">paper astrolabe generator, from the ESO</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120306211451/http://www.eso.org/~ohainaut/bin/astrolabe.cgi">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UseE1P6Wmv0">"Hello World!" for the Astrolabe: The First Computer</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220706115305/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UseE1P6Wmv0">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Video of Howard Covitz's Presentation at Ignite Phoenix, June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/hcovitz/the-astrolabe-the-first-computer-or-hello-world-on-the-astrolabe">Slides for Presentation</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120310104026/http://www.slideshare.net/hcovitz/the-astrolabe-the-first-computer-or-hello-world-on-the-astrolabe">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Licensed as <a href="/w/index.php?title=By-nc-nd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="By-nc-nd（页面不存在）">Creative Commons by-nc-nd</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/tom_wujec_demos_the_13th_century_astrolabe.html">Video of Tom Wujec demonstrating an astrolabe.</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120323125206/http://www.ted.com/talks/tom_wujec_demos_the_13th_century_astrolabe.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Taken at <a href="/w/index.php?title=TEDGlobal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TEDGlobal（页面不存在）">TEDGlobal 2009</a>. Includes clickable transcript. Licensed as <a href="/w/index.php?title=By-nc-nd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="By-nc-nd（页面不存在）">Creative Commons by-nc-nd</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170508124755/http://www.astrolabes.org/">Archive of James E. Morrison's extensive website on Astrolabes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogivue.com/xoops/modules/news/article.php?storyid=13">A working model of the Dr. Ludwig Oechslin's Astrolabium Galileo Galilei watch</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120301050142/http://www.rogivue.com/xoops/modules/news/article.php?storyid=13">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogivue.com/xoops/modules/news/article.php?storyid=14">Ulysse Nardin Astrolabium Galilei Galileo: A Detailed Explanation</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120301050635/http://www.rogivue.com/xoops/modules/news/article.php?storyid=14">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/astrolabe/">Fully illustrated online catalogue of world's largest collection of astrolabes</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120220165820/http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/astrolabe/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myastrolabe.org">Mobile astrolabe and horologium</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100918021307/http://www.myastrolabe.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Medieval equal hour <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-09/one-man27s-trash-is-another27s-centuries-old-treasure/3654974">horary quadrant</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120229232807/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-09/one-man27s-trash-is-another27s-centuries-old-treasure/3654974">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617101751/http://w.astro.berkeley.edu/~mhughes/Teaching_%26_Outreach_files/astrolabe.pdf">A Beginner's Guide to Basic Construction and Use of the Astrolabe (using ruler, protractor and compasses)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-10-26</span>]</span>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astro.berkeley.edu/~mhughes/Teaching_&_Outreach_files/astrolabe.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2015-06-17）</cite><span 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