CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>古典时代晚期 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"f80fbc67-fb24-41c3-ab3b-be59fa994c8f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"古典时代晚期","wgTitle":"古典时代晚期","wgCurRevisionId":81543819,"wgRevisionId":81543819,"wgArticleId":2968421,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["含有英語的條目","维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目","使用ISBN魔术链接的页面","古典時代晚期"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"古典时代晚期","wgRelevantArticleId":2968421,"wgUserVariant":"zh", "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"近古","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q217050", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg/1200px-Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg/800px-Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg/640px-Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="古典时代晚期 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-古典时代晚期 rootpage-古典时代晚期 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-辭源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#辭源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>辭源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-辭源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>宗教</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-宗教-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关宗教子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-宗教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-世俗以及教士" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#世俗以及教士"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>世俗以及教士</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-世俗以及教士-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治變遷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治變遷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>政治變遷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治變遷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考書目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考書目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參考書目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考書目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">古典时代晚期</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。53种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laat_Oudheid" title="Laat Oudheid – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Laat Oudheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tantike" title="Spätantike – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Spätantike" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="عصور قديمة متأخرة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصور قديمة متأخرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antig%C3%BCed%C3%A1_tard%C3%ADa" title="Antigüedá tardía – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antigüedá tardía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_q%C9%99dim_d%C3%B6vr" title="Son qədim dövr – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Son qədim dövr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Позняя Антычнасць – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Позняя Антычнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Късна античност – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Късна античност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguitat_tardana" title="Antiguitat tardana – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antiguitat tardana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozdn%C3%AD_antika" title="Pozdní antika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pozdní antika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senantikken" title="Senantikken – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Senantikken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tantike" title="Spätantike – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spätantike" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiko_pey%C3%AAn" title="Antiko peyên – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Antiko peyên" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Ύστερη αρχαιότητα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύστερη αρχαιότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Late antiquity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfrua_Antikveco" title="Malfrua Antikveco – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malfrua Antikveco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antig%C3%BCedad_tard%C3%ADa" title="Antigüedad tardía – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antigüedad tardía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilisantiikaeg" title="Hilisantiikaeg – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hilisantiikaeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinaro_Berantiarra" title="Antzinaro Berantiarra – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinaro Berantiarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دوران باستان پسین – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوران باستان پسین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C3%B6h%C3%A4isantiikki" title="Myöhäisantiikki – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Myöhäisantiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9_tardive" title="Antiquité tardive – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antiquité tardive" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antig%C3%BCidade_tard%C3%ADa" title="Antigüidade tardía – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antigüidade tardía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="שלהי העת העתיקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלהי העת העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasna_antika" title="Kasna antika – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kasna antika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B7_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ուշ անտիկ շրջան – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուշ անտիկ շրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_Kuno_Akhir" title="Abad Kuno Akhir – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad Kuno Akhir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarda_Antiqueso" title="Tarda Antiqueso – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tarda Antiqueso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AD%C3%B0forn%C3%B6ld" title="Síðfornöld – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Síðfornöld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarda_antichit%C3%A0" title="Tarda antichità – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tarda antichità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%9C%AB%E6%9C%9F" title="古代末期 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代末期" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%ED%9B%84%EA%B8%B0" title="고대 후기 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 후기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquitas_posterior" title="Antiquitas posterior – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antiquitas posterior" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9itantiquit%C3%A9it" title="Spéitantiquitéit – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Spéitantiquitéit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticia_tarda" title="Anticia tarda – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Anticia tarda" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93l%C4%ABnais_ant%C4%ABkais_laikmets" title="Vēlīnais antīkais laikmets – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vēlīnais antīkais laikmets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Доцна антика – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Доцна антика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_baharian_lewat" title="Zaman baharian lewat – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman baharian lewat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_oudheid" title="Late oudheid – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Late oudheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinantikken" title="Seinantikken – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Seinantikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senantikken" title="Senantikken – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Senantikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8D_%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="وروستۍ لرغونې زمانه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وروستۍ لرغونې زمانه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguidade_Tardia" title="Antiguidade Tardia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antiguidade Tardia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichitatea_t%C3%A2rzie" title="Antichitatea târzie – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antichitatea târzie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Поздняя Античность – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поздняя Античность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasna_antika" title="Kasna antika – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kasna antika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasht%C3%ABsia_e_von%C3%AB" title="Lashtësia e vonë – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lashtësia e vonë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasna_antika" title="Kasna antika – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kasna antika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senantiken" title="Senantiken – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Senantiken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="ปลายสมัยโบราณ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปลายสมัยโบราณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%A7_Antik_%C3%87a%C4%9F" title="Geç Antik Çağ – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Geç Antik Çağ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Пізня античність – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пізня античність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%ADu_k%E1%BB%B3_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Hậu kỳ cổ đại – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hậu kỳ cổ đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="古典时代晚期 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古典时代晚期" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217050#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&oldid=81543819" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&id=81543819&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258F%25A4%25E5%2585%25B8%25E6%2597%25B6%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2599%259A%25E6%259C%259F"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258F%25A4%25E5%2585%25B8%25E6%2597%25B6%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E6%2599%259A%25E6%259C%259F"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Late_antiquity" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217050" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E5%8F%A4&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="近古">近古</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg/220px-Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg/330px-Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg/440px-Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3125" /></a><figcaption>6世紀位於拜占廷帝國君士坦丁堡的浮雕，現存於羅浮宮。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>古典時代晚期</b>又稱作<b>古代晚期</b>、<b>晚古時期</b>或<b>近古代</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Late Antiquity</span>），是歷史學上的術語，意指<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="古典古代">古典古代</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>之間的期間，地區包含了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>的大部分和環<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>地區，歷史學者彼得·布朗（<span lang="en">Peter Brown</span>）把這段期間界定在3世纪到8世紀，一般而言這段時期的開端是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="三世紀危機">三世紀危機</a>（公元235年–284年），在7世紀<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">東羅馬帝國</a>的皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%95%A5" title="希拉克略">希拉克略</a>在位期間遭受穆斯林入侵結束。 </p><p>羅馬在皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%88" title="戴克里先">戴克里先</a>在位時，社會、文化以及組織出现重大轉變，羅馬開始出現東西部的概念，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="君士坦丁大帝">君士坦丁大帝</a>在位期間除了基督教化，甚至有更大的舉措－遷都拜占廷，並改名為君士坦丁堡，當4世紀<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="日耳曼人">日耳曼人</a>大舉遷徙使476年<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a>滅亡時，蠻族也在各地建立王國，文化也呈現日耳曼－羅馬的形式，歐洲文化的基礎就在日耳曼族和基督教傳統间混合而成。 </p><p>歐洲的人口和知識科技也在此際慢慢轉變，社會崩潰直到<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a>才開始恢復，而在西羅馬帝國滅亡到中世紀之間的時期，被称为所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="黑暗時期">黑暗時期</a>，源自近古代較狹義的定義。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="辭源"><span id=".E8.BE.AD.E6.BA.90"></span>辭源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：辭源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="德文">德文</a>"Spätantike"字面的意思即古典時代晚期，在20世紀前就被廣為人知的奧地利史學家阿洛伊斯格爾所引用<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而比較盛行的英文相關著作是彼德布朗所著的「古典時代晚期的世界」(1971)，是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E6%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="爱德华·吉朋">愛德華·吉朋</a>對古典文化的觀點出發，質言之愛德華所著的「古典時代晚期的出現」予以相當的新的見解，近代瑞秋爵士的著作「中世紀的出現」，更建立了一個西方文化新的典範<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>這段時期最初要追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%88" title="戴克里先">戴克里先</a> (公元284年–305年)創建<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B8%9D%E5%85%B1%E6%B2%BB%E5%88%B6" title="四帝共治制">四帝共治制</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中世纪早期">中世紀早期</a>之間，這段期間為中世紀的文化奠定基礎，以及發展出基督教化的政權，在歐洲世界外面還有所謂的拜占廷帝國，即其宿敵<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭信徒</a>，移進歐洲的日耳曼族，例如：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" title="東哥德人">東哥德人</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="西哥德人">西哥德人</a>，都接受了羅馬留下來的傳統，在使用<a class="mw-selflink selflink">古典時代晚期</a>的詞彙時，其實意涵不論社會抑或文化都是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="古典時代">古典時代</a>即將結束,而<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>進入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>，當提及「中世紀初期」和「拜占廷初期」等詞彙均指古典時代結束，而提及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="民族大遷徙">民族大遷徙</a>則意謂西羅馬帝國的滅亡，以及日耳曼人依據自己的勢力範圍建立王國，其緣於418年<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="哥德人">哥德人</a>成為羅馬的附庸<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宗教"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99"></span>宗教</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：宗教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在古典時代晚期較為重大的轉變是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%E8%AB%B8%E6%95%99" title="亞伯拉罕諸教">亞伯拉罕諸教</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太教">猶太教</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>，比利時的歷史學家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E9%9B%B7%E7%BA%B3" title="亨利·皮雷纳">亨利·皮雷纳</a>則認為<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-disambig" title="阿拉伯">阿拉伯</a>在古典時代晚期進入到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>扮演舉足輕重的角色。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantinebythissignconquer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Constantinebythissignconquer.jpg/220px-Constantinebythissignconquer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Constantinebythissignconquer.jpg/330px-Constantinebythissignconquer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Constantinebythissignconquer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>位於英格蘭約克的君士坦丁大帝的雕塑</figcaption></figure> <p>基督教最具代表性的里程碑在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="君士坦丁大帝">君士坦丁大帝</a>(公元306年–337年)的謀臣，即擔任主教的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B2%E6%92%92%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%84%AA%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E7%83%8F" title="該撒利亞的優西比烏">優西比烏</a>使君士坦丁信奉基督教，並於次年頒布<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD%E8%A9%94%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="米蘭詔令">米蘭詔令</a>，以獲取東部帝國人民支持以擊敗宿敵<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%8C%AB%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="李錫尼">李錫尼</a>(公元308年–324年)，在4世紀末<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="狄奧多西大帝">狄奧多西大帝</a>尊奉基督教為國教，古羅馬昔日的觀念完全改觀，彼得布朗曾言：「這充滿神聖的精神。」<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>無可否認的君士坦丁在基督教史上扮演舉足輕重的角色，並在325年召開<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="第一次尼西亞公會議">第一次尼西亞公會議</a>，優西比烏依據<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E4%BF%A1%E7%B6%93" title="尼西亞信經">尼西亞信經</a>確立聖父聖子同質的關係，也訂定<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E6%B4%BB%E7%AF%80" title="復活節">復活節</a>為基督教的節日<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="修道制度">修道制度</a>最早源於3世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>，他們在教堂之外作修行，直到8世紀成為基督教的規定，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="修行制度">修行制度</a>並非基督教在古典時代晚期才有的舉措，但對當時確實有重要的影響，其他直到注意的措施包含了「茹素」、「聖人」(若該人對宗教有所貢獻在死後冊封聖號) <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%84%9A" title="聖愚">聖愚</a>也是在該時其出現人們把看似遊民的傳教士之言解釋為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%B0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="圣谕">聖諭</a>，此舉在後來的帝俄國內時分風行，「登塔」是指教士在五十呎高的塔上修行長達40餘年，此舉在拜占廷帝國風行。 </p><p>伊斯蘭教在7世紀初現的阿拉伯民族間，當時阿拉伯人並不團結，分散於<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BB%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占廷帝國">拜占廷帝國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%8F%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="薩珊王朝">薩珊王朝</a>的境內，當阿拉伯建立伊斯蘭帝國後，阿拉伯占領了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a>以及位於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="西哥德王國">西哥德王國</a>，甚至<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="圖爾戰役">入侵到法國境內</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>古典時代晚期<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古羅馬宗教">古羅馬宗教</a>於4世紀在優西比烏的建議下重要性被基督教取代，然而兩個宗教之間相互影響產生<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E6%94%9D" title="綜攝">綜攝</a>的過程，也有新的思想出現例如：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%95%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="諾斯底主義">諾斯底主義</a>或著是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="新柏拉圖主義">新柏拉圖主義</a>。 </p><p>此時也因傳教出現了新科技：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%99" title="羊皮紙">羊皮紙</a>用以取代<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%8D%89%E7%BA%B8" title="莎草纸">莎草纸</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="世俗以及教士"><span id=".E4.B8.96.E4.BF.97.E4.BB.A5.E5.8F.8A.E6.95.99.E5.A3.AB"></span>世俗以及教士</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：世俗以及教士"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>4世紀基督教社群開始出現，分歧產生於領導階層能否是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%92" title="平信徒">平信徒</a>以及必須<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E6%85%BE" title="禁慾">禁慾</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，他們企圖把羅馬在公、私領域的傳統抹去，企圖心與親屬之間的親情在拉扯，能否和異教徒聯姻成為主要課題，這與之後教士是否需要單獨身的議題並不相同，在古典時代晚期基督教有時接受沒有婚姻的性關係，以期規範在都市的教士，獨身已經和現實脫節，都市教士已經融入都市上流階級中的菁英，限制婚姻不符實際傳教需求<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg/340px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg/510px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg/680px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Favorites_of_the_Emperor_Honorius_-_1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="1907" /></a><figcaption>19世紀畫家對5世紀道德頹廢的觀感所繪</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治變遷"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E8.AE.8A.E9.81.B7"></span>政治變遷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：政治變遷"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古典時代晚期的政治以及社會基礎圍繞著<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a>而變遷。 </p><p>羅馬公民在二到三世紀被課徵沉重的賦稅，以供應<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%89%E5%8D%87%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="晉升體系">掌權者</a>的公共娛樂，這些制度可以追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%95%A6%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="安敦尼王朝">安敦尼王朝</a>，安敦尼王朝是羅馬歷史中最為強盛的年代，然而到了後代沒有皇帝可以超越他們的成就，然而這些成為傳統的制度反倒拖累之後的羅馬，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="君士坦丁大帝">君士坦丁大帝</a>建成新都<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="君士坦丁堡">君士坦丁堡</a>之後，造成古典時代晚期所謂的上層階級被集中管理，他們家境良好又可受教育，古典的教育使其擁有知識足以晉升元老院，古典時代晚期的社會更加的官僚化，甚至可以進而被推舉為皇帝，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬共和國">共和時代</a>的元老院議員珠光寶氣的象徵，後來被拜占廷的皇室所沿用<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，這也顯了御用的內閣顧問也是有可能成為貴族，進而出席宮廷的會議參與決策，由此可見<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD_(%E7%A8%B1%E8%99%9F)" title="奧古斯都 (稱號)">奧古斯都</a>的決策往往被其親信以及顧問所左右。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BB%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占廷帝國">拜占廷帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD" title="罗马帝国的衰落">羅馬帝國的衰落</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中世纪早期">中世紀早期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="民族大遷徙">民族大遷徙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC-%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬-波斯戰爭">羅馬-波斯戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E3%80%81%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬和安息、波斯的關係（页面不存在）">羅馬和安息、波斯的關係</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Giardana, "Esplosione di tardoantico," <i>Studi storici</i> 40 (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glen W. Bowersock, "The Vanishing Paradigm of the Fall of Rome" <i>Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</i> <b>49</b>.8 (May 1996:29-43) p 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A recent thesis advanced by Peter Heather of Oxford posits the Goths, Hunnic Empire, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossing_of_the_Rhine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crossing of the Rhine（页面不存在）">Rhine invaders of 406</a> (Alans, Suevi, Vandals) as the direct causes of the Western Roman Empire's crippling; <i>The Fall of the Roman Empire: a New History of Rome and the Barbarians</i>, OUP 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Authority and the Sacred</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eusebius_of_Caesarea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eusebius of Caesarea（页面不存在）">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, Vita Constantini 3.5-6, 4.47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p96 <i>Islam and Global Dialogue</i> Roger Boase, Hassan Bin (FRW) Talal, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a thesis on the complementary nature of Islam to the absolutist trend of Christian monarchy, see Garth Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity, Princeton University Press 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome of Stridon wrote in c. 406 the polemical treatise Against Vigilantius in order to, among other disputes concerning relics of the saints, promote the greater spiritual nature of celibacy over marriage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Brown (1987) p. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. the compendious list of ranks and liveries of imperial bureaucrats, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notitia_Dignitatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notitia Dignitatum（页面不存在）">Notitia Dignitatum</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考書目"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.9B.B8.E7.9B.AE"></span>參考書目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：參考書目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Peter Brown, <i>The World of Late Antiquity: from Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad (AD 150-750)</i>, (London: Thames and Hudson) 1989, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0393958035" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-393-95803-5</a></li> <li>Peter Brown, 1987. "The World of Late Antiquity Ad 150-750" in <i>A History of Private Life: 1. from Pagan Antiquity to Byzantium,</i> Paul Veyne, editor, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0393958035" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-393-95803-5</a></li> <li>Peter Brown, <i>Authority and the Sacred : Aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman World</i>, Routledge, 1997, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521595576" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-59557-6</a></li> <li>Peter Brown, <i>The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity 200-1000 AD</i>, Blackwell, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0631221387" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-631-22138-7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Averil_Cameron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Averil Cameron（页面不存在）">Averil Cameron</a>, <i>The Later Roman Empire: Ad 284-430</i>, Harvard University Press, 1993, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0674511948" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-674-51194-8</a></li> <li>Averil Cameron, <i>The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity Ad 395-600</i> (Routledge History of the Ancient World), 1993, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0415014212" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-01421-2</a></li> <li>Averil Cameron et al. (editors), <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>, vols. 12-14, Cambridge 1997ff.</li> <li>John Curran, Pagan City and Christian Capital: Rome in the Fourth Century, Clarendon Press: Oxford, 2000.</li> <li>Peter Dinzelbacher and Werner Heinz: <i>Europa in der Spätantike</i>. Primus, Darmstadt 2007.</li> <li>Tomas Hägg (ed.) "SO Debate: The World of Late Antiquity revisited," in <i>Symbolae Osloenses</i> (72), 1997.</li> <li>A.H.M. Jones, <i>The Later Roman Empire, 284-602; a social, economic and administrative survey</i>, vols. I, II, University of Oklahoma Press, 1964.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Kitzinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Kitzinger（页面不存在）">Kitzinger, Ernst</a>, <i>Byzantine art in the making: main lines of stylistic development in Mediterranean art, 3rd-7th century</i>, 1977, Faber & Faber, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0571111548" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0571111548</a> (US: Cambridge UP, 1977)</li> <li>Bertrand Lancon, <i>Rome in Late Antiquity : AD 313 - 604</i>, Routledge, 2001.</li> <li>Lee, A.D., <i>Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity: a Sourcebook</i>, Routledge: New York, 2000.</li> <li>Noel Lenski (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2006.</li> <li>Sam N.C. Lieu and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominic_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominic Montserrat（页面不存在）">Dominic Montserrat</a> (eds.), <i>From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views, A Source History</i>, Routledge: New York, 1996.</li> <li>Maas, Michael, <i>The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2005.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramsay_MacMullen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramsay MacMullen（页面不存在）">Ramsay MacMullen</a>, <i>Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400</i>. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 1984.</li> <li>Stephen Mitchell, <i>A History of the Later Roman Empire. AD 284-641</i>, Blackwell, London 2006.</li> <li>Barbara Rosenwein, <i>A Short History of the Middle Ages</i>, 2nd edition, Broadview Press, New York, 2004, p. 30-39.</li> <li>Rostovtzeff, Michael Ivanovitch, (rev. P. Fraser), <i>The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire</i>, Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1979.</li> <li>El Housin Helal Ouriachen, La ciudad en la Bética tardoantigua, Berlín, 2011, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783844344776" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-8443-4477-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Late_antiquity" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Late antiquity"><span style="font-weight:bold;">古典时代晚期</span></a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/">New Advent — The Fathers of the Church</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140228231119/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, a Catholic website with English translations of the Early Fathers of the Church.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029074930/http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/MUHLBERGER/ORB/LT-ATEST.HTM">ORB Encyclopedia's section on Late Antiquity in the Mediterranean</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060402213748/http://the-orb.net/">ORB</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120824092308/http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/muhlberger/orb/OVINDEX.htm">Overview of Late Antiquity</a>, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060402213748/http://the-orb.net/">ORB</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/index.html">Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210204071149/http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/index.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, a collaborative forum of Princeton and Stanford to make the latest scholarship on the field available in advance of final publication.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1b.html">The End of the Classical World</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100110104429/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1b.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, source documents from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Medieval_Sourcebook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Medieval Sourcebook（页面不存在）">Internet Medieval Sourcebook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050606081217/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/wola.html">Worlds of Late Antiquity</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="古罗马歷史" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDDAA;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:古罗马历史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:古罗马历史（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:古罗马历史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="古罗马歷史" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="古罗马">古罗马</a>歷史</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="width:1em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:6.5em;"><div> <p><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%BA%E7%AB%8B" title="罗马的建立">上古時期</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <br /> </span></p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:6.5em;"><div> <p><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬王國">王政時代</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <br /> </span></p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:6.5em;"><div> <p><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">罗马共和国</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <br /> </span></p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:6.5em;"><div> <p><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <br /> </span></p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:6.5em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a> <span class="nowrap">→ <br /><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">東羅馬帝國</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ </span></p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:6.5em;"><div> <p><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">古典时代晚期</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:6.5em;"><div> <p> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">欧洲中世纪</a><br /><br /></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">東羅馬帝國</a> </span></p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="中世纪" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="Template:中世紀"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="Template talk:中世紀"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中世紀"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="中世纪" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F" title="中世纪前期">中世纪前期</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="民族大遷徙">民族大遷徙</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西罗马帝国衰落的史学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西罗马帝国衰落的史学（页面不存在）">西罗马帝国的衰落</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">古典时代晚期</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希腊-罗马多神教的衰落" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A-%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊-罗马多神教的衰落（页面不存在）">古希腊宗教的衰落</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="extiw" title="en:Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%96" title="基督教化">基督教化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD" title="伊斯蘭教的傳播">伊斯蘭教的崛起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="保加利亚第一帝国">保加利亚第一帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰克王国">法兰克帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%9F%83%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B_(925%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941102%E5%B9%B4)" title="克羅埃西亞王國 (925年—1102年)">克罗地亚王国 (925年—1102年)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰">盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="維京時代">維京時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="加洛林帝国">加洛林帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="古教會斯拉夫語">古教會斯拉夫語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Civitas Schinesghe" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Civitas Schinesghe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civitas_Schinesghe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civitas Schinesghe（页面不存在）">Civitas Schinesghe</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" class="extiw" title="en:Civitas Schinesghe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Civitas Schinesghe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%85%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="基辅罗斯">基辅罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="查士丁尼王朝">东罗马帝国的发展</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg" title="template"><img alt="template" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg/160px-Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg/240px-Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg/320px-Breviarium_Grimani_-_Juni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>template</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E7%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀盛期">中世紀盛期</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="保加利亚第二帝国">保加利亚第二帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="格鲁吉亚王国">格鲁吉亚帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD_(1025%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941385%E5%B9%B4)" title="波兰王国 (1025年—1385年)">波兰王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" title="封建制度 (歐洲)">封建制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="東西教會大分裂">東西教會大分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E4%BB%BB%E6%9D%83%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89" title="叙任权斗争">叙任权斗争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%BE%A9%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="收復失地運動">收復失地運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%81" title="十字軍東征">十字軍東征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99)" title="修道 (基督教)">修道制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="中世纪公社">公社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD" title="庄园">庄园</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%BA%AB%E6%9A%96%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀溫暖時期">中世紀溫暖時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%AD%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%81" title="长子西征">蒙古入侵欧洲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀後期">中世紀後期</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="百年战争">百年战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="玫瑰战争">玫瑰战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="胡斯战争">胡斯战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E8%89%AE%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="勃艮第公國">勃艮第</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="哈布斯堡王朝">哈布斯堡王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="天主教會大分裂">天主教會大分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B7%E8%90%BD" title="君士坦丁堡的陷落">君士坦丁堡的陷落</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7" title="奧斯曼帝國的崛起">奧斯曼帝國的崛起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E9%9B%87%E4%BD%A3%E5%85%B5" title="瑞士雇佣兵">瑞士雇佣兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E" title="騎士精神">騎士精神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="文藝復興人文主義">文藝復興人文主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀大學">中世紀大學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="中世紀晚期危機">中世纪晚期危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%86%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="小冰期">小冰期</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪建筑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪建筑（页面不存在）">建筑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval architecture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF" title="欧洲中世纪美术">艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪欧洲的教会和国家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Church and state in medieval Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪欧洲的教会和国家（页面不存在）">教会和国家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Church and state in medieval Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Church and state in medieval Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="中世紀飲食">飲食</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪人口" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval demography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪人口（页面不存在）">人口</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_demography" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval demography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval demography</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪家庭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval household"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪家庭（页面不存在）">家庭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_household" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval household"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval household</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="中世纪文学">文学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西欧的中世纪医学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西欧的中世纪医学（页面不存在）">医学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval medicine of Western Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval medicine of Western Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="中世紀音樂">音樂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀美學">美學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪诗歌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval poetry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪诗歌（页面不存在）">诗歌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_poetry" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval poetry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval poetry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">科学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪欧洲的奴隶制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Slavery in medieval Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪欧洲的奴隶制（页面不存在）">奴隶制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Slavery in medieval Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Slavery in medieval Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪技术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪技术（页面不存在）">技术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval technology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中世纪战争">战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">参见</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="歐洲黑暗時代">黑暗時代</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪的残疾人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Disability in the Middle Ages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%AE%8B%E7%96%BE%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪的残疾人（页面不存在）">中世纪的残疾人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="extiw" title="en:Disability in the Middle Ages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Disability in the Middle Ages</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪的概述" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of the Middle Ages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪的概述（页面不存在）">基本主题列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of the Middle Ages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of the Middle Ages</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medievalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪主义（页面不存在）">中世纪主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalism" class="extiw" title="en:Medievalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medievalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪重演" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval reenactment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E9%87%8D%E6%BC%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪重演（页面不存在）">中世纪重演</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval reenactment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval reenactment</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世纪研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世纪研究（页面不存在）">中世纪研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval studies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新中世纪主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neo-medievalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新中世纪主义（页面不存在）">新中世纪主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-medievalism" class="extiw" title="en:Neo-medievalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neo-medievalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="中世纪年表">年表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="后古代史">同一时期的全球历史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="Portal:中世纪">中世纪主题</a> <div style="float:left;"> « <span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时代</a></span></div><div style="float:right;"><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a></span> » </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="欧洲历史" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:欧洲历史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:欧洲历史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:欧洲历史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="欧洲历史" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="欧洲历史">欧洲历史</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="史前欧洲">史前欧洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="旧石器时代欧洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paleolithic Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旧石器时代欧洲（页面不存在）">旧石器时代欧洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Paleolithic Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paleolithic Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新石器时代欧洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neolithic Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新石器时代欧洲（页面不存在）">新石器时代欧洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Neolithic Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neolithic Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="铜器时代欧洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bronze Age Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9C%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铜器时代欧洲（页面不存在）">铜器时代欧洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Bronze Age Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bronze Age Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="爱琴文明">爱琴文明</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="铁器时代欧洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iron Age Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%81%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铁器时代欧洲（页面不存在）">铁器时代欧洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Iron Age Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iron Age Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时代</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">罗马共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="希臘化時代">希臘化時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">古典时代晚期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="早期基督教">早期基督教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="三世紀危機">三世紀危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD" title="罗马帝国的衰落">罗马帝国的衰落</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F" title="中世纪前期">中世纪前期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="民族大遷徙">民族大遷徙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">拜占庭帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%96" title="基督教化">基督教传播</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="維京時代">維京時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%85%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="基辅罗斯">基辅罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀中期">中世紀中期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%81" title="十字軍東征">十字軍東征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" title="封建制度 (歐洲)">封建制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀後期">中世紀後期</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="近代早期欧洲">近代早期</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="百年战争">百年战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="地理大发现">地理大发现</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="巴洛克艺术">巴洛克艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="三十年戰爭">三十年戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主專制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝國">葡萄牙帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙帝國">西班牙帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="近代早期的法國">近代法国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="波蘭立陶宛聯邦">波蘭立陶宛聯邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="瑞典帝國">瑞典帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="荷蘭共和國">荷蘭共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">大英帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="哈布斯堡君主國">哈布斯堡君主國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现代史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">启蒙运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E9%9A%BE%E9%A2%98" title="李约瑟难题">大分流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法国大革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="拿破崙戰爭">拿破崙戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲民族主义的崛起" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rise of nationalism in Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲民族主义的崛起（页面不存在）">民族主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Rise of nationalism in Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rise of nationalism in Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="塞尔维亚起义">塞尔维亚革命</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1848年革命">1848年革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96" title="工業化">工業化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="战间期">战间期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94%E5%8C%96" title="歐洲一體化">歐洲一體化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%82%B5%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="歐洲主權債務危機">歐洲主權債務危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85" title="2019冠状病毒病欧洲疫情">冠狀病毒歐洲疫情</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭">俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">参见</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="西方美术史">欧洲艺术史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲基因史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Genetic history of Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲基因史（页面不存在）">欧洲基因史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic history of Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Genetic history of Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地中海地区史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Mediterranean region"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地中海地区史（页面不存在）">地中海地区史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Mediterranean region"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Mediterranean region</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="欧洲联盟历史">欧洲联盟史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方文明史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Western civilization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方文明史（页面不存在）">西方文明史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" class="extiw" title="en:History of Western civilization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Western civilization</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="欧洲海事史">欧洲海事史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲军事史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military history of Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="歐洲軍事史">欧洲军事史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Military history of Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military history of Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="西方世界与西方文化" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_culture" title="Template:Western culture"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_culture" title="Template talk:Western culture"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Western_culture" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Western culture"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="西方世界与西方文化" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="西方世界">西方世界</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">西方文化</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基礎</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E6%91%87%E7%AF%AE" title="文明摇篮">文明搖籃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="舊大陸">舊大陸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E2%80%94%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="希臘—羅馬世界">希臘-羅馬世界</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="希腊帝国">希臘帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="希臘化時代">希臘化時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="古罗马">古罗马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝國">拜占庭帝國</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬帝國的遺產" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legacy of the Roman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬帝國的遺產（页面不存在）">羅馬帝國的遺產</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Legacy of the Roman Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legacy of the Roman Empire</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96_(%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96)" title="羅馬化 (文化)">羅馬化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬-日耳曼文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Romano-Germanic culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC-%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬-日耳曼文化（页面不存在）">羅馬-日耳曼文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Romano-Germanic culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Romano-Germanic culture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="基督教世界">基督教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%88%87%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="西方拉丁世界與東方希臘世界">「西方」與「東方」</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方文明歷史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Western civilization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方文明歷史（页面不存在）">歷史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" class="extiw" title="en:History of Western civilization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Western civilization</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="銅時代的歐洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bronze Age Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8A%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="銅時代的歐洲（页面不存在）">銅時代的歐洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Bronze Age Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bronze Age Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时代</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">古典时代晚期</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F" title="中世纪前期">中世紀前期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E7%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀盛期">中世紀盛期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀後期">中世紀後期</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3" title="早期现代">近代早期</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="地理大发现">地理大发现</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">啟蒙時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科学革命">科学革命</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="近代史">近代晚期</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="革命時代" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Age of Revolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="革命时代">革命時代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" class="extiw" title="en:Age of Revolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Age of Revolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E6%BC%AB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="浪漫主義">浪漫主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E5%A5%B4%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="廢奴主義">廢奴主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE" title="解放">解放</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E5%A5%B4%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="廢奴主義">廢奴主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第一次工业革命">工业革命</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E6%B5%81" title="大分流">大分流</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="資本主義">資本主義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="現代史">现代</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="現代主義">現代主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="战间期">战间期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="普通選舉">普通選舉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%86%B7%E6%88%B0%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="後冷戰時代">後冷戰</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="資訊時代">數位革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="反恐战争">反恐戰爭</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="西方文化">文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="全音素文字">字母</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘字母">希臘字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="西里爾字母">西里爾字母</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="建築學">建築學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲藝術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Art of Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲藝術（页面不存在）">藝術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Art of Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Art of Europe</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方藝術史上的各個時期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Periods in Western art history"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%90%84%E5%80%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方藝術史上的各個時期（页面不存在）">各個時期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" class="extiw" title="en:Periods in Western art history"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Periods in Western art history</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="公曆">公曆</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲美食" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European cuisine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%BE%8E%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲美食（页面不存在）">美食</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_cuisine" class="extiw" title="en:European cuisine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European cuisine</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西式飲食" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western pattern diet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%8F%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西式飲食（页面不存在）">飲食</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" class="extiw" title="en:Western pattern diet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western pattern diet</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1" title="古典傳統">古典傳統</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="古典學">古典學</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西式著裝要求" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western dress codes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%8F%E8%91%97%E8%A3%9D%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西式著裝要求（页面不存在）">服裝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_dress_codes" class="extiw" title="en:Western dress codes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western dress codes</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方時尚史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Western fashion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%99%82%E5%B0%9A%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方時尚史（页面不存在）">歷史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" class="extiw" title="en:History of Western fashion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Western fashion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88" title="舞蹈">舞蹈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%A7%98%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="西方秘契主義">秘契主義</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%8D%A0%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%93" title="西洋占星術">占星術</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲民間傳說" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European folklore"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲民間傳說（页面不存在）">民間傳說</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_folklore" class="extiw" title="en:European folklore"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European folklore</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="移民到西方世界" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Immigration to the Western world"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E5%88%B0%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="移民到西方世界（页面不存在）">移民</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" class="extiw" title="en:Immigration to the Western world"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Immigration to the Western world</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方法律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方法律（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_law" class="extiw" title="en:Western law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="欧洲语言">語言</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E" title="標準歐語">標準歐語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="西方文學理論">文學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%AD%A3%E5%85%B8" title="西方正典">經典</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="西方媒體">媒體</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="網際網路">網際網路</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="音樂">音樂</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詠唱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chant"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%A0%E5%94%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詠唱（页面不存在）">詠唱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chant" class="extiw" title="en:Chant"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chant</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="古典音樂">古典音樂</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲民間音樂傳統清單" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of European folk music traditions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E6%B8%85%E5%96%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲民間音樂傳統清單（页面不存在）">民間音樂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" class="extiw" title="en:List of European folk music traditions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of European folk music traditions</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="神话列表">神話</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方繪畫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方繪畫（页面不存在）">西洋畫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_painting" class="extiw" title="en:Western painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western painting</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="20世紀西方繪畫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="20th-century Western painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=20%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20世紀西方繪畫（页面不存在）">當代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" class="extiw" title="en:20th-century Western painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">20th-century Western painting</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="西方哲學">哲學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="價值觀（西方哲學）" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Values (Western philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80%EF%BC%88%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="價值觀（西方哲學）（页面不存在）">價值觀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Values (Western philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Values (Western philosophy)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western religions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方宗教（页面不存在）">宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_religions" class="extiw" title="en:Western religions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western religions</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="東西教會大分裂">東西教會大分裂</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="西方基督教">西方基督教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基督教在西方世界的衰落" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%9C%A8%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督教在西方世界的衰落（页面不存在）">基督教衰落</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" class="extiw" title="en:Decline of Christianity in the Western world"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Decline of Christianity in the Western world</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="世俗主義">世俗主義</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方體育" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western sports"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方體育（页面不存在）">體育</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_sports" class="extiw" title="en:Western sports"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western sports</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="西方哲學">哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">古希臘哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="希臘化哲學">希臘化哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient Roman philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬哲學（页面不存在）">古羅馬哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Roman philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient Roman philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99-%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86" title="犹太教-基督教伦理">猶太教-基督教倫理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="基督教哲学">基督教哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經院哲學">經院哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="理性主義">理性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="存在主義">存在主義</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="存在主義神學">存在主義神學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="人文主義">人文主義</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基督教人文主义">基督教人文主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗人文主义">世俗人文主義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由主義">自由主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="保守主義">保守主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="社會主義">社會主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歐陸哲學">歐陸哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後結構主義">後結構主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AC%E5%AE%B9" title="寬容">寬容</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BD%E5%AE%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="宽容的悖论">悖論</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="相對主義">相對主義</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="圍線" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peritrope"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8D%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圍線（页面不存在）">圍線</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritrope" class="extiw" title="en:Peritrope"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peritrope</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="大西洋主義">大西洋主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="主權主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sovereigntism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="主权主义">主權主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereigntism" class="extiw" title="en:Sovereigntism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sovereigntism</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲價值觀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European values"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲價值觀（页面不存在）">歐洲價值觀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_values" class="extiw" title="en:European values"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European values</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217050#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217050#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217050#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4124227-0">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293669805171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Byzantine Empire--History--To 527"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85018484">美国</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300020666">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=古典时代晚期&oldid=81543819">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=古典时代晚期&oldid=81543819</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="Category:古典時代晚期">古典時代晚期</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D%E9%A1%B9" title="Category:维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项">维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABAAT%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目">包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ISBN%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用ISBN魔术链接的页面">使用ISBN魔术链接的页面</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年2月23日 (星期五) 18:16。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ftkqq","wgBackendResponseTime":197,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.658","walltime":"0.877","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3240,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":176660,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4978,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":57,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":44160,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 699.009 1 -total"," 24.07% 168.250 3 Template:Navbox"," 23.11% 161.542 1 Template:Lang-en"," 16.35% 114.320 1 Template:Commons_category"," 16.07% 112.306 1 Template:Sister_project"," 15.73% 109.942 1 Template:Side_box"," 13.86% 96.850 1 Template:中世紀"," 13.75% 96.085 1 Template:Roman_history_epochs"," 12.79% 89.384 1 Template:Navbox_with_columns"," 9.10% 63.611 1 Template:Western_culture"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.355","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24579923,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7c479b968-dcxqv","timestamp":"20241116161941","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3\u665a\u671f","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q217050","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q217050","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-08-18T11:37:44Z","dateModified":"2024-02-23T18:16:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8e\/Diptych_Barberini_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>