CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Avonlea culture - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"34aa154f-47c4-4afc-ac1f-561e6c63bc02","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Avonlea_culture","wgTitle":"Avonlea culture","wgCurRevisionId":1226544928,"wgRevisionId":1226544928,"wgArticleId":76189275,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Late Woodland period","Archaeological cultures in Canada","Archaeology of Alberta","First Nations history in Saskatchewan","Pre-statehood history of Montana"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Avonlea_culture","wgRelevantArticleId":76189275,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q125407523","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Avonlea culture - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avonlea_culture"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avonlea_culture"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Avonlea_culture rootpage-Avonlea_culture skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Avonlea+culture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Avonlea+culture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Avonlea+culture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Avonlea+culture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Dating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cultural interactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_interactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural interactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_and_contacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_and_contacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spread and contacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_and_contacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projectile_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projectile_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Projectile points</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Projectile_points-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Projectile points subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Projectile_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Typology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Type_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Type system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet_and_bison_hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_bison_hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Diet and bison hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_bison_hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Associated_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Associated sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Avonlea culture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q125407523#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Avonlea_culture" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Avonlea_culture" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Avonlea_culture" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&oldid=1226544928" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Avonlea_culture&id=1226544928&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAvonlea_culture"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAvonlea_culture"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Avonlea_culture&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q125407523" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological culture in Canada and the United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Avonlea culture</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological horizon">Horizon</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Late_Woodland_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Woodland period">Late Woodland period</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> in Canada and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> in the U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 460–1400 CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">Type site</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Avonlea site</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Besant culture</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Old Women's phase</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Avonlea culture</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> of the upper <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of Canada and the United States. It is defined by complexes of projectile points, pottery, and other artifacts discovered in archaeological sites concentrated in southern <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and in northern <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>. The culture has been dated to approximately 460 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> and lasted until about 800 to 1000 CE, making it a <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(archaeology)" title="Horizon (archaeology)">horizon</a> culture for the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period#Late_Woodland_period_(500–1000_CE)" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland period</a>. </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a> is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avonlea site (page does not exist)">Avonlea site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Canada. The Avonlea complex, traditionally associated with <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">buffalo jumps</a> and their associated occupation sites, provides some of the first evidence for large-scale <a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">bison hunting</a> and the use of the bow and arrow on the northern Great Plains. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initial estimates of projectile points associated with the Avonlea culture placed it within the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period#Late_Woodland_period_(500–1000_CE)" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961186–187_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961186–187-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> of charcoal samples from an associated <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphic layer</a> at the Avonlea site returned a date of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 460 CE and estimated the culture might have lasted as long as 800–1200 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961186–187_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961186–187-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimations in the 1990s suggested the culture may date to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100–1100 CE, but a 2004 paper limits this range to 500–1000 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrow2016220_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrow2016220-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most archaeological material dates to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600–1000 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200951_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200951-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_interactions">Cultural interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultural interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An origin culture for the Avonlea complex has not been conclusively determined. Early studies note that the emergence of the Avonlea complex seems to correspond with the migration of <a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené">Dené</a> populations from the north towards the upper Great Plains. These movements may have influenced the development of the Avonlea point among the indigenous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Besant_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besant culture (page does not exist)">Besant culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period#Middle_Woodland_period_(200_BCE_–_500_CE)" title="Woodland period">Middle Woodland period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966839_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966839-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tom Kehoe, who published the earliest analyses on Avonlea material, suggested the Dené might have been the creators of the Avonlea point; however, this has been heavily disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006186–188_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006186–188-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of early Avonlea presence on the northern reaches of the Great Plains, from the direction the Dené are believed to have travelled, as well as the earliest points being found in the southern Canadian Great Plains suggests this as the birthplace of the Avonlea complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006186–188_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006186–188-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, Grace Morgan introduced a theory that Avonlea was brought to the area by migrants from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River" title="Upper Mississippi River">Upper Mississippi River Valley</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993321_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993321-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_and_contacts">Spread and contacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spread and contacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As their influence grew, the Avonlea culture spread southwards into the <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyoming Basin">Wyoming Basin</a> and the middle <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River_Valley" title="Missouri River Valley">Missouri River Valley</a> by 400–600 CE, and eastwards into modern-day Minnesota and Manitoba. Evidence exists of contacts between the Avonlea and <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than being associated with one ethnic group, the Avonlea points may have been adopted by a wide variety of cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006193_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006193-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avonlea is also closely associated with the Old Women's phase of arrowhead points, which arose out of Alberta <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600–700 CE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993321_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993321-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and persisted until about 1800 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993326_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993326-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also evidence that the Avonlea interacted with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurel_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurel culture (page does not exist)">Laurel culture</a> of the Saskatchewan boreal forest at the northernmost reaches of the Avonlea culture. Avonlea-associated pottery has been found at Laurel sites and vice versa. As these boundary sites were inhabited only during spring and summer, interaction would have taken place during those seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990331–332_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990331–332-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, Wilfred Husted and Oscar Mallory proposed a potential contact between the Avonlea and <a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a> cultures. At sites like Ghost Cave and the Mangus site in the <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bighorn Canyon">Bighorn Canyon</a> of Montana and Wyoming, Avonlea points were found amongst traditional Shoshone artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHustedMallory1967228_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHustedMallory1967228-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Avonlea culture is also associated with the later <a href="/w/index.php?title=Initial_Middle_Missouri_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Initial Middle Missouri period (page does not exist)">Initial Middle Missouri</a> horizon. At the <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitchell Site">Mitchell Site</a> in South Dakota, which dates to that period, three Avonlea points have been recovered. As this site is a relative outlier to the usual Avonlea range, according to Karr et al., this might suggest "long-distance cultural exchange".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarrOutramHannus2011284–285_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarrOutramHannus2011284–285-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, fortified sites have been uncovered elsewhere in South Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming, dating to about 800–1000 CE; a William Prentiss and <a href="/wiki/James_Chatters" title="James Chatters">James Chatters</a> suggested that Avonlea populations moved southwards, where they engaged in conflicts against the Middle Missourians. This is further supported by evidence of increased local warfare during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentissChatters200346_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentissChatters200346-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fortfications may have been built during the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Southern Athabaskan languages">Southern Athabascan</a> split, when tribes like the <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> migrated south from their origins in modern-day northwestern Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time, Avonlea points were slowly phased out in favor of newer point types. Beginning about 700 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Algonquians" class="mw-redirect" title="Algonquians">Algonquians</a> to the east began moving into Avonlea territory and introduced the Prairie Side-notched type.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Avonlea culture lasted broadly until about 800–1000 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993318_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993318-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but phased out at different times in different regions. Radiocarbon dating in 1988 found that Avonlea may have persisted as late as 900 CE in central Saskatchewan, 1100 CE in eastern Montana and the Dakotas, 1300 CE in southern Saskatchewan, and 1400 CE in Montana and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993327_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993327-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1300 CE, <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian peoples</a> moving northwestwards onto the Great Plains had replaced the Avonlea points with the Plains Side-notched type.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966839_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966839-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old Women's phase eventually replaced Avonlea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurchie2013250_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurchie2013250-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projectile_points">Projectile points</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Projectile points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Avonlea culture has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Horizon_(archaeology)" title="Horizon (archaeology)">horizon</a>, a culture which has a broad geographical distribution and a presence well-defined by a distinct art style. Within the culture, individual points make up a complex, sometimes referred to as a horizon style; and the culture as a whole may constitute several regional variants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurchie2013250_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurchie2013250-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Avonlea culture, the projectile points are the single most defining feature, although other stone tools and pottery sherds are also associated with the culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990329_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990329-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typology">Typology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Typology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avonlea points were first identified as a unique complex by <a href="/wiki/Boyd_Wettlaufer" title="Boyd Wettlaufer">Boyd Wettlaufer</a> during the late 1950s. The first detailed analysis of the Avonlea complex was made by Thomas Kehoe and Bruce McCorqudale in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, Kehoe broke the Avonlea complex down into three varieties: Gull Lake, Timber Ridge Sharp-notched, and Carmichael Wide-eared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829–830_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829–830-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These types fall into the broader scope of late side-notched projectile points, a classification range that covers Northern Great Plains points dated from 1250 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a> (BP) to the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckIves2001163_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckIves2001163-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gull Lake type is the classical and most widespread variant. It is the oldest of the three types; at the Gull Lake site for which it is named, the oldest associated stratigraphic layer was dated to about 210 ± 60 CE. It is also the most delicate, being smaller, lighter, and flatter than the other two variants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Carmichael Wide-eared variant is found less frequently than the Gull Lake type. As its name implies, it is distinguished by the presence of larger, wider, rounded notches and basal corners (or "ears"). Dating of associated layers returned a date of about 730 ± 80 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829–830_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829–830-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rarest type is the Timber Ridge Sharp-notched variant. These points account for about 3% of all Avonlea finds at the Gull Lake site but seem to be more frequent in southern sites, such as in Montana. This variety is longer but thinner than the Carmichael type and has a distinctly sharp-cornered base. It is dated to around 660–800 CE based on dating at two different sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966830_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966830-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fourth type, the Head-Smashed-In variant, was defined in 1983. Unlike every other type, these points contain corner notches, rather than side notches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrow2016220_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrow2016220-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_system">Type system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Type system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kehoe also suggested sorting these small projectile points of the upper Great Plains into a type system reflecting the shared overall function of the points—that is, large game hunting—which he called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Small_Side-notched_Point_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plains Small Side-notched Point System (page does not exist)">Plains Small Side-notched Point System</a>. Associated types included the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prairie_Side-notched&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prairie Side-notched (page does not exist)">Prairie Side-notched</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Side-notched&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plains Side-notched (page does not exist)">Plains Side-notched</a>; Avonlea points are differentiated from these due to the placement of the latter's notches lower on the corners of the points.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829–834_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829–834-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, this complex represents an array of point types which emphasizes basal concavity, where earlier Middle Woodland period points trended towards convex bases; a base approximately as wide as the blade, as opposed to earlier complexes' universally wider blades; the diminishing thickness of the base; and several other distinguishing characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966834–835_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966834–835-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description">Description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avonlea-associated projectile points are characterized by distinctions in their diminutive size, side notches, and triangular shape, and they are the earliest such examples to be recorded on the northern Great Plains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961187_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961187-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial batch of 176 points studied by Kehoe and McCorquodale found the points had an average size of 12 mm (0.47 in), width of 13.4 mm (0.53 in), thickness of 2.47 mm (0.097 in), and weight of 0.6 grams (0.021 oz). The most popular materials were <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>. This differs from later cultures' inclination towards <a href="/wiki/Petrified_wood" title="Petrified wood">petrified wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalcedony" title="Chalcedony">chalcedony</a>, although these stones are still represented among Avonlea lithics. Material sources seem to have been local, and makers did not travel far or trade for their preferred stone. They also were apparently unaware of, or at least did not use, the flint quarries along the <a href="/wiki/Knife_River" title="Knife River">Knife River</a> to the south, which had been worked by both earlier and later cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961184–185_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961184–185-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">knapping</a> process, Avonlea points are produced from thin <a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction#Blanks_and_preforms" title="Lithic reduction">blanks</a>, which in turn produces a very shallow slope down to the sides when it is <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flaked</a>. Two symmetrical V- or U-shaped notches, one on each side, are chiseled low on the base of the point. Of the 176 samples studied by Kehoe and McCorqudale, placement of the notches averaged about 3 mm (0.12 in) from the base. These notches reached an average width of 2.76 mm (0.109 in) and an average depth of 1.36 mm (0.054 in) towards the point's midline. The base is lightly grinded and usually concave,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in small, often rounded corner points. The width of the neck connecting the base to the body, varies, and can be narrower, wider, or the same width as the tip.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961184_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961184-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pottery">Pottery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first studies of Avonlea points noted that little pottery had been recovered in associated Avonlea layers and did not explore possible connections of what material had been recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kehoe used this absence of pottery as evidence for a Dené association, as contemporary populations did not make extensive use of vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966840_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966840-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1980s, however, archaeologists generally accepted that pottery was indeed part of Avonlea culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most notable ceramic type found in association with the Avonlea projectile points is the Rock Lake Net/Fabric-Impressed type. These wares first appear in Saskatchewan at the Sjovold site and date to 1630±200 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, making them contemporary with Avonlea,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006189_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006189-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are very similar to samples recovered in Minnesota.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200954_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200954-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radiocarbon dates at Rock Lake-associated sites range from 400 to 1100–1200 CE, although most sites date to 700–900 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other pottery types include the Truman Parallel-Grooved and Ethridge Cord-Roughened, as well as an undefined simple ware type.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006191_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006191-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200952_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200952-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Truman Parallel-Grooved type has been found at other non-Avonlea sites, includin the Truman Mounds site in South Dakota, although it is heavily associated with the culture. These vessels date between 400–800 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959–62_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959–62-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_remains">Human remains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human remains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, only one Avonlea-associated burial in Canada has been recorded. At <a href="/wiki/Bethune,_Saskatchewan" title="Bethune, Saskatchewan">Bethune, Saskatchewan</a>, the skeleton of an adult male was recovered. The man had sustained a left-side head injury over his eye.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBamforth201811_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamforth201811-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diet_and_bison_hunting">Diet and bison hunting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diet and bison hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Avonlea point is closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">bison hunting</a>. All of the Avonlea complex sites included in the first published study are either <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">buffalo jumps</a> or camps associated with buffalo hunting,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961181_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961181-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the points continue to be heavily associated as such.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990329_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990329-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the introduction of the bow and arrow, bison hunting was typically carried out with an <a href="/wiki/Atlatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlatl">atlatl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006188_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006188-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Blackfoot_Piskun_(Buffalo_Jump).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_Blackfoot_Piskun_%28Buffalo_Jump%29.png/220px-A_Blackfoot_Piskun_%28Buffalo_Jump%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_Blackfoot_Piskun_%28Buffalo_Jump%29.png/330px-A_Blackfoot_Piskun_%28Buffalo_Jump%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_Blackfoot_Piskun_%28Buffalo_Jump%29.png/440px-A_Blackfoot_Piskun_%28Buffalo_Jump%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a> piskun, in which a buffalo herd is guided into a corralled buffalo jump</figcaption></figure> <p>The contemporary <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciated</a> landscape provided plenty of water sources and grasslands; vast buffalo herds flourished at this time. Several local natural barriers to buffalo movement kept them local; forests on the west, north, and east of the Avonlea distribution prevented easy migration, and the more arid grasslands to the south did not have as many reliable water sources. Additionally, multiple features such as <a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">coulees</a> and ridges provided natural features against—or over—which buffalo could be herded, and any survivors confined to corrals. Kehoe and McCorquodale suggest the Avonlea point was favorable for close-range dispatching of these corraled and felled buffalo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961187_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961187-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 700 CE, this method of jumping and corraling bison in tandem with bow-and-arrow hunting became the dominant method of hunting bison on the Great Plains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966839_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966839-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early publications describe the appearance of the Avonlea complex as evidence of the first large-scale buffalo hunts, as the Dené were accomplished <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</a> hunters; as well as the earliest evidence for the bow and arrow on the northern Great Plains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966839_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966839-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilcox1981214,_222_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1981214,_222-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, later evidence revealed that coordinated bison drives had been practiced at least as early as the preceding Besant and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelican_Lake_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelican Lake culture (page does not exist)">Pelican Lake</a> cultures, albeit not on the scale of the Late Precontact period. Additionally, the bow and arrow has now been dated back to the Pelican Lake culture, predating the newest estimations of Dené arrival by several hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187–188_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187–188-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Avonlea culture did, however, cause the widespread replacement of the atlatl with the bow and arrow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006188_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006188-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, an Avonlea fishing site, the Lebret site, was described in Saskatchewan. Additionally, fish bones were found in the Avonlea assemblages at the Yellow Sky site at <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Lake_(Saskatchewan)" title="Turtle Lake (Saskatchewan)">Turtle Lake</a> and the Wallington Flats site. These sites are unique in that they depart from the Avonlea's typical association with bison hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990329_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990329-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Woman%27s_Buffalo_Jump.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Old_Woman%27s_Buffalo_Jump.JPG/220px-Old_Woman%27s_Buffalo_Jump.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Old_Woman%27s_Buffalo_Jump.JPG/330px-Old_Woman%27s_Buffalo_Jump.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Old_Woman%27s_Buffalo_Jump.JPG/440px-Old_Woman%27s_Buffalo_Jump.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Old Women's Buffalo Jump, where Avonlea points have been found</figcaption></figure> <p>The Avonlea complex is located in the upper Great Plains, in both the United States and Canada. Its epicenter includes the southern reaches of <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, and northwestern <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it has been found to a lesser extent in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, southeastern Montana, and the rest of North Dakota. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_sites">Associated sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Associated sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a> for the culture, the Avonlea site, is a <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">buffalo jump</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Avonlea_Creek" title="Avonlea Creek">Avonlea Creek</a> valley of southern Saskatchewan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Saskatchewan</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avonlea site (page does not exist)">Avonlea site</a> (EaNg-1), the type site<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bakkan-Wright Bison Drive<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Besant site, also known as the Mortlach site (EcNl-1)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Broadview site<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200956_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200956-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cherry Lake site, near <a href="/wiki/Indian_Head,_Saskatchewan" title="Indian Head, Saskatchewan">Indian Head</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Davies site, <a href="/wiki/Moose_Jaw,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan">Moose Jaw</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200956_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200956-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>EgNp-15<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dam_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dam-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Garratt site (EcNj-7), Moose Jaw<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200955–56,_59–60_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200955–56,_59–60-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Goosen Pasture site, near <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatoon, Saskatchewan">Saskatoon</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200956_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200956-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gravel Pit site, near <a href="/wiki/Nipawin,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipawin, Saskatchewan">Nipawin</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dam_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dam-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gull Lake site, near <a href="/wiki/Gull_Lake,_Saskatchewan" title="Gull Lake, Saskatchewan">Gull Lake</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Klein site, near <a href="/wiki/Melfort,_Saskatchewan" title="Melfort, Saskatchewan">Melfort</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lebret site (EeMw-26)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957,_59_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957,_59-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Long Creek site<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mann site, near <a href="/wiki/Parry,_Saskatchewan" title="Parry, Saskatchewan">Parry</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200955_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200955-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mineral Creek site, near Nipawin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dam_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dam-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sjovold site (EiNs-4)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tipperary Creek site, near Saskatoon<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wallington Flat fite, near Nipawin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dam_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dam-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Walter Felt site<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yellow Sky site, <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Lake_(Saskatchewan)" title="Turtle Lake (Saskatchewan)">Turtle Lake</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Alberta</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>EcOs-41, near <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine Hat, Alberta">Medicine Hat</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>EePk-190<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>EePj-19<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>H.M.S. Balzac site, near <a href="/wiki/Calgary,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary, Alberta">Calgary</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Herb Johnson site (DlPc-1)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MacLean site, near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Macleod,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Macleod, Alberta">Fort Macleod</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Manyfingers site<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Morkin site (DlPk-2)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200953,_58–60_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200953,_58–60-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Women%27s_Buffalo_Jump" title="Old Women's Buffalo Jump">Old Women's Buffalo Jump</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Riverland site (DlPc-4)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ross site (DlPd-3)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Trout Creek site<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Upper Kill site (DlPd-1)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200962–63_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200962–63-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Windy Flats (DlPd-17)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Manitoba</dt></dl> <ul><li>Miniota site<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200956_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200956-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Montana</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Boarding School Bison Drive<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Corey Ranch site (24TT83)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200962–63_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200962–63-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fantasy site (24PH1324)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Goheen site (24WX30)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hagen site<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Henry Smith site (24PH794)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lost Terrace site<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al.2000_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al.2000-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictograph_Cave_(Billings,_Montana)" title="Pictograph Cave (Billings, Montana)">Pictograph Cave</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rinehardt Bison Drive, near <a href="/wiki/Shelby,_Montana" title="Shelby, Montana">Shelby</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>TRJ site (24PH1569)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>South Dakota</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Cave" title="Ludlow Cave">Ludlow Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harding_County,_South_Dakota" title="Harding County, South Dakota">Harding County</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHustedMallory1967228_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHustedMallory1967228-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitchell Site">Mitchell Site</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarrOutramHannus2011281_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarrOutramHannus2011281-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Wyoming</dt></dl> <ul><li>Mangus site<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHustedMallory1967228_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHustedMallory1967228-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Saskatchewan" title="Archaeology of Saskatchewan">Archaeology of Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In about 22% of cases studied by Kehoe and McCorqudale, the base was left flat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961184_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961184-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dam-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dam_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dam_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dam_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dam_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">This site was inundated by the <a href="/wiki/Nipawin_Hydroelectric_Station" title="Nipawin Hydroelectric Station">construction of a dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_River" title="Saskatchewan River">Saskatchewan River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961186–187-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961186–187_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961186–187_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoeMcCorquodale1961">Kehoe & McCorquodale 1961</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrow2016220-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrow2016220_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrow2016220_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrow2016">Morrow 2016</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200951-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200951_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerWalde2009">Meyer & Walde 2009</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966839-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966839_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966839_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966839_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966839_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoe1966">Kehoe 1966</a>, p. 839.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006186–188-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006186–188_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006186–188_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalde2006">Walde 2006</a>, pp. 186–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993321-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993321_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993321_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudecek-Cuffe1993">Hudecek-Cuffe 1993</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalde2006">Walde 2006</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006193-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006193_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalde2006">Walde 2006</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993326-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993326_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudecek-Cuffe1993">Hudecek-Cuffe 1993</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990331–332-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990331–332_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerEpp1990">Meyer & Epp 1990</a>, p. 331–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHustedMallory1967228-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHustedMallory1967228_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHustedMallory1967228_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHustedMallory1967228_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHustedMallory1967">Husted & Mallory 1967</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarrOutramHannus2011284–285-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarrOutramHannus2011284–285_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarrOutramHannus2011">Karr, Outram & Hannus 2011</a>, pp. 284–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrentissChatters200346-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrentissChatters200346_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrentissChatters2003">Prentiss & Chatters 2003</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993318-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993318_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudecek-Cuffe1993">Hudecek-Cuffe 1993</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993327-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHudecek-Cuffe1993327_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHudecek-Cuffe1993">Hudecek-Cuffe 1993</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurchie2013250-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurchie2013250_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurchie2013250_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurchie2013">Murchie 2013</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990329-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990329_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990329_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerEpp1990329_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerEpp1990">Meyer & Epp 1990</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoeMcCorquodale1961">Kehoe & McCorquodale 1961</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829–830-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829–830_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829–830_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoe1966">Kehoe 1966</a>, pp. 829–830.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckIves2001163-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeckIves2001163_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckIves2001">Peck & Ives 2001</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoe1966">Kehoe 1966</a>, p. 829.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966830-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966830_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoe1966">Kehoe 1966</a>, p. 830.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829–834-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966829–834_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoe1966">Kehoe 1966</a>, pp. 829–834.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966834–835-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966834–835_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoe1966">Kehoe 1966</a>, pp. 834–835.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961187-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961187_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961187_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoeMcCorquodale1961">Kehoe & McCorquodale 1961</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961184–185-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961184–185_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoeMcCorquodale1961">Kehoe & McCorquodale 1961</a>, pp. 184–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961184-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961184_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961184_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoeMcCorquodale1961">Kehoe & McCorquodale 1961</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966840-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966840_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoe1966">Kehoe 1966</a>, p. 840.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006189-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006189_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalde2006">Walde 2006</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200954-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200954_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerWalde2009">Meyer & Walde 2009</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959_32-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerWalde2009">Meyer & Walde 2009</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006191-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006191_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalde2006">Walde 2006</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200952-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200952_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerWalde2009">Meyer & Walde 2009</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959–62-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200959–62_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerWalde2009">Meyer & Walde 2009</a>, pp. 59–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBamforth201811-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBamforth201811_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBamforth2018">Bamforth 2018</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961181-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961181_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoeMcCorquodale1961">Kehoe & McCorquodale 1961</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006188-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006188_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006188_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalde2006">Walde 2006</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1981214,_222-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilcox1981214,_222_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilcox1981">Wilcox 1981</a>, pp. 214, 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187–188-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalde2006187–188_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalde2006">Walde 2006</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoeMcCorquodale1961179_41-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoeMcCorquodale1961">Kehoe & McCorquodale 1961</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200956-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200956_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200956_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200956_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200956_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerWalde2009">Meyer & Walde 2009</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200955–56,_59–60-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200955–56,_59–60_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerWalde2009">Meyer & Walde 2009</a>, pp. 55–56, 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerWalde2009">Meyer & Walde 2009</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1966827_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoe1966">Kehoe 1966</a>, p. 827.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957,_59-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200957,_59_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerWalde2009">Meyer & Walde 2009</a>, pp. 57, 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200955-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200955_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerWalde2009">Meyer & Walde 2009</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200958_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerWalde2009">Meyer & Walde 2009</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200953,_58–60-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200953,_58–60_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerWalde2009">Meyer & Walde 2009</a>, pp. 53, 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200962–63-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200962–63_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerWalde200962–63_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerWalde2009">Meyer & Walde 2009</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al.2000-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis_et_al.2000_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis_et_al.2000">Davis et al. 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarrOutramHannus2011281-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarrOutramHannus2011281_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarrOutramHannus2011">Karr, Outram & Hannus 2011</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBamforth2018" class="citation book cs1">Bamforth, Douglas B. (2018). "Chapter 1: What Do We Know about Warfare on the Great Plains?". In Clark, Andrew J.; Bamforth, Douglas B. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvgd21w.3"><i>Archaeological Perspectives on Warfare on the Great Plains</i></a>. Denver: University Press of Colorado. pp. 3–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvgd21w.3">10.2307/j.ctvgd21w.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-669-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-669-4"><bdi>978-1-60732-669-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvgd21w.3">j.ctvgd21w.3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+What+Do+We+Know+about+Warfare+on+the+Great+Plains%3F&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Perspectives+on+Warfare+on+the+Great+Plains&rft.place=Denver&rft.pages=3-34&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvgd21w.3%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvgd21w.3&rft.isbn=978-1-60732-669-4&rft.aulast=Bamforth&rft.aufirst=Douglas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvgd21w.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis_et_al.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Leslie B.; Fisher, John W. Jr.; Wilson, Michael C.; Chomko, Stephen A.; Morlan, Richard A. (2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25669687">"Avonlea Phase Winter Fare at Lost Terrace, Upper Missouri River Valley of Montana: The Vertebrate Fauna"</a></span>. <i>Plains Anthropologist</i>. <b>45</b> (174): 53–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2052546.2000.11932023">10.1080/2052546.2000.11932023</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25669687">25669687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plains+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Avonlea+Phase+Winter+Fare+at+Lost+Terrace%2C+Upper+Missouri+River+Valley+of+Montana%3A+The+Vertebrate+Fauna&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=174&rft.pages=53-69&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2052546.2000.11932023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25669687%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Leslie+B.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+John+W.+Jr.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Michael+C.&rft.au=Chomko%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Morlan%2C+Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25669687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudecek-Cuffe1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hudecek-Cuffe, Caroline R. (1993). "Aspects of Culture Change in the Late Prehistoric Period on the Northwestern Plains". <i>North American Archaeologist</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 295–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2190%2FYUGP-JG87-VE26-JTAE">10.2190/YUGP-JG87-VE26-JTAE</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Sage_Journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sage Journals">Sage Journals</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+Culture+Change+in+the+Late+Prehistoric+Period+on+the+Northwestern+Plains&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=295-350&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2190%2FYUGP-JG87-VE26-JTAE&rft.aulast=Hudecek-Cuffe&rft.aufirst=Caroline+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHustedMallory1967" class="citation journal cs1">Husted, Wilfred M.; Mallory, Oscar L. (1967). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25666723">"The Fremont Culture: Its Derivation and Ultimate Fate"</a></span>. <i>Plains Anthropologist</i>. <b>12</b> (36): 222–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2052546.1967.11908460">10.1080/2052546.1967.11908460</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25666723">25666723</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plains+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Fremont+Culture%3A+Its+Derivation+and+Ultimate+Fate&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=222-232&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2052546.1967.11908460&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25666723%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Husted&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+M.&rft.au=Mallory%2C+Oscar+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25666723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarrOutramHannus2011" class="citation journal cs1">Karr, Landon P.; Outram, Alan K.; Hannus, L. Adrien (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233677856">"Open-area excavations at the Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village, South Dakota (A.D. 1000–1150): New interpretations of site function from interdwelling areas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Field_Archaeology" title="Journal of Field Archaeology">Journal of Field Archaeology</a></i>. <b>36</b> (4): 281–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F009346911X13140904382075">10.1179/009346911X13140904382075</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Field+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Open-area+excavations+at+the+Mitchell+Prehistoric+Indian+Village%2C+South+Dakota+%28A.D.+1000%E2%80%931150%29%3A+New+interpretations+of+site+function+from+interdwelling+areas&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=281-288&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F009346911X13140904382075&rft.aulast=Karr&rft.aufirst=Landon+P.&rft.au=Outram%2C+Alan+K.&rft.au=Hannus%2C+L.+Adrien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233677856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehoeMcCorquodale1961" class="citation journal cs1">Kehoe, Thomas F.; McCorquodale, Bruce A. (1961). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25666354">"The Avonlea Point: Horizon Marker for the Northwestern Plains"</a></span>. <i>Plains Anthropologist</i>. <b>6</b> (13): 179–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2052546.1961.11908224">10.1080/2052546.1961.11908224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25666354">25666354</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plains+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Avonlea+Point%3A+Horizon+Marker+for+the+Northwestern+Plains&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=179-188&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2052546.1961.11908224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25666354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kehoe&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft.au=McCorquodale%2C+Bruce+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25666354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehoe1966" class="citation journal cs1">Kehoe, Thomas F. (1966). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity/article/small-sidenotched-point-system-of-the-northern-plains/E61D50BD95AD4F68F55B27E24E72F76E">"The Small Side-Notched Point System of the Northern Plains"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Antiquity" title="American Antiquity">American Antiquity</a></i>. <b>31</b> (6): 827–841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2694456">10.2307/2694456</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2694456">2694456</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Small+Side-Notched+Point+System+of+the+Northern+Plains&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=827-841&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2694456&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2694456%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kehoe&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Famerican-antiquity%2Farticle%2Fsmall-sidenotched-point-system-of-the-northern-plains%2FE61D50BD95AD4F68F55B27E24E72F76E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerEpp1990" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, David; Epp, Henry T. (1990). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25668975">"North-South Interaction in the Late Prehistory of Central Saskatchewan"</a></span>. <i>Plains Anthropologist</i>. <b>35</b> (132): 321–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2052546.1990.11909574">10.1080/2052546.1990.11909574</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25668975">25668975</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plains+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=North-South+Interaction+in+the+Late+Prehistory+of+Central+Saskatchewan&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=132&rft.pages=321-342&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2052546.1990.11909574&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25668975%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Epp%2C+Henry+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25668975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerWalde2009" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, David; Walde, Dale (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260468889">"Rethinking Avonlea: Pottery Wares and Cultural Phases"</a>. <i>Plains Anthropologist</i>. <b>54</b> (209)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plains+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Avonlea%3A+Pottery+Wares+and+Cultural+Phases&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=209&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Walde%2C+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F260468889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2016" class="citation book cs1">Morrow, Toby A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mn.gov/admin/assets/stone-tools-of-minnesota-part1_tcm36-247478.pdf"><i>Stone Tools of Minnesota</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Anamosa, Iowa: Wapsi Valley Archaeology, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stone+Tools+of+Minnesota&rft.place=Anamosa%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=Wapsi+Valley+Archaeology%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Toby+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmn.gov%2Fadmin%2Fassets%2Fstone-tools-of-minnesota-part1_tcm36-247478.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurchie2013" class="citation journal cs1">Murchie, Tyler James (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43922377">"One Gun Phase Points: A Reassessment of the Late Side-Notched Projectile Point System in Alberta"</a></span>. <i>Canadian Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 248–273. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43922377">43922377</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=One+Gun+Phase+Points%3A+A+Reassessment+of+the+Late+Side-Notched+Projectile+Point+System+in+Alberta&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=248-273&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43922377%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Murchie&rft.aufirst=Tyler+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43922377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckIves2001" class="citation journal cs1">Peck, Trevor R.; Ives, John W. (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25669713">"Late Side-Notched Projectile Points in the Northern Plains"</a></span>. <i>Plains Anthropologist</i>. <b>46</b> (176): 163–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2052546.2001.11932068">10.1080/2052546.2001.11932068</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25669713">25669713</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plains+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Late+Side-Notched+Projectile+Points+in+the+Northern+Plains&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=176&rft.pages=163-193&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2052546.2001.11932068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25669713%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Trevor+R.&rft.au=Ives%2C+John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25669713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrentissChatters2003" class="citation journal cs1">Prentiss, William C.; <a href="/wiki/James_Chatters" title="James Chatters">Chatters, James C.</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/344488">"Cultural Diversification and Decimation in the Prehistoric Record"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Anthropology" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a></i>. <b>44</b> (1): 33–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F344488">10.1086/344488</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/344488">10.1086/344488</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Cultural+Diversification+and+Decimation+in+the+Prehistoric+Record&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-58&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F344488&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F344488%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Prentiss&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft.au=Chatters%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F344488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalde2006" class="citation journal cs1">Walde, Dale A. (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25670872">"Avonlea and Athabaskan Migrations: A Reconsideration"</a></span>. <i>Plains Anthropologist</i>. <b>51</b> (198): 185–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpan.2006.013">10.1179/pan.2006.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25670872">25670872</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plains+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Avonlea+and+Athabaskan+Migrations%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=198&rft.pages=185-197&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fpan.2006.013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25670872%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Walde&rft.aufirst=Dale+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25670872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox1981" class="citation book cs1">Wilcox, David R. (1981). "The Entry of Athapaskans into the American Southwest: The Problem Today". In Masse, W. Bruce; Wilcox, David R. (eds.). <i>Protohistoric Period in the North American Southwest, AD 1450-1700</i>. Tempe: Arizona State University. pp. 213–239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Entry+of+Athapaskans+into+the+American+Southwest%3A+The+Problem+Today&rft.btitle=Protohistoric+Period+in+the+North+American+Southwest%2C+AD+1450-1700&rft.place=Tempe&rft.pages=213-239&rft.pub=Arizona+State+University&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlains_Anthropological_SocietySaskatchewan_Archaeological_Society1988" class="citation book cs1">Plains Anthropological Society; Saskatchewan Archaeological Society (1988). Davis, Leslie B. (ed.). <i>Avonlea Yesterday and Today: Archaeology and Prehistory: A Plains Conference Symposium</i>. Saskatchewan Archaeological Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780969142010" title="Special:BookSources/9780969142010"><bdi>9780969142010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avonlea+Yesterday+and+Today%3A+Archaeology+and+Prehistory%3A+A+Plains+Conference+Symposium&rft.pub=Saskatchewan+Archaeological+Society&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780969142010&rft.au=Plains+Anthropological+Society&rft.au=Saskatchewan+Archaeological+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldeMeyerUnfreed1995" class="citation journal cs1">Walde, Dale; Meyer, David; Unfreed, Wendy (1995). "The Late Period on the Canadian and Adjacent Plains". <i>Revista de Arqueología Americana</i> (9): 7–66. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27768354">27768354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Arqueolog%C3%ADa+Americana&rft.atitle=The+Late+Period+on+the+Canadian+and+Adjacent+Plains&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=7-66&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27768354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Walde&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft.au=Meyer%2C+David&rft.au=Unfreed%2C+Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAvonlea+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25x25px_Late_Woodland_cultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Template:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Template talk:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Late_Woodland_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png/25px-Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">List of archaeological periods (North America)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baum_Site" title="Baum Site">Baum Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beattie_Park_Mound_Group" title="Beattie Park Mound Group">Beattie Park Mound Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_site" title="Book site">Book site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowen_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowen Site (page does not exist)">Bowen Site</a> (12 MA 61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinsfield_I_Site" title="Brinsfield I Site">Brinsfield I Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokaw_Site" title="Brokaw Site">Brokaw Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clampitt_Site" title="Clampitt Site">Clampitt Site</a> (12-LR-329)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_site" title="Fisher site">Fisher site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoye_Site" title="Hoye Site">Hoye Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Maquoketa_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve">Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mound" title="Man Mound">Man Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Park_Site" title="Memorial Park Site">Memorial Park Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Nottingham Site">Nottingham Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormond_Mound" title="Ormond Mound">Ormond Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_River_Access_Site" title="St. Croix River Access Site">St. Croix River Access Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommerheim_Park_Archaeological_District" title="Sommerheim Park Archaeological District">Sommerheim Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Agriculture_Farm_Mound" title="University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound">University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avonlea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemson_Island_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemson Island culture (page does not exist)">Clemson Island culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahoac" title="Manahoac">Manahoac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_phase" title="Oliver phase">Oliver phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Point_complex" title="Princess Point complex">Princess Point complex</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springwells_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springwells phase (page does not exist)">Springwells phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steuben_point" title="Steuben point">Steuben point</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events of 535–536">Extreme weather events of 535–536</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns culture</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&oldid=1226544928">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&oldid=1226544928</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Late_Woodland_period" title="Category:Late Woodland period">Late Woodland period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_in_Canada" title="Category:Archaeological cultures in Canada">Archaeological cultures in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Alberta" title="Category:Archaeology of Alberta">Archaeology of Alberta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_Nations_history_in_Saskatchewan" title="Category:First Nations history in Saskatchewan">First Nations history in Saskatchewan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Montana" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Montana">Pre-statehood history of Montana</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024">Use dmy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2018" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 May 2024, at 09:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avonlea_culture&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-knhz5","wgBackendResponseTime":134,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.784","walltime":"1.105","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9105,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":110242,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10711,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":103213,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 892.731 1 -total"," 31.41% 280.386 111 Template:Sfn"," 12.66% 113.028 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.89% 106.169 4 Template:Cite_book"," 10.21% 91.186 1 Template:Late_Woodland_cultures"," 9.89% 88.314 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.81% 78.684 121 Template:Main_other"," 7.73% 68.987 13 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.55% 58.465 1 Template:Authority_control"," 6.35% 56.671 1 Template:SDcat"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.463","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9634584,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBamforth2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis_et_al.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudecek-Cuffe1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHustedMallory1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarrOutramHannus2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKehoe1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKehoeMcCorquodale1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerEpp1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerWalde2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrow2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurchie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeckIves2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlains_Anthropological_SocietySaskatchewan_Archaeological_Society1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrentissChatters2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalde2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldeMeyerUnfreed1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilcox1981\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Convert\"] = 7,\n [\"Div col\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox archaeological culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Late Woodland cultures\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Open access\"] = 4,\n [\"Pre-Columbian North America\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 111,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.canary-7cb7bcb5fc-28b9j","timestamp":"20241124071321","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Avonlea culture","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avonlea_culture","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q125407523","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q125407523","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2024-02-26T14:50:03Z","dateModified":"2024-05-31T09:42:58Z","headline":"archaeological culture in Canada and the United States"}</script> </body> </html>