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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Change over time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_over_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_of_regional_accents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_of_regional_accents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overview of regional accents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview_of_regional_accents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview of regional accents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview_of_regional_accents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southern_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Southern England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_West_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_West_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>South West England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_West_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norfolk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norfolk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Norfolk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norfolk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Midlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Midlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Midlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>West Midlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Midlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Midlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Midlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>East Midlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Midlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Northern England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liverpool_(Scouse)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liverpool_(Scouse)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Liverpool (Scouse)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liverpool_(Scouse)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yorkshire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yorkshire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Yorkshire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yorkshire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teesside" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teesside"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Teesside</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teesside-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lancashire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lancashire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>Lancashire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lancashire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cumbria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cumbria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.5</span> <span>Cumbria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cumbria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_East_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_East_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.6</span> <span>North East England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_East_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_accents_used_by_public_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_accents_used_by_public_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples of accents used by public figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_accents_used_by_public_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_English_accents_in_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_English_accents_in_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regional English accents in the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_English_accents_in_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان انگلیسی در انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان انگلیسی در انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelsk_engelsk" title="Engelsk engelsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Engelsk engelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%AAs_ingl%C3%AAs" title="Inglês inglês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglês inglês" data-language-autonym="Português" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Dialects of British English from England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">English English</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Anglo-English</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Frisian">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/European_English" class="mw-redirect" title="European English">European English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>English English</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-West Germanic">Proto-West Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-English" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-English">Proto-English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">English language in Northern England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">English language in Southern England</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture of England</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tudor_Rose,_royally_crowned.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tudor_Rose%2C_royally_crowned.svg/85px-Tudor_Rose%2C_royally_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tudor_Rose%2C_royally_crowned.svg/128px-Tudor_Rose%2C_royally_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tudor_Rose%2C_royally_crowned.svg/170px-Tudor_Rose%2C_royally_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:English_traditions" title="Category:English traditions">Traditions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_country_clothing" title="British country clothing">Country clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte" title="Fête">Fête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris Dancing">Morris Dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of England">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of England">folklore</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/English_festivals" title="English festivals">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night">Guy Fawkes Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_Festival_(United_Kingdom)" title="Harvest Festival (United Kingdom)">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Day" title="Lady Day">Lady Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plough_Monday" title="Plough Monday">Plough Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plough_Sunday" title="Plough Sunday">Plough Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of England">Art</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_England" title="Literature of England">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:English_music" title="Category:English music">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts_in_England" title="Category:Performing arts in England">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbots_Bromley_Horn_Dance" title="Abbots Bromley Horn Dance">Abbots Bromley Horn Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_dance" title="Country dance">Country dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland_dance" title="Garland dance">Garland dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Sword_dance" title="Long Sword dance">Long Sword dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummers_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummers play">Mummers play</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_England" title="Category:Mass media in England">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in England">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Television in England">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of England">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Newspapers_published_in_England" title="Category:Newspapers published in England">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magazines_published_in_England" title="Category:Magazines published in England">Magazines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_England" title="Sport in England">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">Croquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowls" title="Bowls">Lawn bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Lawn tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Monuments_and_memorials_in_England" title="Category:Monuments and memorials in England">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in England">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of England">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_England" title="National anthem of England">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of English inventions and discoveries">English inventions and discoveries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/16px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/24px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_England" title="Template:Culture of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_England" title="Template talk:Culture of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">As a second language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Advanced topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_origin" title="Lists of English words by country or language of origin">Loanwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Phonology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">Phonology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">History</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_Creole" title="Anguillian Creole">Anguillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Creole" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Creole">Antiguan and Barbudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajan_English" title="Bajan English">Bajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_English" title="Belizean English">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji#English" title="Languages of Fiji">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavia_English" title="Gustavia English">Gustavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole" title="San Andrés–Providencia Creole">San Andrés–Providencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwean</a></li> <li><i>see also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">List of dialects of English</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Teaching</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="Teaching English as a second or foreign language">Teaching English as a second language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_language_sidebar" title="Template:English language sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_language_sidebar" title="Template talk:English language sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_language_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English language sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> spoken and written in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> encompasses a diverse range of accents and dialects. The language forms part of the broader <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, along with other varieties in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Terms used to refer to the English language spoken and written in England include <b>English English</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgillHannah20022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgillHannah20022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Anglo-English</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The related term <i>British English</i> is ambiguous, so it can be used and interpreted in multiple ways,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is usually reserved to describe the features common to Anglo-English, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>. </p><p>England, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> are the three traditional <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">countries</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. The main dialect of the fourth <a href="/wiki/Country_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Country of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster English</a>, which is generally considered a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_features">General features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many different accents and dialects are found throughout England, and people are often very proud of their local accent or dialect. However, accents and dialects also highlight <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> differences, rivalries, or other associated prejudices, as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s comment: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is impossible for an Englishman to open his mouth without making some other Englishman hate or despise him.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As well as pride in one's accent, there is also stigma placed on many traditional working-class dialects. In <a href="/wiki/A_grammar_of_the_dialect_of_the_Bolton_area" class="mw-redirect" title="A grammar of the dialect of the Bolton area">his work on the dialect of Bolton</a>, Graham Shorrocks wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have personally known those who would avoid, or could never enjoy, a conversation with a stranger, because they were literally too ashamed to open their mouths. It has been drummed into people—often in school, and certainly in society at large—that dialect speech is incorrect, impure, vulgar, clumsy, ugly, careless, shoddy, ignorant, and altogether inferior. Furthermore, the particularly close link in recent English society between speech, especially accents, and social class and values has made local dialect a hindrance to upward social mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The three largest recognisable dialect groups in England are <a href="/wiki/English_in_southern_England" class="mw-redirect" title="English in southern England">Southern English</a> dialects, Midlands English dialects and <a href="/wiki/Northern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern England English">Northern England English</a> dialects. The most prominent <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isogloss</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_the_high_back_vowels#Foot–strut_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological history of the high back vowels">foot–strut split</a>, which runs roughly from mid-<a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> (on the Welsh border) to south of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/The_Wash" title="The Wash">the Wash</a>. South of the isogloss (the Midlands and Southern dialects), the Middle English phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> split into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> (as in <i>cut</i>, <i>strut</i>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> (<i>put</i>, <i>foot</i>); this change did not occur north of the isogloss. </p><p>Most native Anglo-English speakers can tell the general region in England that a speaker comes from, and experts or locals may be able to narrow this down to within a few miles. Historically, such differences could be a major impediment to understanding between people from different areas. There are also many cases where a large city has a very different accent from the rural area around it (e.g. Bristol and Avon, Hull and the East Riding, Liverpool and Lancashire). But modern communications and mass media have reduced these differences in some parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers may also change their pronunciation and vocabulary, particularly towards <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> (RP) and <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a> when in public. </p><p>British and Irish varieties of English, including Anglo-English, are discussed in <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John C. Wells</a> (1982). Some of the features of Anglo-English are that: </p> <ul><li>Most versions of this dialect have <a href="/wiki/Non-rhotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-rhotic">non-rhotic</a> pronunciation, meaning that /r/ is not pronounced in <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable coda</a> position. Non-rhoticity is also found elsewhere in the English-speaking world, including in <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City English</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a few particular dialects of <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>, as well as in most non-native varieties spoken throughout the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgillHannah2002138_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgillHannah2002138-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (May 2017)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhoticity currently exists in the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, the far north of England and the town of <a href="/wiki/Corby" title="Corby">Corby</a>; its presence in the last two can be attributed to Scottish influence on local speech. Additionally, people who are children of at least one American, Canadian, Irish or Scottish (and thus rhotic-accented) parent but grew up, or were educated, in England generally speak with non-rhotic accents.</li> <li>As noted above, Northern versions of the dialect lack the <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_the_high_back_vowels#Foot–strut_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological history of the high back vowels">foot–strut split</a>, so that there is no distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span>, making <i>put</i> and <i>putt</i> homophones as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʊt/</span>.</li> <li>In the Southern varieties, words like <i>bath</i>, <i>cast</i>, <i>dance</i>, <i>fast</i>, <i>after</i>, <i>castle</i>, <i>grass</i>, etc. are pronounced with the long vowel found in <i>calm</i> (that is, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑː]</span> or a similar vowel), while in the Midlands and Northern varieties, they are pronounced with the same vowel as <i>trap</i> or <i>cat</i>, usually <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>. For more details see <a href="/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_split" title="Trap–bath split">Trap–bath split</a>. Some areas of the West Country use <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span> in both the TRAP and BATH sets. The Bristol area, although in the south of England, uses the short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> in BATH.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1992348–349_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1992348–349-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many varieties undergo <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonants#''H''-dropping" title="Phonological history of English consonants"><i>h</i>-dropping</a>, making <i>harm</i> and <i>arm</i> homophones. This is a feature of working-class accents across most of England but was traditionally stigmatised (a fact the comedy musical <i><a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady" title="My Fair Lady">My Fair Lady</a></i> was quick to exploit) but less so now.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrask1999104–106_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask1999104–106-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was geographically widespread, but the linguist <a href="/wiki/A._C._Gimson" title="A. C. Gimson">A. C. Gimson</a> stated that it did not extend to the far north, nor to East Anglia, Essex, Wiltshire or Somerset.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, working-class people were often unsure where an <i>h</i> ought to be pronounced, and, when attempting to speak "properly", would often preface any word that began with a vowel with an <i>h</i> (e.g. "henormous" instead of <i>enormous</i>, "hicicles" instead of <i>icicles</i>); this was referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Hypercorrect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercorrect">hypercorrect</a> h" in the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_English_Dialects" title="Survey of English Dialects">Survey of English Dialects</a>, and is also referenced in literature (e.g. the policeman in <i><a href="/wiki/Danny_the_Champion_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Danny the Champion of the World">Danny the Champion of the World</a></i>).</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> for intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> is now common amongst younger speakers across the country; it was originally confined to some areas of the south-east and East Anglia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="All classes in the South East yes – but in the Black Country? (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8wh%E2%9F%A9#Wine–whine_merger" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩">distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hw/</span></a> in <i>wine</i> and <i>whine</i> is lost, "wh" being pronounced consistently as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>.</li> <li>Most varieties have the <a href="/wiki/Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse–hoarse merger">horse–hoarse merger</a>. However, some northern accents retain the distinction, pronouncing pairs of words like <i>for</i>/<i>four</i>, <i>horse</i>/<i>hoarse</i> and <i>morning</i>/<i>mourning</i> differently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982section_4.4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982section_4.4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The consonant clusters <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sj/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zj/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lj/</span> in <i>suit</i>, <i>Zeus</i>, and <i>lute</i> are <a href="/wiki/English_consonant-cluster_reductions#Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="English consonant-cluster reductions">preserved</a> by some.</li> <li>Many Southern varieties have the <a href="/wiki/Bad%E2%80%93lad_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad–lad split">bad–lad split</a>, so that <i>bad</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bæːd/</span> and <i>lad</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/læd/</span> do not rhyme.</li> <li>In most of the eastern half of England, plurals and past participle endings which are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪz/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪd/</span> (with the vowel of <i>kit</i>) in RP may be pronounced with a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>. This can be found as far north as <a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a> and as far south as <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>. This is unusual in being an east–west division in pronunciation when English dialects generally divide between north and south. Another east–west division involves the rhotic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span>; it can be heard in the speech of country folk (particularly the elder), more or less west of the course of the Roman era road known as <a href="/wiki/Watling_Street" title="Watling Street">Watling Street</a> (the modern A5), which at one time divided King Alfred's Wessex and English Mercia from the Danish kingdoms in the east. The rhotic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> is rarely found in the east.</li> <li>Sporadically, miscellaneous items of generally obsolete vocabulary survive: <i>come</i> in the past tense rather than <i>came</i>; the use of <i>thou</i> and/or <i>ye</i> for <i>you</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Change_over_time">Change over time</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Change over time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been academic interest in dialects since the late 19th century. The main works are <i>On Early English Pronunciation</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Ellis" title="Alexander John Ellis">A.J. Ellis</a>, <i>English Dialect Grammar</i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_(linguist)" title="Joseph Wright (linguist)">Joseph Wright</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/English_Dialect_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="English Dialect Dictionary">English Dialect Dictionary</a></i> also by Joseph Wright. The <a href="/wiki/Dialect_Test" title="Dialect Test">Dialect Test</a> was developed by Joseph Wright so he could hear the differences in the vowel sounds of a dialect by listening to different people reading the same short text passage. </p><p>In the 1950s and 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_English_Dialects" title="Survey of English Dialects">Survey of English Dialects</a> was undertaken to preserve a record of the traditional spectrum of rural dialects that merged into each other. The traditional picture was that there would be a few changes in lexicon and pronunciation every couple of miles, but that there would be no sharp borders between completely different ways of speaking. Within a county, the accents of the different towns and villages would drift gradually so that residents of bordering areas sounded more similar to those in neighbouring counties. </p><p>Because of greater social mobility and the teaching of "Standard English" in <a href="/wiki/Secondary_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary schools">secondary schools</a>, this model is no longer very accurate. There are some English counties in which there is little change in <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>, and people are more likely to categorise their accent by a region or county than by their town or village. As <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> became less prominent, many rural dialects were lost. Some <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> dialects have also declined; for example, the traditional dialect of <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> is now quite rarely spoken in the city, and call centres have seen Bradford as a useful location for the very fact that potential employees there nowadays generally lack dialectal speech.<sup id="cite_ref-BTA101548_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTA101548-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC001_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some local call centres have stated that they were attracted to Bradford because it has a regional accent that is relatively easy to understand.<sup id="cite_ref-TP001_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TP001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This is a letter to an enquiry, by a former council Race Relations Officer. It's a primary SPS at best. (February 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nevertheless, working in the opposite direction, concentrations of migration may cause a town or area to develop its own accent. The two most famous examples of this are <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corby" title="Corby">Corby</a>. Liverpool's dialect is influenced heavily by Irish and Welsh, and it sounds completely different from the surrounding areas of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>. Corby's dialect is influenced heavily by <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, and it sounds completely different from the rest of <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>. The Voices 2006 survey found that the various ethnic minorities that have settled in large populations in parts of Britain develop their own specific dialects. For example, <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a> may have an Oriental influence on their accent so sometimes urban dialects are now just as easily identifiable as rural dialects, even if they are not from <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. In the traditional view, urban speech has just been seen as a watered-down version of that of the surrounding rural area. Historically, rural areas had much more stable demographics than urban areas, but there is now only a small difference between the two. It has probably never been true since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> caused an enormous influx to cities from rural areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_of_regional_accents">Overview of regional accents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview of regional accents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to dialectologist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Peter Trudgill</a>, the major regional English accents of modern England can be divided on the basis on the following basic features; the word columns each represent the pronunciation of one italicised word in the sentence "<i>Very few cars made</i> it <i>up</i> the <i>long hill</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two additional distinguishing features—the absence or presence of a <a href="/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_split" title="Trap–bath split">trap–bath split</a> and the realisation of the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">GOAT</span> vowel—are also represented under the "path" and "stone" columns (so that the sentence could be rendered "<i>Very few cars made</i> it <i>up</i> the <i>path</i> of the <i>long stone hill</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Accent name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trudgill" class="mw-redirect" title="Trudgill">Trudgill</a>'s accent region</th> <th>Strongest centre</th> <th>ver<span style="text-decoration: underline;">y</span></th> <th>f<span style="text-decoration: underline;">ew</span></th> <th>c<span style="text-decoration: underline;">ar</span>s</th> <th>m<span style="text-decoration: underline;">a</span>de</th> <th><span style="text-decoration: underline;">u</span>p</th> <th>p<span style="text-decoration: underline;">a</span>th</th> <th>lo<span style="text-decoration: underline;">ng</span></th> <th>st<span style="text-decoration: underline;">o</span>ne</th> <th><span style="text-decoration: underline;">hill</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a></td> <td>Northeast</td> <td>Newcastle/Sunderland</td> <td>/i/</td> <td>/juː/</td> <td>[ɒː]</td> <td>[eː]</td> <td>/ʊ/</td> <td>/æ/ [a]</td> <td>/ŋ/</td> <td>[oː]</td> <td>[hɪl] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></td> <td>Central and Lower North</td> <td>Leeds/Bradford</td> <td>/ɪ/</td> <td>/juː/</td> <td>[äː]</td> <td>[eː]</td> <td>/ʊ/</td> <td>/æ/ [a]</td> <td>/ŋ/</td> <td>[oː]</td> <td>[ɪl] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(traditional)</span></td> <td>Central Lancashire</td> <td>Rossendale</td> <td>/ɪ/</td> <td>/juː/</td> <td>[aː<sup>ɹ</sup>] <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>[eː]</td> <td>/ʊ/</td> <td>/æ/ [a]</td> <td>/ŋg/</td> <td>[oː]</td> <td>[ɪl] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a></td> <td>Merseyside</td> <td>Liverpool</td> <td>/i/</td> <td>/juː/</td> <td>[äː]</td> <td>[eɪ]</td> <td>/ʊ/</td> <td>/æ/ [a]</td> <td>/ŋg/</td> <td>[ou]</td> <td>[ɪl] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></td> <td>Northwest</td> <td>Manchester/Salford</td> <td>/ɪ/</td> <td>/juː/</td> <td>[äː]</td> <td>[eɪ]</td> <td>/ʊ/</td> <td>/æ/ [a]</td> <td>/ŋg/</td> <td>[ɔʊ]</td> <td>[ɪl] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Brummie</a></td> <td>West Midlands</td> <td>Birmingham</td> <td>/i/</td> <td>/juː/</td> <td>[ɑː]</td> <td>[ʌɪ]</td> <td>/ʊ/</td> <td>/æ/ [a]</td> <td>/ŋg/</td> <td>[ʌʊ]</td> <td>[ɪl] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></td> <td>East, North, and South Midlands</td> <td>Lincoln</td> <td>/i/ <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>/juː/ <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>[ɑː]</td> <td>[eɪ] <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>/ʊ/</td> <td>/æ/ [a]</td> <td>/ŋ/</td> <td>[ʌʊ]</td> <td>[ɪl] <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a></td> <td>Southwest</td> <td>Bristol/Plymouth</td> <td>/i/</td> <td>/juː/</td> <td>[ɑːɹ]</td> <td>[eɪ] <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>/ʌ/</td> <td>/æ/ [æ]</td> <td>/ŋ/</td> <td>[ɔʊ]</td> <td>[ɪl] <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(traditional)</span></td> <td>East Anglia</td> <td>Rural Norfolk/Suffolk</td> <td>/i/</td> <td>/uː/</td> <td>[aː]</td> <td>[æɪ] or [eː]</td> <td>/ʌ/</td> <td>/æ/ [æ]</td> <td>/ŋ/</td> <td>[ʊu]</td> <td>[(h)ɪl] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London/Estuary</a> (also <a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural London English</a>)</td> <td>Home Counties</td> <td>Greater London</td> <td>/i/</td> <td>/juː/</td> <td>[ɑː]</td> <td>[eɪ~æɪ]</td> <td>/ʌ/</td> <td>/ɑː/</td> <td>/ŋ/</td> <td>[ʌʊ], [oː] in MLE</td> <td>[ɪo̯] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(modern)</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>/i/</td> <td>/juː/</td> <td>[ɑː]</td> <td>[eɪ]</td> <td>/ʌ/</td> <td>/ɑː/</td> <td>/ŋ/</td> <td>[əʊ]</td> <td>[hɪl] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_England">Southern England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Southern England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_English_in_Southern_England" class="mw-redirect" title="British English in Southern England">British English in Southern England</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sussex_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sussex dialect">Sussex dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentish_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentish dialect">Kentish dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrey dialect">Surrey dialect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight#Language_and_dialect" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight § Language and dialect</a></div> <p>In general, Southern English accents are distinguished from Northern English accents primarily by not using the short a in words such as "bath". In the south-east, the <a href="/wiki/Broad_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad A">broad A</a> is normally used before a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span>: words such as "cast" and "bath" are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɑːst/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/bɑːθ/</span> rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kæst/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/bæθ/</span>. This sometimes occurs before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nd/</span>: it is used in "comm<b>a</b>nd" and "dem<b>a</b>nd" but not in "br<b>a</b>nd" or "gr<b>a</b>nd". </p><p>In the south-west, an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> sound is used in these words but also in words that take <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> in RP; there is no <a href="/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_split" title="Trap–bath split">trap–bath split</a> but both are pronounced with an extended fronted vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982352_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982352-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accents originally from the upper class speech of the <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>–<a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>–<a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> triangle are particularly notable as the basis for RP. </p><p>Southern English accents have three main historical influences: </p> <ol><li>London accent, <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> in particular</li> <li>Received Pronunciation</li> <li>Southern rural accents (such as <a href="/wiki/West_Country_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country dialects">West Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Anglian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Anglian">East Anglian</a>)</li></ol> <p>Relatively recently, the first two have increasingly influenced southern accents outside London via <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> mobility and the expansion of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. From some time during the 19th century, middle and upper middle classes began to adopt affectations, including the RP accent, associated with the upper class. In the late 20th and 21st century other social changes, such as middle class RP-speakers forming an increasing component of rural communities, have accentuated the spread of RP. The South East coast accents traditionally have several features in common with the West Country; for example, rhoticity and the a: sound in words such as <i>bath</i>, <i>cast</i>, etc. However, the younger generation in the area is more likely to be non-rhotic and use the London/East Anglian A: sound in <i>bath</i>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, about one million Londoners were relocated to <a href="/wiki/New_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="New towns in the United Kingdom">new</a> and expanded towns throughout the south east, bringing with them their distinctive London accent. </p><p>During the 19th century distinct dialects of English were recorded in <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. These dialects are now extinct or nearly extinct due to improved communications and population movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_West_England">South West England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South West England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/West_Country_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country dialects">West Country dialects</a></div> <p>The West Country dialects and accents are the English <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accent_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (dialect)">accents</a> used by much of the indigenous population of <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a>, the area popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>. </p><p>This region encompasses <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> are usually also included, although the northern and eastern boundaries of the area are hard to define and sometimes even wider areas are encompassed. The West Country accent is said to reflect the pronunciation of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> far better than other modern English Dialects. </p><p>In the nearby counties of <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, it was possible to encounter comparable accents and, indeed, distinct local dialects until perhaps the 1960s. There is now limited use of such dialects amongst older people in local areas. Although natives of such locations, especially in western parts, can still have West Country influences in their speech, the increased mobility and <a href="/wiki/Urbanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanisation">urbanisation</a> of the population have meant that local Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Hampshire and Isle of Wight dialects (as opposed to <i>accents</i>) are today essentially extinct. </p><p>Academically the regional variations are considered to be dialectal forms. The <i><a href="/wiki/Survey_of_English_Dialects" title="Survey of English Dialects">Survey of English Dialects</a></i> captured manners of speech across the West Country that were just as different from Standard English as anything from the far North. Close proximity has completely different languages such as <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic language</a> related to <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, and more closely to <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornish dialect</a> of English spoken in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish people</a> is to some extent influenced by <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, and often includes words derived from the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norfolk">Norfolk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Norfolk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk dialect">Norfolk dialect</a> is spoken in the traditional county of Norfolk and areas of north Suffolk. Famous speakers include Keith Skipper. The group FOND (Friends of Norfolk Dialect) was formed to record the county's dialect and to provide advice for TV companies using the dialect in productions. </p><p>East Anglian dialect is also spoken in areas of Cambridgeshire. It is characterised by the use of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ei]</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> in FLEECE words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells198462_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells198462-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midlands">Midlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Midlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>As in the North, Midlands accents generally do not use a <a href="/wiki/Broad_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad A">broad A</a>, so that <i>cast</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kast]</span> rather than the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɑːst]</span> pronunciation of most southern accents. The northern limit of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑː]</span> in many words crosses England from mid-<a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> to <a href="/wiki/The_Wash" title="The Wash">The Wash</a>, passing just south of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>.</li> <li>Additionally, just like the North, most accents in the Midlands lack the foot–strut split, with words containing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌ]</span> like <i>strut</i> or <i>but</i> being pronounced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span>, without any distinction between <i>putt</i> and <i>put</i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> accent is often described as having a pronounced nasal quality, the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a> accent much less so.</li> <li><i>Old</i> and <i>cold</i> may be pronounced as "owd" and "cowd" (rhyming with "loud" in the West Midlands and "ode" in the East Midlands), and in the northern Midlands <i>home</i> can become "wom".</li> <li>Whether Derbyshire should be classed as the West or East Midlands in terms of dialect is debatable. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Ellis_(linguist)" title="Stanley Ellis (linguist)">Stanley Ellis</a>, a dialect expert, said in 1985 that it was more like the West Midlands, but it is often grouped with the East and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">region</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, although part of the North-West region, is usually grouped the Midlands for the purpose of accent and dialect.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Midlands">West Midlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: West Midlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands English</a></div> <ul><li>The best-known accents in the West Midlands area are the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> accents (see "<a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Brummie</a>") and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Country_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Country accent">Black Country accent</a> (<i>Yam Yam</i>).</li> <li>There is no <a href="/wiki/Ng-coalescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng-coalescence">Ng-coalescence</a>. Cases of the spelling -ing are pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪŋɡ]</span> rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪŋ]</span>. Wells noted that there were no exceptions to this rule in Stoke-on-Trent, whereas there were for other areas with the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪŋɡ]</span> pronunciation, such as Liverpool.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells198458_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells198458-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dialect verbs are used, for example <i>am</i> for <i>are</i>, <i>ay</i> for <i>is not</i> (related to <i>ain't</i>), <i>bay</i> for <i>are not</i>, <i>bin</i> for <i>am</i> or, emphatically, for <i>are</i>. Hence the following joke dialogue about bay windows: "What sort of windas am them?" "They'm bay windas." "Well if they bay windas wot bin them?". There is also humour to be derived from the shop-owner's sign of Mr. "E. A. Wright" (that is, "He ay [isn't] right," a phrase implying someone is <i>saft</i> [soft] in the <i>jed</i> [head]). <i>Saft</i> also may mean silly as in, "Stop bein' so saft". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Birmingham and <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> accents are distinct, even though the cities are only 19 miles/30 km apart. Coventry being closer to an East Midlands accent. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Around <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a>, the short <i>i</i> can sometimes sound rather like <i>ee</i>, as very obvious when hearing a local say <i>it</i>, however this is not always the case as most other words such as "miss" or "tip" are still pronounced as normal. The <a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Potteries accent</a> is perhaps the most distinctly 'northern' of the West Midlands accents, given that the urban area around Stoke-on-Trent is close to the <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> border.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> have a rhotic accent, somewhat like the West Country,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and in some parts of these counties, the local accent mixes features with the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh accent">Welsh accent</a>, particularly in places closer to the <a href="/wiki/English%E2%80%93Welsh_border" class="mw-redirect" title="English–Welsh border">English–Welsh border</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Midlands">East Midlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: East Midlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands English</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a> accents are generally non-rhotic, instead drawing out their vowels, resulting in the Midlands Drawl, which can to non-natives be mistaken for dry <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The PRICE vowel has a very far back starting-point, and can be realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑɪ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-dropping">Yod-dropping</a>, as in East Anglia, can be found in some areas<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2011)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup>, for example <i>new</i> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nuː/</span>, sounding like "noo".</li> <li>In Lincolnshire, sounds like the <i>u</i> vowel of words like <i>strut</i> being realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span> may be even shorter than in the North.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, words with short vowels such as <i>up</i> and <i>last</i> have a northern pronunciation, whereas words with vowels such as <i>down</i> and <i>road</i> sound rather more like a south-eastern accent. The vowel sound at the end of words like <i>border</i> (and the name of the city) is also a distinctive feature.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> also has a marked north–south split in terms of accent. The north (around <a href="/wiki/Grimsby" title="Grimsby">Grimsby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scunthorpe" title="Scunthorpe">Scunthorpe</a>) shares many features with Yorkshire, such as the open <i>a</i> sound in "car" and "park" or the replacement of <i>take</i> and <i>make</i> with <i>tek</i> and <i>mek</i>. The south of Lincolnshire is close to Received Pronunciation, although it still has a short Northern a in words such as <i>bath</i>. Accents in the north of the county are often classified as a form of <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a>, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesTrudgill199665_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesTrudgill199665-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mixing of the words <i>was</i> and <i>were</i> when the other is used in Standard English.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>, crossed by the north–south <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isogloss</a>, residents of the north of the county have an accent similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a> and those in the south an accent similar to rural <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>.</li> <li>The town of <a href="/wiki/Corby" title="Corby">Corby</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a> has an accent with some originally Scottish features, apparently due to immigration of Scottish steelworkers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common in Corby for the GOAT set of words to be pronounced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span>. This pronunciation is used across Scotland and most of Northern England, but Corby is alone in the Midlands in using it.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_England">Northern England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Northern England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_England_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern England English">Northern England English</a></div> <p>There are several features that are common to most of the accents of northern England:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982section_4.4_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982section_4.4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Northern English tends not to have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> (<i>strut</i>, <i>but</i>, etc.) as a separate vowel. Most words that have this vowel in RP are pronounced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> in Northern accents, so that <i>put</i> and <i>putt</i> are homophonous as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʊt]</span>. But some words with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> in RP can have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span> in the more conservative Northern accents, so that a pair like <i>luck</i> and <i>look</i> may be distinguished as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lʊk/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/luːk/</span>.</li> <li>The accents of Northern England generally do not use a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑː/</span>. so <i>cast</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kast]</span> rather than the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɑːst]</span> pronunciation of most southern accents. This pronunciation is found in the words that were affected by the <a href="/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_split" title="Trap–bath split">trap–bath split</a>.</li> <li>For many speakers, the remaining instances of RP <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑː/</span> instead becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span>: for example, in the words <i>palm, cart, start, tomato</i>.</li> <li>The vowel in <i>dress, test, pet</i>, etc. is slightly more open, transcribed by Wells as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span>.</li> <li>The "short <i>a</i>" vowel of <i>cat, trap</i> is normally pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> rather than the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> found in traditional Received Pronunciation and in many forms of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>.</li> <li>In most areas, the letter <i>y</i> on the end of words as in <i>happy</i> or <i>city</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>, like the <i>i</i> in <i>bit</i>, and not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>. This was considered RP until the 1990s. The longer <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> is found in the far north and in the Merseyside area.</li> <li>The phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eɪ/</span> (as in <i>face</i>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oʊ/</span> (as in <i>goat</i>) are often pronounced as monophthongs (such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span>). However, the quality of these vowels varies considerably across the region, and this is considered a greater indicator of a speaker's social class than the less stigmatised aspects listed above.</li></ul> <p>Some dialect words used across the North are listed in extended editions of the Oxford Dictionary with a marker "North England": for example, the words <i>ginnell</i> and <i>snicket</i> for specific types of alleyway, the word <i>fettle</i> for to organise, or the use of <i>while</i> to mean <i>until</i>. The best-known Northern words are <i>nowt</i>, <i>owt</i> and <i>summat</i>, which are included in most dictionaries. For more localised features, see the following sections. </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Northern_subject_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern subject rule">present historical</a>" is named after the speech of the region, but it is often used in many working class dialects in the south of England too. Instead of saying "I <i>said</i> to him", users of the rule would say, "I <i>says</i> to him". Instead of saying, "I <i>went</i> up there", they would say, "I <i>goes</i> up there." </p><p>In the far north of England, the local speech is virtually indistinguishable from <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>. Wells claimed that northernmost Northumberland, "though politically English is linguistically Scottish".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982351_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982351-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liverpool_(Scouse)"><span id="Liverpool_.28Scouse.29"></span>Liverpool (Scouse)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Liverpool (Scouse)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a></div> <p>The Liverpool accent, known as Scouse colloquially, is quite different from the accent of surrounding Lancashire. This is because Liverpool has had many immigrants in recent centuries, particularly <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a>. Irish influences on Scouse speech include the pronunciation of unstressed 'my' as 'me' and the pronunciation of 'th' sounds like 't' or 'd' (although they remain distinct as dental <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t̪/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̪/</span>). Other features of Scouse include the pronunciation of non-initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> and the pronunciation of 'r' as a tap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Yorkshire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire dialect</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights" title="Wuthering Heights">Wuthering Heights</a></i> is one of the few classic works of English literature to contain a substantial amount of dialect, specifically Yorkshire dialect. Set in <a href="/wiki/Haworth" title="Haworth">Haworth</a>, the servant Joseph speaks in the traditional dialect of the area, which many modern readers struggle to understand. This dialect was still spoken around Haworth until the late 1970s, but now only a minority of the dialect's features are still in everyday use.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old dialect is now mainly encountered in <a href="/wiki/Skipton" title="Skipton">Skipton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otley" title="Otley">Otley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Settle,_North_Yorkshire" title="Settle, North Yorkshire">Settle</a> and other similar places where older farmers from deep in the dales live. Examples of differences from RP in Yorkshire pronunciation include, but are not limited to: </p> <ul><li>H-dropping</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> are often replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span></li> <li>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> in <i>hearing</i> and <i>eating</i> is often changed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>, though <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋɡ]</span> can be heard in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teesside">Teesside</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Teesside"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accents of <a href="/wiki/Teesside" title="Teesside">Teesside</a>, usually known as Smoggy, are sometimes grouped with Yorkshire and sometimes grouped with the North-East of England, for they share characteristics with both accent regions. As this urban area grew in the early 20th century, there are fewer dialect words that date back to older forms of English; Teesside speak is the sort of modern dialect that Peter Trudgill identified in his "The Dialects of England". There is a Lower Tees Dialect group.<sup id="cite_ref-TNE001_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNE001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study found that most people from Middlesbrough do not consider their accent to be "Yorkshire", but that they are less hostile to being grouped with Yorkshire than to being grouped with the Geordie accent.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeds001_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeds001-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intriguingly, speakers from Middlesbrough are occasionally mistaken for speakers from <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they share many of the same characteristics. It is thought the occasional similarities between the Middlesbrough and Liverpool accent may be due to the high number of Irish migrants to both areas during the late 1900s in fact the 1871 census showed Middlesbrough had the second-highest proportion of people from Ireland after Liverpool. Some examples of traits that are shared with [most parts of] Yorkshire include: </p> <ul><li><i>H</i>-dropping.</li> <li>An <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> sound in words such as <i>start, car, park</i>, etc.</li> <li>In common with the east coast of Yorkshire, words such as <i>bird, first, nurse</i>, etc. have an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛː]</span> sound. It can be written as, <i>baird, fairst, nairse</i>. [This vowel sound also occurs in Liverpool and Birkenhead].</li></ul> <p>Examples of traits shared with the North-East include: </p> <ul><li>Absence of <a href="/wiki/Definite_article_reduction" title="Definite article reduction">definite article reduction</a>.</li> <li>Glottal reinforcement for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> can all occur.</li></ul> <p>The vowel in "goat" is an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> sound, as is found in both Durham and rural North Yorkshire. In common with this area of the country, Middlesbrough is a non-rhotic accent. </p><p>The vowel in "face" is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>, as is commonplace in the North-East of England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lancashire">Lancashire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lancashire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire dialect</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cumbria">Cumbria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cumbria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbrian dialect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrovian</a></div> <ul><li>People from the <a href="/wiki/Furness" title="Furness">Furness</a> peninsula in south Cumbria tend to have a more Lancashire-orientated accent, whilst the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness" title="Barrow-in-Furness">Barrow-in-Furness</a> itself is a result of migration from the likes of <a href="/wiki/Strathclyde" title="Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a>. Barrow grew on the <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> industry during the 19th and 20th centuries, and many families moved from these already well-established shipbuilding towns to seek employment in Barrow.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_East_England">North East England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North East England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dialects in this region are often known as <a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a> (for speakers from the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> area) or <a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Mackem</a> (for speakers from the <a href="/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland">Sunderland</a> area). The dialects across the region are broadly similar however some differences do exist. For example, with words ending -re/-er, such as culture and father, the end syllable is pronounced by a Newcastle native as a short 'a', such as in 'fat' and 'back', therefore producing "cultcha" and "fatha" for "culture" and "father" respectively. The Sunderland area would pronounce the syllable much more closely to that of other accents. Similarly, Geordies pronounce "make" and "take" in line with the standard English pronunciation. However, a Mackem would pronounce these words as "mack" or "tack" (hence the origin of the term "Mackem"). For other differences, see the respective articles. For an explanation of the traditional dialects of the mining areas of <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> and Northumberland see <a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a>.</li> <li>Glottal reinforcement for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>. This feature is usually transcribed as [p͡ʔ], [t͡ʔ] and [k͡ʔ] or [ʔ͡p], [ʔ͡t] and [ʔ͡k].<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A feature of the North East accent, shared with <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish English</a>, is the pronunciation of the consonant cluster <i>-lm</i> in coda position. As an example, "film" is pronounced as "fillum". Another of these features which are shared with <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> is the use of the word 'Aye', pronounced like 'I', its meaning is yes.</li> <li>Also similar to Scots, the modals 'can', and less commonly 'will', have contracted forms "cannet" and "winnet". Additionally, distinct negative forms of 'do' exist. In Tyneside and Northumberland, the local form is "divvent", whereas "dinnet" is prevalent in Sunderland and Durham.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_accents_used_by_public_figures">Examples of accents used by public figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Examples of accents used by public figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/English_language_in_England" title="Special:EditPage/English language in England">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Received Pronunciation: Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>'s accent changed slightly over the years but she still spoke a conservative form of RP until the end of her life.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a> and <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> are examples of old-fashioned RP speakers, whereas <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Dimbleby" title="David Dimbleby">David Dimbleby</a> are examples of contemporary RP.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a> (a southern rural accent): poet <a href="/wiki/Pam_Ayres" title="Pam Ayres">Pam Ayres</a> is from <a href="/wiki/Stanford_in_the_Vale" title="Stanford in the Vale">Stanford in the Vale</a>, which belonged to Berkshire until the boundary changes of 1974.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>: actor <a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Connell_(actor)" title="Jack O'Connell (actor)">Jack O'Connell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">Estuary</a>): very strongly noticeable in <a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTuber</a> LukeIsNotSexy. <a href="/wiki/Emma_Blackery" title="Emma Blackery">Emma Blackery</a> used to speak in a more regionally <a href="/wiki/Essex_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Essex dialect">Essex dialect</a>, but as of early 2018 has mostly transitioned into Modern RP, with subtle <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> (a southern rural accent): the late <a href="/wiki/John_Arlott" title="John Arlott">John Arlott</a>, sports presenter and gardener <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Dimmock" title="Charlie Dimmock">Charlie Dimmock</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>: comedian and writer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Newman_(comedian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Newman (comedian)">Robert Newman</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>: TV personality <a href="/wiki/Fred_Dibnah" title="Fred Dibnah">Fred Dibnah</a>, comedian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kay" title="Peter Kay">Peter Kay</a>, McFly singer and guitarist <a href="/wiki/Danny_Jones" title="Danny Jones">Danny Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">BBC Radio 1</a> DJ <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Kay" title="Vernon Kay">Vernon Kay</a> and singer and actor <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Wrigley" title="Bernard Wrigley">Bernard Wrigley</a> have degrees of broad Bolton accents. The actress <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Holmes" title="Michelle Holmes">Michelle Holmes</a> has a Rochdale accent, which is similar to the accent of the western fringe of Yorkshire; hence, she has often featured in Yorkshire dramas. <a href="/wiki/Julie_Hesmondhalgh" title="Julie Hesmondhalgh">Julie Hesmondhalgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicky_Entwistle" title="Vicky Entwistle">Vicky Entwistle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Haworth" title="Julia Haworth">Julia Haworth</a>, actresses in the soap opera <i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Street" title="Coronation Street">Coronation Street</a></i>, have East Lancashire accents, which have slightly different intonation and rhythm and also feature variable <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">rhoticity</a>. Actress <a href="/wiki/Jane_Horrocks" title="Jane Horrocks">Jane Horrocks</a> also has an East Lancashire accent, alongside being a mostly rhotic speaker.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>: The band <a href="/wiki/Kasabian" title="Kasabian">Kasabian</a> have Leicester accents.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: old recordings by <a href="/wiki/Petula_Clark" title="Petula Clark">Petula Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a> (although many of these contain affected patterns). For clear examples, see actor <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Holloway" title="Stanley Holloway">Stanley Holloway</a> (Eliza Doolittle's father in <i><a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady" title="My Fair Lady">My Fair Lady</a></i>), or <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">footballer</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Beckham" title="David Beckham">David Beckham</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a>: the actors <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoskins" title="Bob Hoskins">Bob Hoskins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ray_Winstone" title="Ray Winstone">Ray Winstone</a> has quite an old-fashioned Cockney accent, and his replacement of an initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> with a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> has been stigmatised. More examples can be heard in the movies <i><a href="/wiki/Snatch_(movie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snatch (movie)">Snatch</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lock,_Stock_and_Two_Smoking_Barrels" title="Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels">Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a> had Cockney accents, with <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jones_(musician)" title="Steve Jones (musician)">Steve Jones</a> having the strongest.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockney" title="Mockney">Mockney</a>: used by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Ritchie" title="Guy Ritchie">Guy Ritchie</a> and many musicians, it is a variant of the London regional accent characterised by a non-standard mixture of linguistic and <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> characteristics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_London" title="West London">West London</a>: the journalist <a href="/wiki/Janet_Street-Porter" title="Janet Street-Porter">Janet Street-Porter</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">Estuary</a>: athlete <a href="/wiki/Sally_Gunnell" title="Sally Gunnell">Sally Gunnell</a>, the model <a href="/wiki/Katie_Price" title="Katie Price">Katie Price</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a> members <a href="/wiki/Liam_Gallagher" title="Liam Gallagher">Liam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noel_Gallagher" title="Noel Gallagher">Noel Gallagher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman%27s_Hermits" title="Herman's Hermits">Herman's Hermits</a>, actor <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Monaghan" title="Dominic Monaghan">Dominic Monaghan</a>, broadcaster/podcaster <a href="/wiki/Karl_Pilkington" title="Karl Pilkington">Karl Pilkington</a>, physicist <a href="/wiki/Brian_Cox_(physicist)" title="Brian Cox (physicist)">Brian Cox (physicist)</a>, musician <a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(musician)" title="Davy Jones (musician)">Davy Jones (The Monkees)</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a>): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>: Liverpool footballers <a href="/wiki/Steven_Gerrard" title="Steven Gerrard">Steven Gerrard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Carragher" title="Jamie Carragher">Jamie Carragher</a> are often cited as having particularly strong Scouse accents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Recordings by <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>'s accent was the strongest of the four), <a href="/wiki/Gerry_%26_The_Pacemakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerry & The Pacemakers">Gerry & The Pacemakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echo_and_the_Bunnymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo and the Bunnymen">Echo and the Bunnymen</a>. Also the singer <a href="/wiki/Cilla_Black" title="Cilla Black">Cilla Black</a> and the actors <a href="/wiki/Craig_Charles" title="Craig Charles">Craig Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Tomlinson" title="Ricky Tomlinson">Ricky Tomlinson</a>. The British soap <a href="/wiki/Brookside_(television_programme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookside (television programme)">Brookside</a> was set in Liverpool so the majority of the cast, including Philip Olivier and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Ellison" title="Jennifer Ellison">Jennifer Ellison</a>, had Scouse accents.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside" title="St Helens, Merseyside">St Helens</a>: Comedian <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Vegas" title="Johnny Vegas">Johnny Vegas</a>. The comedy band <a href="/wiki/The_Lancashire_Hotpots" title="The Lancashire Hotpots">the Lancashire Hotpots</a> sing in a traditional rhotic St Helens accent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wirral" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wirral">The Wirral</a>: Comedian and TV presenter <a href="/wiki/Paul_O%27Grady" title="Paul O'Grady">Paul O'Grady</a> alias <a href="/wiki/Lily_Savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily Savage">Lily Savage</a> is from <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>, pop singer <a href="/wiki/Pete_Burns" title="Pete Burns">Pete Burns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dead_or_Alive_(band)" title="Dead or Alive (band)">Dead or Alive</a> is from the <a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">model village</a> <a href="/wiki/Port_Sunlight" title="Port Sunlight">Port Sunlight</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>: boxer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Froch" title="Carl Froch">Carl Froch</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salford" title="Salford">Salford</a>: actor <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Eccleston" title="Christopher Eccleston">Christopher Eccleston</a>, bands <a href="/wiki/Happy_Mondays" title="Happy Mondays">Happy Mondays</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(band)" title="New Order (band)">New Order</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Potteries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Potteries">The Potteries</a>: pop star <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a>, TV presenter <a href="/wiki/Anthea_Turner" title="Anthea Turner">Anthea Turner</a>, ex pop star and TV presenter <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wilkes" title="Jonathan Wilkes">Jonathan Wilkes</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland">Sunderland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Mackem</a>): the accent of the rock group <a href="/wiki/The_Futureheads" title="The Futureheads">The Futureheads</a> is easily detected on recordings and live performances and ex-footballer <a href="/wiki/Chris_Waddle" title="Chris Waddle">Chris Waddle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a>): former Cabinet members <a href="/wiki/Alan_Milburn" title="Alan Milburn">Alan Milburn</a> MP and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Brown" title="Nick Brown">Nick Brown</a> MP, the actors <a href="/wiki/Robson_Green" title="Robson Green">Robson Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Healy_(actor)" title="Tim Healy (actor)">Tim Healy</a>, the footballer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shearer" title="Alan Shearer">Alan Shearer</a>, actor and singer <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Nail" title="Jimmy Nail">Jimmy Nail</a>, rock singer <a href="/wiki/Brian_Johnson" title="Brian Johnson">Brian Johnson</a>, singer <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_(singer)" title="Cheryl (singer)">Cheryl</a>, television personalities <a href="/wiki/Ant_and_Dec" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant and Dec">Ant and Dec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Air" title="Donna Air">Donna Air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jayne_Middlemiss" title="Jayne Middlemiss">Jayne Middlemiss</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Vicar_of_Dibley" title="The Vicar of Dibley">The Vicar of Dibley</a> was set in Oxfordshire, and many of the characters had West Country accents. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>: Professor <a href="/wiki/Colin_Pillinger" title="Colin Pillinger">Colin Pillinger</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a> project, comedy writer, actor, radio DJ and director <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Merchant" title="Stephen Merchant">Stephen Merchant</a>. Presenter and Comedian <a href="/wiki/Justin_Lee_Collins" title="Justin Lee Collins">Justin Lee Collins</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Lee" title="Laurie Lee">Laurie Lee</a>, ruralist.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phil_Drabble" title="Phil Drabble">Phil Drabble</a>, presenter of <i><a href="/wiki/One_Man_and_His_Dog" title="One Man and His Dog">One Man and His Dog</a></i>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Brummie</a>): the rock musician <a href="/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne" title="Ozzy Osbourne">Ozzy Osbourne</a> (although he sometimes Americanises his speech), <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Carrott" title="Jasper Carrott">Jasper Carrott</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Brummie</a> for more examples.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Yam Yam</a>): YouTuber Jay Swingler from <a href="/wiki/TGFbro" title="TGFbro">TGFbro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rob_Halford" title="Rob Halford">Rob Halford</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>: the actor <a href="/wiki/Clive_Owen" title="Clive Owen">Clive Owen</a>, in the films <i><a href="/wiki/Sin_City_(film)" title="Sin City (film)">Sin City</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur_(2004_film)" title="King Arthur (2004 film)">King Arthur</a></i>. Singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Terry_Hall_(singer)" title="Terry Hall (singer)">Terry Hall</a>, lead vocalist with <a href="/wiki/The_Specials" title="The Specials">The Specials</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a>: in the 1969 film <i><a href="/wiki/Kes_(film)" title="Kes (film)">Kes</a></i>, the lead characters, <a href="/wiki/David_(Dai)_Bradley" class="mw-redirect" title="David (Dai) Bradley">David Bradley</a> and Freddie Fletcher, both have very broad <a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a> accents, which are less likely to be heard nowadays. <i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Street" title="Coronation Street">Coronation Street</a></i> actress <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Kelly_(actress)" title="Katherine Kelly (actress)">Katherine Kelly</a>, Sam Nixon from Pop Idol 2003, Top of the Pops Saturday and Reloaded and Level Up also has a Barnsley accent. Also, chat show host <a href="/wiki/Michael_Parkinson" title="Michael Parkinson">Michael Parkinson</a> and ex-union leader <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a> have slightly reduced Barnsley accents.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>: singers <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Gates" title="Gareth Gates">Gareth Gates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zayn_Malik" title="Zayn Malik">Zayn Malik</a> of <a href="/wiki/One_Direction" title="One Direction">One Direction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Walsh" title="Kimberley Walsh">Kimberley Walsh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Girls_Aloud" title="Girls Aloud">Girls Aloud</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Rita,_Sue_and_Bob_Too" title="Rita, Sue and Bob Too">Rita, Sue and Bob Too</a></i>, Bob has a Bradford accent whilst Rita and Sue sound more like Lancashire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsworth" title="Hemsworth">Hemsworth</a>: cricketer <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Boycott" title="Geoffrey Boycott">Geoffrey Boycott</a> has an accent similar to those found in many old coal-mining towns.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holme_Valley" title="Holme Valley">Holme Valley</a>: Actors <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sallis" title="Peter Sallis">Peter Sallis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Owen_(actor)" title="Bill Owen (actor)">Bill Owen</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Last_of_the_Summer_Wine" title="Last of the Summer Wine">Last of the Summer Wine</a></i> and Sallis in <i><a href="/wiki/Wallace_and_Gromit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace and Gromit">Wallace and Gromit</a></i> (although Sallis and Owen themselves were both Londoners).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>: Actors <a href="/wiki/Tom_Courtenay" title="Tom Courtenay">Tom Courtenay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reece_Shearsmith" title="Reece Shearsmith">Reece Shearsmith</a>, and singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heaton" title="Paul Heaton">Paul Heaton</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>: <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanie Brown">Melanie Brown</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Girls" title="Spice Girls">Spice Girls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beverley_Callard" title="Beverley Callard">Beverley Callard</a> who plays <a href="/wiki/Liz_McDonald" title="Liz McDonald">Liz McDonald</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Street" title="Coronation Street">Coronation Street</a></i>, singer <a href="/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae" title="Corinne Bailey Rae">Corinne Bailey Rae</a>, the band <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Chiefs" title="Kaiser Chiefs">Kaiser Chiefs</a>, model <a href="/wiki/Nell_McAndrew" title="Nell McAndrew">Nell McAndrew</a>, actress <a href="/wiki/Angela_Griffin" title="Angela Griffin">Angela Griffin</a>, Radio DJ <a href="/wiki/Chris_Moyles" title="Chris Moyles">Chris Moyles</a>, Comedian <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Francis" title="Leigh Francis">Leigh Francis</a> alias <a href="/wiki/Keith_Lemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Lemon">Keith Lemon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a>: characters from the 1998 film <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Voice_(film)" title="Little Voice (film)">Little Voice</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>: Ken Loach's 1977 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Price_of_Coal" title="The Price of Coal">The Price of Coal</a></i> was filmed almost entirely in the traditional dialect of the Sheffield-Rotherham area, but this variety of speech is receding. For examples of less marked Sheffield speech, see <a href="/wiki/Sean_Bean" title="Sean Bean">Sean Bean</a>, the band <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(band)" title="Pulp (band)">Pulp</a>, the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Full_Monty" title="The Full Monty">The Full Monty</a></i> and the band <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys" title="Arctic Monkeys">Arctic Monkeys</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberside" title="Humberside">South Humber</a>: former <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> manager <a href="/wiki/Graham_Taylor" title="Graham Taylor">Graham Taylor</a> and motorcycle racer <a href="/wiki/Guy_Martin" title="Guy Martin">Guy Martin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a>: singer and actress <a href="/wiki/Jane_McDonald" title="Jane McDonald">Jane McDonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hollyoaks" title="Hollyoaks">Hollyoaks</a> actress <a href="/wiki/Claire_Cooper" title="Claire Cooper">Claire Cooper</a>, actor <a href="/wiki/Reece_Dinsdale" title="Reece Dinsdale">Reece Dinsdale</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Street" title="Coronation Street">Coronation Street</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Helen_Worth" title="Helen Worth">Helen Worth</a>, the band <a href="/wiki/The_Cribs" title="The Cribs">the Cribs</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_English_accents_in_the_media">Regional English accents in the media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Regional English accents in the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Archers" title="The Archers">The Archers</a></i> has had characters with a variety of different West Country accents (see <a href="/wiki/Mummerset" title="Mummerset">Mummerset</a>). </p><p>The shows of <a href="/wiki/Ian_La_Frenais" title="Ian La Frenais">Ian La Frenais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dick_Clement" title="Dick Clement">Dick Clement</a> have often included a variety of regional accents, the most notable being <i><a href="/wiki/Auf_Wiedersehen_Pet" class="mw-redirect" title="Auf Wiedersehen Pet">Auf Wiedersehen Pet</a></i> about <a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a> men in Germany. <i><a href="/wiki/Porridge_(1974_TV_series)" title="Porridge (1974 TV series)">Porridge</a></i> featured London and Cumberland accents, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Likely_Lads" title="The Likely Lads">The Likely Lads</a></i> featured north east England. </p><p>The programmes of <a href="/wiki/Carla_Lane" title="Carla Lane">Carla Lane</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liver_Birds" title="The Liver Birds">The Liver Birds</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bread_(television_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread (television series)">Bread</a></i> featured <a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a> accents. </p><p>In the 2005 version of the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> programme <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a></i>, various Londoners wonder why the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_(Doctor_Who)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor (Doctor Who)">Doctor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ninth_Doctor" title="Ninth Doctor">played by</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Eccleston" title="Christopher Eccleston">Christopher Eccleston</a>), an alien, sounds as if he comes from the North. Eccleston used his own <a href="/wiki/Salford" title="Salford">Salford</a> accent in the role; the Doctor's usual response is "Lots of planets have a North!" Other accents in the same series include Cockney (used by actress <a href="/wiki/Billie_Piper" title="Billie Piper">Billie Piper</a>) and Estuary (used by actress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Tate" title="Catherine Tate">Catherine Tate</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Tennant" title="David Tennant">David Tennant</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Doctor" title="Tenth Doctor">Tenth Doctor</a>) </p><p>A television reality programme <i><a href="/wiki/Rock_School" title="Rock School">Rock School</a></i> was set in Suffolk in its second series, providing lots of examples of the Suffolk dialect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="American and British English differences">American and British English differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of England">Languages of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional accents of English speakers">Regional accents of English speakers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The traditional feature of rhoticity in Lancashire is increasingly giving way to non-rhoticity: Beal, Joan (2004). "English dialects in the North of England: phonology". <i>A Handbook of Varieties of English</i> (pp. 113–133). Berlin, Boston: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> defines the Central Midlands (centred on Nottingham and Derby).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span> defines the East Midlands (centred on Leicester and Rutland) and partly defines the South Midlands (centred on Northampton and Bedford).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> defines South Humberside or North Lincolnshire (centred on Scunthorpe).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪo]</span> defines the South Midlands (centred on Northampton and Bedford).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> defines the Lower Southwest (Cornwall and Devon).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪo]</span> defines the Central Southwest.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50075365"><i>English, a. and n.</i></a> (2nd ed.). The Oxford English Dictionary. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English%2C+a.+and+n.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.oed.com%2Fcgi%2Fentry%2F50075365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgillHannah20022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgillHannah20022_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrudgillHannah2002">Trudgill & Hannah (2002)</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom McArthur, <i>The Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-ANGLOENGLISH.html">Retrieved via encyclopedia.com.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToddHancock1990" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Loreto; Hancock, Ian (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Im-KAgAAQBAJ"><i>International English Usage</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415051026" title="Special:BookSources/9780415051026"><bdi>9780415051026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+English+Usage&rft.place=London&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780415051026&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Loreto&rft.au=Hancock%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIm-KAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Tom McArthur in the <i>Oxford Guide to World English</i> (p. 45)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Shaw1916" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Bernard Shaw, George</a> (1916), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartelby.com/138/0.html">"Preface"</a>, <i>Pygmalion, A Professor of Phonetics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Pygmalion%2C+A+Professor+of+Phonetics&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Bernard+Shaw&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartelby.com%2F138%2F0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShorrocks1998" class="citation book cs1">Shorrocks, Graham (1998). <i>A Grammar of the Dialect of the Bolton Area. Pt. 1: Introduction; phonology</i>. Bamberger Beiträge Zur Englische Sprachwissenschaft; Bd. 41. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-631-33066-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-631-33066-9"><bdi>3-631-33066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Dialect+of+the+Bolton+Area.+Pt.+1%3A+Introduction%3B+phonology&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.series=Bamberger+Beitr%C3%A4ge+Zur+Englische+Sprachwissenschaft%3B+Bd.+41&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-631-33066-9&rft.aulast=Shorrocks&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/content/articles/2005/01/14/voices_kerswill_feature.shtml">Voices 2005: Accent – a great leveller?</a> BBC 15 August 2005. Interview with Professor Paul Kerswill who stated "The difference between regional accents is getting less with time".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alvarez, Lizette; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DEEDF123CF936A25750C0A9639C8B63&sec=&spon=&&scp=2&sq=Shortly%20after%20Rafael%20Benitez,%20a%20Spaniard,%20took%20over%20as%20coach%20of%20the%20Liverpool%20&st=cse">Liverpool Journal; Baffling Scouse Is Spoken Here, So Bring a Sensa Yuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>, 15 March 2005. "While most regional accents in England are growing a touch less pronounced in this age of high-speed travel and 600-channel satellite systems, it seems that the Liverpool accent is boldly growing thicker. ... migrating London accents are blamed for the slight changes in regional accents over the past few decades. ... That said, the curator of English accents and dialects at the British Library said the Northeast accents, from places like Northumberland and Tyneside, were also going stronger."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabovAshBoberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). <i>The Atlas of North American English</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+North+American+English&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Labov&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Ash%2C+Sharon&rft.au=Boberg%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span> chpt. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrudgillHannah2002138-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrudgillHannah2002138_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrudgillHannah2002">Trudgill & Hannah (2002)</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostaSerra2022" class="citation journal cs1">Costa, Davide; Serra, Raffaele (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9120598">"Rhoticity in English, a Journey Over Time Through Social Class: A Narrative Review"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Sociology</i>. <b>7</b>: 902213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffsoc.2022.902213">10.3389/fsoc.2022.902213</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2297-7775">2297-7775</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9120598">9120598</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35602002">35602002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Sociology&rft.atitle=Rhoticity+in+English%2C+a+Journey+Over+Time+Through+Social+Class%3A+A+Narrative+Review&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=902213&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9120598%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2297-7775&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35602002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffsoc.2022.902213&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft.au=Serra%2C+Raffaele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9120598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1992348–349-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1992348–349_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1992">Wells (1992)</a>, pp. 348–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrask1999104–106-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrask1999104–106_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrask1999">Trask (1999)</a>, pp. 104–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TeesSpeak%3A+Dialect+of+the+Lower+Tees+Valley&rft.pub=This+is+the+North+East&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Vic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communigate.co.uk%2Fne%2Fteesspeak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeds001-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leeds001_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlamas,_Carmen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Llamas, Carmen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latl.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/49/2019/05/Llamas_2000.pdf">"Middlesbrough English: Convergent and divergent trends in a "Par of Britain with no identity"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics</i> (8). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leeds+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics+and+Phonetics&rft.atitle=Middlesbrough+English%3A+Convergent+and+divergent+trends+in+a+%22Par+of+Britain+with+no+identity%22&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Llamas%2C+Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latl.leeds.ac.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F49%2F2019%2F05%2FLlamas_2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Jonnie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/sound-and-vision/2014/07/jonnie-robinson-lead-curator-for-sociolinguistics-writes-this-month-weve-uploaded-linguistic-descriptions-of-conversations.html">"The shifting sand(-shoes) of linguistic identity in Teesside – Sound and vision blog"</a>. <i>Blogs.bl.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816031713/https://blogs.bl.uk/sound-and-vision/2014/07/jonnie-robinson-lead-curator-for-sociolinguistics-writes-this-month-weve-uploaded-linguistic-descriptions-of-conversations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blogs.bl.uk&rft.atitle=The+shifting+sand%28-shoes%29+of+linguistic+identity+in+Teesside+%E2%80%93+Sound+and+vision+blog&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jonnie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.bl.uk%2Fsound-and-vision%2F2014%2F07%2Fjonnie-robinson-lead-curator-for-sociolinguistics-writes-this-month-weve-uploaded-linguistic-descriptions-of-conversations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealBurbano-ElizondoLlamas2012" class="citation book cs1">Beal, Joan C.; Burbano-Elizondo, Lourdes; Llamas, Carmen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv2f4vkb3"><i>Urban North-Eastern English: Tyneside to Teesside</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748641521" title="Special:BookSources/0748641521"><bdi>0748641521</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+North-Eastern+English%3A+Tyneside+to+Teesside&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=0748641521&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Joan+C.&rft.au=Burbano-Elizondo%2C+Lourdes&rft.au=Llamas%2C+Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctv2f4vkb3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeal2012" class="citation book cs1">Beal, Joan C. (2012). <i>Urban North-eastern English: Tyneside to Teesside (Dialects of English)</i>. Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+North-eastern+English%3A+Tyneside+to+Teesside+%28Dialects+of+English%29&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Joan+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/queen.htm">"The Queen's English"</a>. <i>Phon.ucl.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phon.ucl.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Queen%27s+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phon.ucl.ac.uk%2Fhome%2Festuary%2Fqueen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberman2006" class="citation web cs1">Liberman, Mark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/003859.html">"Language Log: Happy-tensing and coal in sex"</a>. <i>Itre.cis.upenn.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Itre.cis.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Language+Log%3A+Happy-tensing+and+coal+in+sex&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Liberman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitre.cis.upenn.edu%2F~myl%2Flanguagelog%2Farchives%2F003859.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212104159/https://www.breakingnews.ie/showbiz/jack-oconnells-dilemma-over-accent-657136.html">"Jack O'Connell's dilemma over accent"</a>. <i>Breaking News</i>. 7 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.breakingnews.ie/showbiz/jack-oconnells-dilemma-over-accent-657136.html">the original</a> on 12 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Breaking+News&rft.atitle=Jack+O%27Connell%27s+dilemma+over+accent&rft.date=2015-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.breakingnews.ie%2Fshowbiz%2Fjack-oconnells-dilemma-over-accent-657136.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesTrudgill1996" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1996). <i>English Accents and Dialects</i> (3rd ed.). London: Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-61445-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-61445-5"><bdi>0-340-61445-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Accents+and+Dialects&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-340-61445-5&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Trudgill%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McArthur, Tom (2002). <i>Oxford Guide to World English</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866248-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866248-3">0-19-866248-3</a> hardback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860771-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860771-7">0-19-860771-7</a> paperback.</li> <li>Peters, Pam (2004). <i>The Cambridge Guide to English Usage</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62181-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62181-X">0-521-62181-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask1999" class="citation book cs1">Trask, Larry (1999). <i>Language: The Basics</i> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20089-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20089-X"><bdi>0-415-20089-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%3A+The+Basics&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-20089-X&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgill1984" class="citation book cs1">Trudgill, Peter (1984). <i>Language in the British Isles</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28409-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28409-0"><bdi>0-521-28409-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+the+British+Isles&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-521-28409-0&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudgillHannah2002" class="citation book cs1">Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2002). <i>International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English</i> (4th ed.). London: Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-80834-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-80834-9"><bdi>0-340-80834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+English%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Varieties+of+Standard+English&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-340-80834-9&rft.aulast=Trudgill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hannah%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="John C Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (1982). <i>Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28540-2"><bdi>0-521-28540-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English.+Vol.+2%3A+The+British+Isles&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-521-28540-2&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1992" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (1992). <i>Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28540-2"><bdi>0-521-28540-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English.+Vol.+2%3A+The+British+Isles&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-28540-2&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFWells1984" class="citation">Wells, John. "English Accents in England". In <a href="#CITEREFTrudgill1984">Trudgill (1984)</a>.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Partridge, A. C. (1969). <i>Tudor to Augustan English: a Study in Syntax and Style, from Caxton to Johnson</i>, in series, <i>The Language Library</i>. London: A. Deutsch. 242 p. SBN 233-96092-9</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_language_in_England&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-tags/en-GB-oed">IANA language tag for eng-GB-oed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk">British National Corpus</a>. (Official website for the BNC.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/BrowseCategory.aspx?category=Accents-and-dialects">English Accents and Dialects</a>: searchable free-access archive of 681 English English speech samples, wma format with linguistic commentary including phonetic transcriptions in <a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a>, British Library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectbritain.co.uk">Collect Britain</a> website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audioenglish.net/p/british_american_english_pronunciation.htm">Online British English and American English pronunciation courses</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205092625/http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf">"European Commission English Style Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Commission+English+Style+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftranslation%2Fwriting%2Fstyle_guides%2Fenglish%2Fstyle_guide_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+language+in+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(621 KB)</span>. (Advocates <i>-ise</i> spellings.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716060325/http://www.yorksj.ac.uk/dialect/">For the Yorkshire dialect</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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